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CUADERNILLO DE

TEXTOS ESPECFICOS
DE
PSICOLOGA
INGLS I
2014

TEXT 1
ETHICAL PRINCIPLES OF PSYCHOLOGISTS AND CODE OF CONDUCT
This Ethics Code applies only to psychologists' activities that are part of their scientific,
educational, or professional roles as psychologists. Areas covered include but are not
limited to the clinical, counseling, and school practice of psychology; research;
teaching; supervision of trainees; public service; policy development; social
intervention; development of assessment instruments; conducting assessments;
educational counseling; organizational consulting; forensic activities; program design
and evaluation; and administration. This Ethics Code applies to these activities across a
variety of contexts, such as in person, postal, telephone, internet, and other electronic
transmissions. These activities are distinguished from the purely private conduct of
psychologists, which is not within the purview of the Ethics Code.
Complete the following sentences.
1- This Ethics code applies to ______________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
2- The areas covered are __________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
3- The purely private conduct of psychologists is not ___________________________
______________________________________________________________________

GENERAL PRINCIPLES
This section consists of General Principles. General Principles, as opposed to Ethical
Standards, are aspirational in nature. Their intent is to guide and inspire psychologists
toward the very highest ethical ideals of the profession.

Principle A: Beneficence and Nonmaleficence


Principle B: Fidelity and Responsibility
Principle C: Integrity
Principle D: Justice
Principle E: Respect for People's Rights and Dignity

TEXT 2
The substance of phenomenology
Phenomenology takes its start in the fundamental problem of describing accurately and
completely the essential features of everyday lived experience. By everyday lived
experience we mean the kind of active, engaged experience we have of the world
throughout the course of our everyday life: hearing the toll of a campus bell, seeing the
smile of a friendly face, grasping a coffee mug by the handle and bringing it to ones
mouth to sip. These experiences present the world to us; they do not at least not in the
first instance present our experience of it. By the essential features of everyday
lived experience we mean those features that are necessary and sufficient for them to be
experiences, and in particular for them to be the very experiences that they are.
Phenomenologys most basic premise is that it is more difficult to capture the essence of
everyday lived experience completely and accurately than one might have thought.
Answer the following questions.
1- What is the meaning of everyday lived experience?
2- Provide examples of everyday lived experiences.
3- What do these experiences not present to us?
4- What do these experiences present to us?
5-What is the meaning of essential features?

TEXT 3

The Psychopathic Personality


The psychopath is one of the most fascinating and distressing problems of human
experience. For the most part, a psychopath never remains attached to anyone or
anything. They live a "predatory" lifestyle. They feel little or no regret, and little or no
remorse - except when they are caught. They need relationships, but see people as
obstacles to overcome and be eliminated. If not, they see people in terms of how they
can be used. They use people for stimulation, to build their self-esteem and they
invariably value people in terms of their material value (money, property, etc.).
A psychopath can have high verbal intelligence, but they typically lack "emotional
intelligence". They can be expert in manipulating others by playing with their emotions.
The lack of emotional intelligence is the first good sign you may be dealing with a
psychopath. A history of criminal behavior in which they do not seem to learn from
their experience, but merely think about ways not to get caught is the second best sign.
These are the most highly researched and recognized characteristics of psychopathic
personality and behavior.

superficial charm
need for stimulation/prone to
boredom
manipulative
shallow emotional response
parasitic lifestyle
promiscuous sexual behaviour
lack of realistic long term
goals

irresponsibility

many short term relationships

revocation
release

of

conditional

grandiose sense of self worth

pathological lying

lack of remorse or guilt


callous/lack of empathy
poor behavioural controls
early behavioural problems

impulsivity

failure to accept responsibility for


their own actions
juvenile delinquency
criminal versatility

There is no actual diagnosis of Psychopathy in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of


Mental Disorders (DSM-IV), but it is a highly studied area. A psychopath is not the
same as an antisocial personality. Antisocial personalities may or may not be
psychopathic. The antisocial personality is primarily a problem involving a failure to
respect the right of individuals, the law and rules of society. Psychopathy involves
poor emotional intelligence, the lack of conscience, and an inability to feel attached to
people except in terms of their value as a source of stimulation or new possessions.
There are many expressions and forms of psychopathy. For instance, a sexual
psychopath is one form of a psychopath.
There is a significant amount of evidence to suggest that:

there may be a genetic influence that creates a psychopathic personality

adult psychopaths do not benefit from traditional counseling therapy and may in
fact offend again and sooner because of it

the brain of a psychopath may function and process information differently from
those of non-psychopaths

less intelligent psychopaths end up in prisons (highly intelligent psychopaths can


run companies)

psychopathic behaviour may have once had a strong genetic "survival of the
species" value

psychopathic personalities are much more common than most of us realize

Answer these questions.


1- Explain the general characteristics of a psychopath.
2- What are the two signs you may deal with a psychopath?
3- What is the difference between a psychopath and an antisocial personality?
4- What is, in general, the result taken with traditional counseling therapy in adult
psychopaths?
5- What is the difference between less intelligent psychopaths and highly intelligent
psychopaths?
6- Are psychopathic personalities common?

TEXT 4

Psychosis
Definition
Psychosis is a symptom or feature of mental illness typically characterized by radical
changes in personality, impaired functioning, and a distorted or non-existent sense of
objective reality.

Description
Patients suffering from psychosis have impaired reality testing; that is, they are unable
to distinguish personal, subjective experience from the reality of the external world.
They experience hallucinations and/or delusions that they believe are real, and may
behave and communicate in an inappropriate and incoherent fashion. Psychosis may
appear as a symptom of a number of mental disorders, including mood and personality
disorders. It is also the defining feature of schizophrenia, schizophreniform disorder,
schizoaffective disorder, delusional disorder, and the psychotic disorders (i.e., brief
psychotic disorder, shared psychotic disorder, psychotic disorder due to a general
medical condition, and substance-induced psychotic disorder).

Causes & symptoms


Psychosis may be caused by the interaction of biological and psychosocial factors
depending on the disorder it presents in; psychosis can also be caused by purely social
factors, with no biological component.

Schizophrenia,
disorder

schizophreniform

disorder, and

schizoaffective

Psychosis in schizophrenia and perhaps schizophreniform disorder appears to be related


to abnormalities in the structure and chemistry of the brain, and appears to have strong
genetic links; but its course and severity can be altered by social factors such as stress or
a lack of support within the family. The cause of schizoaffective disorder is less clear
cut, but biological factors are also suspected.

Delusional disorder
The exact cause of delusional disorder has not been conclusively determined, but
potential causes include heredity, neurological abnormalities, and changes in brain
chemistry. Some studies have indicated that delusions are generated by abnormalities in
the limbic system, the portion of the brain on the inner edge of the cerebral cortex that is
believed to regulate emotions.

Brief psychotic disorder


Trauma and stress can cause a short-term psychosis (less than a month's duration)
known as brief psychotic disorder. Major life-changing events such as the death of a
family member or a natural disaster have been known to stimulate brief psychotic
disorder in patients with no prior history of mental illness.

Psychotic disorder due to a general medical condition


Psychosis may also be triggered by an organic cause, termed a psychotic disorder due to
a general medical condition. Organic sources of psychosis include neurological
conditions (for example, epilepsy and cerebrovascular disease), metabolic conditions
(for example, porphyria), endocrine conditions (for example, hyper- or
hypothyroidism), renal failure, electrolyte imbalance, or autoimmune disorders.

Complete these sentences


1- Psychosis can be defined as _________________________
2- Patients suffering from psychosis show ______________________
3- Psychosis may appear as a symptom of ________________________________
4- Examples of psychotic disorders are ________________________

5- Psychosis may be caused by ________________________


6- The potential causes of delusional disorders are _______________________
7- A brief psychotic disorder is _______________________
8- Organic sources of psychosis include _______________________

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