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Composite columns
cX
cX
y
B= Bc
y
cy
x
D
T
Dc
Dc
cy
Partially encased
H section
y
t
x
In-filled rectangular
hollow section
x
D
In-filled circular
hollow section
x
D
Strength assessment
Rcp
Rc
Rs
Rr
(EI)s
(EI)r
Deformation assessment
EIcp
(EI)c
Scope
Rc
Rs
Rr
Deformation assessment
EIcp
(EI)c
(EI)s
(EI)r
How to ensure three materials with different sizes and Youngs modulii to
deform consistently with limited interfacial slippage under compression and
bending ?
Steel
Composite
columns columns
Resistance to compression,
Pc
Pcp
Resistance to moment,
Mc
Mcp
P & M
Pc
Pcp
Pcp & M
Basic capacities
Compression
capacity
Pc = py As
Moment
capacity
Mc = p y S
10
Axial force
d
dn
Reduced
moment capacity
M
dn
11
Axial force
dn
dn
Reduced
moment capacity
M
12
B
T
D = 449.8 mm
t = 7.6 mm
r = 10.2 mm
d =DT
B = 152.4 mm
T = 10.9 mm
d = 407.6 mm
= 438.9 mm
13
dn
P = py An
where An = dn t
P
=
Pc
dn t
A
= K1 K2n2 where K1 = Sx
K2=
A2
6664 2
=
4t
4 7 .6
Sx
dn2 t 2 = n 2 A 2
n2 A 2
4t
= 1077 cm3
= 1460.8cm3
428 x 7.6
= 0.488
6664
14
P = py An
dn
2BD
A2
(n 1)(n 1) +
4B
A
= K 3 (1 n) (K 4 + n)
=
K3 =
A (n 1)
+D
B
B 2 A2
2
2 2AD
(n 1)
D 2 (n - 1) - D 4
B
B
A2
2BD
1 + n
(1 - n)
4B
A
A2
6664 2
2BD
2 x 152.4 x 449.8
=
= 72.85cm 3 & K 4 =
1 =
1
4B
4 x 152.4
A
6664
= 19.57
15
UB457 x 152 x 52
Plastic section
analysis
1.0
0.8
M r / Mc
Fc
A (D dn )B
=
Pc
A
0.6
0.4
P
M
+
Pc
Mc
Empirical formula
P
M
P + M
c
c
= 1
Linear
reduction
= 1
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
16
Steel
Composite
columns columns
Resistance to compression,
Pc
Pcp
Resistance to moment,
Mc
Mcp
P & M
Pc
Pcp
Pcp & M
M
Mc
18
My
Mx
F
+
+
Mcy
A py
Mcx
1 (Eq 1)
Mrx
Z1
My
+
Mry
Z2
1 (Eq 2)
19
P
Equilibrium
Deformed elastic
curve
of the column
P
Alternative equilibrium
but unstable or unfit for use
20
P.v + Mx = 0
Mx
d2v
As Mx = EI 2
dx
2
d v
EI 2 + Pv = 0
dx
Use k2 =
(v 0 after buckling)
d2v P
+ v=0
or
dx 2 EI
P
or
EI
k=
P
EI
d2v
+ k 2v = 0
2
dx
21
sin kL = 0
at x = L
where n = 1, 2, 3
k=
n
or
L
k=
x
C1 sin
L
1
424
3
shape
where C1 is undetermined.
P =
L
EI
k=
2 PE
=
L2 EI
PE = E
I
L2
Section property
Member length
constant
material property
For real columns, most modern steel codes adopt the formulation
with member slenderness and buckling strength.
Euler
buckling load
PE =
PE
= pE =
A
=
Elastic buckling
strength
Iy
2E 2
L
Iy 1
2E
A2 L2
ry
2E 2
L
1
2E 2
pE E 1
=
py 2
py
=
Dividing by
yield strength
Y
2
as
Iy
A
or 2 E
= ry2
ry - radius of gyration
(L/ry )2
where =
L
ry
- slenderness
[normalization]
where Y =
E
material properties
p y
24
Adopt the slenderness ratio, =
, the elastic buckling strength
Y
ratio is given by:
geometry
pE
1
=
py
2
1442443
where =
L
= E
r critical
E
Y =
p y
yielding
.. .
.. . . . .
. ... ..
.
o
test
data
o o
o
material
real column
behaviour
elastic buckling
..
1.0
2.0
The curves relate material yielding and elastic buckling in real columns
together with initial imperfection and residual stresses, etc.
25
where Pc = pc A
Axis of buckling
x-x
y-y
Rolled I section
T 40 mm
T > 40 mm
a
b
b
c
Rolled H section
T 40 mm
T > 40 mm
b
c
c
d
Welded I or H section
T 40 mm
T > 40 mm
b
b
c
d
b
c
b
c
T 40 mm
T > 40 mm
26
pEpy
+ pEpy
2
where =
( BS5950: Part 1 )
p y + (1 + )p E
2
py = design strength
= slenderness
pE =
2E
2
o = 0.2
a( o )
1000
but > 0
27
1.0
a
b
real column
behaviour
0.0
0.2
1.0
limiting
stocky column
no buckling
elastic buckling
slender column
elastro-plastic
buckling
2.0
elastic
buckling
28
Sway mode
Buckled
shape
Design
0.7
0.85
1.0
1.2
2.0
Theoretical
0.5
0.7
1.0
1.0
2.0
29
Effectively held
in position at
both ends
k
Design
Theoretical
0.7
0.5
0.85
0.85
0.7
1.0
1.0
Sway mode
One end
Effectively held
in position and
restrained in
direction
Other end
Not held
in
position
k
Design
Theoretical
1.2
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.0
30
Resistance to compression,
Resistance to moment,
Pc
Pcp
Mcp
& M
Pc
Pcp
Pcp & M
F
As pc
Axial buckling
as a column
where
F
Mx , My
pc, py
As
mLT
Mb
Zy
(m LT ) y M y
(m LT ) x M x
+
Mb
py Zy
Lateral buckling
as a beam
Reduction due to
lateral moment
Resistance to compression,
Resistance to moment,
Steel
Composite
columns columns
M
Pc
Pcp
Mcp
& M
Pc
Pcp
Pcp & M
are the areas of the steel section, the concrete and the
reinforcements respectively.
py and fsd
py
fsd
1.0
1.5
1.15
34
Sp,Sps, Spc
are the plastic section modulii for the steel section, the
reinforcement and the concrete of the composite crosssection respectively (for the calculation of Spc, the
concrete is assumed to be uncracked).
dn
36
Point A
0.53 fcu
py
fsd
-
Point B
Pcp
0.53fcu
py
fsd
dn
+
No moment
Mcp
No axial force
37
Point C
py
0.53fcu
fsd
-
dn
dn
+
py
0.53fcu
dn
fsd
-
Pc= Ppm
Point D
Mc = Mcp
MD = Mcp,max
PD= Ppm / 2
38
Point E
py
0.53fcu
fsd
-
dn
-
dE
dg
ME
PE
39
r r 2 ( 4 )
t r Sps
4
3
2
Spc
dn
Spcn
Spn
40
41
0.45fcu
py
fsd
-
Pcp
No moment
Point B
0.45fcu
py
fsd
-
dn
2dn
dn
Mcp
No axial force
42
Point C
py
fsd
0.45fcu
Point D
dn
2dn
dn
py
Ppm
+
fsd
Mcp
Mcp,max
+
+
Ppm/2
43
Sp
Sps
(A
si
ei )
where
ei are the distances of the reinforcements of area Asi to the relevant middle line,
n
Spsn
(A
sni
eni )
where
Asni
eni
are the area of reinforcements within the region of 2 dn from the middle line,
are the distances of the reinforcements from the middle line.
44
Spc
Spcn
Bc Dc
4
Sp Sps
Bc d n S pn S psn
T
Neutral axis in the web: d n
2
dn
Spn
t dn2
45
Resistance to compression,
Resistance to moment,
Steel
Composite
columns columns
M
Pc
Pcp
Mcp
Pc
cp
& M
Pcp
& M
(EI)cp = E I + K e E cm I c + E s I s
Elastic buckling load:
Pcp,cr =
2 (EI )e, 2
L2E
Ke
I, Ic and Is
47
=
Pcp,k
Pcp,k
Pcp,cr
is the characteristic value of the compression capacity
= Ap y + 0.68A c f cu + A s f y
for fully encased and partially encased H sections
= Ap y + 0.8A c f cu + A s f y
for in-filled rectangular hollow sections
t fy
= a Ap y + 0.8A c f cu 1 + c
+ Asf y
d
0.8
f
cu
48
Reduction factor,
=
1
2
+ 2
0.5
2
= 0.51 + 0.2 +
P
Pcp
Pcp, k
Pcp, cr
49
Resistance to compression,
Resistance to moment,
Steel
Composite
columns columns
Pc
Pcp
Mcp
Pc
cp
& M
Pcp
& M
P
Pcp
Axial
buckling
resistance
4.
( d - k ) Mcp.
Applied load
0
5.
d 1.0
M
M cp
51
r : end
moment ratio
Single curvature
Double curvature
52
5.
Axial
buckling 1.0
resistance
d
n
Mcp.
Applied load
d 1.0
M
M cp
53
n =
d =
(1 r )
4
P
P cp
P
Pcp
Cross-section
interaction curve
1.0
n
0
d 1.0
M
M cp
54
a)
P
Pcp
P
Pcp
Cross-section
interaction curve
1.0
1.0
Simplified
interaction curve
n
0
d
pm
n
d 1.0
M
M cp
B
1.0
M
M cp
1.0
=
( d )(1 n )
(1 pm )( n )
(1 )( d n )
= 1
(1 pm )( n )
when d pm
when d < pm
pm
d
d
pm
n
0
where
Simplified
interaction curve
k
Ppm
B
1.0
M
M cp
P cp
M cp
where
M
Mcp
0 .9
The factor 0.9 is used to allow for errors in adopting the bi-linear
interaction curve when compared with the non-linear
interaction curve.
57
(1 r )
for
for
< 1 .0
1 .0 < 2 .0
(1 r )
for
4
where r is equal to the end moment ratio
2 .0
when
(1 pm )
= 1
(1 ) d
(1 pm )
when
< pm
58
Activities
Clause
1.1
1.2
1.3
10.5.1(6)
1.4
10.5.3.1
1.5
59
Activities
Clause
2.1
2.2
2.3
10.5.3.3
2.4
10.5.3.3(5)
2.5
10.5.3.3(2)
2.6
10.5.3.3
60
Activities
Clause
3.1
10.5.3.4&
10.5.3.5
3.2
3.3
3.4
10.5.3.4&
10.5.3.5
61
EC4:1-1 vs BS5400:5
HKSC: 2005
BS5400-5: 2005
Nu = 0.91A py + 0.45
Ac fcu
+ 0.87 Ar fry
1.0
1.1
1.3
1.5
Material factor of
reinforcement
1.15
1.15
Compression capacity
62
EC4:1-1 vs BS5400:5
HKSC: 2005
BS5400-5: 2005
x= Le / LE
y= (Pcp,k / Pcp,cr
y = Le / LE
)0.5
Ec
Ec = 450 fcu
K1x
K1y
x Pcp
Nax = K1x Nu
y Pcp
Nay = K1y Nu
63
HKSC vs BS5400:5
14000
BS5400-5: 1979 ,steel = 1.10
12000
HKSC 2005
,steel = 1.10
HKSC 2005
,steel = 1.0
10000
8000
P (kN)
20 mm
500 mm
300 mm
6000
Infilled rectangular
hollow section
4000
py = 355N/mm2
fcu = 45N/mm2
2000
0
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
M (kNm)
64
Conclusions (1)
65
Conclusions (2)
Compression capacities
Moment capacities
Interaction between compression and bending in stocky columns
Euler buckling formulation, column buckling curves, and normalized
slenderness and reduction factors.
66