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Financial
What is a corporation?
Partnership
Hybrid Forms
Agency Problems
Agency Problems are kept in check by compensation plans that link the
well-being of employees to that of the firm, by monitoring the
management board of directors, security holders, and creditors; and by
the the threat of takeover
Financial Intermediaries
An organization that raises money from investors and provides financing
for individuals, corps, and other Os
Mutual Fund
A managed investment fund, pooling the savings of many investors
and investing in a portfolio of securities.
Exchange-traded fund (ETF)
An investment fund, traded on a stock exchange, that pools the
savings of many investors and invests in a portfolio of securities,
selected to replicate an established securities index.
Hedge Fund
A private investment pool, open to wealthy or institutional
investors, that is only lightly regulated and therefore can pursue
more speculative policies that mutual funds.
Private equity fund
Investment fund focused on investing in equity of privately owned
businesses
Pension fund
Investment plan set up by an employer to provide for employees
retirement
Financial Institutions
Commodity Prices
o Ability to look up prices of commoditys and budget
accordingly
Interest Rates
The market values of assets and liabilities might not equal their
book values, depending on the accounting rules used. Some BVs
are based on historical or original values, but others are based on
fair values, which is close to market value
o MV measures current values of A&Ls
Income Statement
Taxes
For larger companies the marginal rate of tax on income is around 29%
and around 15% for small business.
In calculating the company deducts operating costs, an allowance for
Dep, and interest payments.
Individuals are also taxed on their income, which included dividends and
interest on their investments.
Dividens are taxes less than interest and employee income.
Capital gains are taxes at the personal tax rate, only when the
investment is sold and the gain is realized.