CHAPTER 6

Frequency Response, Bode

Plots, and Resonance
1. State the fundamental concepts of Fourier
analysis.
2. Determine the output of a filter for a given
input consisting of sinusoidal components
using the filters transfer function.
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Frequency Response, Bode Plots, and Resonance

3. Use circuit analysis to determine the

transfer functions of simple circuits.
4. Draw first-order lowpass or highpass filter
circuits and sketch their transfer functions.
5. Understand decibels, logarithmic frequency
scales, and Bode plots.
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Frequency Response, Bode Plots, and Resonance

6. Draw the Bode plots for transfer functions of

first-order filters.

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Frequency Response, Bode Plots, and Resonance

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Frequency Response, Bode Plots, and Resonance

Fourier Analysis
All real-world signals are sums of sinusoidal
components having various frequencies,
amplitudes, and phases.

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Chapter 6
Frequency Response, Bode Plots, and Resonance

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Chapter 6
Frequency Response, Bode Plots, and Resonance

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Chapter 6
Frequency Response, Bode Plots, and Resonance

Filters
Filters process the sinusoid components of an input
signal differently depending of the frequency of
each component. Often, the goal of the filter is to
retain the components in certain frequency ranges
and to reject components in other ranges.

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Frequency Response, Bode Plots, and Resonance

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Frequency Response, Bode Plots, and Resonance

Transfer Functions
The transfer function H(f ) of the two-port filter
is defined to be the ratio of the phasor output
voltage to the phasor input voltage as a function
of frequency:

Vout
H(f )=
Vin
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Frequency Response, Bode Plots, and Resonance

Vout
H(f )=
Vin
The magnitude of the transfer function shows
how the amplitude of each frequency component
is affected by the filter. Similarly, the phase of
the transfer function shows how the phase of each
frequency component is affected by the filter.
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Chapter 6
Frequency Response, Bode Plots, and Resonance

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Chapter 6
Frequency Response, Bode Plots, and Resonance

Determining the output of a filter

for an input with multiple
components:
1. Determine the frequency and phasor
representation for each input component.
2. Determine the (complex) value of the transfer
function for each component.
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Frequency Response, Bode Plots, and Resonance

3. Obtain the phasor for each output

component by multiplying the phasor for each
input component by the corresponding
transfer-function value.
4. Convert the phasors for the output
components into time functions of various
frequencies. Add these time functions to
produce the output.
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Frequency Response, Bode Plots, and Resonance

Linear circuits behave as if they:

1. Separate the input signal into components
having various frequencies.
2. Alter the amplitude and phase of each
component depending on its frequency.
3. Add the altered components to produce
the output signal.
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Frequency Response, Bode Plots, and Resonance

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Chapter 6
Frequency Response, Bode Plots, and Resonance

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Chapter 6
Frequency Response, Bode Plots, and Resonance

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Chapter 6
Frequency Response, Bode Plots, and Resonance

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Chapter 6
Frequency Response, Bode Plots, and Resonance

FIRST-ORDER LOWPASS
FILTERS
1
fB =
2RC

H(f ) =

1
1 + ( f fB )

f
1
H ( f ) = arctan
H(f )=
1 + j( f f B )
fB
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Frequency Response, Bode Plots, and Resonance

H(f ) =

1
1 + ( f fB )

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Frequency Response, Bode Plots, and Resonance

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Chapter 6
Frequency Response, Bode Plots, and Resonance

ELECTRICAL
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Chapter 6
Frequency Response, Bode Plots, and Resonance

ELECTRICAL
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Chapter 6
Frequency Response, Bode Plots, and Resonance

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Chapter 6
Frequency Response, Bode Plots, and Resonance

DECIBELS, THE CASCADE

CONNECTION, AND LOGARITHMIC
FREQUENCY SCALES
H ( f ) dB = 20 log H ( f )

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Frequency Response, Bode Plots, and Resonance

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Chapter 6
Frequency Response, Bode Plots, and Resonance

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Chapter 6
Frequency Response, Bode Plots, and Resonance

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Chapter 6
Frequency Response, Bode Plots, and Resonance

Cascaded Two-Port Networks

H ( f ) = H1 ( f ) H 2 ( f )

H ( f ) dB = H 1 ( f ) dB + H 2 ( f ) dB

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Frequency Response, Bode Plots, and Resonance

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Chapter 6
Frequency Response, Bode Plots, and Resonance

Logarithmic Frequency Scales

On a logarithmic scale, the variable is
multiplied by a given factor for equal
increments of length along the axis.

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Frequency Response, Bode Plots, and Resonance

A decade is a range of frequencies for which

the ratio of the highest frequency to the
lowest is 10.

f2
number of decades = log
f1

An octave is a two-to-one change in frequency.

f 2 log( f 2 f1 )
number of octaves = log 2 =

f1 log(2 )
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Frequency Response, Bode Plots, and Resonance

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Chapter 6
Frequency Response, Bode Plots, and Resonance

BODE PLOTS
A Bode plot shows the magnitude of a network
function in decibels versus frequency using a
logarithmic scale for frequency.

1
H(f )=
1 + j( f f B )

H ( f ) dB
ELECTRICAL

f 2
= 10 log 1 +
f B

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Frequency Response, Bode Plots, and Resonance

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Frequency Response, Bode Plots, and Resonance

1. A horizontal line at zero for f < fB /10.

2. A sloping line from zero phase at fB /10 to 90 at 10fB.
3. A horizontal line at 90 for f > 10fB.
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Frequency Response, Bode Plots, and Resonance

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Chapter 6
Frequency Response, Bode Plots, and Resonance

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Chapter 6
Frequency Response, Bode Plots, and Resonance

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Chapter 6
Frequency Response, Bode Plots, and Resonance

FIRST-ORDER HIGHPASS
FILTERS
Vout
j( f f B )
=
H(f )=
Vin 1 + j ( f f B )

1
fB =
2RC
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Frequency Response, Bode Plots, and Resonance

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Frequency Response, Bode Plots, and Resonance

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Frequency Response, Bode Plots, and Resonance

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Frequency Response, Bode Plots, and Resonance

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Frequency Response, Bode Plots, and Resonance

SERIES RESONANCE
Resonance is a phenomenon that can be
observed in mechanical systems and
electrical circuits.

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Frequency Response, Bode Plots, and Resonance

f0 =

1
2 LC

2f 0 L
Qs =
R

1
Qs =
2f 0CR

f
f 0
Z s ( f ) = R 1 + jQs
f
f0

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Frequency Response, Bode Plots, and Resonance

Series Resonant Circuit as a

Bandpass Filter
VR
1
=
Vs 1 + jQs ( f f 0 f 0 f )

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Frequency Response, Bode Plots, and Resonance

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Frequency Response, Bode Plots, and Resonance

B = fH fL

B
f H f0 +
2

f0
B=
Qs

B
f L f0
2

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Frequency Response, Bode Plots, and Resonance

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Frequency Response, Bode Plots, and Resonance

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Chapter 6
Frequency Response, Bode Plots, and Resonance

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Frequency Response, Bode Plots, and Resonance

PARALLEL RESONANCE
1
Zp =
(1 R ) + j 2fC j (1 2fL)

f0 =

1
2 LC

R
Qp =
2f 0 L

Q p = 2f 0CR

R
Zp =
1 + jQ p ( f f 0 f 0 f )

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Frequency Response, Bode Plots, and Resonance

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Frequency Response, Bode Plots, and Resonance

Ideal Filters

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Frequency Response, Bode Plots, and Resonance

Second-Order Lowpass Filter

jQ s ( f 0 f )
Vout
H(f )=
=
Vin 1 + jQ s ( f f 0 f 0 f )

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Frequency Response, Bode Plots, and Resonance

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Chapter 6
Frequency Response, Bode Plots, and Resonance

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Chapter 6
Frequency Response, Bode Plots, and Resonance

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Chapter 6
Frequency Response, Bode Plots, and Resonance

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Chapter 6
Frequency Response, Bode Plots, and Resonance

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Frequency Response, Bode Plots, and Resonance

DIGITAL SIGNAL
PROCESSING

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Frequency Response, Bode Plots, and Resonance

Conversion of Signals from

Analog to Digital Form
If a signal contains no components with
frequencies higher than fH, the signal can be
exactly reconstructed from its samples, provided
that the sampling rate fs is selected to be more
than twice fH.
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Frequency Response, Bode Plots, and Resonance

Digital Lowpass Filter

y (n ) = ay (n 1) + (1 a )x (n )

T
a=
1+ T

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Frequency Response, Bode Plots, and Resonance

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Chapter 6
Frequency Response, Bode Plots, and Resonance

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Chapter 6
Frequency Response, Bode Plots, and Resonance

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Chapter 6
Frequency Response, Bode Plots, and Resonance

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Chapter 6
Frequency Response, Bode Plots, and Resonance