CH 10

Chapter 10
Atoms in Combination: The Chemical Bond

How does blood clot?
1. Which of the following represents the most stable arrangement of electrons?
a. atoms with completely filled valence shells
b. elements that are positioned on the far right column of the periodic table of elements
c. inert gases such as helium, neon and argon
d. atoms with a total of 2, 10, 18 or 36 electrons
e. all of the above
Ans: e
Link To: Electron Shells, the Periodic Table, and Chemical Bonds
Degree of Difficulty: Easy
2. Freezing and boiling are examples of

a. processes that cause physical changes.
b. oxidation/reduction reactions.
c. polymerization.
d. temperature changes that form ionic bonds.
e. processes that cause chemical changes.
Ans: a
Link To: States of Matter
3. Chemical bonds are

a. the attraction among atoms resulting from the destruction of electrons.
b. an unstable configuration among two or more elements.
c. the redistribution of electrons between atoms, leading to a more stable configuration.
d. sharing of electrons in the lowest energy level.
e. explained in laws of thermodynamics.
Ans: c
4. Which of the following common household products is an acid?

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Chapter 10
a. detergent
b. vinegar
c. milk
d. ammonia
e. salt
Ans: b
Link To: Chemical Reactions and the Formation of Chemical Bonds
5. Metallic bonds create materials with properties that make them

a. stiff and viscous.
b. malleable.
c. brittle.
d. good insulators.
e. soft and pliable.
Ans: b
Link To: Types of Chemical Bonds
6. The electrons at the outer level of the atom are called

a. outer field electrons.
b. the atomic number.
c. valence electrons.
d. van de Waals electrons.
e. ionic electrons.
Ans: c
7. Where would you NOT expect to find plasma?

a. the Sun
b. sealed in a magnetic bottle
c. Pluto
d. neon lights
e. all of the above
Ans: c
Chapter 10
8. Which state of matter maintains a constant volume but not a fixed shape?
a. gas
b. plasma
c. liquid
d. crystal
e. solid
Ans: c
9. Examples of polymers are

a. fur and cellulose.
b. spider webs and plastic.
c. nylon and cotton.
d. some paints, inks, and glues.
e. all of the above
Ans: e
10. In which of the following places is more polymerization than depolymerization

occurring?
a. silk cocoon
b. cow stomach
c. compost heap
d. art gallery
e. birdbath
Ans: a
Chapter 10
11. To save money, you bought a tougher cut of meat. Which of the following processes
will you be using if you use a meat tenderizer?
a. distillation
b. condensation reaction
c. precipitation
d. dehydration synthesis
e. depolymerization
Ans: e
12. Sodium chloride (NaCl) atoms form a crystal lattice that is held together by
a. hydrogen bonds.
b. salt bonds.
c. covalent bonds.
d. ionic bonds.
e. van der Waals bonds.
Ans: d
13. Which of the following chemical reactions shows combustion?

a. Fe+2 + H2O FeO + H2(g)
b. HCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O
c. CH4 + 2O2 .CO2 + 2H2O
d. Pb + PbO2 + 2H2SO4 2PbSO4 + 2H2O.
e. CaO + 2HCl CaCl2 + H2O
Ans: c
14. Most polymers are characterized as

a. permanently stable compounds.
b. interesting to study, but having little value in our lives.
c. a collection of small molecules combined into long chains.
d. found in synthetic products, but not in nature.
e. weak but flexible.
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Chapter 10
Ans: c
15. A piece of gravel by the side of road is most likely held together by
a. covalent bonds.
b. ionic bonds.
c. van der Waals forces.
d. crystal lattice.
e. hydrogen bonds.
Ans: b
16. Which of the following is characteristic of hydrogen bonds?

a. separation of electrical charges.
b. links of hydrogen to oxygen, nitrogen, or fluorine.
c. biological polymers.
d. DNA double helix.
e. all of the above.
Ans: e
17. Which makes the best electrical conductor?

a. covalent bonds
b. ionic bonds
c. hydrogen bonds
d. metallic bonds
e. polymers
Ans: d
Chapter 10
18. An example of an ionic bond is
a. N2
b. Au
c. Ag
d. CaCl2
e. All of these
Ans: c
19. An example of a metallic bond is

a. N2
b. Au
c. Ag
d. CaCl2
e. Both b and c
Ans: e
20. An example of a covalent bond is

a. N2
b. Au
c. Ag
d. CaCl2
e. None of these
Ans: a
21. Every atom in nature attempts to reach a state of lowest energy.

Ans: True
Chapter 10
22. A chemical bond leads to a more stable arrangement of two or more atoms.
Ans: True
23. Methane has a higher boiling point than paraffin wax.

Ans: False
24. An ionic bond between two atoms is formed from an electrostatic give and take.
Ans: True
25. When atoms bond to form molecules the chemical potential energy is higher than it
was before the bonding.
Ans: False
26.Ionic bonding can take place only when electrons are transferred from one atom to
another.
Ans: True
27. Plasmas are efficient conductors of electricity.

Ans: True
Chapter 10
28. Glass lacks a crystal's organizational structure at the atomic level.

Ans: True
29. Van der Waals bonds are among the strongest bonds in nature.
Ans: False
30. Acids and bases combine chemically to form salt and water.
Ans: True
31. The raw material for all plastics is silicon dioxide.

Ans: False
32. One of the reasons steel is stronger than glass is that the strongest bonds in steel are
stronger than the strongest bonds in glass.
Ans: True
33. Some snake venom kills by causing arterial blood to clot.
Chapter 10
Ans: True
34. One difference between asphalt and kerosene is the temperature at which the original
crude oil was distilled.
Ans: True
35. How do you neutralize an acid? Give an example.

Ans: An acid can be neutralized by mixing it with a base; for example, some excess
stomach acid can be neutralized by taking an antacid product that contains a base(2HCl +
MgCO3 MgCl2 + H2O + CO2)
36. What are polar molecules? Give an example.

Ans: Polar molecules are clusters of atoms with a positively and negatively charged
surfaces. For example, the water molecule has two positive (H+) sides and one negative
(O2-) side. These differences in charge creates a localized electric field and a mild
attractive force between molecules.
37. If a chemical bond forms spontaneously,

a. energy will be needed in the reaction.
b. energy will be released in the reaction.
c. a change in state will always occur.
d. a change in color will always occur.
e. a & c OR b & d
Ans: b
Chapter 10
Degree of Difficulty: Medium
38. To see an everyday example of oxidation, you might observe

a. growing hair.
b. glass breaking.
c. silver tarnish.
d. a thunderstorm.
e. a light bulb shining.
Ans: c
39. If you drop a material that is held together by ionic bonds, one likely outcome is that
it will
a. bend.
b. bounce.
c. flow across the floor.
d. shatter.
e. be dented.
Ans: d
40. Which statement is true of liquid crystals?

a. Although now manufactured in high tech devices, liquid crystals are analogous to the
lipid molecules in the primitive oceans.
b. Liquid crystals become less structured in the presence of an electric field.
c. Outside an electric field, liquid crystals are a static state of matter with disordered
atoms.
d. Polymers broken into individual parts reform as liquid crystals.
e. all of the above
Ans: c
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Chapter 10
41. Your friend cut her hand while replacing a windowpane. Which of the following can
affect the way her blood clots?
a. the nature of the cut
b. the presence of foreign matter in the wound
c. genetic diseases
d. temperature
e. All these factors affect blood clotting.
Ans: e
42. Exothermic and endothermic chemical reactions differ in that

a. energy is given off only in exothermic reactions.
b. energy is given off only in endothermic reactions.
c. the total energy in all involved electrons is the same before and after an exothermic
reaction.
d. the total energy in all involved electrons is the same before and after an endothermic
reaction.
e. only exothermic reactions can be observed in everyday life.
Ans: a
43. A material that shows polarization in its chemical attraction is

a. pencil lead
b. water
c. plastic
d. wood
e. All of these
Ans: b
44. A material that shows CONSISTENT van der Waals forces in its chemical attraction
is
a. pencil lead
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Chapter 10
b. water
c. plastic
d. wood
e. All of these
Ans: a
45. A material that shows CONSISTENT hydrogen bonding in its chemical attraction is
a. pencil lead
b. LIQUID water
c. ICE
d. wood
e. All of these
Ans: c
46. Which chemical bond would be analogous to a post-it-note type of glue?

a. metallic
b. ionic
c. covalent
d. hydrogen
e. van der Waals
Ans: e
47. If a molecule has been chemically bonded it will be more reactive than before the
bonding took place.
Ans: False
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Chapter 10
48. How does the number of electrons in the outer shell determine the chemical
characteristics of an element?
Ans: The number of electrons in the outer shell of each atom determines how reactive the
atom will be. If the outer shell is filled, the atom has no bonding sites and is stable. If the
outer shell has only one electron or needs only one electron to fill the outer shell, then the
atom is very reactive.
49. At the molecular level, what is the difference between a crystal and
glass?
Ans: If a group of atoms occurs in a regularly repeating sequence, which appears over
and over in a predictable way, it is known as a crystal. Glass is an amorphous solid with
predictable local environments for most atoms, but no long-range order to the atomic
structure. Glass lacks the repeating units of the crystal.
50. What is the primary difference among the three kinds of chemical bonding? Give
examples of each.
Ans: An ionic bond is a chemical bond, in which the electrostatic force between two ions
with opposite charges holds the atoms in place. The electrons are given by one atom to
another. A metallic bond redistributes the electrons so that they are shared by all atoms in
the system. Examples are aluminum, iron, and copper. Covalent bonds are formed when
well-defined clusters of atoms share their electrons, for example, diatomic oxygen.
51. Describe the scientific process you would use to prepare a garden for plants needing
acidic soil.
Ans: Answers will vary, but should include running a pH test on the soil then adjusting
accordingly.
Link To: Our Material World
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Chapter 10
52. What characteristics of nylon give it advantages over natural fibers? Name one
material that is made out of nylon.
Ans: Answers will vary and could include strength, stretch ability, low melting point and
so forth. One example is clothing.
53. What is the difference between oxidation and reduction?

Ans: Oxidation ties up oxygen; reduction gets rid of oxygen.
54. A high octane rating in gasoline causes less engine knock because
a. high octane gas is easier to distill than low octane.
b. high octane is less complex hydrocarbons than low octane.
c. high octane can withstand high compression in a cylinder without igniting.
d. the isomer n-heptane is the primary component.
e. high octane contains small amounts of isooctane.
Ans: c
Degree of Difficulty: Hard
55. The chemical bonds that hold most of your body together involve
a. permanent exchange of electrons among atoms.
b. sharing of electrons among neighboring atoms.
c. distribution of electrons along one axis.
d. deformation of atoms due to electrical forces.
e. strong bonding in only one direction.
Ans: b
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Chapter 10
56. What are three items you might see in your kitchen that contain polymers?
Ans: Answers will vary but might include vegetables like celery or carrots, meat,
cookware coated with Teflon, plastic water pipes, "foam" cups or dishes, and vinyl
flooring.
57. You have had a hectic morning. Just as you crack an egg to begin making breakfast
your friend walks into the room. "Look," she says, "I've cut my bangs and now theyre
crooked." As she pencils in a hair appointment on the calendar, her boyfriend comes in
from outside, scraping clay from his boots. Jumping up on the counter, he knocks your
glass mixing bowl to the floor, shattering it and making a slippery mess. You attempt to
clean up the mess but accidentally break the metal handle off the dustpan and rip your
new cotton shirt in the process. "What a morning!" you say. During which part of the
morning were ionic bonds broken?
Ans: egg cracks or glass breaks
morning were covalent bonds broken?
Ans: hair is cut or shirt tears
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Chapter 10
morning were metallic bonds broken?
Ans: metal handle breaks
60. Your brother gives you two unfamiliar looking items and challenges you
to discover which one is held together with metallic bonds and which one with ionic
bonds. What test(s) would you design to meet his challenge?
Ans: Metallic is malleable, therefore would bend or stretch; ionic bonds would shatter.
61. Explain how some insects can be supported by the surface of pond water.
Ans: Hydrogen bonding between water molecules produces surface tension upon which
some insects can walk.
62. Describe the approach a chemist would take to expand the life of a landfill.
Ans: A chemist would check to see that it is constructed so that materials decompose into
water, CO2, and methane, all of which can be harvested.
63. Compare and contrast the octane method of rating gasoline with the pH scale method
of indicating acidity/alkalinity.
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Chapter 10
Ans: Octane is branched hydrocarbons and the branching determines how much heat
produced; this is a linear scale. The pH scale is logarithmic.
64. Compare and contrast "life cycle costing" with methods of disposal commonly used
in the United States.
Ans: Answers will vary, however should include that manufactures charge for getting rid
of the materials as well as producing these materials, however there is no way to
completely control the public recycling these materials.
65. From an electron point of view, explain why diatomic gasses travel in pairs.
Ans: Pairs create a more stable electron arrangement through covalent bonding.
66. Why does carbon form a host of compounds and structures?

Ans: The four valence electrons can form single or double bonds with a variety of other
elements.
67. Explain the statement: the covalent bond is the bond of life.
Ans: Carbon atoms in organic compounds are held together by covalent bonds.
68. If carbon were not available on Earth, what other element(s) have similar bonding
potential.
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Chapter 10
Ans: Potentially, any element in the same column as carbon could have similar bonding
properties.
69. Are the classifications of the phases of matter (solids, liquids, gasses, plasmas) a
statement about chemical bonding or about energy or about both? Explain your answer.
Ans: The statement is about both because of the energy needed to break/form bonds.
70. Explain the concept of life cycling costing.

Ans: Answers will vary, but the core idea is to introduce the cost of recycling and
disposal into the cost of consumable items.
71. Given the physical properties of glass, what would you expect to see in glass that has
been around a long time such as the stained glass of the cathedrals of Europe?
Ans: Answers will vary, however they should include that since glass flows like a liquid
the glass will be thinner on the top and thicker on the bottom due to the force of gravity.
72. We use water as the example of a substance that displays three forms of matter
(solid, liquid, gas) in the natural world. Why is solid water (ice) a bad example of the
characteristics of a solid?
Ans: Ice is less dense than its liquid formthis is not typical of most solids.
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Chapter 10
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Chapter 10

Atoms in Combination: The Chemical Bond

2. Freezing and boiling are examples of

3. Chemical bonds are

4. Which of the following common household products is an acid?

5. Metallic bonds create materials with properties that make them

6. The electrons at the outer level of the atom are called

7. Where would you NOT expect to find plasma?

9. Examples of polymers are

10. In which of the following places is more polymerization than depolymerization

13. Which of the following chemical reactions shows combustion?

14. Most polymers are characterized as

16. Which of the following is characteristic of hydrogen bonds?

17. Which makes the best electrical conductor?

19. An example of a metallic bond is

20. An example of a covalent bond is

21. Every atom in nature attempts to reach a state of lowest energy.

23. Methane has a higher boiling point than paraffin wax.

27. Plasmas are efficient conductors of electricity.

28. Glass lacks a crystal's organizational structure at the atomic level.

31. The raw material for all plastics is silicon dioxide.

33. Some snake venom kills by causing arterial blood to clot.

35. How do you neutralize an acid? Give an example.

36. What are polar molecules? Give an example.

37. If a chemical bond forms spontaneously,

38. To see an everyday example of oxidation, you might observe

40. Which statement is true of liquid crystals?

42. Exothermic and endothermic chemical reactions differ in that

43. A material that shows polarization in its chemical attraction is

46. Which chemical bond would be analogous to a post-it-note type of glue?

53. What is the difference between oxidation and reduction?

66. Why does carbon form a host of compounds and structures?

70. Explain the concept of life cycling costing.

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