Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Salvinija Petrulyt
Kaunas University of Technology,
Department of Textile Technology
Studentu 56, Kaunas,
LT 3031, Lithuania
E-mail: salpet@dtf.ktu.lt
Literature Survey
Introduction
Yarn packing has practical significance for
a number of the characteristics of various
yarns and fabrics. A great many attempts
to produce packing models of yarns have
thus been made. The structure of real yarns
is quite disordered, and in many models
this is replaced by an idealised structure.
One of the basic forms of packing models
is close packing, in which the filaments
(fibres) fit into a hexagonal pattern.
As a theoretical object of yarn structural
morphology, close packing has been analysed over the last few decades. For exam-
16
where:
B - the number of filaments in the hexagonal layer,
A - the current number of the hexagonal
layer (the central filament is not counted as a layer).
A classic example of close packing of filaments gives a yarn with a hexagonal outline,
in which all filaments are touching as shown
in Figure 1. The model of the yarn is as a rule
composed of equal, non-compressible, circular filaments. A main peculiarity of close packing is that the voids between the filaments
are minimal. As mentioned earlier, the filaments are arranged in a hexagonal pattern.
Therefore cross-sectional layers take the shape of a six-sided figure. The model is approximated to an equilateral figure because usually the first layer is a single fibre forming a
core. The distance between the axis of yarn
and the centres of each layer (radius of layer)
varies, as indicated by Hearle & co-authors
[3], from the value 2(i-1)rf at the corner of
hexagon to the value 31/2(i-1)rf at the middle
of the side of the hexagon, where i is the current number of the hexagonal layer (i=1,...,t);
t is the number of hexagonal layers in the yarn,
and Fr is the filament radius.
n=1+3A(A+1)
(3)
The number of filaments in layer i, as indicated by Hearle and co-authors [3], is:
ai = K(i-1)
(1)
(2)
FIBRES & TEXTILES in Eastern Europe January / March 2003, Vol. 11, No. 1 (40)
In d ic es o f y ar n
R i at c o r n er
R i at m i d d l e o f s i d e
ni
2rf
1.73rf
4rf
3.46rf
12
19
6rf
5.20rf
18
37
8rf
6.93rf
24
61
10rf
8.66rf
12rf
30
91
10.4rf
36
127
14rf
12.1rf
42
169
16rf
13.9rf
48
217
=Vf/Vy
(4)
where:
Vf - the total volume of filaments in the
yarn;
Vy - the volume of the yarn.
This definition corresponds with the explanation mentioned by Iyer Balakrishna &
Phatarfod [4], Hearle & co-authors [3],
Neck [9], etc. The volume Vf and the volume Vy for yarn, which consists of filaments of the same initial length, may be
expressed in this way:
Vf=mf/
(5)
and
Vy=my/
(6)
where:
mf - the total mass of filaments in volume Vf;
my - is the mass of yarn in volume Vy;
- the filament density;
- the yarn density.
As the mass mf and the mass my are equal
values (mf=my) in a yarn of fixed filament
length, then equation (4) is
=/
(7)
Equation (7) was used to express the packing fraction, for example, in the works published by Binkeviius [10] and Neck [11].
(9)
=Af/Ay
r=r1+r2
(8)
where:
Af - the total cross-sectional area of filaments in the yarn;
Ay - the cross-sectional area of the yarn.
The values of r1 or r2 depend on the filament radius rf and the current number of
the layer i:
r1=2(i-1)rf
(11)
and
(12)
r2=2(i-1)rf.
In order to obtain results comparable with
the data published by Zemlekov & Popov
[6], the position of filaments in a crosssection of yarn was investigated for 12
concentric ring layers. These results are
presented in Tables 2 and 3. According to
the length r (calculated in the proposed
way), it was established in which crosssectional ring layer each filament lies. For
It has been reported [3] that the experimental packing fractions range from just over
0.3 in some spun yarns up to nearly 0.9 for
a highly twisted nylon filament yarn. The
model of close packing is suitable for yarns
of the highest packing fraction.
FIBRES & TEXTILES in Eastern Europe January / March 2003, Vol. 11, No. 1 (40)
Analysed filament
r2
r1
Central filament
Figure 3. Scheme describing filament position in respect of central filament for closepacked model.
17
i = Afi/Ayi
and
=(Af1+...+Afi+...+Aft)/
(Ay1+...+Ayi+...+Ayt)
=Afi/Ayi
(13)
(14)
where:
Afi - the total sum of the cross-sectional
area of all filaments in the current
layer i;
Ayi - the cross-sectional area of the current layer i.
18
For r2
2r
2r f
4r
4r f
6r
6r f
Fo r r 1
8r
8r f
10r f
12r f
2rf
3.46rf
5.29rf
7.21rf
9.17rf
11.14rf
13.11rf*
4rf
5.29rf
6.93rf
8.72rf
10.58rf
12.49rf
14.42rf*
6rf
7.21rf
8.72rf
10.39rf
12.17rf
14.00rf*
15.87rf
8rf
9.17rf
10.58rf
12.17rf
13.86rf*
15.62rf
17.44rf
10rf
11.14rf
12.49rf
14.00rf*
15.62rf
17.32rf
19.08rf
12rf
13.11rf*
14.42rf*
15.87rf
17.44rf
19.08rf
20.78rf
14rf
15.10rf
16.37rf
17.78rf
19.29rf
20.88rf
22.54rf
16rf
17.09rf
18.33rf
19.70rf
21.17rf
22.72rf
18rf
19.08rf
20.30rf
21.63rf
23.07rf
20rf
21.07rf
22.27rf
23.58rf
22rf
23.07rf
24rf
For r2
Fo r r 1
14r f
16r f
18r f
20r f
22r f
2rf
15.10rf
17.09rf
19.08rf
21.07rf
23.07rf
24r f
-
4rf
16.37rf
18.33rf
20.30rf
22.27rf
6rf
17.78rf
19.07rf
21.63rf
23.58rf
8rf
19.29rf
21.17rf
23.07rf
10rf
20.88rf
22.72rf
12rf
22.54rf
In d ic es o f y ar n
Ri
n iiii
ni
2rf
4rf
12
19
6rf
18
24
43
8rf
24
30
73
10rf
30
36
109
12rf
36
42
151
14rf
42
48
199
16rf
48
54
253
10
18rf
54
60
10
313
11
20rf
78
84
11
397
12
22rf
72
78
12
475
FIBRES & TEXTILES in Eastern Europe January / March 2003, Vol. 11, No. 1 (40)
Table 5. Results of packing fraction calculation for separate cross-sectional layers of closepacked yarn cross-section, approximated to circle.
Ayiy i
Afifi
rf2
rf2
1.000
6rf2
0.750
0.750
2
f
8r
16rf2
12rf2
24rf2
24rf2
1.000
32rf2
30rf2
0.938
40rf2
36rf2
0.900
2
f
48r
42rf2
0.875
56rf2
48rf2
0.857
64rf2
54rf2
0.844
10
72rf2
60rf2
0.833
11
80rf2
84rf2
1.050
12
88r
78r
0.886
2
f
2
f
={/(2x31/2)}(1+a/d)-2
Table 6. The results of packing fraction calculation for close-packed yarn cross-section,
approximated to circle.
i
Afifi
Ayiyi
(18)
where:
a - the gap between filaments;
d - the filament diameter.
121r
109r
0.901
169rf2
151rf2
0.893
A similar possibility for reducing the packing density of fibres for a hexagonal packing model was mentioned by Morris,
Merkin & Rennell [8]. They suggested reducing the value of close packing density
(0.9) by filling only a proportion of the
spaces. It is interesting to note that for the
case without a gap we have a=0. For this
kind of yarn
225rf2
199rf2
0.884
=/(2x31/2).
289rf2
253rf2
0.875
10
361r
2
f
313r
0.867
11
441rf2
397rf2
0.900
12
529rf2
475rf2
0.898
1.000
9rf2
7rf2
0.778
25rf2
19rf2
0.760
49r
2
f
43r
0.878
81rf2
73rf2
0.901
2
f
2
f
2
f
2
f
2
f
2
f
changes the axis of reflection. The triangle is repeated by reflection as if by a mirror, which turns at a 30 angle around the
centre of the comb-type cell. For example, during the first reflection, the axis of
reflection coincides with a cathetus of the
right-angle triangle. For the second time,
the axis of reflection coincides with the
hypotenuse. A subsequent order of reflection is repeated until the comb-type cell is
formed.
There is one void and a sector of one filament in the element shown in Figure 4.
For such an element the cross-sectional
area of the segment of a filament is:
Afe=rf2 /12
(15)
(16)
rf
e=Afe/Aye=/(2x31/2)=0.906 (17)
FIBRES & TEXTILES in Eastern Europe January / March 2003, Vol. 11, No. 1 (40)
19
Table 7. The values of the indices of packing fraction of close-packed yarn according to
literary data.
P ac k i n g f r ac t i o n
References
Au t h o r s
0.9
0.906
0.9069
0.907
0.907
0.9078
0.91
0.92
lakrishna & Phatarfod [4]. Although the circumstance of an infinite quantity of filaments is not indicated by the other authors
mentioned in Table 7, the published values
of packing fraction differ from e=0.906
by no more than 1.5%. The counting results
of the packing fraction for a large number
of filaments n or ring layers t are similar to
the limiting value of the packing fraction as
well. For example, the difference between
index =0.898 for t=12 (Table 6) and
e=0.906 equals 0.9%.
Concluding Remarks
The proposed description of the close packing of filaments in a yarn provides a new
numerical method for expressing the position of filaments in respect of the yarn
axis. The addition of vectors is the essence of the method. The estimation allowed
the calculation of the vector r for each filament. According to the length of vector
r, it is possible to determine in which
cross-sectional ring layer a given filament
lies. Such an approach allows calculation
of the packing indices for close-packed
yarn cross-sections, which is approximated to a circle consisting of a finite number of ring layers. An essential part of another method is to use comb-type cells in
the yarn cross-section. The method uses
the simplest basic element of close-packed structure. This approach serves as a
guide for calculating in a simple manner
Reviewed 21.11.2002
Invitation
to the 3rd Central European Conference on Fibres Grade
Polymers, Technical Fibres and Special Textiles CEC 2003
Dear colleagues,
It is our great pleasure to invite you to attend the 3rd Central European Conference on
Fibre Grade Polymers, Technical Fibres and Special Textiles, which will be held from
10 to 12 September 2003.
The preceding two conferences in frame of CEC were organised by the Institute of
Chemical Fibres d, Poland, and by the Department of Fibres and Textile Chemistry
at the Slovak University of Technology Bratislava, Slovak Republic. The third CEC 2003
will be organised by the Textile Department at the University of Maribor, Slovenia.
The conference topics of interest are Textile Fibres, Advanced Materials, Technical
Textiles, Fibre Modification, Fibre Surfaces, Smart Textiles, Textile Recycling, Sustainable Materials, Textile "Green Chemistry", Textile Science and Testing.
You are kindly invited to visit our home page for further information:
http://www.fs.uni-mb.si/en/conf/CEC/
We look forward to meeting you in Portoro, Slovenia.
The Organizing Committee of CEC 2003
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FIBRES & TEXTILES in Eastern Europe January / March 2003, Vol. 11, No. 1 (40)