Chapter 3

Modern India
3.1 Revolt of 1857
Important Themes
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Books
Remarks and Assessments
Leaders
Participants For/Against
Causes of Revolt
Causes of Failure
Impacts

1. Books
History of Indian Mutiny
Indian Mutiny 1857
1857
Indian War of Independence, 1857
History of Sepoy War in India
Sepoy War in India its Causes and
Remedies

T.R.Holms
G.B.Malleson
S.N.Sen
V.D.Savarkar
J.M.Kaye
H.Mead

2. Assessments
Disreli
Mallesan
Savarkar
S.B.Chawdhary
Outram

National revolt
National insurrection
Indian war of independence
Rising of the people
Muslim conspiracy exploiting Hindu
grievances
Tara Chand
The effete order ot recover its departed glory
Percival Spear
The last effort of the conservative
Bipin Chandra
Backward looking
R.C.Majumdar
Neither First nor National nor War of
Independence
Leaders Died fighting
Kunwar Singh
9th May 1858
Rani Lakshmi Bai 17th June 1858
Tatya Tope
18th April 1859
Son and grandson of Bahadur Shah died fighting at Delhi

Mirza Mughal
Mirza Khwaja Sultan
Mirza Abu Bakr
Jinat Mahal (Begum) betrayed
Hugh Rose about Rani Only man among rebels

3. Leaders
Delhi

Kanpur

Lucknow
Faizabad
Arrah
Jhansi

Bahadur Shah Zafar

Bakht Khan
Feruz Shah (Mughal)
Nana Saheb
Md. Azimullah
Tatya Tope
Rao Saheb
Begum Hazrat Mahal
Bijris Kadr (Son of Hazrat Mahal)
Maulavi Ahmadullah
Babu Kunwar Singh
Amar Singh (Brother)
Rani Lakshmi Bai

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British Commanders
General Mitchel
Lt. Baugh
Colonel Hersay
Col. Finnis
Gen. Hewitt
Lt. Willoughby
John Nicholson
Lt. Hudson
Hugh Wheeler
Gen Havlock
Gen Neill
John Lawrence
Outram
Sir Colin Campbell
Hugh Rose
William Taylor
Vincent Eyr

Berhanpur
Barrakpur
Barrakpur
Meerut
Meerut
Delhi
Delhi
Delhi (Killed the Mughals)
Kanpur
Kanpur and Lucknow
Kanpur, Lucknow, Benaras,
Allahabad
Punjab
Lucknow (Resident)
Kanpur, Lucknow, Bareilly
Jhansi
Arrah
Arrah

Mutinies before 1857

Sepoys of Bengal
Vellore mutiny
Barrackpur

1764
1806
1824,1844,1849,1850,1852

Berhampur
Barrackpur

26th Feb 1857

29th March 1857- 19th N.I
24th April 1857- 34th N.I
2nd May 1857- 7th Awadh Regiment
10th May- 3rd Cavalry
11th N.I
20th N.I

4. Participants
For
Peasants
Artisans
Dispossessed Zamindars
Deposed rulers
Satara (Lapse)
Jaitpur
Sambalpur
Jhansi
Nagpur
Awadh
Kanpur
Lucknow
Against (Either neutral or supporters of British)
Regions
East, South, West (Bengal, Bombay, Madras, Punjab)

K KUNDAN
Classes
Intelligentsia
Merchants of Bombay, Madras, Punjab
Moneylenders
Absentee Landlords
Zamindars of Bengal
Soldiers of Punjab and South India
Rulers
Nizam of Hyderabad (Salar Jang)
Sindhia
Holkar
Gulab Singh of Kashmir
Begum of Bhopal
Sir Jang Bahadur of Nepal
Raja of Jodhpur
Rajputana Chieftains

5. Causes of Revolt
Exploitation of peasantry
Alienation of middle and upper class

Annexation of princely states

Alien character of British rule

Impacts on the sepoys (Religious Disabilities Act)

Threat to religion
Social reform
Activities of missionaries

Abolition of titles and pensions

Military causes
Severe jolt to British army in
o First Afghan War
o Anglo-Sikh War
o Crimean War
Santhal Uprising

Immediate cause

Introduction of Enfield rifles (January 57)

Pig fat, Beef cartridges

K KUNDAN

6. Causes of Failure

Lack of organisation, discipline, common plan of action,

central leadership, modern weapons and material of war
Hostility of many rulers
Non-participation of East, South and West
Hostility of many classes
o Intelligentsia
o Merchant
o Capitalists
o Moneylenders
o New Zamindars
o Absentee Landlords
Selfishness and conflict of many leaders
British military superiority
End of Crimean War

7. Impact

Transfer of power (East India Company to British Crown)

Changes in military organisation
The ratio between British and Indian
Before 57
o 1:6

After 57
o 1:2
Bengal
o 2:5
Bombay and Madras
Introduction of Divide and Rule policy
The Muslims punished initially and appeased later
Policy of annexation was abandoned
British turned to most reactionary groups in search of new
friends

3.2 Freedom Movement

Important Themes
1. Rise of National Consciousness
2. Economic Impact of British Rule
3. Events between 1885-1905
4. Events between 1905-1920
5. Events between 1920-1930
6. Events between 1930-1940
7. Events between 1940-1947

1.Rise of National Consciousness: Factors

K KUNDAN

Destruction of industries and agriculture

English education
Communication networks-telephone and rail
Unified administrative system
Printing Press
Racial Discrimination
British Policy of Expansion
Intellectual awakening:Socio-Religious Reform Movements

2. Economic Impact of British Rule

Deindustrialisation
Depeasantization
Commercialisation of Agriculture
Emergence of rich and poor

3. Events between 1885-1905

Ilbert Bill Controversy
In 1883, CP Ilbert proposed that some native officials should
be empowered to exercise criminal jurisdiction over
European subjects in certain parts of India.

The resulting controversy - the bill was vociferously opposed

by many sections of the Anglo-Indian community. The bill
was repealed during Rippons Viceroyalty.
Foundation of Congress
Indian National Congress founded by Allan Octavian Hume
in December 1885 with 72 delegates at Bombay
First President: WC Banerjee
Early objectives:

To seek the cooperation of all the Indians in its efforts.

Eradicate the concepts of race, creed and provincial

prejudices and try to form national unity.

Discuss and solve the social problems of the country.

To request the government, give more shares to the

locals in administrative affairs.
Safety Valve Myth
The INC was founded by A O Hume on advice of Dufferin to
provide a peaceful constitutional safety valve for the rising
mass discontent heading towards violent revolution.

4. Events between 1905-1920

Partition of Bengal
Curzon decided to reconstitute the provinces of Bengal and
Assam-Western Bengal, with a population of 54 million (42
million Hindus and 9 million Muslims); and Eastern Bengal
and Assam with a population of 31 million (12 million Hindus
and 18 million Muslims).
The proposal was sent to London in February 1905. The
Secretary of State for India St. John Brodrich sanctioned it
in June, and the proclamation of the formation of the new
province was issued in September. The province of Bengal
and Assam came into being on October 16, 1905.
Swadeshi Movement
1905 to 1908
Emanated from Partition of Bengal
Most successful of the pre-Gandhian movements
The failure of the moderate techniques of press campaigns,
numerous meetings, petitions and big conferences
necessitated the search for new forms-boycott of British
goods, rakhi bandhan, arandham (Ramendra Sunder
Trivedi).
Two trends:
Constructive Swadeshi
Self help through swadeshi industries, national schools
and attempts at village improvement and organisation.

K KUNDAN

Swadeshi industries: Prafulla Chandra Ray, Nilratan

Sarkar
National Schools: Satishchandra Mukherjee
Village reorganisation through revival of the traditional
Hindu Samaj sketched out by Rabindranath Tagore,
Swadesh Bandhav Samiti of Aswinin Kumar Dutta
Political Extremism
Objective: Awakening the national consciousness
through individual heroics
Anushilan Samiti, Yugantar weekly, Prafulla Chaki and
Khudiram Bose attempted to kill Kingsford, the
megistrate of Muzaffarpur. Barrah dacoity by Pulin Das.
Muslim League
Dec 30, 1906
Annual Meeting of Muhammadan Education Conference,
at Dhaka
Chairman Nawab Viqar-ul-Mulk
Proposal of All India Muslim Laegue made by Nawab
Salimullah Khan
Headquarters: Lucknow
First President: Sir Aga Khan
Constitution written by Maulana Muhammad Ali Jouhar known
as Green Book
Syed Ameer Ali established a branch in London in 1908

K KUNDAN
Objectives of Muslim Lague
To inculcate among Muslims a feeling of loyalty to the
Government
To protect and advance the political rights and interests of
Muslims
To prevent the growth of ill-will between Muslims and other
communities
Surat Split
1907
Moderates parted company with the Extremists
Extremists point of view: The moderate techniques have failed
Moderates point of view: The extremism may lead to
lawlessness and will give the British an opportunity to crush
all political activities. Thus they are risking the future of the
country.

Ghadar Movement
Leade rs: Lala H ardayal, S ohan Sing h Bhakhna, Bhai
Parmanand, Harnam Singh Thundilat,
Portland and San Francisco, USA.
Lala Hardayal founded and edited Urdu Gurmukhi weekly
Ghadar in 1913.The radical movement inspired by Ghadar
came to be known as Gadhar Movement. Thousands inspired
Ghadar patriots returned to Punjab in India and attempted to
launch an armed insurrection against foreign rule during the
first year of World War I.
Komagata Maru Incident
April 4,1914: journey starts from Hong Kong
September 26, 1914 Journey ends at Calcutta
The Komagata Maru was a Japanese steamliner chartered by
an affluent businessman, Gurdit Singh, to bring Indian
immigrants to Canada. The ships route departed from Hong
Kong, stopped in Japan and then headed to Canada. The ship
was eventually turned back at Vancouver where landing was
refused, and terminated eventually at Calcutta.

K KUNDAN

Home Rule Movement

Idea of Home Rule originated with Mrs. Besant but BG Tilak
started it before she could . April: 1916 BG Tilak, September
1916: Annie Besant
Objective: To attain home rule for India within British empire.
Lucknow Pact
Signed by Indian National Congress and Muslim League at
Lucknow in 1916. Marked an important step forward in the
Hindu-Muslim unity.
Champaran Satyagraha
Under tinkathia system peasants were forced to grow indigo in
3/20 th part of the land. Gandhiji was invited by Rajkumar
Shukla. Gandhis visit in April 1917. First met the District
Commissioner and planters. They were hostile. Gandhiji was
ordered to leave the area. He disobeyed the order. Was
summoned to court, he pleaded guilty.Later the case was
dropped. Peasants statements were collected. Govt finally
appointed an enquiry committee, Gandhiji being one of the
members. Tinkathia system was abolished and illegal money

taken by the planters was partially refunded. First satyagraha

on Indian soil. First major political work of Gandhiji in India.
Was carried strictly on the principles of Satyagraha.
Ahmedabad Satyagraha
Dispute between the textile mill-owner and labourers about
bonus and dearness allowance.Labourers wanted 50% increase,
mill-owner was ready to give 20% . Gandhiji thought 35% is
justified. The labourers struck the work 26 Feb 1918. Gandhiji
sat on fast unto death. The mill-owner agreed for arbitration.
The arbitrator recommended 35% increase in dearness
allowance. The satyagraha was successful. First satyagraha of
industrial workers.Was wholely peaceful. Gave rise to strong
Gandhian Labour Union.
Kheda Satyagraha
22 March 1918 to July 1918. Crop failure due to famine. The
rule permitted suspension of revenue collection if the crop were
less than four anans. According to peasants and Gandhijis
estimates the crops were less than four annas. The satyagraha
started. Mohanlal Pandya removed the standing onion crop on
Gandhijis advice. This was the first instance of non-violent
mass civil disobedience.Though peasants demands were not
met fully. This was first peasants struggle under Gandhijis
leadership.

K KUNDAN

Rowlatt Act Satyagraha

Justice Rowlatt committee appointed to report to the
government the nature and extent of anti-government
activities and to suggest the legal remedies to enable the Govt
to suppress those activities.Committees recommendations
embodied in two bills:
1) Possession of an anti-govt document made illegal
2) Govt officers given sweeping powers
The first bill became an act in March 1919. The second could
not be passed. Satyagraha was organised by Gandhiji.First the
date of hartal was decided as 30th March then postponed to 6th
April.The Civil disobedience was a great success.
Jaliawala Bagh Massacre
Rawlatt Act Satyagraha leader in Punjab Dr. Satyapal and Dr.
Kitchlew were arrested. The procession against their arrest
was fired upon by the police. The crowd became violent and 56 English men were killed. General Dyer prohibited meetings

and gatherigs. A meeting of around 10,000 men and women

was organised peacefully in Jaliawala Bagh on 13th April 1919.
General Dyer ordered firing. 1650 rounds were fired. 400
persons died, 1200 were injured.

4. Events between 1920-1930

Khilafat Question
During the First World War, Turkey sided with Germany
against the British. The Sultan of Turkey was the Khalifa,
the future of Khalifa, therefore, became a matter of concern
for Indian Muslims.The promises made by the British govt
were forgotten after the defeat of Turkey. Turkish Empire
was broken. Indian Muslims felt agitated over this. Gandhiji
saw it as an excellent opportunity to forge communal unity,
bring Muslims in the freedom movement and form a
common front against the British. The Khilafat Committee
was formed. It demanded that terms of treaty with Turkey
should be changed to satisfy the Indian Muslims. Gandhi
suggested the programme of Non-Cooperation with the
British Government. This programme was adopted by the
Committee in May 1920.
Non-Cooperation
The redressal of injustice of Punjab and Khilafat and the
attainment of Swaraj became the key issue. Gandhi
announced the inauguration of Non-violent Non-Coperation
Movement on the 1st August 1920. A special session of
Congress in September accepted the programme. The
Nagpur Con gress i n De ce mber 1920 e ndorse d it
enthusiastically. The programme consisted of the following
points:
Surrender of titles and honours given by the British
Government, Boycott of law-courts, Boycott of educational
institutions, Boycott of councils and elections, Boycott of
foreign cloth, Boycott of Government functions, Picketing
of liquor shops, Refusal to get recruited in the army.

K KUNDAN
Chauri-Chura Incident
On 5th February 1922 a mob including Congressmen set
fire a police station at Chauri Chaura ,UP killing 22 police
men. Gandhi was shocked and he persuaded Congress to
suspend Non-Cooperation Movement.
Kisan Sabha Movement
1929: Bihar Provincial Kisan Sabha founded by Swami
Shahjanand

1936: All India Kisan Sabha, Lucknow

President: Swami Shahjanand
General Secretary: NG Ranga
Aug 1936: Bombay Session: Kisan Manifesto
Dec 1936: Faizpur Session along with Congress
Akali Movement
Led by Kartar Singh Jhabbar, Master Tara Singh and Baba
Kharak Singh SGPC (Shiromani Gurudwara Prabandhak
Committee) and Akali Dal was founded.
Agitations:
Nankana Saheb Affair
Keys affair
Akal Takht Toshakhana
Satyagraha at Guru Ka Bagh
Temple Entry Movement
1923: Kakinada Session passed Temple Entry Resolution
Sri Narayana Guru, N.K Asana and T.K Madhvan
1931: Guruvayur Satyagraha led by K.Kelappan A.K. Pillai
and Subrahmanian the Singing Sword of Kerala
Movement led by the depressed classes Ezhavas and Pulayas
Swaraj Party
Swaraj Movement differentiated between the Pro-Changers
and the No-Changers.
Pro-Changers: CR Das, Moti Lal Nehru, Vitthalbhai Patel,
wanted council entry
No-Changers: Rajagopalachari, Rajendra Prasad, and
Vallabhbhai Patel; preferred constructive works and social
reforms
Gaya Session: Council entry resolution of CR Das was
defeated
CR Das and Moti Lal Nehru resigned from Congress and
founded Congress Khilafat Swaraj Party (March 1923)

K KUNDAN

Revolutionary Terrorism
Bandi Jeevan written by Sachindra Sanyal
Hindustan Republican Association by Sharat Chandra

Hindustan Socialist Republican Association by Bhagat

Singh , Bhagvati Charan Vohra, Yeshpal, Rajguru , Sukhdev
Chittagong Armoury raid: Surya Sen
Simon Commission
An all white commission appointed in 1927 to review the
Indian Council Act of 1919.
Lord Birkenhead commented that Indians are incapable of
creating a workable political framework
Simon Commission was bycotted by all except Justice Party
and Unionist Party
All India States Peoples Congress
1927: All India States Peoples Congress formed by
Balwantrai Mehta, Maniklal Kothari and G.R Abhayankar
Till 1938 Policy of non-interference followed by Indian
National Congress
Haripura session declared Purna Swaraj to cover states
1939: Nehru President of AISPC

K KUNDAN

Delhi Proposals
1927: Jinnah gave the proposals to INC for unity
Ending of separate electorates for Hindus and Muslims
1/3 seats in the centre to be reserved for Muslims
Reserved seats in the centre until universal suffrage was
achieved
Creation of three new provinces-Sind,Baluchistan and
NWFP
Residual powers to provinces
Hindu Mahasabha opposed on the following grounds;
No new Muslim majority province
No reservation of seats for Muslims in majority
proivnces of Punjab and Bengal

Nehru Report
1928: Nehru report contained following main provisions:

Dominion status for India.

Federal form of government with residuary powers

vested in the centre.

Parliamentary form of government headed by a Prime

Minister and six ministers appointed by the Governor
General.
Bi-cameral legislature.
No separate electorate for any community.
System of weightage for minorities was as bad as that
of separate electorates.
Reservation of Muslim seats could be possible only if
Muslim population was at least ten per cent.
Muslims should enjoy one-fourth representation in the
Central Legislature.
Sindh should be separated from Bombay only if the
Committee certified that it was financially selfsufficient.
The NWFP should be given full provincial status.
A new Kanarese-speaking province Karnatic should be
established in South India.
Hindi should be made the official language of India.

Jinnahs 14 Points

The form of the future constitution to be federal with

the residuary powers vested in the provinces.

A uniform measure of autonomy for all provinces.

Adequate and effective representation of minorities in

every province.

In the Central Legislative, Muslim representation shall

not be less than one-third.

Separate electorate to be continued.

Any territorial distribution shall not in any way affect

the Muslim majority in the Punjab, Bengal and the
NWFP.

Fu ll rel igi ou s li berty to be gu aran tee d to all

communities.

No bill to be passed if three-fourth of the members of

any community oppose the same.

Sindh to be separated from the Bombay presidency.

Reforms to be introduced in the NWFP and Baluchistan

on the same footing as in the other provinces.

Constitution to guarantee Muslims an adequate share

in all the services.

The constitution to guarantee the protection of Muslim

culture.

No cabinet, either central or provincial to be formed

without one-third Muslim ministers.

K KUNDAN

Amendment of Constitution only with the concurrence

of the States.

All Parties Conference

All Parties Conference met in Lucknow in August 1928 to
consider Nehru Report. The radicals rejected it
Buttler Committee Report
1928: British Paramountcy to be retained
Not to be transferred automatically to any dominion
Paramountcy to be exercised directly by the Viceroy and
not Governor-General in Council
Removed relations of Princes with a possible future
Government
Irwin Offer
1929:After the publication of Simon Report Irwin announced
that the Dominion Status was a natural issue of Indian
Constituttional progress. The Round Table Conference was
proposed

K KUNDAN
Delhi Statements
1929: Made by Gandhi, Motilal, Jawaharlal,Malaviya and
Liberals
Accepted Irwin Offer with 4 conditions
The principle of Dominion Status to be accepted
immediately
INC to have majority representation in the Round
Table Conference
General amnesty to political prisoners
Policy of general reconciliation

Purna Swaraj
On 29th December 1929, Indian National Congress, on a
resolution moved by Mahatma Gandhi in the Congress
Session in Lahore took an historic decision. Pt. Jawaharlal
Nehru, who presided over the Congress Session declared
Purna Swaraj as the ultimate goal of the Congress and
called upon all people to observe 26th January every year as
the Independence Day.

5. Events between 1930-1940

Civil Disobedience Movement
11 Point Ultimatum
31 Jan 1930

50% cut in army expenses

50% cut in the salary of civil services
50% reduction of land revenue
Total prohibition
Changes in Arms Act
Release of political prisoners
Rupee- Sterling ratio to be lowerd
Textile Industry protection
Reservation of coastal shipping for Indians
Abolition of salt tax and govt monopoly
Dandi March
12 March 1930 to 6th April 1930
Sabarmati to Dandi
Salt manufactured illegally
News of arrest of Gandhi led to working class strike in
Sholapur
Choola Mill workers struck work in Madras
Sarojini Naidu led the Darshana Salt Works Satyagraha
Foreign journalist Webb Miller covered the reports of
Satyagraha
Rajagopalachari led the march from Trichinopoly to
Vedaranniyam
K Kelappam marched from Calicut to Payannur
Central Provinces led forest Satyagrahas

K KUNDAN
Participants:
Large-scale participation of women and teenagers
Massive response from business and peasantry
Massive participation of illeterates
Forms:
Illegal manufacturing of salt
Picketing of liquor shops and auctions
No revenue campaign in Bardoli
Forest Satyagrahas in Central Province
Resignation of rural officials
Refusal of Chaukidari Tax
Prabhat-Pheris and singing of National songs

Distribution of illegal pamphlets

Vanar Sena of boys
Manjari Sena of girls (Indira Gandhis active association)
Simon Commission Report
May 1930
Recommendations:
Responsible govts in the provinces in place of diarchy
Emergency powers reserved with Govt
No changes at Centre
No mention of Dominion Status
Round Table Conference I
12 November 1930 London
Attendees: All parties except Congress (Congress leaders
in jail due to Civil Disobedient Movement)
Total 89 delegates 58 from different communities from
British India and rest from Princely States
Prominent Hindu delegates: Sir Tej Bahadur Sapru, Mr.
Jaikar and Dr. Moonje

K KUNDAN

Gandhi Irwin Pact

The agreement between Gandhi and Irwin was signed on March
5, 1931.
1. The Congress would discontinue the Civil Disobedience
Movement.
2. The Congress would participate in the Round Table
Conference.
3. The Government would withdraw all ordinances issued to
curb the Congress.
4. The Government would withdraw all prosecutions relating
to offences not involving violence.
5. The Government would release all persons undergoing
sentences of imprisonment for their activities in the Civil
Disobedience Movement.

Round Table Conference II

September 7,1931, London
Participated by Congress also
Main task of the conference was done by two committees
on federal structure. The communal problem represented
the most difficult issue for delegates. Nehru report was
rejected by the minorities.

Ottoman Imperial Economic Conference

India conceded lower import duty rates for some British
commodities in return for preferential treatment in UK for
raw material exports
Lees-Modi Pact
Preferential treatment to Lanchashire by Bombay , in
return Lancashire buying more raw cotton from Bombay as
the cotton exports to Japan was on decline.
Communal Award
After the failure of the Second Round Table conference,
British Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald announced the
Communal Award on August 16, 1932.
The right of separate electorate to all minority communities
Untouchables declared as a minority- Hindu depressed
classes were given a number of special seats, to be filled
from special depressed class electorates.
Principle of weightage maintained with some modifications
in the Muslim minority provinces.
Principle of weightage applied also for Europeans in Bengal
and Assam, Sikhs in the Punjab and NWFP, and Hindus in
Sindh and NWFP.

K KUNDAN
Poona Pact
24 September 1932
Agreed to by the leaders of Depressed Classes and the rest
of communities
Reservation of seats for the Depressed Classes out of general
electorate seats in the provincial legislatures
Election to these seats to be by joint electorate
Representation of Depressed Classes in the Central
Legislature to be on the principle of joint electorates and
reserved seats
Round Table Conference III
November 17, 1932, London
Short and unimportant. Congress absent. Ended on
December 25, 1932.

Th e re co mmen datio ns o f th e three Rou nd Table

Conferences were embodied in a White Paper. It was
published in March 1933, and debated in parliament directly
afterwards, analyzed by the Joint Select Committee and
after the final reading and loyal assent, the bill reached
the Statute Book on July 24, 1935.
Govt of India Act of 1935

A Federation of India was promised

The Governor General remained the head of the central

administration

The Federal Legislature was to consist of two houses,

the Council of State (Upper House) and the Federal
Assembly (Lower House).

The Council of State was to consist of 260 members,

out of whom 156 were to be elected from the British
India and 104 to be nominated by the rulers of princely
states.

The Federal Assembly was to consist of 375 members;

out of which 250 were to be elected by the Legislative
Assemblies of the British Indian provinces while 125
were to be nominated by the rulers of princely states.

The Central Legislature had the right to pass any bill,

but the bill required approval of the Governor General
before it became Law. On the other hand Governor
General had the power to frame ordinances.

The Indian Council was abolished.

The Secretary of State was not expected to interfere in

matters that the Governor dealt with, with the help of
Indian Ministers.

The provinces were given autonomy with respect to

subjects delegated to them.

Diarchy, which had been established in the provinces

by the Act of 1919, was to be established at the Centre.
However it came to an end in the provinces.

Two new provinces Sindh and Orissa were created.

Reforms were introduced in NWFP as were in the other

provinces.

Separate electorates were continued as before.

One-third Muslim representation in the Central

Legislature was guaranteed.

Autonomous provincial governments in 11 provinces,

under ministries responsible to legislatures, to be set
up.

K KUNDAN

Burma and Aden were separated from India.

The Federal Court was established in the Centre.
The Reserve Bank of India was established.

Elections of 1937
Absolute majority in 5 out of 11 provinces for the Congress
(Central Province, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Orissa and Madras)
Congress Ministries formed in Bombay, Assam and NWFP
Bengal, Punjab and Sind had non-Congress Ministries
Wardha Scheme 1937
Basic education through vernaculars
Manual productive work given much importance
Self-sufficient schools through the sale of their own
manufactures
Village-crafts

6. Events between 1940-1947

Pakistan Resolution
1930: Iqbals reference to a North West Muslim state
1933: Chaudhary Rehmat Ali and some Cambridge students
demanded Pakistan (Punjab, Kashmir, Sind, Baluchistan)
Aligarh scheme of Zafarul Hassan was for four independent
states of Pakistan, Hyderabad, Bengal and Hindustan
1940: Pakistan Resolution was drafted by Sikandar Hayat
Khan and Fazlul Haq, seconded by Khaliquzzaman

K KUNDAN
Anti-Compromise Conference
March 1940 at Ramgarh
Organised by Subhash Chandra Bose. He felt that the
difficulty of Britain should be turned into Indias opportunity
August Offer
August 1940
Made by Lord Linlithgo
Dominion status promised but without timeline
Post-war body to enact a constitution subject to sanction by
British Parliament
Immediate expansion of Viceroys Council
Defence, Finance and Home to remain with the Britishers
Formation of a War Advisory Council

Individual Satyagraha
Purposes:
Expressing to the people a strong feeling against joining
the war
Giving the British govt an opportunity to peacefully accept
Indian demands
Freedom of speech , especially the right to make anti-war
speech.
17 Oct 1940
At Paunar, VinobaBhave began the individual Satyagraha
by delivering anti-war speech. Nehru was the second
satyagrahi.
Cripps Mission
Deputed by British Parliament in 1942
To contain the political crisis
Headed by Sir Stafford Cripps, a Cabinet Minister, known
as a strong supporter of Indian national movement
Prompted by two considerations:
Gandhis call for Satyagraha could affect war efforts
Fall of Singapore , Rangoon and Andamans to the
Japanese was threatening the entire fabric of
British colonial empire
Cripps Offer:
British Govt to set up an Indian Union within the
British Commonwealth
A Constituent Assembly to be elected by the
provincial legislatures
Constituent Assmbly to negotiate a treaty with
British Govt
Future right of secession was explicitly stated

K KUNDAN

Quit India Movement

Reasons:
Failure of Cripps Mission
Japanese Threat
British attitude towards Indians
Resolution passed on 6 August 1942 at Gowalia Tank , Bombay
Massive popular rebellion after the leaders were arrested
Parallel National Governments:
Balia:
Chittu Pandey

Tamluk Jatia Sarkar: Satish Samant

Satara Parati Sarkar: Nana Patil
Usha Mehta ran an illegal radio station from Bombay
Nehru:
Almora Jail
Maulana Azad:
Bankura Jail
Gandhi:
Agan Khan Palace
Azad Hind Fauz
Conceived by Mohan Singh in Malay
Formation of INA by Mohan Singh and Niranjan Gill
Assisted by Ras Behari Bose
Reorganised by Subhash Chandra Bose
Singapore and Rangoon two Headquarters
Imphal campaign: Shah Nawaj Khan
21 Oct 1943: Azad Hind Government
Rani Jhansi Regiment : Women soldiers
Bombay Plan
Jan 1944
Tata, Birla, Sri Ram and Purushottamdas Thakurdas
Five Year Plans
State initiative in the development of infrastructure
Doubling the per-capita income within 15 years through
quick development of basic industries
Land reforms

K KUNDAN

Rajagopalachari Formula
1944
Muslim League should cooperate with the Congress in the
formation of provisional interim government
A commission to be appointed to demarcate the boundaries
of the Muslim dominated districts of North West and East of
India.
The people of these districts to decide the issue of separation
from India through plebiscite
In case of partition the joint safeguarding of defence,
commerce, communications and other essential sectors
Gandhi-Jinnah Talks
1944

The Rajagopalachari formula became the basis for the

Gandhi-Jinnah talks to reach a settlement on the
constitutional problem. Jinnah rejected the whole formula
terming it as a maimed, mutilated and moth-eaten one.
The main reason was that he was vehemently against the
idea of conducting a plebiscite.
Wavell Plan and Simla Conference
1945
Background: Failure of Gandhi-Jinnah talks, Wavell offered a
plan to end the deadlock. He summoned a conference of all
leaders and interests in Simla
Plans:
Leaving Executive Council completely in the hands of
Indians
Giving equal representation to the Muslims and Hindus in
the Council
This to be an interim arrangement till the drafting of new
constitution
Both the plan and the conference failed due to the
unreasonable attitude of the Muslim League. Jinnah
wanted that the League alone should choose the Muslim
members of the Executive Council, which was not
acceptable to the Congress

K KUNDAN

INA Trials
12th Nov 1945
Trial of Shah Nawaz Khan, PK Sehgal and Gurubaksh Singh
Dhillon
Counsels of defence: Bhulabhai Desai, Tej Bahadur Sapru,
KN Katju, Jawaharlal Nehru, and Asaf Ali
Issues: Abandon trials in the interest of good relations
between India and Britain. The main issue was not whether
they were guilty instead the issue was Britains right to
decide a matter concerning Indians.
RIN Mutiny
18 Feb 1946, Bombay Ratings of HMIS Talwar struck work
due to flagrant racial discrimination, unpalatable food and
abuse after the arrest of BC Dutt who had scrawled Quit
India on the ship.
19th Feb: HMIS Hindustan in Karachi also mutinied
Muslim League and Congress disclaimed any responsibility
for the mutiny.

Clement Atlee mentioned in the House of Commons that

the rise of Indian National Army and the mutiny in the
Royal Indian Navy were seen from London as warnings that
the time for British withdrawals from Indian shores had
come.
Cabinet Commission
1946
Announced by British Prime Minister Clement Atlee
Members: Pathic Lawrence, Sir Stafford Cripps, AV
Alexander
Recommendations:

The provinces to meet in three groups-North West, East

and the rest

Any province wanting to secede from the Union could

do so after first elections

The Constitution of the Union to be drawn up by a

Constituent Assembly of 296 members elected on a
communal basis by provincial assemblies and India
states

An interim government to be formed, till the transfer of

power and the new constitution was launched
Response:
Congress agreed to participate in election and Constituent
Assembly but refused to join the interim government
The Muslim League approved the plan and expected Viceroy
to call upon an interim govt. But Viceroy refused to do so.The
ML withdrew its acceptance

K KUNDAN

Interim Government
August 12, 1946 Wavell called upon the Congress to form
the interim government. Congress accepted. Initially
League refused but later joined.But League did not
participate in the Constituent Assembly that met to draft
the constitution.
8 Dec 1946: Constituent Assembly begins its session
Direct Action
16 August 1946
Jinnah withdrew his earlier acceptance to the Cabinet
Mission Plan and fixed 16 th August as Direct Action
day.Calcutta, Noakhali, Garhmukteshwar witnesed
communal frenzy.

Atlees Announcement
20th Feb 1947
The date of withdrawal from India was fixed as 3rd June
1948
Partition was unavoidable in the face of Constituent
Assembly lacking full support
Mountbatten Plan
Also known as 3rd June Plan
Provisions:
Muslim majority provinces permitted to form separate state
and separate Constituent Assembly
The provinces of Punjab and Bengal to be partitioned
The question of NWFP and the Sylhet district of Assam to
be decided by a plebiscite
A bill was to be introduced in the British parliament to give
effect to these proposals
India Independence Act
As per the Mountbatten Plan a bill was passed in British
Parliament on 18th July 1947 known as Indian Independence
Act.
The Act came into force the same day though it fixed 15th
August 1947 as the date for setting up two Dominions.
The country was partitioned and India became independent
on 15th August 1947
1947
Integration of States
By 15th August 1947 all states except Kashmir, Hyderabad
and Junagarh had signed the Instrument of Accession with
India. Goa was with Portugese and Pondicherry with French.

K KUNDAN

3.3 Constitutional Development

Regulating Act of 1772

First intervention to curb the powers of East India Company

Court of Directors to inform British Govt all communications

of civil, military and revenue affairs of East India Company
in India

Governor of Bengal raised to Governor General

Governor Generals council to have 4 members

Governor General to vote in case of tally of votes by the

members
Defence of Bombay and Madras to come under Bengal
Civil and Military affairs of all territories and Civil, Military
and Revenue administration of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa
to East India Company
Supreme Court established in Calcutta for European
citizens, employee of East India Company and citizens of
Bengal

Act of 1781

Supreme Court given the power to dispense justice to all

citizens of Calcutta taking into consideration the social
and religious customs
Pitts India Act of 1784

Objective: to remove the defects of Regulating Act of 1772

Board of Control constituted comprising 6 commissioners

(Including 2 Cabinet Ministers-Secretary of State and
Chancellor of Exchequer)

Secret Committee to replace the Court of Directors for

political and military matters

No. of Councillors reduced to 3

Bombay and Madras Presidencies became subordinate to

Calcutta in all matters

East India Company could not declare war or peace without

the sanction of the Directors or the Secret Committee

Governor Generals position strengthened

K KUNDAN

Act of 1786

Governor General given power to override his Council Veto

power
Act of 1788

Full power and supremacy vested in Board of Control in the

matters of East India Companys administration
Charter Act of 1793

Territorial possessions extended for another 20 years

Written law for the rights of person and property

Translation of law books in vernacular languages

Governor Generals power to override emphasised

Charter Act of 1813

East India Companys monopoly of trade over India ended

Charter renewed for another 20 years

Charter Act of 1833

Monopoly of trade with China ended

Governor General of Bengal became Governor General of

India

Law Member introduced with limited legislative power-Lord

Macuallay first Law Member

Governor General of India vested with the powers to regulate

all over India

Law Commission constituted-Indian Penal Code and Code

for Civil and Criminal Law enacted

President of Board of Control became the Minister of Indian

Affairs

East India Company to have only political function

Competitive exams to be held for recruitment to the civil

services

No discrimination clause-Section 87

K KUNDAN

Charter Act of 1853

Law Member became the full member of Executive Council

Central Legislative Council 1 member from each province,

2 civillians nominated by Governor General, Chief JusticeEx-officio Chairman

Separation of Executive from Legislative

India held in trust for Crown

Government of India Act of 1858

Authority transferred to Crown

The President of Board of Control to become the Secretary

of State

India Council formed with 15 members to assist the

Secretary of State

Executive Council of Governor General enlarged-1

reopresentative from each province, Chief Justice Ex officio
Chairman, 4 civilians to be nominated by the Governor
General of India
Indian Councils Act of 1861

Fifth Law Member added to the Executive Council

Bombay and Madras got Legislative Council

Imperial Legislative Council to perform the legislative

function (The Governor General Executive Council
performed two roles-working both as Executive body and
Legislative body)
Portfolio system introduced
Imperial Legislative Councils membership
1 representative from each province
Chief Justice as Ex-officio Chairman
5 Councillors
More than 6 and less than 12 civilians to be nominated by
Governor General

Indian Council Act 1892

Additional Members increased from 10 to 16

2/5 th of the members to be non-official (partly nominated,

partly elected)

Non-official members could ask questions, could not

participate in financial legislation
Government of India Act 1909 (Morley Minto Reforms)

Additional members increased to 69 (37 official, 32 nonofficial)

Out of 32 non-official members 5 nominated and 27 elected

Election introduced

Separate electorate for Hindu and Muslims

Function of Imperial Legislative Council

Discussion of budget but no voting rights

Could ask questions

Could move resolutions but veto to the Viceroy

No discussion of Foreign Policy and Railway expenditure

K KUNDAN

Government of India Act of 1919 (Montague Chelmsford

Reforms)

Objective: to develop self governing institutions and

progressive realisation of responsible government

Dyarchy introduced in provinces-subjects to be shared

between province and centre

Reserved subjects, executed by the Govt and the nominated

Executive Council: Land Revenue, Justice, Police, Printing
press, Mines, Factories and Public Service

Transferred Subjects under elected ministers: Education,

Health, Agriculture,Local self government and Public
entertainment

Government of India Act of 1935

Proposed federation with Central Dyarchy

Federation to have bicameral legislature-Council of State

and Federal Assembly

Federal, Provincial and Concurrent list

The residuary subjects with Governor General

Dyarchy at states abolished

Indian Independence Act 1947

Jurisdiction of British Parliament to cease from 15th August

1947

New dominion of India and Pakistan to be created

Boundaries to be delineated by two boundary commissions

Governor General to be appointed in both the dominions

3.4 Education
1781:
1791:
1800:
1813:

Calcutta Madrasa: Waren Hastings

Benaras Sanskrit Colledge, Dunkan
Fort William College, Wellesley
Charter Act of 1813 provision of 1 lakh
rupees for education
Calcutta Hindu College, David Hare (English)
Th re e Sanskri t Co ll eg es at Cal cu tta,
Benaras, Agra
Macaulay Minute
Charles Woods Dispatch also known as
Magna Carta of Indian Education
Department of Public Instruction
English for Higher Education
Vernacular schools in villages
Universities in Calcutta, Bombay and
Madras
Technical Institutes, Teachers Training
Institutes
Female Education
Hunter Education Commission
Review of Woods Dispatch, Primary and
Middle Education
Punjab University
Allahabad University
In di an
U ni ve rsitie s
Act,
Ral ei gh
Commission
Government Resolution on Education Policy

K KUNDAN
1817:

1835:
1854:

1882-83

1882:
1887:
1904:
1913:

1917-19:
1919:
1929:

1937:

1944:

1948-49:

Sadler Universities Commission

Montague Chelmsford Reforms: Central aid
to education ended
Hurtog Committee
Improvement and consolidation of primary
education
Wardha Scheme of Basic Education
Zakir Hussein Committee, Emphasis on
productive work
Sargeant Plan of Education
Extensive free and compulsary primary
education
Radhakrishnan Commission
Un iversi ty Edu catio n, 12 ye ars preuniversity education,General , liberal and
occu pati on al h ig h sch oo l educatio n,
Education in concurrent list

3.5 British Agrarian Reforms

Permanent Settlement
Also called: Jagirdari/Biswadari and Malguzari Settlement
1793
Concluded by Cornwallis (John Shore)
Covered 19% of areas
Bihar, Bengal, Orissa, Benaras and North Carnatic
Features:

Was a grand contract between East India Company govt and

Bengal landholders

The Zamindars became proprietors of land having rights of

transfer by way of sale, mortgage or gift

Raiyats had no such rights

Land became private property for the first time

Govts income got insured

The assessment based on the past 10 years

No remission in the wake of drought, inundation,

encrochment or depredation by rivers or death or flight of
raiyats

Led to the distress sales of land and growth of moneylenders

Turned the actual cultivators into tenants

This system allowed absenteeism

K KUNDAN

Exploitative in nature as no limits were imposed for

collection from the raiyats

Mahalwari Settlement
Martin Berd (Father of Land Settlement in North India)
Covering 30% of areas
Uttar Pradesh, Central Province, Punjab, and North West
Features:
A class of intermediary emerged
The Mahals to collect the rent for the community

Ryotwari Settlement
Covering 51% of areas
Bombay, Madras and Assam
Thomas Munro
Captain Reid
Elphinston
Chaplin
Wignet
Davidson
Goldsmith
Features:
No intermediary owners were recognised
The actual tillers were given transferable rights in their
lands
The influencial raiyats emerged as powerful landholders

K KUNDAN
3.6 Governor Generals and Viceroys
Governors of Bengal
1756-58:
1758-60:
1760-65:
1765-67:
1767-69:
1769-72:

Drake
Robert Clive
Vansitart
Robert Clive
Verlest
Cartier

Governor Generals of India

1772-1785

Warren Hastings
Ruhella War
Nandlal Affair
First Anglo-Maratha War
First Anglo-Mysore War
Chait Singh Affair

1786-1793

1793-1798
1798-1805

Misbehaviour with Begums of Awadh

Impeachment in Britain
Lord Cornwallis
Permanent Settlement (John Shore,
Jame s Gran t) -8/9 to Go vt 1/9
remained with Zamindar
Administrative Reforms (No gifts, No
bribery, Salary hike)
Judicial Reforms (Sadr Diwani Adalat,
Privy Council)
Cornwallis Code: Separation of power
(Revenue and Diwani separated)
Third Anglo-Mysore War
John Shore
Permanent settlement of 1793
Wellesley
Subsidiary Alliance (First state
Hyderabad 1798)
Fourth Anglo-Mysore War
2nd Anglo Maratha War
Apprehension of Napolian invasion
Capture of Delhi (1803)
George Borlow
Sepoy mutiny at Vellore (1806)
Lord Minto
Treaty of Amritsar with Ranjit Singh
(1809)
Charter Act of 1813
Lord Hastings
Nepal War (Treaty of Sagauli)
Third Maratha War
Suppression of Pindaries 1817-18
Subsidiary Alliance with Rajputs
(Jodhpur, Udaipur and Jaipur)
Equality rights assertion against
Mughal
Supremacy of East India Company in
India established
Lord Amherst
Frist Burmese War (1824-26)

K KUNDAN
1805-1807

1807-1813

1813-1823

1823-1828

1828-1835

1836-1842
1842-1844

Acquisition of territories in Malay

Peninsula
William Bentik
Prohibition of Sati 1829 Rule XVII
Prohibition of Infanticide (female)
Su ppre ssio n of Th ag i (Col on el
Sleeman 1837)
End of discrimination by the Govt
(Charter Act of 1833)
(No discrimination based on religion,
place of birth, caste or colour)
Was in favour of complete freedom of
press but could not bring a resolution,
Metcafe is credited for freedom of
press
Auckland
First Afgan War (1836-42)
Ellenborough
Brought an end to Afghan War
Annexed Sind
Forced Sindhia to sign a humiliating
treaty
Lord Hardinge I
First Sikh War
Treaty of Lahore (1846)
Lord Dalhausie
Second Burmese War
Doctrine of Lapse used against
Satara, Jaitpur, Sambhalpur, Baghat,
Udaipur, Jhansi and Nagpur. Later
Baghat and Udaipur restored to their
successors
Woods Dispatch
Electric Telegraph 1852
First Railway: Bombay to Thane
(1853) Calcutta to Raniganj
Indian Post Act 1854
Public Work Department foundedGanga Canal, Renovation of Grand
Trunk Road

K KUNDAN
1844-1848

1848-1856

1856-1858

Opening of harbour for international

trade
Light Houses
Widow Remarriage Act
Lord Canning
Last Governor General and first
Viceroy
Rule of East India Company came to
an end
Doctrine of Lapse withdrawn
Universities at Calcutta, Bombay and
Madras founded
Idigo riots in Bengal
White Mutiny

Viceroys
1858-1862

Lord Canning
IPC of Criminal Procedure Code
passed (1859)
Indian High Court Act (1861) enacted
Sir John Shore
Telegraphic communication opened
with Europe
Bhutan War (1865)
Punjab Tenancy Act
High Courts at Calcutta,Bombay and
Madras established (1865)
Lord Mayo
Organised the Statistical Survey of
India
De partmen t of Ag ri cu ltu re and
Commerce established
Only Viceroy to be murdered in office
by a convict in Andamans in 1872
Lord Northbrook
Visit of Prince of Wales (Later Edward
II)
Kuka Movement of Punjab took
rebellious turn
Lord Lytton
Known in literary circles as Owen
Meredith

K KUNDAN
1864-1869

1869-1872

1872-1876

1876-1880

1880-1884

Abolition of cotton duties and sales

tax on textiles imported from England
Financial devolution: Provincial Govt
asked to raise their own resources
Fami ne Commissi on: Richard
Stretchy
Royal Titles Act
1877 Delhi Darbar Queen Victoria
visit
Vernacular Press Act
Indian Arms Act
Age limit in Civil Services reduced
from 21 to 19
2nd Anglo-Afgan War
Lord Rippon
Repeal of Vernacular Press Act
First Factory Act
Financial devolution
Hunter Commission
Ilbert Bill
Local Self Government
Lord Dufferin
Fo un dati on o f I ndian Nati on al
Congress
Third Burmese War (1885)
Lord Lansdowne
The Factory Act of 1891
Indian Council Act of 1892
Durand Commission to define line
be tw ee n
Briti sh
I ndia
and
Afghanistan
Lord Elgin II
Santhal Uprising of 1899
Great Famine of 1896-97
Lord Curzon
Police Commission
Famine Commission
Universities Commission

K KUNDAN
1884-1888

1888-1894

1894-1899

1899-1905

1905-1910

1910-1916

Indian Coinage and Paper Currency

Act
Indian Code of Civil Procedure
Old Monuments Conservation Act
Official Secrets Act
Partition of Bengal
Ve ry n eg ati ve attitude tow ards
Congress
Lord Minto
Swadeshi Movement
Foundation of Muslim League
Surat split
Newspapers Act 1908
Morley Minto Reforms
Lord Hardinge II
Annulment of Partition of Bengal
Capital from Calcutta to Delhi
Delhi Darbar and Coronation of
George V and Queen Mary
Foundation of Hindu Mahasabha
Lord Chelmsford
Lucknow Pact
Constitutional Reforms of 1919
Rowlatt Act
Massacre of Jaliawala Bagh
Saddler Commission
Khilafat and Non-Cooperation
Lord Reading
Chauri-Chaura incident
Moplah rebellion
CPI founded
RSS founded
ICS ex ams si mul tane ou s from
England and India
The only jew Viceroy
Lord Irwin
Simon Commission
Butler Commision

K KUNDAN
1916-1921

1921-1926

1926-1931

1931-1936

1936-1944

Nehru Report
All India Youth Congress
Purna Swaraj, Civil Disobedience,
First Round Table Conference
Gandhi-Irwin Pact
Well known as Christian Viceroy
Lord Wellington
Seco nd and Third Round Table
Conference
Foundation of Congress Socialist
Party 1934
All India Kisan Sabha 1936
Lord Linlithgo
Congress Ministries and resignation
Foundation of Forward Block (1939)
Deliverance Day by Muslim League
(1939)
Laho re Resol uti on /Paki stan
Resolution 1940
August Offer
Cripps Mission
Quit India Movement
Lord Wavell
CR Formula
Wavell Plan and Simla Conference
INA Trials and RIN Mutiny
Cabinet Mission
Direct Action Day

K KUNDAN
1944-1947

5 March 1947- 15 Aug 1947

Lord Mountbatton
3rd June: Plan to partition India was
announced
th
7 August: Jinnah left for Karachi

Governor General of Independent India

15 Aug 19447- 21 June 1948
21 June 1948 25 Jan 1950

Lord Mountbatton
C. Rajagopalachari

3.7 Movements
Important Themes
1. Non-Tribal Movement
2. Tribal Movements
3. Trade Union Movement
4. Caste Movement
5. Peasant Movement
6. Kisan Sabha Movement
7. Party and Organisation
8. Socio-Religious Reform Movement
9. Revolutionary Terrorism
1. Non-Tribal Movements
Year

Name

Place

Leader

1722-99

Kottaboman

Tir unelv eli

Vira Pandya Kottaboman

1804-06

Paiks

Or issa

Khorda, Jagabandhu

1808-09

Velu Thambi

Travancore

Velu Thambi

1816

Rao Bharmal

Cutch

Rao Bharmal

1822-29

Ramosis

Poona

Chittur Singh, Umaji

1824-29

Kittur Singh

Dharwar

Chanamma, Rayappa

1825-33

Pagalpanthis Bengal

Karam Shah, Tipu

1827-33

Raju

Vishakhapattanam

Birabhadra Raju

1829-35

Par lakimedi

Or issa

Jagannath Gajpati,
Narayan Rao

1835-37

Gumsur

Ganjam (Orissa)

Dhananjaya Bhanj

1827-40

Sambalpur

Sambalpur

Surendra Sai

1841-42

Satara

Satara

Narsingh Dattatreya Petkar

1842

Bundela

Bundelkhand

Jawahar Singh, Madhukar

Sahu

1844-45

Gadkari

Maharashtra

Krishna Daji Pandit

1839-45

Satvandi

Maharashtra

Phond Savant

1804-60

Faraizi

East Bengal

Shariatullah, Muhammad
Musin (Dadu Miyan)

1820-70

Wahabi

North India

Saiyid Ahmad

1845-72

Kuka

Punjab

Bhagat Jawahar Mal, Balak

Singh, Ram Singh

1931-32

Palakonda

Palakonda

Palakonda ruler

K KUNDAN

2. Tribal Movements
Year

Name

Place

1768,1832

Chuar

Nanbhum, Barbhum
(WB)

1818-1848

Bhil

Khandesh

1820-22,32

Ho

Singhbhum

1824-28,29,
1844-48

Kolis

Sahyadri hills

1829-32

Khasis

Khasi hills

1830-39

Singphos

Assam

1831-32

Kol

Leader

Tirut Singh, Bar

Manik

Chotanagpur

Buddho Bhagat

1840, 1922-24 Koya

Rampa (AP)

Alluri Sitaram Raju

1846-48,55,
1914

Khond

Or issa

Chakra Bisnoi

1855-56

Santhal

Rajmahal

Sidhu, Kanhu

1858-59

Naikdas

Panch Mahal

Joria Bhagat

1882

Kachha Naga Chachar (Assam)

Sambudhan

1899-1900

Munda

Chotanagpur

Birsa Munda

1913

Bhil

Dungarpur, Banswara

Govind Guru

1914-15

Oraon

Chotanagpur

Jatra Bhagat

1917-19

Thado Kuki

Manipur

Jadonang, Rani
Gaidinliu

1921-22

Chechun

Nallamalla hills

Hanumanthu

K KUNDAN

3. Trade Union Movement

Year
1875
1881
1884
1890
1891
1918
1920
1926
1929

1933
1938

Development
First Factory Commission
First Factory Act: Protection of Child Labour
2nd Factory Commission
N.M. Lokhande founded Bombay Millhands Association
2nd Factory Act: Weekly holidays, Fixing of working hours for
women and children
B.P.Wadia founded Madras Labour Union
All India Trade Union Congress (AITUC) led by Lala Lajpat Rai
Indian Trade Unions Act gave legal status to the Trade Unions
Split of Indian Trade Union Congress into- 1) ITUF: Indian Trade
Union Federation , led by N.M.Joshi 2) RED TUC: Red Trade
Union Congress
National Trade Union Federation (NTUF) led by N.M.Joshi and
R.R.Bakhale
Merger of various Unions: ITUF-NTUF, RED TUC-AITUC

1941
1944
1947

Essential Services Maintenance Ordinance, prohibited employers

from dismissing the workers without reason
Indian National Trade Union Congress (INTUC) wor king on
Gandhian lines
Trade Unions Amendement Act: Recognition of Trade Unions
by employers made compulsary
Industriyal Disputes Act: Appointment of conciliation machinery

4. Caste Movement
Name of
Movement
Justice
Movement

Self Respect
Movement

Place

Leaders

Tamil Nadu C.N.Mudaliar,

T.M. Nair, P.
Thyagraj Chetti

Tamil Nadu E.V.Ramaswami

Naicker (Periyar),
Kudi Arasu,
C.N.Annadurai

Remarks
Movement of Vellalas,
Mudaiars, Chettiars,
Reddis, Kamas, Baligas.
Loyalty to the British govt
for jobs and representation

Reject ion of Br ahman

pr ies t s,
bur ni ng
of
Manusmriti,forceful
temple entry, rejection of
r eligion, pr opagat ion of
atheism

K KUNDAN

Satyashodhak
Samaj

MaharashtraJyotiba Phule

Nair Movement Kerala

C.V.Raman Pillai,
K.Ramakrishna Pillai,
N.Padmnabh Pillai

Chander Menon

Ezhava
Movement
Praja Mitra
Mandali

Kerala

Nadar Movement

South Tamil K.Kamraj

Mysore

Nanu Asan
Sri Narayan Guru
C.R.Reddy

Dual
c har act er is t icssanskr it i- sat ion
and
mass-based r adicalism,
again st
Shet ji s
and
Bhatjis
Martand Varma
(C.V.RamanPillai),
Swadeshabhiman
(K.R. Pillai), Nair Service
Society (N.P.Pillai)Against
the system of Tarwad and
Sambandhan, Social and
polit i cal uplif t m ent of
Nairs
One Caste, One Religion,
One God for Mankind
Lingayata, Vokkaligas,
Lingayata Education Fund
Assoc iat ion
(1 905),
Vokkaliga Sangha (1916)
Sanskritisation and vertical
m obilit y,
Nadar
Mahajan Sangam (1910)

Vanniyar
Movement

North Tamil

Kaivarta
Movement
Namsudras
Nambudiris

Bengal

Sanskritisation and
Imitation, Vanniyar Kula
Kshatriya
Jati Nirdharini Sabha,
Mahishyas

Bengal
Kerala

EMS Nambudiripad Nambudiri Welfare

Association
Mahar
Maharashtra Gopal Baba
Burning of Manusmriti,
Movement
Walangka
claim for jobs in army and
govt services
Shahuji Maharaj:
Promoted non-brahamanas in govt. jobs
of Kolhapur
Ambedkars contribution Bole Resolution of Bombay Legislativ e Assembly
declared all public places open for untouchables,
Peoples Education Society, 2 nd Mahar Conference
(1927), Independent Labour Party (1937), Scheduled
Caste Federation (1942), Labour Member of Viceroy
(1942) Pamphlet-Annihilation of Caste, Bahiskrita
Hitkarini Sabha
Gandhijis Contribution All India Anti Untouchability League (1932), Harijan
Sevak Sangh (1932), Harijan Weekly (1933)

5. Peasant Movement

K KUNDAN

Before 1857

Year
Name
1763-1800 Sanyasi Rebellion

Place
Bengal

1783
1818-1831
1830-31
1831-32
1838-51

Rangpur Uprising
Bhil Uprising
Mysore Rebellion
Kol Uprising
Faraizi Movement

Bengal
Khandesh
Mysore
Singhbhum
Bengal

1836-54
1854-56

Mapilla Uprising
Khond-Savar
Rebellion
Santhal Rebellion

Malabar
Or issa

1855-56

Santhalpargana

Leaders
Manju Shah, Bh awani
Pathak, Musa Shah, Devi
Chaudharani
Dirji Narayana
Sardar Malla

Hazi Shariat ullah, Dadu

Miyan
Chakra Bisoi, Radhakrishna Dandsena
Tilka Majhi, Siddu,
Kanhu

After 1857
Year
1859-60

Name
Indigo Riots

Place
Bengal

Leaders
Digambar Biswas, Bishnu
Bi swa s, Har ish ch andra
Mukerjees Hindu Patriot
and Nil Darpan supported
the peasantscause

1850-1900
1873-85

1875
1879
1879-80
1893-94
1899-1901
1905
1917

1918

Mooplah/Mappila
Pabna

Malabar
Bengal

Against Jenmi landlords

Ishan Chandr a
Roy,
Shamb hu Pal, K hoodi
Mullah
Deccan Riots
Deccan
Kunbis against Vanis and
moneylenders
Phadke Movement
Maharashtra
Social banditr y, Daulat
Ramosi took over Phadke
Koya Rebellion
A.P
Tomma Dora
No revenue Movemt
Kamrup
Pushp Ram Kanhar, Saru
Khet ri
Birsa Movement
Chhotanagpur Birsa Munda
Bijolia Movement
Mewar
Vijay
Singh
Pa t hak,
Maniklal Varma
Champaran Satyagrah Champaran
Raj
Kumar
Shukla,
Rajendr a
Pr asad,
Anugrah Narayan Sinha,
Mahadev
Desai,
J.B. Kripalani, Maulana
Mazhar ul Haq Gandhiji
member
of
enquir y
commit tee, abolit ion of
Tinkathia system
Kheda Satyagraha
Gujarat
Mohan lal
Pand ya, No
r ev en ue campai gn by
Gandh iji
and
P at el,
temporary suspension of
the revenue collection by
the govt.
Awadh Kisan Movmt Awadh (UP)
1918 UP Kisan Sabha
f ounded
by
Indr a
Narayana Dwivedi, 1920:
Nehr u, Gau r i Shankar
Mish r a
and
Baba
Ramchandra Das founded
Oudh Kisan Sabha1921:
Oudh Rent Act eased the
conditions of peasants
Moplah Rebellion
Malabar
Kunmuhammad Haji, Ali
Musali ar , Kalat h ingal
Mamma d, Sit hi Koya
Thanga l, Imbichi Koya
Th an g al, S aiy y id
Fadl Black
ho le
of
Podan u
episo de-66
Moplah asphyxiated in a
railway wagon
Chirla Parla Movemt Guntur
Dugg iv ala
G opal
Krishnayya
Borsad Satyagraha
Gujarat
Patel against the poll tax
imposed to pay the police

K KUNDAN

1920

1921

1921
1923

1920s

Eka Movemet

UP

1925

Bardoli Satyagraha

Gujarat

f or ce r equisit io ned t o
suppress Baraiya dacoits
Madari Pasi, against the
Zamindars
22% e nhanceme nt of
revenue,MaxwellBr oom f ileld
En quir y
Commi t t ee,
Kal yanji
Meht a
and Kun v ar ji
Meht a
got Pat el t o
or gani se a no r e v enue
m o v e m e n t , G o v t
abandoned
r ev enue
revision, Kaliparaj (Black
peopl e)
r enam ed
as
Ranip ar anj
(f or est
dwellers)

6. Kisan Sabha Movement

1929: Bihar Provincial Kisan Sabha founded by Swami
Shahjanand
1936: All India Kisan Sabha, Lucknow
President: Swami Shahjanand
General Secretary: N.G.Ranga
Aug 1936: Bombay Session: Kisan Manifesto
Dec 1936: Faizpur Session along with Congress
NG Ranga
1923:
Ryots Association of Guntur
Agricultural Labour Union
1928:
Andhra Provincial Ryots Association along with
B.V.Ratnam
1933:
Indian Peasants Institute
1935:
South Indian Federation of Peasants and
Agricultural Labour
1936:
All India Kisan Sabh (General Secretary)

K KUNDAN

Miscellaneous
Baratiya Tal Agitation
Reora Peasant Agitation:
Labour Swaraj Party

Annawari
Swaraj Thana and Gandhi Daroga
Unionist Party

Karyanand Sharma
Yadunandan Sharma
Muzaffar Ahmad, Quazi Nazrul Islam,
Qutbuddin Ahmad, Hemant Kumar
Sarkar
Rahul Sankrityayana
Rangpur
Fazlul Hussein

Praja Party 1929

Commila Conference
Summer Schools of Economics
& Politics
Prafull Sen
Baba Raghav Das
Babar Deva
Punjab Riyasati Praja Mandal
Punjab leaders

Bihar Leaders

Rajasthan Leaders
Andhra Leaders

Akram Khan, Abdur Rahim, Fazlul Haq

Swami Shahjanand
P.C. Joshi, R.D.Bharadwaj, Ajay
Ghosh
Gandhi of Arambagh
Gandhi of Gorakhpur
Hero of Baraiyas
Baba Kharak Singh, Jagir Singh Joga,
Master Hari Singh
Baba So han Singh, Tej a Singh
Swatantar,Baba Rur Singh, Bhagat
Singh Bilga, Wadhwa Ram, Bhagwan
Singh Longowalia
Swami Sh ahjanand, Sr i Kr ishna
Sinha,Jamuna Karjee (Saran),Rahul
Sankrityayana
Jai Narayana Vyas (Marwar), Bishnu
Baran Prasad, Motilal Tejawat
Vennet i Sat ya Nar ayana , Dandu
Narayana Raju

7. Party and Organisation

K KUNDAN

Organisation
Founder
Zamindari Association
Dwarkanath Tagore,
(Landholders Society) Radhakant Dev
Britisch India Society
William Adam
British Indian
Dwarkanath Tagore
Associat ion
Madras Native Association
Bombay Association
Jagannath Shankar Shet
East India Association
Dada Bhai Nauroji
National Indian
Mary Carpenter
Associat ion
Poona Sarvajanik Sabha S.H.Chiplunkar
G.V. Joshi,M.G.Ranade
Indian Society
Anand Mohan Bose
Indian Association
Anand Mohan Bose
Surendra Nath Banerji
Madras Mahajan Sabha G.S. Aiyar
P. Anandacharlu
M.Viraraghavachariar
Bombay Presidency
Pherojshah Mehta
Associaton
R. T. Telang
Badruddin Tyabji
All India Harijan Sabha Gandhiji
All India Scheduled
Ambedkar
Caste Federation

Year
1838

Place
Calcutta

1839
1851

London
Calcutta

1852
1852
1866
1867

Madras
Bombay
London
London

1870

Poona

1872
1876

London
Calcutta

1884

Madras

1885

Bombay

1932

Aligarh School

Sabarmati Ashram
Khilafat Committee

Chirag Ali, Altaf Hussain

Hali Nazir Ahmad
Maulana Shibli Nomani
Gandhiji
Muhammad Ali
Shaukat Ali
Maulana Azad
Hakim Azmal Khan
Hasrat Mohani

Punjab Naujawan
Bharat Sabha
Bhagat Singh
Congress Socialist Party Acharya Narendra Dev
Jai Prakash Narayan
All India Kisan Sabha

Swami Shahjanand

1916

1920
1926
1934
1936

Saraswati

Indian Organisations in Foreign Countries

India House
Abhinav Bharat
Inidian Independence
League
Gadhar Party

Shyamji Krishna Verma

Dadabhai Nauroji
Taraknath Das

1904
1906
1907

London
London
USA

Lala Hardayal
Mohammad Barkatullah
Bahgawan
Ram Chandra
Sohan Singh Bhakna
Lala Hardayal
Virendra Chattopadhyay
Raja Mahendra Pratap

1913

USA

1914
1915

Ber lin
Kabul

Ras Behari Bose

1942

Tokyo

1943

Singapore
Rangoon
Tokyo

K KUNDAN

Indian Independence
League
Indian Independence
League
Indian Independence
League
Indian National Army
Azad Hind Fauz

Mohan Singh (conceived)

Ras Behari Bose (assisted)
Subhas Chandra Bose
(reorganised)

8. Socio-Religious Reform Movement

Prarthana Samaj
Arya Samaj
Brahm Samaj
Bharatiya Brahm Samaj
Sadharan Brahm Samaj
Atmiya Sabha
Satya Shodhak Samaj
Tatwabodhini Sabha
Theosophical Society

Atmaram Pandurang
Swami Dayanand Saraswati
Rajaram Mohan Roy
Keshav Chandra Sen
Anand M ohan Bose, S hiv nat h
Shashtri
Rajaram Mohan Roy
Jyotiba Phule
Debendra Nath Tagore
Madam Blavatski

Young Bengal Movement

Ved Samaj
Samaj Samata Sangh
Bahiskrita Hitakarini Sabha
Rahnumai Mazdan Sabha

Henri Luis Vivian Derozio

K. Shridharlu Naidu
B.R.Ambedkar
B.R.Ambedkar
Dadabahi Naur oji, Fur donji, S. S.
Bengali
Khudai Khidmatgar
Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan
Praja Mitra Mandali
C.R.Reddy
Dev Samaj
Satyanand Agnihotri
Sri Narayana Dharm Paripalan Samiti Sri Narayana Guru
Widow Remarriage Society
D.K.Karve
Pramhamsa Sabha
Dadoba Pandurang Tarkhadkar
Ramkrishna Mission
Swami Vivekanand
Servants of India Society
Gopal Krishna Gokhale
Hindu Mahasabha
Madan Mohan Malviya
Muslim Lague
Aga
Kha n,
Mohsin-ul -Mulk,
Salimullah
Bhil Seva Mandal
Amritlal Bittaldas
Indian Social Reformer
K.N. Natrajan
Muhammadan Anglo Oriental College Sir Syed Ahmad Khan
Vedanta College
Rajaram Mohan Roy
Womens Indian Association
Lady Sadashiv
Haridwar Gurukul
Lekhr am ,
Munshir am,
Swami
Sradhanand
Mahila Arya Samaj
Pandita Rama Bai
Bethun School
Drink Water Bethun
Deccan Education Society
G.G.Agarkar
Scientific Society
Sir Syed Ahmad Khan
Vishwa Bharti
Rabindra Nath Tagore
Shanti Niketan
Rabindra Nath Tagore
Central Hindu College
Annie Besant
Devband School
Md. Kasim, Nanabatai, Ashir Ahmad,
Gankohi
Mahila Mahavidyalaya
D.K. Karve
Hindu College
David Hare
Mohemden Literacy Society
Abdul Latif
Revolutionaries
Calcutta Anushilan Samiti
Pramotha Mittar, Jatin Mukherjee,
Varindra K.Ghosh
Nationalist Party
Lal, Bal, Pal
Dal Khalsa
Kapoor Singh
Bharat Mata Society
Ajit Singh
Dhaka Anushilan Samiti
Pulin Das
Bandhav Samiti
Ashwini Kumar Dutta
Abhinav Bharat
V.D.Savarkar

K KUNDAN

Free India
All India Trade Union Congress
Forward Block
FICCI
Mazdur Kisan Party
Krishak Praja Party
Unionist Party
Labour Party
Anjuman-e-Mohivan-e-Vatan
Khaksar Party
Azad Muslim Conference

Madam Cama
M. N.Roy
Subhash Chandra Bosh
Ghanshyam Das Birla, Thakur Das
Mirajkar, Joglekar, S.V.Ghate
Akram Khan
Fazl Hussain
Niharendu Datta Mazumdar
Ajit Singh
Inaytullah Khan Mashriq
Allah Baksh

9. Revolutionary Terrorism
Name of case
Rand and Airs
Assasination case

Year
1897

Alipur Conspiracy Case

Kingsfords murder case 1908

Place
Pu ne

Person convicted
Chapekar brothers
Damodar Chapekar
Balakrishna Chapekar

Mujaffarpur

Khudiram Bose
Prafulla Chaki
Anant Kanheri
Madan Lal Dhingra

K KUNDAN

Jackson Assacination
Colonel Vaili
Assasinat ion
Delhi Bomb Case
Hardinges murder
attempt case
Hindustan Republican
Army
Tegart assasination
Hindustan Socialist
Republican Army

1909
1909

Nasik
London

1912

Delhi

1924
1924

Calcutta

1928

Delhi

Kakori Case

1927

Kakori

Saunders Murder Case

1928

Lahore

Assembly Bomb Case

1929

Delhi

Chittgong armed raid

General Dyer Murder
Case

1930
1940

Chittgong
London

Ras Behari Bose

Vasant Kumar
Sachindra Sanyal
Sharat Chandra
Gopinath Saha

Bhagat Singh
Bhagvati Charan Vohra
Yashpal
Sukhdev
Rajguru
Ramprasad Bismil
Maulvi Ashfaqullah
Bhagat Singh
Rajaguru
Sukhdev
Chandrashekhar Azad
Bhagat Singh
Batukeshwar Dutta
Surya Sen
Udham Singh

3.8 Miscellaneous
Important Themes
1. Dailies/Journals
2. Titles & Honours
3.National Commissions
4.Congress Sessions

1. Dailies/Journals
Indian Sociologist
Socialist
The Congress Socialist
Sanjivani
Bharat Shramjivi
Sandhya
The Commonweal
Bande Matram
Don
Tr ibune
Peshwa
Soma Prakash
Pakhtoon
Darpan
Tatvabodhini Patrika
Indian Mirror
Young India
Harijan
Pratap
Al Hilal
Zamindar
Comrade
Sudharak
United India
Swadesh Mitran
Motherland
Dinbandhu
Swarajya
The Kal
Bombey Chronicle
Sulabh Samachar
Nat ion
New India

Shayamji Krishna Varma

S.A.Dange
Ram Manohar Lohia
Krishna Kumar Mitra
Shashipad Banerjee
Brahmobandhav Upadhyaya
Annie Besant
Arvind Ghosh
Pr af ull a
Chandr a
Ro y,
S. C.
Mukherjee
Lala Harkisan Lal
Ajit Singh
Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar
Badshah Khan (Khan A.G.Khan)
Bal Shashtri Jambekar
Devendra Nath Tagore
Keshav Chandra Sen
Mahatma Gandhi
Mahatma Gandhi
Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi
Maulana Azad
Shirazuddin Muhammad
Muhammad Ali Jinnah
Gopal Ganesh Agarkar
G.S.Aiyar
G.S.Aiyar
Maulana Majharul Haq
N. M.Lokhande
T.Prakasham
Paranjape
Pherojshah Mehta
Keshav Chandra Sen
Gopal Krishna Gokhle
Bipin Chandra Pal

K KUNDAN

The Independent
The Voice of India
The Advocate of India
Hindustan, Abhyudaya, Kisan,
Maryada, Leader
Yugantar
Bengali
Punjabi, Devipul
Mahrtta, Kesari
Bengal Gazette
Bengal Gazeti
Mirat-ul-Akhbar
Bangaduta
Rast Goftar
Hindu Patriot
Amrit Bazar Patrika
Bang Darshan
Statesman
National Paper
Desh
Hindu
Prabhakar
Nibandhmala

Motilal Nehru
Dada Bhai Nauroji
Dada Bhai Nauroji
Madan Mohan Malviya
Varindra K.Ghosh
Surendra Nath Banerjee
Lala Lajpat Rai
Bal Gangadhar Tilak
James Augustus Hickey
Harichandra Ray
Rajarammohan Roy
Rajar ammohan Roy, Dwarkanat h
Tagore
Dada Bhai Nauroji
Girish Chandra Ghosh
Shishir Kumar Ghosh
Bankim Chandra Chaterjee
Robert Night
Devendra Nath Tagore
Rajendra Prasad
G.Subrahmanyam Aiyar
Lokhitvadi
Vishnu Shashtri Chiplukar

K KUNDAN

2. Titles & Honours

Rashtrapita, Bapu, Mahatma

Grand Old Man of India
Lokmanya
Punjab Kesari
Mahatma
Nightingale of India
Man of Peace
Frontier Gandhi
Lokhitvadi
Deshbandhu
Dinbandhu
Badshah Khan
Shaheed-e-Azam
Quyad-e-Azam
Netaji
Anna
Badha Jatin
Rajaji

Mohan Das Karamchand Gandhi

Dada Bhai Nauroji
Bal Gangadhar Tilak
Lala Lajpat Rai
Jyotiba Phule
Sarojini Naidu
Lal Bahdur Shashtri
Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan
Gapal Hari Deshmukh
Chitranjan Das
Andr ewj
Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan
Bhagat Singh
Muhammad Ali Jinnah
Subhash Chandra Bosh
C.N.Annadurai
Jatin Mukherjee
C.Rajagopalachari

Mahamana
Iron Man
Chachaji
Guruji
Gurudev
J.P.
Sher-e-Punjab

Madan Mohan Malviya

Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel
Jawaharlal Nehru
M.S.Govalkar
Ravindra Nath Tagore
Jai Prakash Narayan
Lala Lajpat Rai

Socrates of Maharashtra

M.G.Ranade

3. National Commissions
Name of Commission
Amini
Inam
Smith
Campbel
Strechi
Hunter
Atkinson
Nicholson
Opium
Hershel
Lyall
McDonel
Scott
Raleigh
Frazer
Dutta
Eslington
Mcnegal
Holland
Sadler
Lee
Echcap
Screen
Buttlar
Simon
Linlithgo
Maxwell Bloomfield
Lindsay
Hurtog
Wheitley
Sapru
Hemond

Year
1778
1852
1861
1867
1880
1882
1886
1892
1893
1893
1898
1901
1901
1902
1902
1905
1912
1914
1916
1917
1923
1923
1925
1927
1927
1928
1928
1929
1929
1929
1934
1935

Subject
Revenue
Land Measurement
Famine
Famine
Famine
Education
Civil Service
Cooperative Institutions
Opium
Mint
Famine
Famine
Irrigation
Education
Po li ce
Pr ice
Civil Service
Finance
Industry
Education
Civil Service
Education
Army
State-Centre relationship
Indian Council Act of 1919
Agriculture
Bardoli
Education
Education
Labour
Unemployment
Election

K KUNDAN

Niemer
Nehru

1936
1938

Finanace
Pl anni ng

Cleid

1940

Tebhaga

4. Congress Sessions
Year
1885
1886
1887
1888
1889
1890
1891
1892
1893
1894
1895
1896

Venue
Bombay
Calcutta
Madras
Allahabad
Bombay
Calcutta
Nagpur
Allahabad
Lahore
Madras
Poona
Calcutta

President
W.C.Banerjee
Dada Bhai Nauroij
Badruddin Tyabji
George Yule
William Wedderburn
Pherojshah Mehta
P.Anandacharlu
W.C.Banerjee
Dada Bhai Nauroji
Alfred Webb
S.N.Banerjee
M.Rahimatullah

Remarks
Attended by 72 delegates

1897
1898
1899
1900
1901

Amravati
Madras
Lucknow
Lahore
Calcutta

C.Shankaran Nair
Anand Mohan Bose
R.C.Dutta
N.G.Chandravarkar
D.E.W acha

1902
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907
1908

Bombay
Ahmedabad
Madras
Bombay
Benaras
Calcutta
Surat
Madras

Hasan Imam
S.N.Banerjee
Lal Mohan Ghosh
Henry Cotton
Gopal Krishna Gokhle
Dada Bhai Nauroji
Ras Behari Ghosh
Ras Behari Ghosh

1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916

Lahore
Ahmedabad
Calcutta
Bankipur
Karachi
Madras
Bombay
Lucknow

1917

Calcutta

Madan Mohan Malviya

William Wedderburn
II nd term
Pandit B.N.Dhar
R.N.Madholkar
Syed Muhammad Bahadur
Bhupendra Nath Basu
Satyendra Prasanna Sinha
Ambika Charan Majumdar Muslim League and
Congress joint session
Mrs. Annie Besant
First woman President

First Muslim President

First English President
Elected twice

II nd term
II nd term

Vande Matram sung for

the first time (Bankim)

K KUNDAN
Attended by Gandhiji for
the first time

Anti partition resolution

Swaraj resolution
Congress split
Congr ess Const i t ut ion
framed

1918

Bombay
Delhi
Amritsar
Calcutta
Nagpur

Hasan Imam
Madan Mohan Malviya
Motilal Nehru
Lala Lajpat Rai
Vijayraghavachariar

1921

Ahmedabad

1922
1923

Gaya
Delhi

1924
1925
1926
1927

Coconda
Belgaum
Kanpur
Gauhati
Madras

Chitranjan Das
Hakim Ajmal Khan
Chitranjan Das
Maulana Abul Kalam
Azad
Muhammad Ali
Mahatma Gandhi
Sarojini Naidu
G.Srinivas Iyangar
M. A.Ansari

1928
1929
1930
1931

Calcutta
Lahore
No session
Karachi

1919
1920

Pandit Motilal Nehru

Jawaharlal Nehru

Special Session
Liberal split
Special Session
Congr e ss Const it ut ion
changed, Non-cooperation
resolution passed
He was in prison
Acting President
Swaraj Party formed
Special Session Youngest
President
Gandhi-Das pact
First Indian woman
Independence resolut ion
passed for the first time
All India Youth Congress
Purna Swaraj resolution

Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Funda ment al

Ri ght s,
Economic Policy
R. Amrilal
Session banned
J.M.Sengupta
Session banned
Rajendra Prasad
Congress Socialist Party
Rajendra Prasad
Jawaharlal Nehru
Socia list ,
Con gr ess
Parliamentary Board
Jawaharlal Nehru
First time in village
Subhash Chandra Bose Indep endent
S t at es
included in movement
Subhash Chandra Bose For war d Block f o r med,
Bose resigned, Rajendra
Prasad took over
Maulana Abul Kalam Azad

K KUNDAN

1932
1933
1934
1935
1936

Calcutta
Bombay

Lucknow

1937
1938

Faizpur
Haripura

1939

Tripur i

1940

Ramgarh

1941-45 No Sessions

1946

Meerut

Acharya J.B.Kripalani

1948

Jaipur

Pattabhi Sitaramaiya

1. Foreign Presidents
George Yule, William Wedderburn, Alfred Web, Henry Cotton
2. Women Presidents
Annie Besant, Sarojini Naidu

3. Elected Twice
WC Banerjee, William Wedderburn, Ras Behari Ghosh, Maulana
Abul Kalam Azad, Subhash Chandra Bose, Rajendra Prasad
4. Elected Thrice
Dada Bhai Nauroji (1886, 1893, 1906)
5. 4 times
Jawaharlal Nehru (1929, 1930, 1936, 1937)
6. Special Sessions
1918, 1920 and 1923
7. No sessions
1930, 1935, 1941-45

K KUNDAN