Yang-Hann Kim

Associate Professor.

Jae Woong Choi

Research Assistant.
School of Mechanical and
Material Engineering,
Korea Institute of Technology,
400 Kusung-dong, Yusung-gu, Taejon-shi,
302-338, Korea

Byung Duk Lim

Research Associate.
Acoustics and Vibration Laboratory,
Korea Standards Research Institute,
Taejon-shi, 302-340, Korea

Acoustic Characteristics of an
Expansion Chamber With Constant
Mass Flow and Steady
Temperature Gradient (Theory and
Numerical Simulation)
The governing equation of acoustic wave propagation in a circular expansion chamber with mean flow and temperature gradient is solved. The circular chamber is
divided into N segments and the flow speed and temperature are assumed to be
constant in each segment. The solution is obtained in recursive form by applying
the matching condition on the boundary of adjacent elements. The solution is verified
by comparing it with the experimental results. The results demonstrate that the
present theory can well predict the transmission loss of an expansion chamber which
has offset, a twisting angle, mean flow, and temperature gradient.

Introduction
An understanding of acoustic wave propagation through an
expansion chamber is essential in order to design the silencer
system of automobiles, blowers, and other machines. The main
difficulty of this subject is that the governing wave equation
is not linear because of the nonuniform mass flow of gas as
well as the temperature gradient along the chamber.
Munjal and Prasad [1] applied the perturbation method to
solve the wave equation which represents the acoustic characteristics of a uniform pipe with mean flow as well as linear
temperature gradient. The solution shows an unrealistic offset
of the transmission loss curve. Peat [2] derived the transfer
matrix considering variable mean gas density and the velocity
gradient along uniform pipe, but this result also has the offset
which cannot be explained in a physical sense. El-Sharkawy
and Nayfeh [3] successfully analyzed the acoustic characteristics of an expansion chamber by theory and experiment, but
the effects of mean flow and temperature variations along the
chamber on the propagation of acoustic wave were not considered. Due to the complexity of the wave equation, which
represents sound wave through an expansion chamber with
mass flow and temperature gradient, Munjal [4] tried to solve
the equation by numerical technique. The drawback is that
many meshes are required to account for higher order modes.
Apart from this approach, Ih and Lee [5] succeeded in getting
theoretical results which included higher order modes of a
circular expansion chamber whose inlet and outlet ports have
offset and a twisting angle. The temperature effect was not

Contributed by the Design Engineering Division for publication in the JOURNAL

OF VIBRATION AND ACOUSTICS. Manuscript received November 1989.

considered in their study. Davies [6] discussed the effect of

sudden expansion and contraction on acoustic wave propagation in terms of acoustic impedance and the reflection factor.
Viscothermal loss on the pipe wall was considered by the modification of the wave number.
In this study, the general equation for acoustic wave propagation through an expansion chamber, which includes the
effect of mean flow and steady temperature gradient is derived.
The numerical solution of the equation is also introduced.
Results are compared with the results of experiments which
were performed by the authors [9]. The numerical solution
was obtained by dividing the expansion chamber into N cylindrical elements and applying the requirement of pressure
and velocity continuity between the boundary of adjacent elements. It can be assumed that each element had homogeneous
mass flow and temperature; that is, the governing equation
for each element has uniform mass flow and convective terms.
By applying the boundary conditions, the solution was obtained in recursive forms.
Theoretical Formulation and Solution Method
A three-dimensional acoustic wave equation for the isentropic process can be easily derived from momentum, continuity, and state equations:
V - V P + V ( K V ) K -

/_dP\

PC2

dtypc2 dt)
(VP)>V =0

(1)

The first term represents the variation of the body force.

4 6 0 / V o l . 112, OCTOBER 1990

Transactions of the ASME

Copyright 1990 by ASME

Downloaded From: http://vibrationacoustics.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/ on 01/29/2016 Terms of Use: http://www.asme.org/about-asme/terms-of-use

The second and fourth terms express the change of energy due
to the change of velocity and temperature in space. The third
term is the time rate of change of energy within the system.
The general solution of this equation has not been found yet.
One of the reasons is that the acoustic velocity and density of
gas are not constant, varying with respect to a spatial coordinate. For example, temperature (7), density (p), acoustic
velocity (c), and mean flow velocity (W0) of a simple expansion
chamber which has a linear temperature gradient (Fig. 1) can
be expressed as follows:

_ T2~T_2

T(z)

=T,

p(z)

=pm/

c(z)

=20.05

Tx + T2'

= Ti + Tl

(H

1-T,

(2)
Fig. 1 Geometry of simple expansion chamber and temperature gradient shape

yJT{z)

-(H

W(z) = Wm

V2*-

But if there is no temperature variation, then the density and

acoustic velocity are constants. Therefore, equation (1) can be
simplified as
Z

1 D oP
=0
V 2 P - -5

<?D<f

(3)

where

1 Dfa= 0

(4)

<?D0t2

a*

dt
K=-V*
For a cylindrical chamber (Fig. 1), the solution of equation
(4) can be written as

where

${r,6,z,t)=4>(r,d,z)e>'*'

(5)

where
Mrftx)

= E E (RL^nmZ

This equation can be rewritten by introducing the velocity

potential ($) as

Rnmeik'^z)Jn(kmmr)cosnd
(6)

Nomenclature

au

radius of expansion chamber

a2 = radius of inlet/
outlet pipe
c = sound speed
J = imaginary number

/ = Bessel function of
order n
wave number in
r-direction
wave number in
K-znm
z-direction
i = length of expansion chamber
transmission loss
LTL
Mach number
M
pressure
P
coefficient of veKm
locity potential of
element i
reflection coeffi^inm
cient between
Km and Rrm of
element /
T = temperature
Journal of Vibration and Acoustics

Tm = temperature at
midpoint of expansion chamber
Tr = temperature gradient
at inr T2 = temperature
let/outlet pipe
Ti[, Ti2, T2\, T22 = four-pole parameter
U\, U2 = volume flow rate
at inlet/outlet
pipe
V particle velocity
Vu V2 - particle velocity
at inlet/outlet
pipe
W = coefficient according to boundary conditions of
elements
W = mean flow velocity
Wm = mean flow velocity at midpoint of
expansion chamber

Zn\, Zm impedance at inlet/outlet pipe

offset of inlet/
Si, 8-,
outlet pipe
twisting angle of
inlet/outlet pipe
zeros of the first
*V7m
derivative of Bessel function
gas density
gas density at
midpoint of expansion chamber
velocity potential
*, $
frequency in radian
gradient
V
Laplacian
V2
dt

D0t2

partial derivative
with respect to
time
material derivative with respect
to time

OCTOBER 1990, Vol. 112/461

Downloaded From: http://vibrationacoustics.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/ on 01/29/2016 Terms of Use: http://www.asme.org/about-asme/terms-of-use

The superscripts + and - represent the wave going to the

right and the wave going to the left, respectively. The n represents the mode number in the radial direction and m is the
mode number in the circumferential direction. Equation (6)
can be a solution of equation (4) for a circular expansion
chamber when there is uniform temperature.
The boundary conditions of equation (4) for the circular
expansion chamber (Fig. 1) can be decomposed as
90
dz z=o
=

dz

oz z=i
VJ2(r,8),

z=l

dr

30
= 0,
dr
dz z=o

-0

{la)

=0

(lb)

V
\mj
n = 0,1,2, . . .
m = 0,1,2, . . .; n - 0 and m = 0 should not be assigned to zero simultaneously
_(1 n= 0
7
"~(2 n*0
Hence, the velocity potentials for the first and the last elements
are
>

(eik+izMz + sl00e>k'iz0Oz)

" "' (Km + Slznmkyznm)\\-

^-\Jl(\nm)\n

z
(e>* I*** + Slnme>k w>>(Km
)J,
~a)cosndl

V~JV\

(8)

*& (e/ky^:

+ Sy00e/ky^oz)

^iz00 + "inofc
100-lz00

2 7 (a 1 /a )/_ (\nm bA J{ (\m ^

+EE
n m

\ K\znm "i " Inm^lznm )

(9)

Wynm ...W2,

(-)'

(eik'yznnfi + synmeik+yz'z)J ( \ m - J cosnd

\
/
J

M = W/c: Mach number

k = w/c : wave number

It can be also assumed that there is no energy loss across the

wall. If there is the viscothermal effect, the wave number will
be complex as Davies [5] suggested. If boundary conditions,
equation (7a), are applied on each of the elements whose temperature is uniform (Fig. 1), then the following matching conditions can be obtained.
(10)
Pq-\\l-la-Pq\l-l.

dz

(16)

The wave number in the z direction can be obtained by

substituting equations (8) and (6) into equation (4):

I->a

(ai

HzOO + Sinak]
100ftl00

2ln(ai/a)J_ (\nm -A h (\nm ?A

It can be assumed that the wall of the cylinder is acoustically

rigid, as is expressed in the third equations of equations (7a)
and (76). Applying the rigid boundary condition in the r direction to equation (6), the following equations can be obtained.

dz

(15)

where

-C

where

-\ COS/20

(\m)

where ft(r, 0) = Heaviside unit step function

1 at the inlet/outlet pipe at r = 5,
0 other locations

kfnm = k[M =F V l - ( l - M 2 ) ( f c r a m / f c ) 2 / ( l - M 2 ) ]

Acosnddrdd

4>i=JVi

^(Xnm)=0

j \rf(r,6)Jn(\m

(ID
l-la

- d6
P=jup4> + pW-^(12)
dz
Using the second equation of equation (la), the relation
between R%m and R^m can be found. Then the matching conditions which are expressed by equations (10) and (11), lead
to the following recursive equations.

where

( n )

= 0,1,2, . . .
m = 0,l,2, . . .; = 0 and m = 0 should not be assigned to zero simultaneously

The coefficients S and W are shown in Appendix A.

The mean pressure acting on the inlet and outlet ports of
the expansion chamber can be readily obtained by substituting
equations (16) and (17) into equation (12). This gives Px and
Py. Integrating these with respect to the area of the inlet and
outlet ports leads to

5 =

ifI P '

rdrdd=UiZi
(18)

.-^Il^y**-^A

/] ( = 7ra! V{) is the volume flow rate of the inlet port.

By using Graf's additional theorem [8] to get the integration,
K-qnm ~ ^qnm^qnm
Zi and Z 3 can be obtained. The details are shown in Appendix
(13) A.
**-qnm " qnmK-(q\)nm
Similarly, we have to apply the boundary condition which
The coefficients Sqnm and Wqnm are shown in Appendix A. is shown in equation (lb). After similar derivation, the mean
With these relations, we can obtain the velocity potential for pressures of the inlet and outlet ports can be obtained.
the first element as
1
\Plrdrde=U2Z2
Pl2 - j7
TTOT

n m

(19)

(14)
To apply the first equation of equation (7a) to equation (13),
we must expand fx(r, 6) in terms of the Fourier-Bessel series
[7], That is

4 6 2 / V o l . 112, OCTOBER 1990

Pyrdrd6=U2Z^
l
' Tfl? j ] '
U2( = ira2V2) is the volume flow rate of the outlet port. Pit Py,
Z2 and Z 4 are shown in Appendix B.
Finally, the mean pressures of the inlet and outlet ports of
the expansion chamber can be obtained from equations (18)
and (19).
Transactions of the ASME

Downloaded From: http://vibrationacoustics.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/ on 01/29/2016 Terms of Use: http://www.asme.org/about-asme/terms-of-use

CdBJ

SB

=L3ZJ=

2.6kHz

,w

nf \ f

vvW

a.a
frequency

(a)

4.a

\f

If

it

li/\l//J

...

ZGktiz

s.i
CkHz J

=H.

"1
l_

IM^

A* l\

3.2
frequency

(c)

D = 1 5 0 m m , L = 3 0 0 m m , Center to Center
( - : Experimental result. : Plane wave thenrv 1

S.4
CkHzJ

D = 1 5 0 m m , L = 4 5 0 m m , Center t o Center
( - : Experimental result, : Plane wave theory )

[dB]
60

=CEE s
JVxWI

JvL

:OTYYYliiklU

J
13

3.2

[Mb]

4.B

BA

frequency
(d) D~150mm, L450mm, Center to Center
(Present theory; 1 element, n~2, m 7)

(b) D=150mm, L=300mm, Center to Center

( Present theory; 1 element,n=2, m~7)

Fig. 2 TL of circular simple expansion chamber with the same diameter

but different lengths (Effect of lengths on the TL of circular simple
expansion chamber with the same diameter)

Pl=Pn+Pa=UlZi

+ U2Z2
(20)

P2 =
P21+P22=UlZ3+U2Z4
Rewriting equation (20) in matrix form leads to

Tu
[T21

where Tn

n-

(21)

Z, r L = 201og

z3

where

Z\Z4

*]
- ^ - 0

z,

2Jll2 = 0

'Ul]

z3
z4
z3

=-

Tjj(i = 1,2 and,/' = 1 , 2 ) are often called four-pole parameters.

When there is mean flow along a uniform pipe, the four-pole
parameters in equation (21) for plane wave are
Tn = e-jklM/ii-M\os(kl/(l

-M2))

Tu =jpc/(Tra1)e-JklM/U-M\m(lcl/(

1 - M2))

T2i =jira2/(pc)e-JklM/^-M\m(kl/(l
T22 =

JklMni M

e-

I Tn + Ti2/Zm

+ T2lZ02 + T221

(23)

Z0i=PiCi/(ircr\)

Z02 =

pyc/(iraj)

+ Z2

T,,=

T22

Tl2
T22

These are the same results as those obtained by Munjal and

Prasad [1] for a straight pipe with mean flow. This result
confirms that the derived solution is correct.
The transmission loss of an expansion chamber with anechoic termination can be readily obtained from equation (21)
by simply regarding that there is no reflective wave at the outlet
port of the chamber. That is

- M2))
2

- \os(kl/(\-M ))

Journal of Vibration and Acoustics

Comparison Between Numerical and Experimental Results

To verify the solution which can account for the effect of
mean flow, temperature gradient, and geometrical parameters
(length, diameter, offset distance, and twisting angle) on the
acoustic wave propagation in a circular expansion chamber,
comparisons between the numerical solutions and the experimental results [9] are performed. For the numerical simulation, a simple expansion chamber depicted in Fig. 1 was used.

Transmission Loss (Without Mean Flow). Figure 2 shows

the transmission loss curves for expansion chambers whose
(22) lengths are 300 mm and 450 mm and whose diameters are the
same (300 mm). Figure 2(a) demonstrates that the experimental
result and the result obtained by the plane wave theory agree
well in the low frequency range. Transmission loss of the exOCTOBER 1990, Vol. 112 / 463

Downloaded From: http://vibrationacoustics.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/ on 01/29/2016 Terms of Use: http://www.asme.org/about-asme/terms-of-use

Experimental result
.. : Present theoryfl element, n=5, m=7)

Experimental result
: Present theory(l element, n=2, m=7)

(a) Twisting angle= 120, Offset to Offset(50mm each)

Fig. 3 TL of circular simple expansion chamber (D = 300 mm, L = 450

mm, center to center)

1.6

3.2

4.a

frequency

6.4

: Experimental result
: Present theory(l element, n=5, m=7)

CkHil

(b) Twisting angle= 180, Offset to Offset(50mm each)

: Experimental result
: Present theory(l element, n=5, m=7)

Fig. 5 Effect of twisting angle of inlet/outlet port to TL (D = 150 mm,

L = 300 mm)

Fig. 4 Effect of offset of Inlet/outlet port to TL (D = 150 mm, L = 300

mm; twisting angle = 0, offset to offset (50 mm each))

the developed theory can predict the transmission loss of an

expansion chamber whose inlet and outlet ports do not have
pansion chamber based on the plane wave theory can be ex- offset and a twisting angle. Figure 3 also confirms the ability
pressed by
to predict the characteristics of wave propagation in the circular
expansion chamber.
2
sin W
7Z,= 101ogI( 1 +
The effect of offset between inlet and outlet ports of an
expansion chamber on the transmission loss is well demonin which a is the area ratio between the expansion chamber strated in Fig. 4. Comparing Fig. 4 with Figs. 2(a) and 2(b),
and the inlet-outlet ports, that is (D/df, I is the length of the we can see that the occurrence of the modes in the radial
expansion chamber, and k is the wave number.
direction essentially makes a different transmission curve. The
For the high frequency range, in this case over 2.6KHz, first radial mode is observed at 1.33KHz which satisfies X i =
0
where higher order modes start to participate in the transmis- 1,84.
sion loss, the plane wave theory is no longer valid as Fig. 2(a)
The presence of a twisting angle between the inlet and outlet
demonstrates. Figure 2(b) shows the comparison between the ports controls the transmission loss in a high frequency region.
results of the present theory and the plane wave theory. This
confirms that the present theory predicts the transmission loss This can be understood by Fig. 4 and Fig. 5.
exactly the same as the plane wave theory does in the low
frequency range.
Transmission Loss in the Presence of Mean Flow and TemFor the high frequency range, the results obtained by the perature Gradient. Figure 6 shows the transmission loss of an
present theory do not coincide with the experimental results expansion chamber whose diameter and length are 150 mm
[Figs. 2(a) and 2(b)]. The sharp peak above 3.2KHz is pro- and 450 mm, respectively. In this case, the flow velocity is 50
foundly evident in Fig. 2(b), but not in Fig. 2(a). This is because m/s which corresponds to Mach number 0.14. Comparing Figs.
the resolution of Fig. 2(a), which is about 25Hz, is much lower 2(c) and 2(d) with Fig. 6 does not reveal the effect of mean
than that of Fig. 2(b). This can be readily verified by carefully flow on the transmission loss. The presence of mean flow
observing each hump and bump of Figs. 2(a) and 2(b). The modifies the wave number inversely proportional to (1 - M2)
trend is quite similar but not the magnitude. Comparing Figs. as can be seen in equation (22). Mach number 0.14, which is
2(c) and 2(d) also reveals similar results. These conclude that the case in Fig. 6, only modifies a wave number of 2 percent.

R)

464 / Vol. 112, OCTOBER 1990

Transactions of the ASME

Downloaded From: http://vibrationacoustics.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/ on 01/29/2016 Terms of Use: http://www.asme.org/about-asme/terms-of-use

"L

_r

mm
3
frequency

-t.S
[kH

: Experimental result(Mean flow velocity50m/s)

: Present theory(Mean flow velocity=50m/s,
1 element, n=2, m~7)
Fig. 6 Effect of mean flow to TL of circular simple expansion chamber
with concentric inlet and outlet port (D = 150 mm, L = 450 mm, center
to center)

frequency
Dti9s]
Fig. 8 Effect of temperature gradient on TL of simple expansion chamber without mean flow (M = 0; D = 150 mm, L = 300 mm; 6 elements,
n = 5, m = 7)

Conclusions
The solution of the acoustic wave equation which governs
the acoustic wave propagation in a circular expansion chamber
in the presence of mean flow and temperature gradient was
derived in recursive form. The solution was verified by numerical simulation. The numerical results of transmission loss
were compared with the experimental results. We found that
the suggested numerical solution well predicted the transmission loss of an expansion chamber. The number of elements
and number of modes in radial and circumferential directions,
which are required for convergence, are sufficiently small
enough to extend this scheme to more general cases; i.e., an
elliptic expansion chamber, pulsating gas flow, etc.
References

Fig. 7 Effect of mean flow on TL of simple expansion chamber without

temperature gradient (Tr = 0; D = 150 mm, L = 300 mm; 6 elements,
n = 5, m = 7)

This is the reason why Figs. 2(c) and 2(d), and Fig. 6 are almost
identical.
The effect of mean flow is demonstrated better in Fig. 7
than Fig. 6. In the low frequency range, the frequency shift
due to the presence of mean flow can be observed easily. In
the high frequency range where higher order modes control
the transmission loss, the mean flow modifies the curve of
transmission loss in a more complicated way than it does in
the low frequency range [equation (22)].
The effect of temperature gradient on transmission loss is
shown in Fig. 8. As the temperature gradient increases, so do
the amplitude of transmission loss and the cutoff frequency.
Acoustic impedance is inversely proportional to \pT. Therefore, the acoustic impedance of the outlet port is higher than
that of the inlet port. This introduces a higher transmission
loss in magnitude.
It is very difficult and expensive to obtain a high mach
number and meaningful temperature gradient in the experiment. Also, the measurement of transmission loss of an expansion chamber in the presence of a high Mach number and
temperature gradient has many difficulties [9]. Noise due to
the turbulence of the flow must be properly handled, and
special sensors which can be operated in hot gas must be designed or obtained. The numerical solution does not have these
limitations.
The number of elements which were required for convergence was 6 to 9 in most cases. The number of modes for
convergence was always less than 10. In most cases, it was 8,
as can be found in all of the figures.
Journal of Vibration and Acoustics

1 Munjal, M. L., and Prasad, M. G., 1986, "On Plane Wave Propagation
in a Uniform Pipe in the Presence of a Mean Flow and a Temperature Gradient,''
Journal oflheAcoust.
Soc. Am., Vol. 80, No. 5, pp. 1501-1506, Nov.
2 Peat, K. S., 1988, "The Transfer Matrix of a Uniform Duct with a Linear
Temperature Gradient," Journal of Sound and Vibration, Vol. 123, No. 1, pp.
43-53.
3 El-sharkawy, A. I., and Nayfes, Ali H., 1978, "Effect of an Expansion
Chamber on the Propagation of Sound in Circular Duct,'' Journal oftheAcoust.
Soc. Am., Vol. 63, No. 3, pp. 667-674, Mar.
4 Munjal, M . L . , 1987, " A Simple Numerical Method for Three Dimensional
Analysis of Simple Expansion Chamber Mufflers of Rectangular as well as
Circular Cross Section with a Stationary Medium," Journal of Sound and
Vibration, Vol. 116, No. 1, pp. 71-88.
5 Ih, Jeong-Guon, and Lee, Byung-Ho, 1985, "Analysis of Higher Order
Mode Effects in the Circular Expansion Chamber with Mean Flow," Journal
oftheAcoust.
Soc. Am., Vol. 77, No. 4, pp. 1377-1388, April.
6 Davies, P. O. A. L., 1988, "Practical Flow Duct Acoustics," Journal of
Sound and Vibration, Vol. 124, No. 1, pp. 91-115.
7 Hildebrand, F. B., 1976, Advanced Calculus for Application, Prentice Inc.,
Chap. 5.
8 Watson, 1966, A Treatise on the Theory of Bessel Functions, Cambridge
Univ. Press, Chap. 6.
9 Kim, Y.-H., Lim, B. D., Kim, S. H., and Kwak, Y. K., 1989, "Experimental
Study on Acoustic Wave Propagation in Circular Expansion Chamber with Mean
Flows," ASME Paper 89-WA/NCA-7, also presented at the Winter Annual
Meeting, San Francisco, California. December 10-15, 1989.

APPENDIX

(q-\)nm'

Xq\ \Xq22

XqnXq2\

.eik\q~\)zmn^
Xq2lQ(q-

w =
Tr

qnm

+ - + /(?-1))

\)nm ~ Xq\2k(qA
\XaY>

X\
^q\\ qTL

\)znm

Xi
X,
q\2A2ql\

e''' r (?-l)m('l + -- . + '(8-1))

wnere tiqnm = oqnmKqnm

^ynm

: e/(*;

OCTOBER 1990, Vol. 112/465

Downloaded From: http://vibrationacoustics.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/ on 01/29/2016 Terms of Use: http://www.asme.org/about-asme/terms-of-use

Qinm=pq^^Wqk^nm)

(/ z)

- )./n(xm0cosn0

=e/*5w('i+- + '(- 1 ) ) G, + m + S, n m

Xqn

(a2/a)2

*,=y'*2

e*?W'i+-+'<-i)>g- n f f l

kyzOO + SyaAyzOO
2y(.a2/a)J_(

^2. ^

+/(<?-i))+s,nm^m

Xnm -^\7,

UE
' ^yznm "* ^ynm^yznm)

"-{g-l^nm17

^022

Zi=-

(i/) 2

Pi
Tl

(ei'K-l'-!l + S . / j " -

[co(l+S 100 )

I '

">" ' '

47A(x

) / , X ra
cosn9
"\ " a)

-1)00

^7^X^
TTtfJ C

(Knm + S\nmkunm)\A~

! l

where n = 0,1,2, . . .
m = 0,1,2, . . . ; n = 0 and m = 0 should not be assigned
to zero simultaneously

+ ^i(*i+zoo + Sioo*iloo)]

\ * ~~ -v 2

'

W z O O + SlOO^ljOO

"

(X m - ^ j

^r)

^ j O O + ^OO^VzOO

[co(e / *W' ) + S100e'*"i*)o('))

fyKn,)H nm

[u(l + Slnm) + Wl(ktznm +

- ^ <*,W / * t * 00< ' > + S10okraoeik^U))]

+ aJ
i

4T-/- (X

I ) /- 6 w ^ ) -A (x | ) 7, (xra ^ FF,, . . . 0W,

>-l)nm
\ "*yznm *

^synm^-yznm)

?im
i

z,=

E D

^ m /

p , r(a,/a 2 ) PT^oo . . . W200

M^ym'+S^y^)
net] L ^uoo + Siookizw

cosfl0[(^tz(')+5,^*1^(0) _ ^ ( * 1 + w i ^ * W ' )

+ Wy(ky+^kyzco'+Syaok-aoeik~ym')]+

+ SinmfcfOTme'*T^('))]

4 7 ^ - (x ) J-n (x f ) 7, ( x 5 ) 7, (x ra | ) ^.y/im
( k\Znm

+ Slitmk\zm

) \ ^ ~

Km/

r r 2nm

) ^n( \ m ) X,

cosnd0[o>(e'kyz>"l+Syme>kyz">1) + Jy(k+!,me>kyzil
z

+ SynmkyZmeikyznmi)}

4 = % L + ^/f^-K

where n = 0,1,2, . . .
/ = 0,1,2, . . . ; = 0 and w = 0 should not be assigned
to zero simultaneously
A P P E N D I X

'Vznm

- 90i

y"K2

(a2/a)2Wm.

('-)'

where = 0,1,2, . . .
m = 0,l,2, . . .; = 0 and m = 0 should not be assigned
to zero simultaneously

X?2lQ(?+ l)nm + X?llk( 9 + 1)znm

"" ( ^ I J O O C - ^ + ^ ^ I Z O O C - - ^ )

X 9 n^?22 XtfuX^i

yzWS ~r 'JyOoKyzM

2 7 ( 2 /a) (/_ (\nm

m

^ynm'^yznm.

LJ
y Zm)]
[Cl)(l +Sy
Wy(kyZm+ Sy
mky
^ynm)m ) rryK^ywrn'
ynm'
yznm!

dz

. .W,( J

>./-.(.;) 4 * )

-EE-

P , =76)00!+p*P,
Py=jWp(j>y + pWy

[(1 + S>oo) - * W * x > + W o o ) l

7T0 lAj/tfX) + Z>y00 yz00

^ 7, (^Xm ^ Wlnm ...W,

(y~\)nm

\ Kyznm ~i~ ^ynm^yznm

4 6 6 / V o l . 112, OCTOBER 1990

('- w)^

'(?)>

+
(,_/,_.
tgl" (q+iyznm1-1
'1

, , ,,,
'(9-1))

1"m
X

,)K

,&k ( ? + l ) z n m ( ' - ' l

g 2 2 Q ( g + l)m ~ X g l 2 k ( + g + j)znm
X

l 1X?22 ~ X 9 l 2 X 9 2 1

Transactions of the ASME

Downloaded From: http://vibrationacoustics.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/ on 01/29/2016 Terms of Use: http://www.asme.org/about-asme/terms-of-use

Kqnm

Xqn=-^kig+Dznm(l-n

^qnm^-qnm
^ \ Iznm
7

Iznm

lnm

lg)Q-q

\)nm

iznm)l

H-lznm

Xql\~

k^fii^vmii-'i -/,) + Sqnmk-znme!k~^^-n *<7ll

-lq)

~lq)

"

U.S. Postal Sorvico

STATEMENT OF OWNERSHIP, MANAGEMENT AND CIRCULATION

Required by 39 U.S.C. 3685)
1A. Title of Publication

2. Dote of Filing

1B. PUBLICATION N O .
TRANSACTIONS

JOURNAL

OF V I B R A T I O N

OF T H E ASME

AND ACOUSTICS

3. Frequency of Issue

3 A . N o . of Issues Published
Annually

QUARTERLY
FOUR
4 , Complete Mailing Address of K n o w n Office of Publication (Street, City, County, Slate and ZIP+4 Code) (Not primers)

345 East 4 7 t h S t r e e t , New York,

9/11/90
3B. Annuel Subscription Price

$110.00

NY 10017

5. Complete Mailing Address of t h e Headquarters of General Business Offices of the Publisher (Not printer)

345 East 4 7 t h S t r e e t , New Y o r k , NY 10017

6. Full Names and Complete Mailing Address of Publisher, Editor, and Managing Editor (This item MUST NOT be blank)
Publisher (Name and Complete Mailing Address)

The American S o c i e t y o f Mechanical Engineers

345 East 4 7 t h S t r e e t , New York, NY 10017
Editor (Name and Complete Mailing Address)

D a n i e l J . Inman, General Engrg. D e p t . , SUNY a t B u f f a l o

1013 Furnas H a l l , Amherst, NY 14260
Managing Editor (Name and Complete Mailing Address)

C o r n e l i a Monahan, ASME, 345 East 47th S t r e e t , New Y o r k , NY 10017

7. Owner (If owned by a corporation, its name and address must be stated and also immediately thereunder the names and addresses of stockholders owning or holding
1 percent or more of total amount of stock. If not owned by a corporation, the names and addresses of the individual owners must be given. If owned by a partnership
or other unincorporated firm, its name and address, as well as that of each individual must be given. If the publication is published by a nonprofit organization, its
name and address must be stated.) (Item must be completed.)

Full N a m e

Complete Mailing Address

The American S o c i e t y o f
M e c h a n i c a l Enqineers

345 E a s t 4 7 t h S t r e e t
Hew Y o r k . NY 1 0 0 1 7

8. K n o w n Bondholders, Mortgagees, a n d Other Security Holders O w n i n g or Holding 1 Percent or More of Total A m o u n t of Bonds, Mortgages or Other
Securities (If there are none, so state)

Complete Mailing Address

Fult N a m e

NONE

NONE

9. For Completion by Nonprofit Organizations Authorized To Mail at Special Rates (DMM Section 423.12 only)
The purpose, f u n c t i o n , and nonprofit status of this organization and the exempt status for Federal income tax purposes (Check one)
111
1 | Has Not Changed During
L K J Preceding 1 2 Months
^ '

.21
ij Has Changed During
1 1 Preceding 1 2 Months

Average No. Copies Eech Issue During

Preceding 12 Months

Extent and Nature of Circulation

(See instructions on reverse side)

A . Total N o . Copies (Net Press Run)

B. Paid and/or Requested Circulation
1. Sales through dealers and carriers, street vendors and counter sales
2. Mail Subscription
(Paid and/or requested)
C. Total Paid and/or Requested Circulation
(Sum or ]0Bi and WB2)
D. Free Distribution by Mall, Carrier or Other Means
Samples, Complimentary, and Other Free Copies
E. Total Distribution (Sum

ofCandD)

F. Copies Not Distributed

1, Office use, left over, unaccounted, spoiled after printing
2. Return from News Agents

G. TOTAL (Sum ofE, Fl and 2should equal net press run shown In A)
VI.

(If changed, publisher must submit explanation of

change with this statement.)
A c t u a l No. Copies of Single Issue
Published Nearest t o Filing Date

2,420

2,371

1,638

1,812

1,638

1,812

428

231

2,066

2,083

354

328

2,420

2,371

Signature and Title of Editor, Publisher, Business Manager, or Owner

1 certify that the statements made by

me above are correct and complete

Publisher

PS Form 3 6 2 6 , Feb. 1989

Journal of Vibration and Acoustics

OCTOBER 1990, Vol. 112 / 467

Downloaded From: http://vibrationacoustics.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/ on 01/29/2016 Terms of Use: http://www.asme.org/about-asme/terms-of-use