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Functions of Dyeing Auxiliaries | Sequestering Agent | Dye Fixing Agent | Optical

Brightener | Lubricating Agent or Anticreasing Agent | Levelling and Dispersing


Agent | Antifoamers | Desizing Agent | Mercerizing Agent | Soaping Agent /
Washing off Agent | Finishing Chemicals

Dyeing

Auxiliaries

There are different dyeing auxiliaries. They will be classified according to their functions and
various uses. Dyeing auxiliaries provide high dyeing quality, process safety and increased
reproducibility on all kinds of substrates and machines, in a variety of processes and with all
classes of dyestuffs.

Function

of

different

Dyeing Auxiliaries
dyeing
auxiliaries

are

given

below:

Sequestrant:
The most undesirable impurities in Fibre, Common salt, Glauber salt, Caustic Soda and Soda ash
are the di- and tri-valent cations, e.g., Ca++, Mg ++ Cu ++, Fe+++ etc. These ions increase
hardness of the process bath and generate iron oxides in the bath. Calcium and Magnesium reacts
with alkali and precipitates as a sticky substance on the textile material, which creates patchy
dyeing and discoloration of the fibre. The ferric oxide with cellulose and creates small pinhole on
the fibres also damages the machinery by scale formation in the nozzles and base.
To overcome these deleterious effects in the scouring and bleaching bath adequate amount of
sequestrant must be used. Sequestrants prevent di-and tri-valent metal ions, e.g., Cu++, Fe +++ ,
Mn ++, Ca++, Mg++ etc from interfering with the chemical processing of the textile material. It
prevents catalytic damage of cellulosic fibres in bleaching hath during hydrogen peroxide
bleaching.

In Dye-bath Ca++, Mg ++, Fe +++ attack the dye molecules and forms aggregates of molecules
which deposits on the fabric as dye spots and also they prevent the reaction process. Dye bath
sequestrant should be of different strength than that of the scouring and bleaching baths. Because
some dyes have metal compounds and if powerful chelating agents are used than it will attack
the
metal
compound
of
dye.

Lubricating

Anticreasant.

Wet processing and dye-bath lubricants are used in any operation in which rope marks, creases,
crows feet buffing, abrasion can occur on textiles. In low liquor ratios, full-loaded winches and
jets when heavy materials re processed, fiber lubricant is essential. The basic requirement is that
is it should from a thin uniform protective coating around the fiber to lower the surface friction
and flexural rigidity, thus minimizing the formation of durable creases during high temperature
processing. The most suitable lubricant should have the properties so that it helps to emulsify, it
does not undergo phase separation with extreme changes in pH and temperature, e.g. it is stable
in high temperature and over a wide range of pH; and it should have excellent compatibility with
all the chemicals in treatment bath, Suitable products are relatively hydrophobic surfactants,
many of which also contain a proportion of solubilized or emulsified oil or wax.

Levelling

and

Dispersing

Agent:

Unleveled dyeing problems can be of two categories: Gross unlevelness hroughout the material
or localized unlevelness e..g. barriness, skitteriness. There are two fundamental mechanisms that
can contribute to a dyeing.
1. Control of the exhaustion dye so that it is taken up evenly.
2. Migration of dye after initially unleveled absorption on the fibre.
3. Non-ionic agent usually from water soluble complexes with the dye, some degree of
solubilization being involved.
4. Ionic agent are primarily dye-of fibre-substantive ; in the former case they tend to form
complexes with the dye and there is competition between the leveling agent and the fibre
for the dye, while in the latter case the competition is between the leveling agent and the
dye for the fibre.

Sequestering, Dispersing and Levelling Agent for Reactive


Dyeing
:
It increases the solubility of dyes and controls the exhaustion of dyes so that these are taken up
evenly on the substrate. It effectively chelates Ca, Mg ions which otherwise create while spots on
the substrate. It also sequesters other di-and tri-valent metal ions without impairing the metal
complex
dyes,
and
thus
yiels
uniformly
dyed
fabric.

Antifoam:
Where the present and persistence of foam is a nuisance, defoaming agents or antifoams are

used. For maximum efficiency deform should be added to baths when necessary. There two
groups of defoamers one that is water-soluble surfactants and other is water insoluble emulsions
of silicones of organic-based the most effective defoamers are where the water-soluble
compounds are used as vehicles for silicones of organic emulsions.

pH

Control

and

buffer

system

Many disperse dyes required controlled 4.5-5 and practically all disperse dyes give good results
in this pH range and are much more sensitive to minor changes in pH. Thus there is greater
awareness of the actors that not only determine pH but also helps to stabilize it against
interferences, in particular, from any acids or alkalies carries over from previous process. A
buffered system is necessary for precise control of pH. By the use of that tends to resist changes
arising from contaminations entering y way of the substrate of the water supply.

Desizing

Agent:

Desizing is essentially a part of the scouring process, and rapid removal of size is very important
in the present trend towards continuous preparation processes. Starch-based products and
especially solubilised starches are still the sizes, most commonly used on cellulosic goods. The
are most frequently removed y enzymes treatment, which since effect it affects only the starch
product ensure that the cellulosic fibre is undamaged; baterial amkulase id increasingly replacing
malt and pancreatic enzymes. The efficiency of desizing is often taken for granted, whereas
incomplete of uneven size removal is just likely to be the cause of uneven dyeing or printing as
inadequate
scouring.

Yarn

Lubricant:

In the textile industry, a smooth production process is essential for perfect results and smooth
production needs yarn and sewing thread lubricants. Yarn lubricant are essential for dyed yarn
used in modern knitting machine. They significantly improve the slip properties of yarn and
sewing thread, increased heat resistance, better sewabilitym, reduced thread breakage and
increase
the
lustre.

Mercerizing

Agent:

The objective of mercerizing is to oil the cotton fibre, increase its lustre strength and dyeability.
Traditionally a cold solution of 25-26% by mass of sodium hydroxide is used, although better
penetration and more even treatment is obtained with the more recent hot mercerizing technique.
The addition of a wetting agent to the mercerizing liquor give better penetration and more even
treatment, the main equirements being for a combination of stability and powerful wetting
action.

Dye

Fixing

Agent:

Properties of a good fixing agent includes good capability with cross linking agents without
promoting yellowing effect; good leveling and migration properties, does not affect the shade,
has good affinity for the fiber, stable to steaming and dry heat, and improved all round fastness
properties of the fabric or yarn. Fixative is generally used after completing the dyeing or in
printing
paste.

Optical

Brightener:

An Optical Brightening Agent (OBA), also called Fluorescent Brightening Agent (FBA) or
Fluorescent whiteners (FW), are strongly fluorescent substance that emits light in the blue-violet
region of the visible spectrum. In the Color Index, OBA or FBAs are classified and are given
C.I. number, i.e. they are treated as dyes. When present on a substrate, OBA increase the
apparent reflectance of the substrate and makes it appear whiter than white. To evaluate an
OBA it is necessary to apply the product and measure the whiteness, preferably with a
spectrophotometer.

Soaping

Agent

Washing

off

Agent:

The important of proper washing after dyeing is painfully known to all dyers, particularly the
difficulty in washing off the unfixed dye in order to meet the required fastness standard. The
main functions of soaping agent are to:
1. Disperse the unfixed substanted hydrolyzed dyes, and solubilise and emulsify these into
the aqueous medium and keep these substances in suspension.
2. Prevent redeposition of hydrolyzed dyes and other particles of colloidal substance into
the textile material.
3. Removes the alkaline earth metal ions which have already deposited on the dyed
material.
4. Prevent the precipitation of insoluble calcium or magnesium salt.

Finishing

Chemicals:

The Quality of softness is very difficult to define, although it is often confused with only
lubricity. Softness is more than lubricity, but these other attributes are difficult to define
scientifically. The various products used soften are divided into silicone, anionic, non-ionic,
amphoteric and reactive types, all of which falls under two basic chemical classes:
1. Fatty acid derivatives and
2. Silicon derivatives, by far the most important softness today are the silicon derivatives
and fatty acid cationic types; however non-ionic softeners is used for textile materials
because of its non-yellow effect and compatibility with OBA. Relevant properties of
softeners include aqueous solubility, exhaustion, durability to washing, and compatibility
with other additives to the textile materials.
Read more: http://textilelearner.blogspot.com/2011/12/functions-of-dyeingauxiliaries.html#ixzz3uwE9rjrI

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