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a) Metallic radius
The metallic radius is defined as half the distance between the centres of two
adjacent atoms in the giant metallic structure.
b) Covalent structure
This is defined as half of the distance between the centre of the adjacent atoms
that are held together by a covalent bond.
d
Atomic radius = 2
-Atomic radius is affected by two factors. The nuclear charge and the screening effect.
-The nuclear charge refers to the actual number of the protons in the nucleus of an
atom. The more protons an atom has, the stronger is the attraction between the
nucleus and the electron cloud. This will cause the atomic radius to decrease.
Proton number increase, attraction stronger, atomic
radium decrease.
Elements
tructure
olecular Force
Property
Elements
Property
Mg
Al
Si
Cl
Giant metallic
Giant covalent
Metallic
Strong covalent
Metal
Metalloid
Non-metal
Li
Be
Metal
Giant
covalent
Non-metal
Ne
Electrical Conductivity
a) Lithium and beryllium (Period 2) and sodium, magnesium and aluminium
(Period 3) are metals and are good electrical conductor because of the
presence of delocalised electrons in their metallic structure.
b) Boron, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine and neon (Period 2) and
phosphorus, sulphur, chlorine and argon (Period 3) all exist as simple
molecules, do not have delocalised electrons in its structure. They are all nonconductors.
c) Silicon is metalloid which is partial metallic character. Thus, its conductivity
is lower than metals but is higher than the non-metals. It is semi-conductor.
Electronegativity
a) Electronegativity is a measure of the ability of an atom to attract the bonding
electrons in a covalent bond to which the atom is bonded. It is a measure of
electron pulling power
b) The electronegativity of an stom depends on the atomic radius and the nuclear
charge. The smaller the atomic radius, the higher the nuclear charge, the
higher the electronegativity.
Electronegativity increase across a period.
Going across the period, the proton number increases, nuclear charge increases, the
effective nuclear charge increases, as a results the attraction increases causing the
increase in the electronegativity.
Electronegativity decrease down a group
Going down the group, the atomic radius increases while the effective nuclear charge
remains almost constant, this causing the decrease in the electronegativity.
Summary :
electronegativity increases
electronegativity decreases
Ionisation Energy
Ionisation energy is the minimum energy required to remove the most loosely held
electron from a neutral atom or ion per mole of the atom/ion under standard condition.
The magnitude of the ionisation depends on the size of the atom, the effective nuclear
charge and the type of electrons involved.
The smaller the size of the atom, the higher the effective nuclear charge, the more
strongly the electrons are bound by the nucleus, the higher the ionisation energy.
*More energy than expected is required to remove an electron from these stable
configuration : s2, p3, p6, d5, d10
Ionisation energy increase across the period
Decrease in the atomic radius and increase in the nuclear charge causing the electrons
to be held more strongly by the nucleus.
However, there is a reversal trend between the magnesium and aluminium and
between phosphorus and sulphur.
Mg: [Ar] 3s2
Al: [Ar] 3s2 3p1