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MANUFACTURED
SUBSTANCES IN
INDUSTRY
NAME : Mohd Akmal Bin Abdul
Razak
CLASS : 4 Mulia
TEACHER : Miss Hoo Seen Moon
CONTENT
Content
Introduction
9.1 Sulphuric acid
9.1.1 Properties of sulphuric acid
9.1.2 The uses of sulphuric acid
9.1.3 The industrial process in manufacture of sulphuric acid
9.1.4 Environmental pollution by sulphuric acid
9.2 Ammonia and its salt
9.2.1 Properties of ammonia
9.2.2 The uses of ammonia
9.2.3 The industrial process in manufacture of ammonia
9.3 Alloys
9.3.1 Physical properties of pure metals
9.3.2 Meaning and purpose of making alloys
9.4 Synthetic polymers
9.4.1 The meaning and types of polymers
9.4.2 Advantages of synthetic polymers
9.4.3 Environmental pollution caused by synthetic polymers
9.4.4 Methods to overcome the environmental pollution caused
by synthetic polymers
9.5 Glass and ceramics
9.6 Composite material
Conclusion
References
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INTRODUCTION
3. It is soluble in water.
4. Sulphuric acid is a non-volatile diprotic acid.
5. It is a highly corrosive, dense and oily liquid.
6. Concentrated sulphuric acid is a viscous colourless liquid.
Soluble in
water
Non-volatile
acid
Diprotic
acid
Properties of
sulphuric acid
Highly
corrosive
Oily
liquid
Dense
Viscous
colourless
liquid
1) To manufacture fertilizers
There are many fertilizers that can be made of sulphuric acid. Some of them are:
a)
b)
Ammonium sulphate
H2SO4
c)
Potassium sulphate
H2SO4
2) To manufacture detergents
Sulphuric acid reacts with hydrocarbon to produce sulphonic acid. Sulphonic acid is then
neutralized with sodium hydroxide to produce detergents. Examples of hydrocarbon
3) To manufacture synthetic fibres
Synthetic fibres are polymers ( long chain molecules). Rayon is an example of a synthetic
fibre that is produced from the action of sulphuric acid on cellulose.
4) To manufacture paint pigments
The white pigment in paint is usually barium sulphate, BaSO4. The neutralization of
sulphuric acid and barium hydroxide produces barium sulphate.
5) As an electrolyte in lead-acid accumulators
6) To remove metal oxides from metal surfaces before electroplating
7) To manufacture pesticides
8) The uses of sulphuric acid in school laboratories are:
a.
As a strong acid
b.
c.
As an oxidizing agent
d.
As a sulphonating agent
e.
As a catalyst
Remove
metal oxides
from metal
surfaces
before
electroplating
Manufacture
pesticides
As an
electrolyte in
lead-acid
accumulators
Manufacture
fertilizers
Manufacture
detergents
Manufacture
paint
pigments
Manufacture
synthetic
fibres
1.
2.
Sulphuric acid is produced from sulfur, oxygen and water via the contact
process.
3.
Sulphur
acid
4.
II
Sulphuric
III
b)
+ O2
SO2
Burning of metal sulphide such as zinc sulphide in dry air.
S
5.
6.
2 SO2 + O2
2 SO3
Stage III: Production of sulphuric acid
H2SO4+ SO3
H2S2O7
b) Oleum is reacted with water to form concentrated H2SO4.
H2S2O7+ H2O 2
H2SO4
7.
In stage II, sulphur dioxide is dried first before being added to dry air to
produce sulphur trioxide. This is:
a)
b)
To remove contaminants
8. In stage III, sulphur trioxide is not dissolved directly in water to produce sulphuric
acid. This is because:
a)
b)
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burned in air
Oleum, H2S2O7
diluted with equal volume of water H2O
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1.
2.
3.
4.
ii.
iii.
iv.
Acid rain flows into the rivers and increases the acidity of water and kill
aquatic living things.
5.
Hence, we must reduce the sulphur dioxide from the atmosphere by:
i.
Use low sulphur fuels to reduce the emission of sulphur dioxide in exhaust
gases
ii.
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2.
3.
4.
It is a weak alkali.
5.
6.
7.
8.
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9.
Some metal hydroxides such as zinc hydroxide and copper (II) hydroxide
dissolves in excess aqueous ammonia to form complexes.
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Extremely
soluble in water
Weak
alkali
Properties of ammonia
Colorless
Pungent
smell
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Mass of nitrogen
X 100%
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9.3 ALLOYS
9.3.1 Physical properties of pure metals
1.Pure metals have the following physical properties
a)Good conductor of electricity
b)Malleable
c)Ductile
d)High melting and boiling point
e)High density
2. Pure metals are weak and soft because the arrangement of atoms in pyre
metals make them ductile and malleable.
a) A pure metal contains atoms of the same size arranged in a regular and
organized closed-packed structure.
b) Pure metals are soft because the orderly arrangement of atoms enables
the layers of atoms to slide over each other easily when an external force
is applied on them. This makes the matels ductile and metals can be
drawn to form long wires.
c)
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High density
Malleable
Ductile
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b)
c)
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a)
Plastics
b)
Fibres
c)
Elastomers
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b)
b)
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Differences between glass and cerement are, glass is transparent, while ceramic is
opaque. Ceramic can withstand a higher temperature than normal glass.
4.
It
c) Borosilicate glass
It
d) Lead glass
High
refractive index
b) Conducting glass
It
6.
conducts electricity
Ceramic is a manufactured substances made from clay, with the
Glass
1.
2.
3.
Borosilicate glass
Lead crystal glass
Name of glass
Properties
Chemical
Examples of uses
composition
Fused glass
SiO2 (99%)
Ba2 O 3 (1%)
Telescope mirrors,
Lenses
Optical fibres
Laboratory glass
wares
ultraviolet and
infrared light
Difficult to be made
into different shapes
Does not crack when
temperature changes
(very low thermal
expansion coefficient)
Very resistant to
chemical reactions
Soda lime glass
SiO2 (70%)
Na2O (15%)
CaO (3%)
Others (5%)
Bottles
Windowpanes
Light bulbs
Mirrors
Bowls
( The most widely
used type of glass)
changes (high
coefficient of
expansion)
Less resistant to
chemical reactions
Easy to be made into
different shapes
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Borosilicate
glass
SiO2 (80%)
Ba2 O 3 (15%)
Na2O (3%)
Al 2 O 3
Laboratory apparatus
Cooking utensils
Electrical tubes
Glass pipelines
SiO2 (55%)
PbO( 30%)
K2O (10%)
Na2O ( 3%)
Al2 O 3 ( 2%)
Decorative items
Crystal glass-
with sudden
temperature changes
Transparent to
ultraviolet light
More resistant to
chemical reactions
Does not break easily
Lead crystal
glass
(600 C)
High density
High refractive index
Reflects light rays
and appears spar
wares
Lens
Prisms
Chandeliers
kling
Ceramics
1. Ceramic is a manufactured substance made from clay that is dried and then
baked in a kiln at high temperature.
2. The main constituent of clay is aluminosilicate, (which consist of aluminium
oxide and silicon dioxide) with small quantities of sand and feldspar.
3. Kaolinite is an example of high
4. Red clay contains iron (III) oxide which gives the red colour .
5. General uses ceramics are as follows of :
very hard and strong but brittle
inert to chemical reaction
has a very high melting point
good electric and heat insulator
able to withstand compression
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2.
3.
4.
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Composite
Component
Properties of
Properties of
Concrete
component
Hard but brittle,
composite
Stronger, higher
strength
Hard with high
withstand higher
corrode
loads, relatively
Glass of low
Transparent, does
cheaper
Reflect light rays
refractive index
Glass of high
rays.
Heavy, strong but
refractive index
Glass
flexible
Heavy, strong but
Light, strong,
flexible
Light, flexible,
not flammable
inflammable
Transparent and not
Sensitive to light:
sensitive to light
darkness when
material
Steel
Reinforced
concrete
Fibre optics
Fibreglass
Polyester plastic
Glass
Photochromic glass
the fibre
light intensity is
high, becomes clear
when light intensity
is low
Silver chloride, or
Sensitive to light
silver bromide
Figure 9.9 Composite material and their new properties
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CONCLUSION
We must appreciate these various synthetic industrial materials. One of the way is by
doing continuous research and development ( R & D ) to produce better materials used to
improve our standard of living. As we live in a changing world, our society is getting
more complex. New materials are required to overcome new challenges and problems we
face in our daily lives. Synthetic material are developed constantly due to the limitation
and shortage of natural materials. New technological developments are used by scientists
to make new discoveries.
New materials for clothing, shelter, tools and communication to improve our daily
life are developed continuously for the well-being of mankind. New needs and new
problem will stimulate the development of new synthetic materials. For example, the new
use of plastic composite material will replace metal in the making of a stronger and
lighter car body. This will save fuel and improve speed. Plastic composite materials may
one day used to make organs for organ transplant in human bodies. This will become
necessity with the shortage of human organ donors.
The understanding of the interaction between different chemicals is important for
both the development of new synthetic materials and the disposal of such synthetic
materials as waste. A responsible and systemic method of handling the waste of synthetic
materials and their by-product is important to prevent environmental pollution. The
recycling and development of environmental friendly synthetic material should be
enforced.
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