Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Transfer
(CHAPTER 3)
Molecular Diffusion in Liquids
EXAMPLE 6.3-1
An ethanol (A)-water (B) solution in the form of
a stagnant film 2.0 mm thick at 293 K is in
constant at one surface with an organic solvent
in which ethanol is soluble and water is insoluble.
Hence, NB = 0. At point 1 the concentration of
ethanol is 16.8 wt % and the solution density is
1 = 972.8 kg/m3. At point 2 the concentration
of ethanol is 6.8 wt % and 2 = 988.1 kg/m3.
The diffusivity of ethanol is 0.740 x 10-9 m2/s.
Calculate the steady-state flux NA.
Solution
The diffusivity of ethanol is 0.740 x 10-9 m2/s. The
molecular weights of A and B are MA= 46.05 and
MB=18.02. for a wt % of 6.8, the mole fraction of
ethanol (A) is as follows when using 10 kg solution:
Principles of Mass
Transfer
(CHAPTER 4)
Molecular Diffusion in Solids
EXAMPLE 6.5-1
Solution
A sketch showing the concentration is shown in Fig.
6.5-1. The equilibrium concentration cA1 at the inside
surface of the rubber is, from Eq. (6.5-5),
Since pA2 at the other side is 0, cA2 = 0. Substituting
into Eq. (6.5-2) and solving,
EXAMPLE 6.5-2
A polyethylene film 0.00015 m (0.15 mm) thick is being
considered for use in packaging a pharmaceutical product
at 30 C. If the partial pressure of O2 outside the package
is 0.21 atm and inside it is 0.01 atm, calculate the
diffusion flux of O2 at steady state. Use permeability data
from Table 6.5-1. Assume that the resistances to diffusion
outside the film and inside are negligible compared to the
resistance of the film.
Solution
From Table 6.5-1, PM = 4.17 (10-12) m3 solute
(STP)/(s.m2.atm/m). Substituting into Eq. (6.5-8)
EXAMPLE 6.5-3
A sintered solid of silica 2.0 mm thick is porous,
with a void friction of 0.30 and a tortuosity of
4.0. The pores are filled with water at 298 K. At
one face the concentration of KCl held at 0.10 g
mol/liter, and fresh water flow rapidly past the
other face. Neglecting any other resistance but
that in the porous solid, calculate the diffusion of
KCl at steady state.
Solution
The diffusivity of KCL in water from Table 6.3-1 is DAB =
1.87 x 10-9 m2/s. Also, cA1 = 0.10/1000 = 1.0 x 10-4 g
mol/m3, and cA2 = 0. Substituting into Eq. (6.5-13),
DAB 1.173 10
16
(M B )
12
T
BVA0.6
9.96 x 10-16 T
VA1 3
DAB
9.40 x 10-15T
( M A )1 3
EXAMPLE 6.4-1
Predict the diffusivity of bovine serum albumin at
298 K in water as a dilute solution using the
modified Polson equation and compare with the
experimental value in Table 6.4-1.
Solution
The molecular weight of bovine serum albumin (A) from
Table 6.4-1 is MA= 67500 kg/kg mol. The viscosity of
water at 25 C is 0.8937 x 10-3 Pa.s at T = 298 K.
Substituting into Eq. (6.4-1),
EXAMPLE 6.4-2
A tube or bridge of a gel solution of 1.05 wt %
agar in water at 278 K is 0.04 m long and
connects two agitated solutions of urea in water.
The urea concentration in the first solution is
0.2 g mol urea per liter solution and is 0 in the
other. Calculate the flux of urea in kg mol/s.m2
at steady state.
Solution
From Table 6.4-2 for the solute urea at 278 K, DAB =
0.727 x 10-9 m2/s. For urea diffusing through stagnant
water in the gel, Eq. (6.3-3) can be used. However,
since the value of xA1 is less than about 0.01, the
solution is quite dilute and xBM 1.00. Hence Eq. (6.35) can be used. The concentrations are cA1= 0.20/1000
= 0.0002 g mol/cm3 = 0.20 kg mol/m3 and cA2= 0.
Substituting into Eq. (6.3-5),