English Part 2

CONDITIONALS
TYPE 1- The Future:
The form: pres. simple + will + bare inf., as in: If she calls me, I will come.
I will come tomorrow if I get up early.
If she invites me, I'll come to the party.
She'll bake a cake if she finds all the ingrediants.
She'll visit you if she has time.
TYPE 2- The Present:
past simple + present conditional it refers to now; possibilities in the present;

If you invited me (NOW), I would come.

If you told me the truth, I would help you.
If I were you, I would call her.
If I knew her, I'd give her money.

Exercise1: Translate these sentences from Bosnian into English into correct form of If
sentences.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Da ona zna za to, ona ne bi bila s njim.

Ako kupim ovaj mobitel, potroiu sve pare.
Da sam imao para kupio bih onu kuu.
Ako vrijeme bude lijepo, ii emo u etnju.
Da smo bili kod kue, lopovi nam ne bi ukrali pare.
I da znam odgovor na to pitanje, ne bih ti rekao.
Da sam dobro pripremio ispit, ne bih pao.

Exercise 2: Conditionals
1. On Sunday, the guests had to have their lunch inside. Unfortunately, it wasn't warm
enough to have it outside. _____________________________________________
2. David has so many accidents 'cause he's so clumsy. _________________________
3. You failed to plan things properly. Logically, you got into a mess.
____________________________________________________
4. She is not with us today. It is a problem. __________________________________
5. You lost your credit card. You have to call your bank straight away.
_____________________________________________________
6. I see lots of beautiful birds when I go fishing to a little lake.
_____________________________________________________

7. We slept in sleeping bags inside the tent. So we stayed warm.

_____________________________________________________
Exercise 3: Make the first conditional
1) If I ____________ (go) out tonight, I ___________ (go) to the cinema.
2) If you ___________ (get) back late, I _________ (be) angry.
3) If we _________ (not/see) each other tomorrow, we ______ (see) each other next week.
4) If he ___________ (come), I _______ (be) surprised.
5) If we ________ (wait) here, we ________ (be) late.
6) If we __________ (go) on holiday this summer, we _________ (go) to Spain.
7) If the weather __________ (not/improve), we ___________ (not/have) a picnic.
8) They ___________ (go) to the party if they _____________ (be) invited.
9) If I ____________ (not/go) to bed early, I ____________ (be) tired tomorrow.
10) If we _____________ (eat) all this cake, we ____________ (feel) sick.
11) She ____________ (stay) in London if she ___________ (get) a job.
12) If you ___________ (not/want) to go out, I ____________ (cook) dinner at home.
13) I ____________ (come) early, if you ______________ (want).
14) He ______________ (not/get) a better job if he ______________ (not/pass) that exam.
15) I _____________ (buy) a new dress if I _______________ (have) enough money.
16) She __________ (cook) dinner if you ___________ (go) to the supermarket.
17) They ____________ (go) on holiday if they ___________ (have) time.
18) We _____________ (be) late if we ____________ (not/hurry).
19) She ____________ (take) a taxi if it ____________ (rain).
20) I _____________ (not/go) if you _______________ (not/come) with me.
Exercise 4: Make the second conditional
1) If I _________ (be) you, I _________ (get) a new job.
2) If he _________ (be) younger, he ____________ (travel) more.
3) If we __________ (not/be) friends, I ___________ (be) angry with you.

4) If I ____________ (have) enough money, I_______________ (buy) a big house.

5) If she ___________ (not/be) always so late, she _____________ (be) promoted.
6) If we _____________ (win) the lottery, we ______________ (travel) the world.
7) If you ___________ (have) a better job, we _____________ (be) able to buy a new car.
8) If I _____________ (speak) perfect English, I ______________ (have) a good job.
9) If we _____________ (live) in Mexico, I ____________ (speak) Spanish.
10) If she ____________ (pass) the exam, she _______________(be) able to enter university.
11) She ______________ (be) happier if she __________________ (have) more friends.
12) We _____________ (buy) a house if we _________________ (decide) to stay here.
13) They ___________ (have) more money if they ____________(not/buy) so many clothes.
14) We_________________ (come) to dinner if we____________ (have) time.
15) She_____________ (call) him if she_____________ (have) his number.
16) They ____________ (go) to Spain on holiday if they _____________ (like) hot weather.
17) She _______________ (pass) the exam if she ______________ (study) more.
18) I ____________ (marry) someone famous if I _________________ (be) a movie star.
19) We________________ (be) late again if we ___________________ (buy) a new car.
20) You ____________ (lose) weight if you ______________ (eat) less.
Exercise 5: Complete the Conditional Sentences Type I.

If you (eat) __________an ice-cream, I (have) ___________ a hot chocolate.

If she (need) ____________ a computer, her brother (give) ______________her his

computer.

If we (have / not) _____________ time this afternoon, we (meet) _______________

tomorrow.

He (talk) ___________ to her if you (want / not) ______________ to do it.

You (win / not) _____________ the game if you (know / not) ___________the rules.

If you (wash) __________ the dishes, I (cook) ____________dinner tonight.

If my dad (have) ______________ time next week, we (paint) ___________my room.

You (learn) ____________ a lot about American history if you (visit) ___________
the exhibition.

If the weather (be / not)) ________ too bad tomorrow, we (play) ____________ golf.

We (get / not) ____________ there on time if we (catch / not) _____________the bus.

Exercise 6: Complete the Conditional Sentences Type II.

If I (have) _____________ more time, I (learn) ______________ to play the guitar.

If she (study) _____________ harder, she (get) ____________ better marks.

If we (know) ___________ more about history, we (be / not) ____________ afraid of

the test.

I (go) ___________ jogging with Tom and Sue if they (be) _____________ here this
week.

It (surprise)___________ me if she (help / not) _____________ you.

Exercise 7: Complete the sentences with the correct form (Type I or II).

If you need the car in the afternoon, I___________ shopping in the morning.

If I ___________ a hat, I would look like an old woman.

I'll buy this bag if they __________ it in blue.

She wouldn't pay cash if she _________ a credit card.

If I didn't have you, I __________ what to do.

Exercise 8:
1. If I ___________ enough money, I will buy a new skateboard. (have)
2. If you help your mother, she __________ very happy. (be)
3. If Mary __________ (help) in the kitchen, she will get more pocket money.
4. She will be angry if you _________ the truth. (not tell)
5. You will have to walk if you __________ the bus. (miss)
6. If Tom is at home, he __________ TV. (watch)

7. The baby _____________ if you are more quiet. (sleep)

8. If he is in San Francisco, he __________ Golden Gate Bridge. (see)
9. He __________ to the doctor's if he doesn't feel well tomorrow. (go)
10. We __________ good marks if we don't learn. (not get)
11. I ___________ to the USA if I have enough money. (travel)
12. If they __________ a car they will drive to Italy. (buy)
13. If I work harder I ___________ the exam. (pass)
14. If he _______ his car he won't get much money for it. (sell)
15. If he tells me the truth I ____________ glad. (be)

Business Vocabulary
1. Explain the following words and make up sentences with either of them:
1. to mind ones own business;
2. bad business;
3. dirty business;
4. personal business;
5. business hours;
6. annual business;
7. to be in business;
8. to be out of business;
9. booming business;
10. business competition;
11. business corporation.
2. How would you generally feel happy or unhappy, if you were in the following
situations. Use the words in italics to help you decide:
1. The company you work for is well-known for its job security.
2. You were suddenly made redundant.
3. You received a promotion.
4. You were given an increment.
5. You had a steady job.
6. You had adverse working conditions.
7. You suddenly found yourself unemployed.
8. You took time off work because of repetitive strain injury.
9. The office where you work has sick building syndrome.
10. You receive regular perks as part of your job.
11. Somebody called you a workaholic.
12. Your company doesnt give you many incentives.

13. Your boss announces that there is going to be some downsizing of the
workforce.
14. Your work didnt offer much job satisfaction.
15. Your company has a generous incentive scheme.
16. You receive a commission for the work you have done.
17. You receive support from a union.
18. You were under stress.
19. You were forced to resign.
20. You received a cut in your salary.
21. You found your job very demanding.
3. Match sentences 1-6 in the first box with one of the sentences A-F in the
second. Use the words in italics to help you:
1. Samantha is the assistant manager of a bank
and she works from 8.30 to 5.30 every day.
2. Tracy works on the production line of a factory
which makes cars. She uses a machine to spray
paint onto the finished car parts.
3. Jane works for herself. She is a photographer.
She works every day for about eight or nine
hours.
4. Jeanette is a cleaner for a company in
Birmingham, but she only works there for about
three or four hours a day.
5. Claire has a powerful job in the personnel
office of a large multinational company.
She is responsible for employing new people and
getting rid of those that the company doesnt want
to employ anymore.
6. Marie works in the finance department of an
international college in Oxford.

A. She is a semi-skilled blue-collar worker in a

manufacturing industry.
B. She is a self-employed and works full-time.
She likes to describe herself as freelance.
C. She is responsible for hiring and firing.

D. She calculates the wages, salaries, pension

contributions and medical insurance
contributions of all the staff.
E. She is a full-time white-collar worker in a
service industry.

F. She is an unskilled part-time employee.

4. Read the following text and try to summarise the notion of the words company and
association:
TYPES OF BUSINESS ORGANIZATIONS
A company is, in general, any group of persons (known as its members) united to pursue a
common interest. The term is thus synonymous with association, but more often it is used
specifically to identify associations formed for profit, such as the partnership, the joint-stock
company, and the for-profit corporation. A company is not necessarily a corporation, and thus
may not have a separate existence from its members. A company might also not be able to sue
or be sued in its own name, and thus would not be considered to be a legal person. Whether a
company has either of these characteristics depend on the law of the jurisdiction.

Although associations of persons carrying on business must have existed from time
immemorial, the oldest continually-operating business in existence is Japanese firm Kongo
Gumi, which was founded in the sixth century.
A voluntary association (also sometimes called just an association) is a group of individuals
who voluntarily enter into an agreement to form a body (or organization) to accomplish a
purpose. Strictly speaking in many jurisdictions no formalities are necessary to start an
association, although it is difficult to imagine how a one person association would operate.
In some jurisdictions, there is a minimum for the number of persons starting an association.
Some jurisdictions require that the association register with the police or other official body to
inform the public of the associations existence. This is not necessarily a tool of political
control but much more a way of protecting the economy from fraud. In many such
jurisdictions, only a registered association is a legal person whose membership is not
responsible for the financial acts of the association. Any group of persons may, of course,
work as an association but in such case, the persons making a transaction in the name of the
association are all responsible for it.
Associations that are organized for profit or financial gain are usually called partnerships. A
special kind of partnership is a co-operative which is usually founded on one man - one vote
principle and distributes its profits according to the amount of goods produced or bought by
the member. Associations may take the form of a non-profit organization or they may be notfor-profit corporations; this does not mean that the association cannot make benefits from its
activity, but all the benefits must be reinvested. Most associations have some kind of
document or documents that regulate the way in which the body meets and operates. Such an
instrument is often called the organizations bylaws or regulations.
4. Complete the text using the words below:
bankruptcy

corporations
partnership
premises

creditors
sole trader

liability

losses

financial

capital

The simplest form of business is the individual proprietorship or (1) ...........: for example, a
shop (US = store) or a taxi owned by a single person. If several individuals wish to go into
business together they can form a (2)...........; partners generally contribute equal capital, have
equal authority in management, and share profits or (3) ........... . In many countries, lawyers,
doctors and accountants are not allowed to form companies, but only partnerships with
unlimited (4) ........... for debts - which should make them act responsibly.
But a partnership is not a legal entity separate from its owners; like sole traders, partners have
unlimited liability: in the case of (5) ............ a partner with a personal fortune can lose it all.
Consequently, the majority of businesses are limited companies (US = (6) ...........), in which
investors are only liable for the amount of capital they have invested. If a limited company

goes bankrupt, its assets are sold (liquidated) to pay the debts; if the assets do not cover the
debts, they remain unpaid (i.e. (7) ........... do not get their money back.)
Founders of companies have to write a Memorandum of Association (in the US, a Certificate
of Incorporation), which states the companys name, purpose, registered office or premises
and authorized share (8) ........... .
(9).......... (always with an s at the end) - is the technical term for the place in which a
company does its business: an office, a shop, a workshop, a factory, a warehouse, etc.
Founders also write Articles of Association (US = Bylaws), which set out the rights and duties
of directors and different classes of shareholders. Companies memoranda and articles of
association, and annual (10). .......... statements are sent to the registrar of companies, where
they may be inspected by the public.
In Britain, founders can buy a ready-made off-the-shelf company from an agent, that is, a
company formed and held specifically for later resale; the buyer then changes the name,
memorandum, and so on.
6. Give the names for the defined money expressions:
1. A fixed amount which is paid, usually monthly, to workers of higher rank -> a s _ _ _ _ _
2. An amount of money which you lend to someone -> a l _ _ _
3. A sum of money which is owed to someone -> a d _ _ _
4. Money which is in the form of coins and notes, not cheques -> c _ _ _
5. An amount of money you receive,usually weekly, in return for labour or service -> a w _ _ _
6. Money paid by divorced father to his former wife for the upkeep of his children -> a_ _ _ _ _ y
7. Paid at a restaurant after eating -> a _ _ _ l
8. Extra percentage paid on a loan -> i _ _ _ _ _ _ _
9. Money paid for professional services, e.g. to a doctor -> a f _ _
10. Money paid by the state, usually to students -> a g _ _ _ _
11. Money paid by a company or the state on your retirement -> a p _ _ _ _ _ _
12. Paid as a punishment for breaking the law -> a f _ _ _
13. 15. Paid while traveling, especially on public transport, buses, train, etc. -> a t_ _ _ _ _
7. Put each of the following words or phrases into its correct place in the text
below:
banks
beads
buy
coins
change
currency
depositing
exchange rate

goods

investments
sell

money paper bills

shells

savings

earn
accounts

value

Money is what people use to (1)... things. People spend money on (2).. and services.
Many people save part of their money by (3).. it in a bank. People (4).. money by

performing services. They also earn money from (5).., including government bonds, and
from (6).. .
(7).. can be anything that people agree to accept in exchange for the things they (8).. or
the work they do. Ancient peoples used such varied things as (9), (10) and cattle as
money. Today, most nations use metal coins and (11).. . Different countries (12).. and
bills look different and have different names. A person can (13)... his money for the money
of any other country according to the (14).. . Usually, such rates are set by the central (15)
.. of a country. The (16)... of a countrys (17)... may change, depending on the
economic and political conditions in that country.
8. Match the definitions with the correct money word:
1. an allowance
a. money paid to authors or investors according to the sales of their work
2. a bonus
b. a sum of money used to make more money from something that will increase
3. commission
4. a deposit

in value
c. the money which a building society or bank lends to someone to buy a house
d. the money that a person pays to an insurance company to protect against loss

5. a dividend
6. an investment

or damage
e. money, usually from a relative, to live on
f. an additional payment which is a reward to those who work for a company for

7. a legacy

their extra work

g. the amount of money borrowed from a bank, greater than that which is in

8. maintenance
9. an overdraft
10. a premium

your account
h. money received from someone in his or her will
i. the amount of money that goes to a shareholder
j. money paid by divorced or separated people to support the former husband or

11. royalties
12. a share

wife
k. part of the value of a company that you may buy
l. part-payment of money which you make to stop the seller from selling his

13. a mortgage

goods to others
m. an amount of money, related to the value of goods sold, which is paid to a
salesman for his services