International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering

Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459, ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal, Volume 4, Special Issue 4, February 2014)
National Conference on Information Processing & Remote Computing (NCIPRC14)

Performance Analysis and Comparison of LMS and RLS

Beamforming Technology
B.T. Nandana1, A. Kumaresan2, K. Kavitha3
1

PG students, Communication systems, 3Associate Professor, Dept of ECE, Kumaraguru College of Technology
Email Id: nandanabt@gmail.com[1],kumaresana30@gmail.com, kavitha.k.ece@gmail.com[2]

AbstractThe wireless network highly affected by the

interference in the spectrum which reduces the throughput
of the network. In order to reduce the problem going for the
beamforming technology. In this paper we suggest different
training sequence algorithms like Recursive Least Squares
(RLS) and Least Mean Squares (LMS) are analysed and
compared. The simulation is based on the single user
networks which consist of an array of antennas which forms
a beam in desired direction. The paper compares the
properties of respective algorithms such as Mean Square
Error (MSE) and Weight Error (WE) and the result shows
that RLS is better than LMS. It is verified that convergence
rate of RLS is faster than LMS so RLS is proved the best
choice. Result is simulated using MATLAB.
Index termsLeast Mean Square (LMS), Mean Square
Error (MSE), Recursive Least Square (RLS), Weight Error
(WE)

In order to analyse the beamforming techniques

various algorithms are used such as LMS and RLS [6].
The comparison of performance can be done on various
parameters such as Mean Square Error and Weight error
factor. The beamforming algorithms are intended for
reducing the error rate and to achieve the optimum
performance. The LMS algorithm is based on the Mean
Square Error in which the error can be reduced by
adjusting the step size of the system [7]. This is a
gradient based method and popular due to its simplicity
in the implementation. Next, the RLS is the advanced
method over the LMS to reduce the MSE in the output
beam. The advantage of the RLS algorithm is that it
doesnt need any compromise even if the propagation
environment rapidly changes [8]. The basic equation that
used for the beamforming technique is as follows:

I. INTRODUCTION
FADING is the main problem that every wireless
network faces nowadays. As the signal transmitted
through a single channel with single antenna chance for
the degradation will be more. To obtain more degree of
freedom and to provide an additional spatial dimension
for communication multiple antennas are used in
transmitter and receiver as an array. This forms the
beamforming technology [1]-[3]. Beamforming uses
adaptive arrays those are dynamically able to adapt to the
changing traffic requirements [4]. As long as the users
are well separated spatially the same frequency can be
reused, even if the users are in the same array.
Beamforming is one of the promising technology that
increases the capacity of the wireless network and also
reduces the multipath effect. This is achieved by focusing
the radiation only in the desired direction and adjusting
itself to changing traffic conditions or signal
environments by adaptive weight values in the
beamformer [5]. The process of combining the signals
and then focusing the radiation in a particular direction is
often referred to as digital beamforming.

(1)

Where is the weight vector with length p, x is the p

length received vector and y is the output vector with
H
length p, the superscript represents the Hermitian of a
vector.
The organization of the paper is as follows: In section
II we present the model of the system with LMS and RLS
based adaptive beamforming. It deals with the design
equation and parameter formation. In section III the
performance analysis of different algorithms are
compared and the numerical results are discussed in the
section IV. Section V deals with the conclusion of the
system and it proves the performance improvement of the
RLS algorithm based on different parameters.
II. SYSTEM MODEL
We consider a system model with an array of eight
antennas at the transmitter side which is spaced at a
constant distance with each other.

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International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering

Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459, ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal, Volume 4, Special Issue 4, February 2014)
National Conference on Information Processing & Remote Computing (NCIPRC14)
The eight antennas produces different signal with
corresponding amplitude. The beamformer is intended for
getting a single beam of signal at the output by adjusting
the signal from each antenna.

Fig.2. LMS Adaptive Beamforming Network

Fig.1. Adaptive beamforming structure

II.a. LMS algorithm- Our proposed scheme is based on

the beamforming technology that tries to eliminate the
interference of signals in a particular direction. Steepest
Descent is one of the leading algorithms used for
beamforming. The adaptive implementation of this
algorithm can be done by LMS algorithm. This is one of
the simplest and easiest algorithm for implementation.
But it lack fast convergence property. In LMS algorithm
the correlation matrix and cross correlation matrix is not
used instead using their instantaneous values
respectively. In order to train the adaptive weights of the
beamformer requires training sequence of known
symbols dn. The LMS algorithm can be summarized as
follows:
(2)
(3)
Where
represents the error signal
for the nth training step. The convergence of the LMS
algorithm can be determined by the factor , step size
and can be keep as small as possible to get better
convergence.

II.b. RLS algorithm- In our work considering the RLS

algorithm which also based on gradient method. The
capacity of the RLS can improve due its faster
convergence. This advantage is based on the factor that
the error at any point of time is independent of the
statistical properties of the signal. The algorithm updates
the autocorrelation matrix for the next instant with the aid
of the autocorrelation matrix calculated for the present
instant. The main drawback of the RLS algorithm is that
it suffers from computational complexity [9]. The RLS
weight update equation can be written as
(4)
The RLS algorithm is used to reduce the error using
the following equation:

(5)

Here is a constant tem having value 1 and so the

error term is exponentially weighted toward the recent
data samples.
The reason for the fast convergence of the RLS is due
to the fact that that RLS technique whitens the input data
by using the inverse correlation matrix of the data.
Despite the initial presentation of the weight update
includes the correlation matrix inversion, recursive
computations can be employed to update the value of the
correlation matrix of the input data step by step. In the
RLS algorithm have the presence white Gaussian noise
as the interference.

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International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering

Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459, ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal, Volume 4, Special Issue 4, February 2014)
National Conference on Information Processing & Remote Computing (NCIPRC14)

-xH(n)

W(n)
--W(n)

---

After applying adaptive beamforming the output signal

changes to the following form

K(n)

(10)
Here not considering the noise signal for making the
calculation simpler. Also the error signal for qth symbol
can be expressed as

-xH(n)

H2
xH(n)

k(n)Eo(n)
Weight Adjusting
Dynamics

Fig.3.RLS Adaptive Beamforming Network

dp is the reference signal that can be obtained by

projecting the output signal V(p) to the nearest
constellation.
LMS algorithm tries to reduce the mean square error
and to get the exact transmitted signal. To achieve this
goal differentiating the mean square error w. r. t. the
weight vector. The gradient is obtained by differentiating
the square error by the receiver antenna weight,

III. PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS

The paper deals a design of the beamformer consist of
system model for SISO with an array of Nt transmitting
antennas and the Nr receiving antennas. The received
signal can be expressed as follows:

(6)

Where
is the received signal, H is the channel
matrix, and
is the transmission weight vector.
The received signal is an N dimensional array and it
can be written as

(7)
[

(11)

(12)

Hence the updated equation for weight can be done as

follows

(13)

III.b. Transmitter Antenna Weight Vector

For doing the performance analysis wants to update
the weight vector at the transmitting side also.
Differentiating the square error by the transmitter antenna
weight is,

(14)

Here the error signal is

(8)
is the channel response for mth transmitter and
nth receiver. Here x(t) is the source data signal and Z(t) is
the AWGN noise with zero mean, m is the number of
interferences,
is the channel matrix of the mth
interfering signal. In this work we represented conjugate
T
and transpose by the symbols [.]* and [.] respectively.
III.a Receiver Antenna Weight Vector
The simple MIMO system consist of Nt array of
transmit antennas and Nr array of receiving antennas.
Hence the received signal can be expressed as

signal is

differentiated as following:

(15)

According to this equation weight vector modification

can be done to achieve the better result for
convergence.ie)

(16)

Next, multiplying the equation with equation (13)

and get the following result,

(17)

(9)

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International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering

Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459, ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal, Volume 4, Special Issue 4, February 2014)
National Conference on Information Processing & Remote Computing (NCIPRC14)
Vector inversion is applied to the above signal to get
the following:

(18)
Taking transpose operation and multiplying by the
receiver weight vector to the equation (22)

(19)
Finally, the transmitter antenna weight vector of
equation 20 is modified as following [5]

(20)

This is the final weight vector value that determines

the minimum error for the LMS algorithm.
The same analysis can be used for the RLS algorithm
since uses same gradient method. The same design
equations are used for the design. The difference is that the
convergence of the RLS is faster due the fast adaptation of step
size. Hence error can be reduced.

IV. NUMERICAL RESULTS AND OBSERVATIONS

Fig 4.Linear array beamforming pattern

The figure shows the pattern with signal of arrival

0
(SOI) of 45 . According to this condition the maximum
radiation pattern is concentrated to that SOI. The
remaining radiation pattern of the same polar graph can
be obtained by the signal of not interest (SNOI) and also
by the interfering signal. The SOI can be set mandatory
and according to that radiation pattern be get varied. Here
0
the angle is varied in between zero and -30 .

In this paper we compares the algorithms of

beamforming technology and hence obtaining the results
for linear array pattern and also the mean squared error
and weight error pattern and comparing the results. The
result can be analysed using the following basic equation
for the weight vector and the weight vector updating can
be done using the same equation(19)

The following figure, MIMO equalization algorithms

are compared and best result seen in graph.
A. Numerical result for LMS Algorithm
Beamforming is an advanced technology for the
MIMO system to improve the performance. The figure 4
explains the bit pattern of the LMS algorithm with an
array of 8 elements.

Fig 5.Performance analysis of MSE with number of iterations.

The next figure explains the Mean square error of the

LMS algorithm. The main objective of the LMS
algorithm is to reduce the MSE and there by changing the
weight value.

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International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering

Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459, ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal, Volume 4, Special Issue 4, February 2014)
National Conference on Information Processing & Remote Computing (NCIPRC14)
The figure explains the variation of the MSE with the
number of iterations. MSE can be reduced using the step
size of LMS algorithm. Here at the starting of the process
maximum MSE can be obtained. As the increased to 400
the MSE becomes the minimum value.
The last numerical result deals with the weight error
that obtained in the given LMS algorithm.

The figure explains that the MSE varies linearly with

the number of iterations. As the number of iterations
increases the MSE reduces to great extent.
The next figure deals with the weight error parameter
of RLS algorithm.

Fig 8. The analysis of Weight error with respect to the number of

iteration in RLS.
Fig 6. The analysis of Weight error with respect to the number of
iteration

In LMS for each iteration the error signal is calculated

for each weight value. The figure shows that at initial
condition maximum weight error -20db is obtained and
weight error reduces to -38db at the 410th iteration. It
shows the better result for the LMS algorithm for the
maximum number of iteration.
B. Numerical result for RLS Algorithm
A beamforming system with an array of 8 antennas is
also used for the analysis of RLS algorithm. For
comparing the performance of the RLS and LMS the
Mean Square Error and the Weight Error ate taken as the
parameters. The following figure represents the error
performance of RLS based on MSE.

The figure also explains the linear decrease of the

weight error w.r.t number of iterations. Here as the
iterations increases from 8 to 10 the WE reduces to 20db
from 35 db. It will continue as the iterations increases.
V. CONCLUSION
Adaptive beamforming is a commonly employed
technique in which the system is able to operate in an
interference environment by adaptively modifying the
antenna array pattern so that the nulls are formed in the
angular locations of the interference sources. In this work
we compared the algorithms for adaptive beamforming
such as LMS and RLS. The comparison is based on the
MSE and the Weight Error in db. It can be shown that
RLS performs well over the LMS while considering the
two parameters. The error rate of the RLS is low as
compared with the LMS. Hence the RLS provide better
performance than the RLS algorithm.
Acknowledgement
The authors thank the management and principal of
Kumaraguru College of Technology, Coimbatore for
providing
excellent
computing
facilities
and
encouragement.
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Fig 7. Performance analysis of MSE with number of iterations in

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PSG Polytechnic College, Coimbatore (ISO 9001 Certified Institution), Tamil Nadu, INDIA.

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International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering

Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459, ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal, Volume 4, Special Issue 4, February 2014)
National Conference on Information Processing & Remote Computing (NCIPRC14)
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