Department of Electrical and

Computer Engineering
EE20A - Electromechanical Energy
Conversion
Induction Machine

Principle of Operation
The stator coils, when energised, create a
rotating magnetic field.
Rotating magnetic field cuts through the
rotor inducing a voltage in the rotor bars.
This voltage creates its own magnetic field
in the rotor.
The rotor magnetic field will attempt to line
up with the stator magnetic field.
The stator magnetic field is rotating, the
rotor magnetic field trying to line up with
the stator magnetic field causes the rotor to
rotate.
The rotor magnetic field, never catches up,
but follows slightly behind.

Principle of Operation
The stator coils, when energised, create a rotating magnetic field.
Rotating magnetic field cuts through the rotor inducing a voltage in the rotor bars.
This voltage creates its own magnetic field in the rotor.
The rotor magnetic field will attempt to line up with the stator magnetic field.
The stator magnetic field is rotating, the rotor magnetic field trying to line up with the stator magnetic field causes the rotor to rotate.
The rotor magnetic field, never catches up, but follows slightly behind.

Motor Analysis
Slip is the difference between
the speed of the stator magnetic
field and the speed of the rotor
SLIP,S, = (NS - N) / NS

When motor is stationary, it

behaves like a transformer
At a given Speed, flux cutting
rate is reduced => thereby
reducing output voltage by a
factor of the slip.

Motor Analysis
Slip is the difference between the speed of the stator magnetic field and the speed of the rotor
SLIP,S, = (NS - N) / NS

Analysis
IIN

I1

Rs

INL
IO

Vph

RO

I2 jXr

jXs
a:1

Im

Xm

V1

V2

Per Phase Equivalent Circuit

Rr

Analysis
IIN

I1

Rs

INL
IO

Vph

RO

I2 jXr

jXs
a : 1

Im

Xm

V1

V2

Per Phase Equivalent Circuit

Rr
s

Analysis
IIN

I1

Rs

jXs

jXr

INL
IO

Vph

RO

Im

Xm

Pair gap

Per Phase Equivalent Circuit

Rr
s

Power per Phase

IIN

Rs

I1

jXs

jXr

INL
IO

Vph

RO

Im

Xm

Pair gap

Rr
s

Per Phase Equivalent Circuit

Pag = I12Rr`/s
Pcu = sPag
Pmech_gross = (1-s)Pag

Total Torque =
(3Pmech_gross- PF&W)/m

Power per Phase

Total Torque =
(3Pmech_gross- PF&W)/m

Power per Phase

I NL = Io + Im
Pag = Power across the air gap

=
+

R r
Pag = I1 x
s
2

Power per Phase

P mech_gross = (1-s) Pag per phase
2

Cu losses in rotor, Pcu = I1 R r

Total Torque =

P ag = [I 1 ]

3 x Pmech_gross - P

F& W

m
r

+ R

(1 - s)
s

Power per Phase

Pag = [I1 ] R r + [I1 ]
2

Pcu_losses_in_rotor

(1 - s)
Rr
s
Pmech_gross

Pag : Pcu : Pmech = 1:s:(1-s)

Power per Phase

Pmech_gross _per_phase = (1 - s) [ I1 ]

R r
s

(1 - s) 2
[I1 ] R r
=

s
Slip is variable and affects only rotor circuit
Ignoring Stator values

I1 =

V ph
R r
+ j X r
s

Power per Phase

= [I 1 ] R
2

P mech_gross

(1 - s)
=
x
s

Torque

Power
=

(1 - s)
s
V ph

R r
s

.R

+ [X

r
2
]
r

per phase
m

2 n

[V ]

(1 - s)
ph

x
2 ns
R r
s

.R

+ X

2
r

Torque
Simple Algebraic manipulations yield

Tmech_gross

(1 - s)
=

2
ns

(Vph )2 . R r . s 2
x

2
2
R r
2

X r

s
+
X

2 R r 2
.s
Vph .
(1 - s)
X r

x
2nsX r R r 2 + s 2
X r

Torque
R r
Now let =
X r
2

(1- s) Vph . s .
Then weget Tmech_gross =
x 2 2
2nsXr + s
2

(1- s) . Vph

2nXr

s .
x 2 2
+ s

Torque
ns - n
But slip, s =
ns
n = n s (1 - s)
By substituti ng for n we get :
Tmech_gross

Vph

s
x 2
=
2n s X r + s 2

Since the above calculations was derives as power per phase,

then the total torque for all three phases would be three times
the gross mechanical torque for each phase calculated above.

Torque
V ph 2

s
Total Torque = 3 x
x 2
2
2 n s X r + s
Let k =

3V ph

2 n s X r

s.
Then Total Torque = k . 2
+ s2

The maximum torque is obtained when:

R
slip, s =
X

r
r

or s =

Torque Characteristics

Speed-Torque characteristics
Modifications in the design of the squirrel-cage motors
permit a certain amount of control of the starting current and
torque characteristics.
These designs have been categorised by NEMA Standards
(MG1-1.16) into four main classifications:
1. Normal-torque, normal-starting current motors (Design A)
2. Normal-torque, low-starting current motors (Design B)
3. High-torque, low-starting-current, double-wound-rotor
motors (Design C)
4. High-slip motors (Design D)

Design A Motor

Hp range 0.5 500 hp.

Starting current 6 to 10 times full-load current.
Good running efficiency (87% - 89%).
Good power factor (87% - 89%).
Low rated slip (3 5 %).
Starting torque is about 150% of full load torque.
Maximum torque is over 200% but less than 225% of fullload torque.
Typical applications constant speed applications where high
starting torque is not needed and high starting torque is tolerated.

Design B Motor
Hp range 0.5 to 500 hp
Higher reactance than the Design A motor, obtained by means of
deep, narrow rotor bars.
The starting current is held to about 5 times the full-load current.
This motor allows full-voltage starting.
The starting torque, slip and efficiency are nearly the same as for
the Design A motor.
Power factor and maximum torque are little lower than class A,
Design B is standard in 1 to 250 hp drip-proof motors and in
totally enclosed, fan-cooled motors, up to approximately 100 hp.
Typical applications constant speed applications where high
starting torque is not needed and high starting torque is tolerated.
Unsuitable for applications where there is a high load peak

Design C Motor
Hp range 3 to 200 hp
This type of motor has a "double-layer" or double squirrel-cage
winding.
It combines high starting torque with low starting current.
Two windings are applied to the rotor, an outer winding having
high resistance and low reactance and an inner winding having
low resistance and high reactance.
Operation is such that the reactance of both windings decrease
as rotor frequency decreases and speed increases.
On starting a much larger induced currents flow in the outer
winding than in the inner winding, because at low rotor speeds
the inner-winding reactance is quite high.

Design C Motor
As the rotor speed increases, the reactance of the inner winding
drops and combined with the low inner-winding resistance,
permits the major portion of the rotor current to appear in the
inner winding.
Starting current about 5 times full load current.
The starting torque is rather high (200% - 250%).
Full-load torque is the same as that for both A and B designs.
The maximum torque is lower than the starting torque,
maximum torque (180-225%).
Typical applications constant speed loads requiring fairly
high starting torque and lower starting currents.

Design D Motor
Produces a very high starting torque-approximately 275% of
full-load torque.
It has low starting current,
High slip (7-16%),
Low efficiency.
Torque changes with load
Typical applications- used for high inertia loads
The above classification is for squirrel cage induction motor

Wound Rotor
Hp 0.5 to 5000hp
Starting torque up to 300%
Maximum torque 225 to 275% of full load torque
Starting current may be as low as 1.5 times starting current
Slip (3 - 50%)
Power factor high
Typical applications for high starting torque loads where very
low starting current is required or where torque must be applied
very gradually and where speed control is needed.

Current Effects on the Motor

Induction motor current consists of reactive (magnetizing) and
real (torque) components.
The current component that produces torque (does useful work)
is almost in phase with voltage, and has a high power factor close
to 100%
The magnetizing current would be purely inductive, except that
the winding has some small resistance, and it lags the voltage by
nearly 90.
The magnetizing current has a very low power factor, close to
zero.
The magnetic field is nearly constant from no load to full load
and beyond, so the magnetizing portion of the total current is
approximately the same for all loads.
The torque current increases as the load increases

Current Effects on the Motor

At full load, the torque current is higher than the magnetizing
current.
For a typical motor, the power factor of the resulting current is
between 85% and 90%.
As the load is reduced, the torque current decreases, but the
magnetizing current remains about the same so the resulting
current has a lower power factor.
The smaller the load, the lower the load current and the lower
the power factor. Low power factor at low loading occurs
because the magnetizing remains approximately the same at no
load as at full load

Methods to vary speed of the

Induction Motor
An induction motor is a constant-speed device. Its speed depends on
the number of poles in the stator, assuming that the voltage and
frequency of the supply to the motor remain constant.
One method is to change the number of poles in the stator,
for example, reconnecting a 4-pole winding so that it
becomes a 2-pole winding will double the speed. This method
can give specific alternate speeds but not gradual speed
changes.
Another method is to vary the line voltage this method is not
the best since torque is proportional to the square of the
voltage, so reducing the line voltage rapidly reduces the
available torque causing the motor to stall

Methods to vary speed of the

Induction Motor
Sometimes it is desirable to have a high starting torque or to have
a constant horsepower output over a given speed range. These and
other modifications can be obtained by varying the ratio of voltage
to frequency as required. Some controllers are designed to provide
constant torque up to 60 Hz and constant hp above 60 Hz to
provide higher speeds without overloading the motor.
An excellent way to vary the speed of a squirrel-cage induction
motor is to vary the frequency of the applied voltage. To maintain
a constant torque, the ratio of voltage to frequency must be kept
constant, so the voltage must be varied simultaneously with the
frequency. Modern adjustable frequency controls perform this
function. At constant torque, the horsepower output increases
directly as the speed increases.

NO LOAD TEST

V
AC

Voltage
Coil

Wattmeter

Current
Coil

IIN

I1

Rs

jXr

jXs

INL
IO

Vph RO

Im

Xm

Per Phase Equivalent Circuit

Pair gap

Rr
s

NO LOAD TEST
n - ns = 0

No load Speed Synchronous Speed

i.e. no power transfer which implies that Torque = 0

T=0
I1 = 0 &
E
Power Consumed = Core Losses + Friction &
Windage
Measure Vph , IIN and Wph
R r

( Infinite Impedance ) since I1 = 0

NO LOAD TEST
INL = I0 jIm
= INL ( cos NL - jsin NL )
cos NL =

Wph
Vph

Ro = Vph
I0

INL

Xm = Vph
Im

Lock Rotor Test

V
AC

Voltage
Coil

Wattmeter

Current
Coil

IIN

I1

Rs

jXs

jXr

INL
IO

Vph RO

Im

Xm

Pair gap

Rr
s

Lock Rotor Test

In the Lock Rotor test, No Load Speed, n = 0
Slip, s = ns 0 = 1,

s=1

ns
Then Rr Rr
s
Apply Voltage to Variac, VLR = (10% - 25% ) Vph
Since INL<< I1

Then INL 0

Measure values VLR , ILR and WLR

Lock Rotor Test

Zeq = VLR / ILR
cos LR=

WLR
VLR

ILR

Zeq = Zeq {cos LR - jsin LR}

= Zeq cos LR
Rs+ Rr

Zeq jsin LR
Xs + Xr

Lock Rotor Test

At Standstill Under d.c. conditions = 0
X= L
X=0

R1 & R2 can be measured using an ohmmeter over two stator

windings, which gives a value of Rs
Rr = Zeq cos LR - Rs
STATOR

R1
Ohm
meter

R2

Rs

jXs

ROTOR