/s,f..

zi

DESILVEKIZATION

Br

lU-USTBATED

NUMEROUS
TO

CUPELLATION.

AND

JOHNJ-EEOY,

WITH

LEAD,

OF

METALLURGY

M.D., P.E.S.,

ORIGINAL

ACCURATE

AND

OTHER

WOODCUTS

SCALE.

LONDON:

JOHN

MURRAY,

ALBEMARLE

STREET.

1870.

ni

rli^tof iVanrinHHi it nwrwd.

D,j,i,i.aL,

SIR

IMPEY

RODERICK

K.C.B.,

MEMBER

OF

DIRECTOR

OF

THE

"^is

WITH

r.E.s.,

INSTITUTE

GEOLOGICAL

THE

OF

THE

THE

Bart.,

MUECHISON,

ROYAL

{tolnmc

SINCEKE

OF

SURVEY

SCHOOL

"

FBAUCE,

OF

OF

THE

MINES,

DillTED

KINODC

ETC,

btbicateb

BEQARD

OF

THE

AUTHOR.

D,j,i,i.aL,

PREFACE.

It

tbia volume

that

intended

was

Lead, Silver,and

of

those

treat

Gold

should

but

detailed
sufEoiently
without
single volume
making

important subjectsin

preheneivemanner

in

and

inconvenient.

heavy

to be

as

Metallurgy
impossibleto

found

been

it has

the

contain

and

it

It has, therefore,been

com-

thick

so

decided

Metallurgyof Lead, includingthe

and
Cupellation.The Author does
processes of Desilverization
the
because
not
regret the change in the plan of publication,
delay in publishingthe Metallurgyof Silver and (Jold will,there
him
valuable and additional
is reason
to procure
to hope, enable
for the
from California and elsewhere on those subjects
information
next
volume, of which a considerable
portionis alreadyin print.
has great pleasurein acknowledgingthe assistance
The Author
lurgists,
British Lead-Smelters, foreignMetalfrom
tvhich he has received
restrict this volume

to

and, so

others ;

and

the

to

far

single instance to record

aided him in his task,except

in

who

engaged
Boyal School
is

the

H.

Mr.

as

of

assistance in

Mines,

and

presS)

laboilr

that

the

has

as

of

for

well

London, August, 1870.

Smith,

his

friend,

valuable

new

long out of
engaged
assiduously

has been

editions

of

both; but

been
the

able

to

remaining

volumes

the

Author

so

much

editions for the

proceed with

New

found

as

for

indebted

I'equiredin preparingsuch
not

Eichard

Lead

through the press.

this work
having been

greatlyaltered,and,
greatlyimproved

will be

as

however, of
editions,
little delayas possible,
and, on

desired.

with

him,

much

state that he

productionof

could have
appear

be

are

of

MetallurgicalLaboratoryof

that to
is

Mr.

Assay

volume

volumes

print,the Author may

materials
in collecting
time

and

the

In this

to do so.

the

on

prepared by

Author

passingthis

first two

The

enjoined not

in

instructor

the

Bauerman,

when

part, been

most

he is aware, he has not omitt"d

of individuals who have
names

that the article

to mention

is proper

has, for the

Ores

and

the

placeit

as

as

those

their revision

rapidlyas
volumes

he
will

publication,
they
to hope,
ventures

CONTENTS.

PHYSICAL

0 E

I 8 T

Y.

PEOPEETIES

Colonr

Lustre

OF

LEAD.

CiTBtaiUiiie
sjatem

BpeaiBc heat
Dilatation
by beat
Melting-poiat

Hudnew

Latent

CondnctiTity

"Volatilization

Otiier

.^..,.

HftUeability and
Bpeciflogravity
Reuatanca

doctilitf

to pieanue

8
S

liettt

8
for heat

aod

electricity.
..

physical properties

Tenacity

CHEMICAL

PROPERTIES

LEAD

DiOIIDB

SUBOXIDB

OR

Pboioxide

OsmmNO

ACTIOS

LiTBABOB

OF

OI

Bulphnr

with

LEAD.

OXYGEN.

Leas

op

Hkatbd

AND

OF

tab

16

Selemuin
Tellurium

Dioxide

of copper
Protoxide
of copper

Aneclc
...

17

Antimony

Oxideofiino

17

Tin

Iron-spalBB

17

Biamutli

Sesquiolide of
Protoxide

iron

17

of manganese

17

fitanuicacid

17

Titaiiicacid

18

HlDRATXD

Oxide

18

Sesquioxidb

of

antiroony

AnlimoQioiis
Ai^eniooa

Eioid
acid

Heeled

0?

PhotoiiDe

Of

18

FsBOXiDior

Lead

with

wood

with

carbonate

charcoal, and
and
with

with

SILICON.

2'

Heated

3(
3

chuicool
of

AND

MBqtdozide

with

...

snlpliur
wilbprotoeulphjdeofiron...

Heated

Heated

Leah

with

Heated

lime

Ekd-Lead

18

LEAD

Heated

IS

01

Lead

or

"

Afseuicucid

SlLlCATEB

PeOTOXIDK

3.

soda

carbonate

and

of

chnrcoal
iron
.

and

of

iion

charcoal
of

Silicates

protoxide of lead

and
3

potiujh
Do.

and

soda

Do.

and

baryta

3:

Do. and

lime

33

Do., lime, and

alun

Cookie

LEAD

AND

SULPHUB.

Figt

StLPHIDK

LBAD

0"

with

Heated

otbei

phides
SUFFOHED

SL'BaL'LFUIDES

Sllphate

or

Action

Pkotoxide

of

LEAD

OF

38

39

Lead...

of

eoda

Bolphate orieod
SulpLate of lead heutnl vilh
alkolioe
carbonates, or

40

on

12

silica and

in carbonic

Heat"d

with

borax

43

with
Heated
Heate") with

protoxide of

H"Ated

alkaline

chloride

with

lead

soda,

and
or

or

nitre,and

certain other
53

Heated

witli

and

carbon

the flied alkalies

with

their carbonates

or

and

carbon

and

with

lime

and

with

51

...

of lead

and

'

43
..

caustic

or

oxidizingsubstancea
Heated

52
52

of soda

the fixed alkaliea

withniire

.^2

53

with

alone
42

with

with

51
52

hydrogen

oiide

their carbonates

in

carbonate

potasli,01
or
potash

'

ceilain

"UiaittB
Heated

Heated

Heated
42

with

with

lime

oxide

Sulpliidcof lead heated

'

'

fixed

in carbonic

Heated

...

of
hjpoaulpliite

Hested

Sulphate of lead heated wifii carbon

Hrat"d in hydrogen

91

ml-

metallio

43

eiulhf

mlphalc*

lime

53

Heuted

43

with

baryta

He"ted

with

chloridb

baryta and

of aodiuni
43

oipotMunm
Heated

with

fluorido of calcium

Heated

with

fluoride

and

44

of calcium
of

cariMuate

cyanideofpolanium

with

Heated
with iron
Special
Beaittions comitcrKii
Lead
SiLPHiDE
OF

Sulphide

of lead

oxide

of lead

Htated

heatul

with

Hented

with

access

Heated

with

Heated
Heated

with

it-ad

oxide

with

tribasic

White-lead,

pROToi[DK
cbbibb,

of

of water

or

Protoxiub

iron

58
5i"
tiO

with

Healed

witli

antimony

lead

8utpbide

of

antimony

of

arsenic

61
62

heated

with
G2

of
Suli^ide

of

jieated with

4U

OF

AND

Lead...

flake-whiie

CAHBON.

67

Nectral

67

of

68

AND
71
.

leai

AESENIO.

I Abseniates

shot
o"

Lead.

LEAD

PHOSPHOBUS.

AND
74
,

.76

heate-d

with

nide
cyaKl

Heated
pa""3
taasinm
Hiie"l with chloride
of sodium
air... 65
androaslcdwLihaccosBof
Heated
with chloride of animo-

48
.

lead

potastiium
with ferrocyanideof

Lead

of ai"enioiu

of

coppet
zinc

45

sulphides...47

LEAD

Quantity

silicate

with

Sulphide

mixture
ad-

Lead
OF

and

itoo

with tin

46

of nir in

LEAD

of

of

59

Cabbohates

56
56

with

protoxideof

41! '

...

of air

vapour

iron

Heated
Heated
Heated

45

prot-

silicate of lead

iu the

iron

'

sulphate of

n'ith othor

5.5

sesquioiidaof

carbon

45

access

carbon

45

witti

with

Heated

with

Heated

Arsenide

Heated

lime,

44
flimide of calcium, and carbon
Heated
with sulphate of baryta,
sulphate of lime, and fluoride
ofoalcium
44
Heated
with lead
45

Carbide

with

44

with

Heated

Heattd

lime

Heated

II

LEAD
Chloride
or
OlTCHLORlDM
MiHFrAfTTURE

AND

Lead

77
LEAD

OP
OF

Chlobocarbonate

78

OxYCHLORIDE
Lead
of

LbAD

OF

AND

NITKOQEN.

Lead

or

or

Baaionitralesofprotoiideoflead... B5
Hyponitniteg and nitrites of protoxide

Lead.

op

moDoaitrote

uf lend

..

LEAD
Antoioihatb

or

Fbotosisk

AND

OF

ANTIMONY.

LEAD

103

Sampling
FCRNACE

IhPLBMENTB

lOt

"c
Furnace, cTDcibles,

10*

Sliirer

106

Ingot-mouldB
Hfljomer,forceps,and broBli
Balance and weights

106

AND

Hedlcing

AND

Cuibonate

Agent"i

InFLUSNCB

of

BOS'

Flu

106

Caibonnte
Silica

J06

IOb'

Irou

THE

Metals

of

TUOD

106

potash

of lime

Sulphate of barjla.
Infliekcb

'bitartrate of

or

Cabbonate

of

106

Borax

tailar

Abbat

lOt!

of Boda

of

ORES.

106

Fluor-spar
Cream

Assay

ot

iBOKCHDaBLE

loe

Aesat

of

Galena

AsAAV

OP

Galena

in

Iron

Cbuoisles

pFi.w

106
.

AsBAi

OF

CIHLE3

A^sAv

Lbad
WITHOUT

OF

Lead

CstCIDLlS, WITH

in

Oreb

Iron
in

Dihueb

Iron

AotimoDj

Cru'

Fluxes
Ores

110
in

ADDITION

Arsenic

....

Eabtuen
or

85

Lun

or

ASSAY

FLtlSBS

81
81

LEAD
Nltbidb
Nitrates
Neutral

CHLORINE.

InoN

110

Wet

Absax

oi

upon
with

the

Fll'xeb

mb
u

EXTEACTIOH

OP

SILVER

PATTINSOirS

FROM

LEAD.

PR0CEB8.
P""

isTcnUcm
HiBtoty of Hr. Pattinaon's
Descriptionof the apjHmtiu
Mode
of oonductiag FattinsoD'a
pn"-

EUMINATION

121
121
128

ducUng

in

the

PnttiDaon'

ObSBJIVATIONB

mode
a

of

cod-

Effiwt of foreign ntctftlitupno

IM

Aritimony,tin,Rrwnic

HG

CoSt-ENTBATlON

i;

Do.,

Fat-

and

'

losa

138

and

laboor

required in Pal139

Wronght-iron Pattinuon-pota

139

1"

Application

Hachi.neev

of

139

rtss

Exi-eiument

Pat-

to

Tin
.

PABKE8'

DestriptioQof (he appaifttiu

Dvaeriptionof Ihe prucud

Oat uf tlie process

Karaten's
eipGiimenb
Deiincification of lead
lead
Do. by oUier clilohdoa

PUUCESS

PATTUMUtl'B

1 rON

PROCESS.

149

Treatintnt
'

Produce

of
and

aigcntiferoiuzinr
cunt

by

clilorido of

Latvr

trials of

Purkea'

II

OF

LEAD

BY

ZINO.

conductingthe opeiatioQ

ENQLHH

OR

CCPELLATION

CUPELLATION.

178

Elimination
o
Hud iron during tiiu proccas
.

of tlie furnace and (eat ITiJ

lA'ScriptioQ
Mude
of conducting the prootna...
li"3
German
Cupkllatiok
(Abtubiiien) 1S5
Uekiian

Cupellatioh

at

OUBBHVATIOSS

Gebhan

Cl

..

butrich..
.

1U9

Litharge...

REFINING
is

ajt

method

"

THE

PuiCfJiS

18^
1U2

OF

"

BLICKSILBER."

"

S02
...

"o;i
ON

18ti

...

biug

Hvarth-Uiltum

IHti

FnEiBKHa
Deecriptionof the furnace
Prepaiation of the workiDg bottom
Mode
uf conducting the proct'BB

lodiou

In

protx-sa

HEFINING

Refining

..

of di'ailvtri

ziuc lit Cleuatlial

I
I Dtzindflciitionof dcHilverizodlradby
1
ateiim
BU["iTheatcd
I

DECOPPEBIZATION
of

Coi'P
IIG

linsoD 'a process

Cost of Pattinsoii'e process

Mode

OF

oflead
Time

114

Pw"-

CESB

PropoitioD of ddrnmings

Hi

Nickul

131

process

PilTlNSON's

on

CaY"TALLU!ATItJN

BY

Copper

oess

MuJiflcSitiotia

liEAIl

PIIUM

HeTALS

CERTillt

OF

fellatios

2U3

LEAD-SMELTIKG.
HisTOBiaAi. Nonoaa

LEAD-SHBLTma

on

Oiesoflead

218
of ailver in tlie oree

Clamhoatiow

of lesd

Sbbltdjo

or

ON

leai*

222

furnace
Sponiah

222

FlowiDg-fumsce

222

IS

THE

Descriptionof the fiunace

IK

HOLIWELL,

tHKLTIKO

Blejberg ftuTiaoe
Bi.An--Fi:RNAcw
Oie-hearth

PLINTSHIEE

CoNCLreioM

229

IN

Lead-

FLINTSHIBi:

THE

FCB-

Dbschiptioh
by
Lead-subltiho
FCRNACB
NEAR

AcTHOB

THB
IN

THE

I Do.

OP

IS

Adra,
The
I
BeUIIAN

I
IN

THE

SPANISH

LEAD-SMELTING
Bt

CoHNisH
THE
Cftleiner

Flowing

or

IN

Process

258

262

263
264

""

Fi;hnacb
"'

242
242

244

'

244

244
proced^ breton
FUNTSBIBB
FcKHAOE, with
"

245

FUENACE.

Ore
Chloination

Flowing oi melting

AT

LEAD-SMELTING

'^

Soutll of

240

FLOWING-FUENAOE.

257

the famace
Modification of the fliroace
""ide of condacticgthe process

DEBBTBUIRE

fii"-place"

two

THB

LEAD-SMELTING
of
Description

ALPORT,

EEVEEBEHATOBT

257

melting-ftiniaco

AT

239

CIbujjUisI,Upper Hura

FUNT-

THB

Flintshirb

tub

OTHER

Bhittany

SMELTING

in

LOOAUTIEB
TnTDOwit!;,Upper Silesln

FuNTSHiBa

HOLYWELL,

IN

COK-

Fvrhace

FtRNACE

231

235
DiTA

LEAU-flMELTlHO

FuiftBHiRE
L"Ai".SM"LTiHa

NACB

pEECECQia

AmALYTICAL

CKllSraO

229

tbb

DaTA

| ADDITIONAL

NBAB

the pioceea
DescBiPTtuN
Of

222
222

fboh

AhALVTICAL

FLIHTSHIBB

222

FUHNAOB.

of
Description

Akotubb

....

222

BaOILLT,

AT

FuHlSHIRB

THE

..

PROCESS.

222

BMELXraG

Galena

or

Deoxidatio

Pbo-

BETEBBEnATQiiY
FuBNACES
FUntsbire
fumfico

LEAD-SMELTING.

Desvlphcsizatioh

219

AIB-EEDUOTION

LHAJVfiKKLTINa
FUBKACB

Buuih

OBSEBVATIONS

mTBODUCTOBY

Presence

Gbsat

ix

259

259
260

BLEIBEBO.

I EesulU

of Bmeltbfc

Observations

| Leftd-asKayingat
IN

PEETJ.

266
267

Uleiborg

270

SMELTINa

of tlie oie-heuth

Dcsmption
of

obtained

BesiutK

from

THE

279

ccmdui:ting the
Binelting
Compositioa of the Blag

Mode

IN

281

TrKATKKHT

282

AuERiCAH

week's

263

smelting
Compoiativa results from ameltirigin
fumoL'e and in the
Uie rererbcratory
ore-heorth
Vabiatidms

LEAD^HELTINQ

IN

IN

INDIA

BOASTING

BMALL

AND

AT

Descriptionot

the

BabiiU.tnin-0

(^Baic-imelling)

FfiRBLTHiNOB-

oi

of Uie

IN

of

and

..

AT

'

-'

"

PEEIBEKG.

3'

Bpeiee
l^lags

3"

Otlier kinds

3"

313
313
of

blasl-funiaoe

3i

in use at Freiberg,ISUB
etolbergfurnace

Si

Stv.

3i

Lcad-sniclting

Mixture

'6'

ores

OlIilUTtOHB

IN

THE

FHElBEBa

301
301

The iirei^lous lead group

The bnryliclend group
CloBsiflcationofores
of

301

Fiupriog(nfloiiig"

of the

nature

Frcibtrg
The
prtriouaquartz group
'I'he pyriticlead group
at

the WOTk-leod)

2!

lead-ameltingpro-

occnirerice

2
ia Bohemia

DcifnisgBfWcikblTet
(cupelling

Blt-

LEAD-BMELTING

ores

in

BWEDEN.

Friskning
tbelitE

Hode

2
2
...

81"K(ria(()
VaodroBtning(oalcinatiou)

[Lead-im^iinp)

81IALTSIN0

Products

called

SO

PRO0EB8.

SALA

2:

ores

BLABT-FUBNAGES

DEOXIDIZING

LEAD-SMELTING

HCIBTH-CNM

or

Obe-Heahtu

Cariiilhia
Do. at Przibrani

CONBTKlCnON

mt

Oh"-

Di'Bcriptionoftheheutb
Mode
of coDducling the process
B"si]Ita of smelting in the Am^
rifaii ore-hearth at Bleiberg

284
in

DiHEituotra

tnD

of

pioceu

one

OSE-HEABTH.

PBO-

314
814

.-twyer

bluBt-fumnce
Sheltiko

now

in

aevcn-twyer

in the Ban;

316

Gegi'lls

Sltj

Bmelting
Si'cond smelting
Slags from reguluB-smelting

316

Of

First

Bmcltiug

blaut-

Bmeltliigin blast- furnaces the rcguluB produced

Btui'ltiqg
slaj^ cnQlaioinglead,in
with certain ores
In
conjutiction
revcrbctatoryfurnaces
Orr-Roaetikg

Calciniijo

OR

OonipoiJtionof loasttd
Smelting

IN

of
DCECriptioQ
Process
Duration

ACE

of Ihe

S'

Sin gH from

3i

Kxperimeiits with

...

of smelting

31

tUizc the

sine

Acm:ei"sobv Pbowvcts

Products

Con.

Blnst-fiiruDce lead
Blast-furnace rcgulus

3
3.

324

ditto

suitlting

3IH
319

LE"tI"-SLAGg

3i

...

the bkst-fumace

or

317

319
Boasting
of the
reTerberatoi;
Deiicri|)tiou
319
smelling-futnaco
320
Pkkm^ss of loneiting
Bcguluj Irom slug-and orr-smeltfurtmce 323
ing in thr ri^vtrbetatory

Si

ore

Butsi'-FcnH

THE

SMELTIKQ
%

315

view

in ditto

to vuta325
325

TiELDe

AHD

Smeltikg

330

LOM

332

Cobw

eiaga from

of

nace

PEoDcnE

FBEiiina

the

of

Minm

ni

337

PONTQIBAUD.
3

840
340

"Ie^

Method

313

pwooediug

Smelting

"

342

9'

coats

Covaxnoma

ikon

Anai.itjcal

tub

Data

TIALAS.

AT

IJIAD-SMELTINO

846

the process

AT

LEAD-SMELTING
the

DMcriptionof

337

Regulus

338
839

proc^iding

of
Description

337

reaulta

1867

Blugt-fuinaoe
of

836

AT

ProdnctionofleodinFranoe
Descriptionof the ore
Itooatingand agglomerating fumoce
of

335

Crystallizatioii

833

LBAJ^SMELTINQ

Method

Solnlion

Observations
332

Begulua-Bmelting

blue-Titriol 335

at

manofbctara

EMnomicaJ

rogulas-

amelting

..(,

_.

the

Ore-smeltingin the blast-runiai" 332

Slug- and ore-smettiDgiu tha re832
furnace
Terberatoiy
Smelting in the reverbewtoiyftir-

PISE.

fdmaoe

817

.-

ore, and

^etemof

AT

LEAD-SMELTmO

ORES

LEAD

THE

OF

SMELTINO
of the
De"criptiait

LA

COMMEEN.

OF

851

dtesring
BBENISH

HECHEBNICH,

PBD8SLA.
353

Calcining and melting

353

in blast-furnaces
Reduction
VesilTenzation of tlieleod

354

MOHLENGASSE

LEAD-SMELTING

AT

THE

LEAD-SMELTING

AT

MtJNSTERBUSCH,

LEAD-SMELTING

AT

EMS

LEAD-SMELTING

AT

BUEGFET

IN

AT

NEAR

355

BTOLBEEG

366

NASSAU

357

PBOCBSe.

IBON.RBDUCTION

LEAD-SMELTING

354

WOBKB

357

TABNOTTITZ

360

DeaMiption of the low fUmaoa

of proceeding
Meihcd

3tO

387

ObseiTBtionj)

LEAD-8MELT[NG

IN

ScnuBO-suELTiHa
Frodnots
of smelling
BsouLVB
SuELTuia
or

THE

868

HAE2

OTPEB
370

872

V79

379
Roasting
3f^0
nasled
of
reguiuii
Composition
SHi
of
rcAstedlead-regulus...
Smelting
...

Lead from regulm-anelting

'

Begnliu
ing

from

Blag* from leod-regnlnitmotting

luUN-BEDTO
\ LEAI"-9HEl.TINa BY THE

latd-iegultunoolt-

LEAD-SMELTma

BASIC

WITH

PbOCCBB

TIUH

SILICATE

OF

...

JliFUl

IM

8S4

PBOTOXIDE

lEON.

OP

Dewrtptioi)of tbeBaohettefamiice
ScBUBO-SHILTDia
Paiticulara

LUE

WITH

of

in

3S3

S89
RaCBKTTK

THE

FCRNACE

S92

896

yield..

AT

LEAD-BHELTINQ

BOHEUIA.

PRZIBRAH,

moftbeoras

Roaated

lead

406

orea

406
Lead-reguliM
Slag from nrdinuy lpaili"m("lting

Galbia

BuaniB

and

at Pizibram

ik

AxALTTICALDATA

COKCER)iU"oLEAI"-

OF

SHELTINQ
NOHTB
COHMOK
OB
8i.aq-Hearth

Descniptionof

the slag

OBES

OXIDIZED

EnOLAVD

OF

alag-lionrtii

Descriptionof Iho funiace

Smelting-diMge
Mode
of conductiiig
tlie process
Smelting cosIb
the Cal'thagcna
fumace
BemorkB
on

...

LETDALE,

Do.
oia

AT

ABBAHCEUEMT

AT

Faluze'b

Wet

427
427

430
430

smelting

430

OF

431

THE

llFJ"I'(.-TtOH

SrLrHATB

OF

HEAD

OF

Lead

of

AnRANGEMENT
COSDEBBISO
EOGLEBTON
MjLL, HEAR
Ol'SBERI.AMO

rONTAINlNO

Cab-

or

PuOeniATE
fob

433
Lead

extkactikg

CaKBOHATEU

0HB8

131

LEAD-FLTHE.
OS

CoNDERBATIOn

TBE

Leaimiuoke

bt

Brtdsh

118

Charaltebs

ComSHlTIO-N

and

OF

Leao-fcmk
Particular
138

the

4^1

haud

151

variety of

bhut-fulueCGS

fume
at

from

Pontgl151

On

the presence of gold

BilTer In loid-fiimu
BcmarbB

as

well

Quantity fume obtained

smelting l"id oree, and io

Comienbino
Ill
AT

OhEB

Carbonate

BUELTEB

114

Leai"-fuhe

ab

Pnoctas

OF

SIIELT-

Dchfbiesgbihe

LeAI"

ObBEBVATIOI'S

WEMS-

AT

OF

AKD

FBOM

112

WaNLOCK
Scheme

429
thk

ore

O.V

Lead

BONATE

THE

YUHSSRIRE

WoHKB,

of the proreaa

424

Works,

Sheitiho

AbBANOEHEHT

THE

Theory

THE

438

FLCEB

StaQO'b CONDEMBEII
COMBENBINO

of

423

436

Liiad
Alfort
Derbtshibe

FroccBs

SWELTIIiQ

422

of lead-

fame
CONDENBlKa

of the

Abtificcal

431

esmy
coUection

and

HOBIZOHTAL

f^y-filagiin

SvLPUATE

AH

EiiffTB

Nature

EXPEHIHBHTB

CONDENSATION

LOSQ

of

IWiwi-'U
TiEAD Che in thtch

421

FCBMACES

CondeUBatioQ

OP

Leas

compoaitiuuof the
Blagfrom CheBpaDLBhHlag-bealih120

Bishop Wataon'B

PBODrCTS.

Cartha^ia

Bim.TiNO

412

and

OaKTHAQENA

AND

the

SrAiM
417
Small
Blaq-hearthb
IN
The Sfasibh 81.A0-BEAHTH
418
Desniption of the "Ug-htartliat
119
Alport

Gbaractera

110

Cost of redaction
411

the

107

On the ict"[itioD of the regulua in

maxTCBE

THE

155
in

other

metullurgieal pro-

ce*6M

447

455

of

Treatment

AuTOK.

as

connwlid

uilli kfld

of ktid-fume

tain
cer-

l.W
458

OF

SOFTESmG

HARD

LEAD.

P"ge
SoFTBNisa

Habd

07

Lead

Oxidation

apBEBic

lend

ON

| Do.

IS
Case

Chinese

VABIETY

OF
OF

Sulphideof

MATTERS

of 111

of in

Fluorspar
of baryta
i "[il|ihale
and other silicates
Cla?
,
.

of silver

486

COMPOSITION
COJfFOemOH

OF

Lead,

ACCOBDINO

HADE

IN

OP

DIFraRENT
TO

ZIKDS
the

Laboratory

Absat

TiKSNA

OP

Cost

Shbltino

op

Fcrhaoe
British

in
in

iH

Fliktsrire

Orb, Lead,
IN

THE

bcitablb

Lead

bittable

fob

Production

497

Foreign

PiTB

FOR

QnANTiTT
AND

498

Sheei-lbad

Pipes

Sdlfhcbio

495

496

FOB

Spanish

Leas

SniUABY

UNITED

Sheet-lead

Lead

496

and

1868

MibLUJ

494
and

DETAHS.

MISCELLANEOUS

OB

LaBOBATOBT

THEROTAL

YeAB*

EHDIHtl

shire
Flint-

Uad-SmcltersiDl8T0

QiANTiTY OP Lead
SiLTEB, PbODCCED
KiNGDOv

the

IN

Comfosttioii or Gebman

.,.493

Ores

PcBCEAaB

MADE

LEAD.

OF

atClacbthal
Ih-

the

KINDS

| DO.

OF

ANALTSES
op

OmcE,

DIFFERENT

COMMERCIAL

Chambers

I Silica

zinc

Sulphide

Rolled

PE0CESSE8,

FOREIGN

Carbonate
Dolomite
Carbonate

Arsenic

Caw

LEAD-SMELTIN0

DIFFEBENT

480

Sulphide of antinuMiy

Listof

Method

ORE.

for illostration

PBSUIi

cnpelktion-fbT-

Germoa

INFLUENCE

THE

in the

4TG

THE

THE

469

LTCHABGE.

OP

the blMt-fumaoe

AND

467

poling itt the Silver

'frorkBat Sctiemoilz

461

foxTererberetoiy

Lead

Hard
.nd

in t)ie Bleibeig furiiu

BEMARKS

nt

obtained

466

Ij^x..

befbra pat-

BEDtTOnON

Special

softesino

461

Do.

by

464

Dross

of

461

of Boflcned

iu the

Lkad

Oxidation

OF

Treatsbnt

requitedfor eoflening

RednctioQ

Habd

or

Agints

459

cbuginj;

Foling

SoFTEKiNO

cast-iron

bottom

Time

HiatoTj of the procpag of aoftening

462
bj atmosphericoxidation

4S9
with

SotteniDg-famBce
Modeof

Ptge

Atmo-

bt

5
Acid
5

Lead

op

in

CocNTRiBi
Lead

OF

Exported

KiNODOu,

DETAILS.

499
Imported

from,

1868

tarious

AND

into,
United
the
1869
499

EHRATA.

CONTESTS"

XYl

OP

HAKDFAOTDBB

517
DrowiDK t"fin*rhinor7
I Mode of sctinn of sUg-lntd io the
517
509 I
proocw of droniDK
608
609

Hi"ti"T7

prineiplea

General

DrMeiii)c-OTen
Golouring-oreti
Descriptionof the
ducttKl ftt the

511
u

pmcew
worlcs of Memra.

Obserrationa on Mr. AdMtu'

AND

am-

CoDm-ntratioti of cnpper id the \f%d

519
TpnuuniDK QDoiidi"^
Aroiilrntol produotioDof red-lcod
519
niKlter lu m^ktoK redCoDcretioukry
...

Bnwaon, Barker,uid Co.,Bheftlpld

Do. as eanclurtefib;
the Mining Company of Ireland at BollrMmi

EROSION

KBD-LBAD.

612

lend
~.

...

red-le"d 516

PEHFOBATION

OP

LEAD

POISONING
CircnTneUnocii Id which
by Lead ie npt to nccur

519

'

"

514

Poiaoning

BT

BY

LEAD.

{ Treatment

52.") ;

INSECTS

oF

526

Leail-Colic

527

Lesd-Palsy

gSr.hlS'^.'"::^..:::

S. i p-."-""-.-

of lead
Abst^tion

thnnighouttho

and

Its diflUnoB

926

bodj

Poikmwh

""
or Asimalb

wr

U*u

530

APPENDIX.

Bnlphide

of

Iron

heated

with

Litharge
Beduction

of

] Additional
SIB

Hilioate of

Lead

533

Sulphide of i""d heated with Oxide

(^Copper

53i

Sulphide of Lead healed with Tin...

Compoeitionof the Crust formed on
the citeriis of a Lead-pipe

re^nltd nbtalnrd in the

in Conlurie'iipp"ccw
5.H3
in England in the
Ijead-emelting

Han

( On

by

iron

ITlh

537

century

{ Compoeitionli the Ki-guluinhtained

in ant-lting
Australian Lead Ore...
,
Table

5S9

53S

fur

cnnipuUnt;fmm

the

53S

|"er-

of eilver (he Troy weight

of aiivtr jietatatiiteton
538

centre

EEEATA.
Pass
"

"
"
"

S3, line 5,for Winkelblee hae read Winkelblech u.

*0, lettir S dropped out of heading.
*1, lino 18,/or silicateread silica,
for.
122,line 35,for heat for read beat i"(]iured
124,125,erase letters UD, F, A, in woodcut No. g, und lettersF, U

in wood-

out No. 10.

.,
,.

.,

203,line 27,for essays Tfad aseays.

read leed-smelting
218,tine 22,for lead-melting
Ttad Niederschlags357,line 8,and page 405, line G,/or Niedeischlagnrbelt
.

TO

THE

BINDER.

PHYSICAL

PROPEHTIES

OF

LEAD.

] hie ol"Eor\T"lvery distinct octahedral d'yetnlH

of lead in a cavily
in
pig of lead from the Miildcncr Hiitte,Freiherg/ Although thero

(Kin

that lead

be little doubt

dcfinixl to
crystals
sufficiently
do not

to

seem

have been obtained.

Sarebtet/.^hoai
with

cut
easily
;

and
file,

is the softest metal

knife and

it will make

and

can

in tliu cubical syetcm,'

cryatallizce
yet
admit of meosurciuunt
l"ythe goniometer

be

may

in

comnion

scratched

even

It may

use.

with

the

l"u

nail
finger-

It chigsan
ordinary
g'ey Ktrcak on paper.
only be work"-d with ihe kind of file teimt-d raip. whicli
a

projecting
pointsor burs formed by indentingtlio
surfoco
a
sharp-ended,thrco-sidwl pnneb. It is very
elastic or Bonorous,
and yieldsa remarkably dull sound when
fcebljstruck with a hard aubstano.', 'I'hisdulncss of sound is generally
portionate
proto the purityof the lead.
When
lead is cast into the form
of a hollow spherical
or
elliptical
segment, it is stated to bo- very
Konorous.'
Accordingto Lagerhjelmlead Iws only t'"-of iho elasticity
of wFought-iron.'
-It emits no sound or erg, like tin, on bending it
presents

niiraei-ous

obliquelywith

backwards

and

forwards.

and ductility.
As might be inferred from its soflncwi,
Malleability
lead is vorj' malleable at ordinaiytemperatures,and may be rolled into
thin shtets. It is also tongh and easily
flexible ; and on bending even
the cast metal no sound ia emitted.
By hammering it becomes harder,
but acquiresit" original
softness Ibyannealing.Its ductility
is not
"

in the ratio of its

wire.

Lcad-wiro

and
malleability,

of about

it cannot

bo drawn

V, inch in diameter
it in lo".ip8
use
as
a

out

into fine

is manufactiired

for

who sometimes
substitute for list in
gardeners,
walls.
to
trees
"When
of
lead
is
heated
gree
to a certain dea pig
nailing
and then struck shaqilywith a
hor^cringon its melting-point
heavy hammer, it breaks into pieceshaving a remarkable columnar
treated. The
the lead the more
struoturo, like tin similarly
purer
largelycolumnar is ils fracture. Inieiesting
specimensillustrative
of columnar

fracture

were

sent

by

Messrs.

liawaon, Barker

and

Co., of

when
the lend had been 1iiud held by ton's at the oilier,
piTMluced
wlitrcby
left too long and bad portiall}'
iiioTeinent before nientioneil
i tlieoscillnting
occidentnlly
Holidificd. Tlie lead emplnyeilshould 'be is easily
given. Quiekpd glam,colimre"lor
sed in order to prevent |uneolourud, is Inrcelyused
of good quality,
fur bultniis.
it mim
beeoming mixed witli any oxido 1 It iitcut iulo small squnrea, and on lb"
which
ita aurfuee. I buck of the lead coatingof cbcJi a Eliank
niay hnve Coimetl on
tbe tmy ia proTidod with tie gutter-like
The comera
i ia soldered.
are
Emund nIT.
and tbe circumference
ia cut ami poli"]u-d.
arrangemDut shown in the aunoied woodII lutvu seen qnickeil
cut.
bIho appliedin
a. month, con("iHaa
tlie conatniclion of \"i\^mirrors, formed
two vertical
siatingnf
piecesof mst-iroD.in- | of email piceesof glassset in n cijneave
The fflasH-button
I
frame.
maker, whom
dining toniirds each
other, leavingonly
have
with
Ihia
often wuti'lied at work
a
were

'

slit for tlie paasugo

of lead,
6, q vcrlical

pnrlitionof eastextendingnearly
furlber
tbe tray,
across
iron,

...

""

'

'

Borg. u. biittenm. Zeilnng, IRJP. \i.

23.

'
Bwumur.
Chemienl Woiks
Tbe
keeping the surface of tlie lead,
IcfordrawingonthaleBi'
Qispnr Neutnanii,London, Vi5
jahresh.
at ouo
"nd by a clieiu,
WiH, 8, p. 7s.
j " Ui-rzelius,
Iruy is suspended

to aid in

'

""

of

-3

GEAVITT.

SPECIFIC

to the International
Sheffield,

Exhibition, 1862.

identical with those from which

these

The

had
specimens

lead

piga of

been derived,and
Baker
to be very

proved by the analysieof Mr.

When
surface.
heated to a certain
pure, presented a highlycrystalline
maccaroni
be
the
is
it
as
manner
same
squeezed out into
degree, may
solid or hollow cylinders.Solid cylindersor rods of lead are thn.s
at the Royal Arsenal ; and
of riflebullets,
as
made for the manufacture
hollow cylinders
or
pipesare also largelymade by the seme process,
of drawing out
cold from short leogUiscast
instead of the old one
hollow.
We have a beautiful specimen of what might be designated
had

which

been

moss," which

"lead

consists of

fine hairJiko

It

mass.

found

whs

desilverization

a
on
pot filled with lead
in the pot, and
resulted fiom the
had
which
been left to solidify
minute
bole in the pot.
lead
forced
been
a
through
having
liquid

the outside of

The

apparentlycomposed of

was

moas

Pattinson

singlecontinuous

twisted and folded upon itself.

"Berzelius
adopted11'445
^atnVy.
Speeijie

lead,but

it is not

pure
his own

stated whether

experimentsor
obtained
Kupffer
high.

Il-.IMM

deduced

oonsidered

11-333B

as

too

11-3468
11-3145

,,

11-348*

.,

,.

from

"

to 0" C

or, reduced

11-3299

l-'i"C
14"C

,.

specific
gravityof
was

It is now

followingresults :

the

the

this number

those of others.'

Bp.6r.atI7"C

as

thread,

gravityof pure lead to be 11-370

specific
C,
being tak^ as unity.* Streng,of
CUusthal, detormined the specific
gravityof what he terms "the
purest Pattinsonieed lead,"but what in England would be regardedas
Reich of

found
Freibei^i

at 0"

of water

that

impure; and

from three

the

4" C.

at

experimentsat

which, calculated for 0" C, would

4" C. deduced

be 11 -1)86. But

the

11-395,

mean

this lead contained

mony.'
0*02% of copper, and from 0-02% to 0-04% of antigravity
Accordingto Matthieesen'a determination the specific
of
The
at 14" C
of lead is 11-376
g
ravity
specific
extraordinarily
pure lead preparedby Mr. Dick in quantityhas been determined in
by Mr. Tookey and found to be as under at 60" Fahr.
my laboratory
from

0-015%

to

16 5" C.

:"

Melted
The

same

Apiece

II -356

under

cjaDidoofpotasaium
piecebammered

chiaelled out from

11-387

the ptg

11 '382

lead
Traite de Gliimic,1846, 2. p. 57G.
125.
=
ZeiL
as
Mttenm.
1860,
u.
p,
Berg.
"
Ibid. Beich emplojB tlie following
gravily
formula for computing Uie apeciflc
'
"

ul 0" C.

n-erwsi
""^^

E'

'-

100

:"
a

-^
^

1 +

R"(-),3-(g- Ijfl)

the true Bp.gr. of lead at (" Cor

Bp.f.T.
requiredapeoifkgravity,y
Ha.
(o
w
e
^^
^
''~
C.(ap,gr.ofwBletat+ 4"C.
the
of
the
detenaination
In
that
ralation
air
of
to
spei^itjc
(in
gmI),n = sp- gr.
about = 0-0012,
rit;the Uinperatureof the vrater and the
of water) on Ihe STemge
uncorrected sp. gr. of the body,B' tlie air ia aupposed to bn the eante.
q
' Ibid,
of lead at f C. (that at 0" C.
volume
'
of
diietatiou
linear
Kopp a. Will,Joliresb. 1861. p. 112.
bang = ]). Tlie
=

ofwateratf
=

"

D,3,t,ze?Q?G

PHYSICAL

Heiclt observed
lead

that

PROPERTIES

into
liyrollinfi;

increased from 11-854

was

OP

LEAD.

of
specific
gra-vity

thin Bheet the

to ll'36o.*

C. Sainte-Claire Deville states

gravityof
specific

that the

lead

is 11-254, while that of the same

very slowly cooled and crystalline
lead cooled rapidly
after fusion by pouringinto watoris ll-;t63,'
The
specific
gravityof lead is diminished by the presence in
of anj' of
proportion
in
impurities commercial

constitute the

which

sonsihlo

the

substances

usual

varieties of the

metal

that, other

so

things heingequal, the greater the purity the higherthe specific

gravityof lead.
Segiitanee to premmre.
CorioliB,a
Frenclierglneor,
hasexperimeutcd
His objectwaa
and
the
resulls.*
published
subject
following
"

this

on

whether lead might bo used to determine heavy weights

in which it is crushed
under
on
degrw
by
pressure, and whether
this principle
machine
be
substitute
a simple
as
a
might
constructed
in common
for the machine
for weighing vehicles,such as carts
use
and carriages.
He
proposed to subjectpiecesof lead of uniform
to ascertain

the

dimensions

in the

of two-wheolod

caso

by the passage of one wheel

weight of the vehicle. The
homogeneous,and

the

too

vehicles

onlywhich

to the pressure

canscd

representhalf the total

would

lead very
of the pressure

of obtaining
difficulty
piecesof

great influence

of the duration

shewed the scheme

to be
upon the degree of crushing,
Nevertheless, the results at which Coriolia arrived are

able.
impracticof permanent

value.
24 millimetres
piecesof lead operatedupon were
cylinders
in
diameter
and
millimetres
19
(O'QGinch)
(076 inch)in tliickncss,
each weighingfrom 100 to 101 grammes
(02205lb. to 0-227 lb.). The
scale employedfor measuringthe thicknesses was divided into GHO parts,
that each division correspondedto the 36th of a millimetre.
I'lio
BO
load to bo crushed was
two
put between
platesof iron forming a kind
The cover
of
in which it might extend laterally
of liox,
under presBure.

The

this boi carried

wheel

The
its

steel button upon which the wheel should rest, llio

worked.
lowered by a jack which conld be easily

raised

was

or

chief conditions to be

temperature,the time

weight to be home

upon

the nature

were
investigated

of the lead,

of the proasure, the method

of bringingthe
the box, and the state of the surfacos of the

not
effected. It waa
platesof iron between which the crushingwas
to
these
that
to
diifereut
influences,
possible separate
relating
except

the nature

of

the

lead.

In

order

of the pressure of the wheel

be allowed tfl remain
the box
upon

exactlyfrom
to the moment

the

when

In order to prove

3
*

'

when

moment

it

began to

the

the

upon

was

to

only one minute, measured very

jack ceased to support the axle-tico

that in the movement

n. Will, Jehrenb. 1859.

p. 201.
Liebigu. Kopp, Juhresb. 1855. p. 15.
ExperienccB Biir la reflistante dii
sue

influence of the

lead,the wheel

be raised.

Kopp

Ploiub ii I'eciasement,et

eliminate the

to

duration

riuaucncc

iju'asur
able

of descent upon

Renitur.
'

durete

ea

duxidu.
Ann,

1S30. 44. p. 103.

qnnntiteinapprcri-

nne

Vmr
do

the box

M.

G.

Chim.

CwiuliK. indu Piiju.

tt

BE8ISTANCE

there

tthock whicli

no

was

pieceof lead which

might interfere too

had boca crushed

of 680 to 459

thickness
its original

under the wheel

during two minntes,but

of

cxpoaed

with

Coriolis

came

the heaviest

was,

comparablewith

not

were

in which

the mode

in which

it had

or

due

those

been

on

the average to

experimentswere
to be sustained,

the results. The

that the differences between

to

the nature

conclusion
the

precautions
easy

melted

it was

309,

Similar

chargesever

heavier shocks within the limits of the

and

replaced

further reduced

was

the

only to

greaterdifferences between

not

which

chaise

reduced from

viva of the descent than in the

vu

reduced

repeatedwith

been

same
chat^ during
in the bos and left
replaced
Buceessivcly
duringa quarter

to 462, was

3 divisions of the scale at each shock.

euveral times
and

under

eighttimes

at

it was
of the firstpiece,

about

had

a.
roHulta,

under

divisions of the scale,was

times oftencr to the

seven

case

which

irith the

minute

each; and after thia treatment,

minute

duringone

pieceof lead,which,

minute, had been reduced

one

much

minutes,whereby it

during two

Another

to 418.

PHESSUllK

and
kilogramraea
(3307-5lbs.),

of 1500

to

TO

lighter

to bo taken

of the metal and

previoasly pouringinto the mould.

piecesof lead heated to 20" C. or 30" C
difference was
fnund which
no
might m"t
to

made
upon
cooled
0" 0.,and
to
as
as
have bt'cn caused by that of the nature

"xporimentswere
well

of the metal.
Indeed, OoTinlis
remarks, it is easy to conceive that temperature should have but little
that thacruBhingof itselfdevelopes
so
influence,when it is remembered
much

the lead

heat that

hardlybe

can

touched

after it has

justbeen

this heat uught t" lessen iho

compressed; and that, conscfjuently,
fuund that, whether the
effect of the original
temperature. It was

of the

surfaces

filed,or

they

box

allowed

whieh

less

explainedby

might be

In all the

in contact

came

become

or

more

were

to

somewhat

with

rusty, or

polishedor rough, the

the

the lead had

result

such

was

liucceeding
experiments,
except when

experimentsthe
to

mean

503, the extremes

otherwise stated,the

cast

of

reduction in thickness

being 45U
The

being 405

in thickness
and

tions
precau-

kil, (a307ulbs.}.In twelve

1500

of tiie lead

was

from 680

;i46.

without

precautionsagainstoxidation.
assay-lead,
kil.
luOO
(3307o lbs.).In six experimentsthe mean

2. Mint

Chai^

Charge of

reduction

as

of the lead.

nature

minute.
duration of the pressure was
one
Commercial
"ot epecified)
cast without
1.
(variety
pig-lead

oxidation.
against

been

in other words, whether

and

same

of the lead

was

from

680

to 463, the extremes

471.

lead.

the
experiments,

mean

Charge

of 1824

kil,

(4021'9lbs.)-In

reduction in the tiiiokueseof the lead

was

throe
from

680 to 336, the extiemes

being 335 and 337.
lead. Charge of 1950 kil. (4299-7
The same
ments
lbs.).In five experithe

moan

reduction in thickness of the lead

was

from C60

to 337,

being331 and 341.

lead.
same
Charge of 3175 kil. (7000-9lbs.). In eight
the mean
reduction in thickness of the lead was
from 680
experiments
292
and
30J.
to 296, the extremes
being
the extremes
The

_y

ti

The

lead after

Bamo

LEAD.

OF

PROPERTIES

PHYSICAL

re-melted and

havingbeen

with
nii'xo'l

more

fori^ingexperiments.Chaise of l.'iO**kil. (;(:t07'."i

reilnetion in thickness of
In
seven
experimentsthe mean
lbs.).
from fiPO to 490, the extremes
the lead waa
being 4S7 and 495.
lead aa the last tmder different chai^H.
I'he same
oxide than in the

15"4
15H(J

Tliicknrwiaflci crushing

kil, """H-C Ibi.)

iasia-a ibH.,
"

1GS8

i3722-Ulb".J

.,

^ents, such
deoxidizing

i"
471

..

its carbonale

from

reduced

3. Lead

4"."

,.

tallow

as

melted

and

under

oni-e

colophany
(commonlyknown

or

as

of IPfiO kil. (429S)-7

lbs.).In six cxporimentHthe moan
from 680 to 3:i;J,
the txtivmea
in thickness of tho lead was

Chai^o
reduction

and ;i41.
melted
Kamelead

being 322
The

sumo.

lead

from

was

The

the
experiments

loid melted

same

Charge

oxide.

little more

spiteof

tho

4.

third time
the

In eleven

Rttme.

by

in cruciblen

lead

was

under

melted

was

thick

at

order

to

In

the

the mould, and

Charge

of

kil.

17(iO

being 21i0 and

same

cliiiri'iml,

whether

same

itn hurdncM,

el^'cct upon

each

at

eherrr-reil beat into

poured
possible
temperatiirc.
In
twelve
ll.o
{3S80-8lbs.).
cx]x.-rijiients

lead

of the

second

reduction
and

at

ii

melted

caused

was

from

tJ80

time.

Charge the

to 303,

tho

In fifteen

same.

in thickness of the lead

third time,

lead of half the number

(4)was
experiments

lead

wa"

311. the

321.

reduction
experimentstho mean
and
;tl5.
293
extremes
being

difference was

view
tu
a
pmniute
tlie tcnipeniturutif the

314.

lead melted

experimentstho mean
extremes
being 295

The

layerof powdered

tho other half at tlio lowest

i-eiluction in thickness

The

to prevent oxidation

time with

same

ascertain

had any
metal at the time of casting
number
of
the
half
were
pieces
casting

I'he

as

tho surface

oxide, and

deoxidatiun.

extremes

so

copper-stopwthrough which only

might flow into the mould. 'The lead
therebybecome alloyedwilh a llttlo copper.] The molten
also stirred with wood in onler to bring up to the snrfui'e any

intermixed

mean

cast

bottom

the

having at

below

tho metal
would

and

ite carbonate

htid incrcawd

the air.

lead

The

fiom

was

jhti mentis tliu iiu"n

tiSO to J!'K, the extnmes
ex

of deoxidizing
agents, the
melting.

from

Leiid reduced

expeiimcnt. (liarp?the

una

in hardncKs at each fresh

oxide

;14I and 3(i3.

l"eing
and containing,
it is a11ege"1,
a

rednction in thickness of tho lead

being 3ii5 mid 4lt".

Thns, in

raoro
containing

reductittn in thicknc.-'Hof the

mean

to H5I, the extremes

680

and

that in tho last

than
miieil?)
("mechanically
In eleven

time

second

Chaisethe

in thickness of tho lead

of

piecesin

each

poured red-hot into tho mould,

by castingat this tempcntture.

In

same.
was

eight

301, ihe

of this scries of

but

no

sensible

TO

RESISTANCE

PEESSURE

TENACITY.

"

It will be observed

that the pure lead (from carbonat*),

melted
reduced
Tinder charcoal and tappedfiom the bottom of the crucible,
was
to a

thickness of a03 under

mean

the

of lead, which

kind

same

fusion and had

dunng

reduced to

was

been

caused

have

had

reduction

in the
in

cast
carbonate)
mixed

with

Pure

load

iscd with

Pure

duration

second

once
(fromcarbonate)

cast

Charge of

Pure

was

(3307-5
lbs.).

wiUjout

1950

once
(from carbonate),

(from

which

beingcovered,i
(4-299-7
lbs.).

kU.

cast

time

under

wifliout

cover.

b3ing

Charge

of

kil. (3880-8
lbs.).
DuntJon

at praaun.

RrdocIluD of inlnmc

1 minute

Thus

kil.

cast a
second
(from carbonate)
of
kil.
1950
Chai^
(4299-7Iba.).

lead

lead

Pure

being covered, and

Chaise of 1500

littleoxide.

the air is the meet

of the pressure.

time, witJiout

little oside.

from

cover

lead

covered.

17C0

of the

in the usual way,

chai^ of 1950 kil.

of lead like the other, ought

This
only to about 283.

case

showing that lead cast under

confirmation.
compressible,
requires
Influence

the

thickneaa

statement,
5.

the mould

thickneee of 3I'J3under

mean

chargeof 1760 kil, (3880-8lbs.)

;
not
been kept constantly
covered

pouredinto

a chat^ which,
(4299-7lbs.),

to

the

after
of

an

fnrni S)0.

317

I hoar

245

24 lioun

223

hour under the

weight,the

same

The
stability.

lead had

not

leached

the presence of oxide of lead

questionas
in metallic lead melted with access
of air will be hereafter examined.
a state

Leadrenoci(y."
a
weight of

under

"
Tliia U
be 1S3.

probobJjon

wire
14'75

error

to

of about

(0-12inch)in diameter
kilogrammes (32-52
lbs.).'Berthier

and

O""

"]iouM I

'

breaks
states

BeneUua, Traits de Cliiw. IMG,

jp. S7ti.

2.

PHTSrCAL

that lead-wiro of 0"-" 2

PROPERTIES

OF

(008 inch)in

diameter breaks under

of 0 ktl. (198045 Ih).).'Buudrimont

states

(0075 inch)in diameter

few

C-5

breala in

Wire
kilogrammes(14'3325
lbs.).*
before it breaks:

long and

seconds under
lead

875'i

weightof

considerably
elongates

found

lead-wire Ifi^ inches

to 81^ inches before it

extended

much
obviously

case

weight

that lead-wire l"

of pure

thus Karmarsch

inch in diameter

0061

broke;' but in this

LEAD.

will

depend

upon

the (inw

duringwhich

rupture is effected. Wertheim obtained the following

results. The lead operatedupon was
reduced from oxide, preparedby
the calcination of pure

nitrate of lead.

kilt^rammcs
per

millimetre of sectional area.*

square

heal.
Specific

'Vhe

is estimated
tenacity

between
Accordingto Rcgnault,

"

10" C. and IOC

in

C. it

is 0-03140, but between -ITlo

C. and lO'lJ. it is 0-03005.'
For
molten lead between 350" C. and 450" C. Teraon found it to bo 00402.'
DiUUalion hj Aeof.^Calvert and JohnBon
the coas
efficient
give0-00003005
of lincardilatationfor

Mdling-pmnt.Lead,

as

"

assigns326"

C.

of lead.'
nieltiiig-point

tho

as

other, the

Dalton

extremes

found

ing
Accord-

Measured

it to bo .'i;i4^
C, which

curial
by the merby RL'gnaultV

by the air-thermometer.' I'he results of

of lead differ considerably
fioin
melting-point
C.
262"
a
nd
334"
C.
(Biot)
(Knpffcr).'
being

number

acceptedtho

sinks in multen
Latent heat.

It

"

weightof

lOO^C*

indicate 326"2 C.

other obser\'ersas to tho

each

0^ C. and

fusible. Hudbcrg
knows, is easily

evci-y one

thermometer. Person
table would

between

coefficientof cubical dilatation for 1" C. is 0-OOOOfi'.*.'

Kopp, the

to

TC.

lead

on

322" C.

lead of Ibo

same

012"

F.).'"Solid

lead immediately

kind.

was
by I'onson to be 5'3C9, i.e. one part by
solididcation evolves heat suSicicnt to raise 5-30!)

found

1" C

of water
piirts

and
According to Wiedemann
Conductivity
for heat and declTiciiy.
Franz, the conductivityof silver for each beingtaken at 100, that of lead
"

for heat

ia 85

at

12" C. and for

10-7.' By
electricity

EBnig, 18.H 2. p. 662.

'

de

"

Troite dee

"

IhiuHtimuDt,Tmitc

Cliimie,1846,

'

Jahreab.
Bijrzi-liu^

Ann.

15.

da Cliim. et do

p. 131,
PJivb.3.

12.

184P,

Gmi-lin,Haiidbuch. Tnina. fi.p. 107.

A New
System ot Cliemii-al Pliilo1BU8, P.irt I. p. 218.
soplij.
i Ann.
de Cliim. ct de PIij-b.
3. a 1848.
'"

Ibid. 3. ". 1849, 2fi. p. 273.

Ibid. .'I,
24. p. 136.
B. 1818. 24. p. 136.
Brit. As"Ou.ltcp.
1858 ;,28Ui
meeting',
Jamiii,C;"un
"

'

"

"

'

b.

109.
'

Ibid. 184T. p. 71.

Ann. du Chini. tt da Tliya.
3.

24. p. 136.

"i.p, 179.

Matthiessen's

'

'

p. 46.
*

Jabresb. 1S5I, p. 55.

L;cbiK ii, Ko["p,

p. 333,

dc

1839.
Flijsiquo,

2.

10

CHEMICAL

whict
aehitmmn),

by imtnerBion

OP

in hot

LEAD.

water

be freed frf.m the

may

powerfulprexa this mass becomfs

a sharp
ntampedin a monld. fi:ivffl
tho mass
readilyoxidizes.'
strongly
pressed,
of salt

solution
interposed
a

PROPERTIES

Tinder

solid plateof fleiible lead,wbicb,

impreKsion.If not

CHEMICAL
Atomic
found

by

im'jR

PEOrERTIES

LEAD.
and

lO^'+.W

103-4fi0,

as

diBereut methods, Stas.' 10;(-r"2,

Marignac.'
LEAD

Lead

Bcrzolius.

] 03-572

Pb.

"

OF

in

compact

AND

OXYGEN.

suffers

state

change in perfectly
dry oxygen

no

or

atmospherictem]"eratures
dry air at ordinarj; but

or

moist air it becomes

tarnished

by

the formation of

in moist
a

oxygen

coat
Giiperficial

dation
an
atmospheresaturated ^'ith aqueous vapour this oxitakes placein a few days,and the brightsiir"cc of the metal

of oxide.

In

before it becomes
rainbow.

The

When

dull grey presents in succession all the colours of the

action is promoted by a gentleheat.'*

lead is

point,its surfeco

becomes

with

covered

Boi'zelins to be sub-oxide.

meltingpowder, supponedby

the air below

keptexposedto

but

grey

its

near

the temperature of it" melting;

-pointa
which
oxide
is
afterwards
formed,
higheryellow
gradually
passes
(I'bO)
At

into red-lead (Fb'O'). The surface of the metal after fusion beffimcs
and superficial
films thus coloured may
be rtiridescent,
boatitifully
nioved and permanentlypreserved. At a brightred-heat oxidation
and the resulting
oxide is molten at that tem|H.'rdturc,
proceeds
rapidly,
In order to

convert

mass

of lead

into

oxide

it is necessary

lo

keep

the air

actingupon the metal by agitationor otherwise.

constantly
Much heat is evolved during tho oxidation ; for on exposingmetaliic
lead and oxide to the hame
temperature,the oxide pnxluceduixm tho
ibrmer may be as liquid
softened.'
as
oil,while tlie latter is scarcely
luted
diLead is readily
dissolved by nitric acid,which when somewhat
is the best solvent of the metal.
It is slowlydissolved by long
acid, hj-drogenbeing disengaged. It is not
boilingin hydrochloric
acU'd upon by dilute sulphuric
trated
acid, but is converted by the concenphurous
boilingacid into sulphateof lead,with the productionof sulacid. Acetic dissolves it only in contact with air.
Accordingto Stolba,when lead U exposedto the action of boiling
water, hydrogen is evolved and a t-olution of lead is producedwhich
has

alkaline

an

this

upon

that pnro
action
water

'
"

"
'"

Anna

reaction.'

subjectin

my

water,
boiling

upon

lead.

duringthe

Dr.

Beck, of Darmstadt, experimented

and arrived at the conclusion

laboratory,
free
perfectly from atmosphericair, has no

If, however, atmosphericair has

experiment,

or

if the water

Lifbigu. Kopp, Juhresb. 1849, p. 218.

Kopp u. Will, JcOireBb. 1860,p. 1.
Ibiil. 1S58, p. 1S5.
dcB mflaux
Sur I'oiidfttion
Bonwlorff,
I'air

ntnumpljerique.Uppeitoim de

Chimie, 1838, 3. p. 42.,

the

previously

DumRS, Traite de Cliimic app1iqu":'c

Arts,18.11,2. p. S39.

'

StoJbm. Jouni.

Quarter'?Joum.
'. IKGo,p. 4oT.
,

to

'

dux

access

has not been

t. pmkt.
of

CliomLe,ISC:.,
Science,No. 'i,July

DIOXIDE

OB

SUBOXIDE

OF

ajr,the
completely
deprived of atmospheric
the proBence of the metal may in that case
Dr. Beck also found
that neither commercial

LEAD.

lead is acted upon, and

be detected in the water.

lead, lead containing

"

2% of antimony," an alloycomposed of 90% of lead, 5% of antimony,

5% of zinc, nor an-alloycomposed of 95% of lead and 5% of zinc,

and

"

acted upon by pure boilingwater

perfectlyfreed from
air. The alloycontaining2% of antimony was
but

"was

acted

spheric
atmo-

little

of atmosphericair,the cut surfaces

access
after
b
right
continuing
remainingin contact witi water
and atmosphericair during several days.
Lead
is very readily
in the metallic
and quicklythrown
down
state by zinc and cadmium
from the solution of its niirate."

by

upon
of the metal

with

water

DiOKiDB
Pb*0.

"

Suboxide

OB

It is this oxide which,

Leao.

of

accordingto Berzelius,is produced

by the action of moist oxygen at ordinarytemperatures, and when lead

is heated in contact with the air below, yet near, its melting-point'
made, it has a dark-greycolour. The existence of such an oxide
denied, and the substance preparedas above described has

Thus
has

been

been

regardedmerely

of lead in

prevent

a.

access

as

mixture

of

finely-divided

protoxideand

definite dioxide may be prepared

by heatingoxalate
bo taken to
retort
at, but not above, 300^ 0. Care must
sequent
of air after the evolution of gas ceases
and during sub-

metallic lead.

cooling. The

reaction is thus

2 (PbO,C"0')
expressed;"
=

l'b'0-t-C0-H3C0'.
The

dull velvety-black,
or
product is described as very dark-grey
perfectly
hom(^neouit. Mercury when triluratcd with it under

and

does

water

of it

extract

boilingwith

by

acids

not

in

dilute

changedinto metalliclead

greenishfrom admixture, with some

Heated at one point in the air it takes

like tinder until it is whollyconverted

moistened
few

as

well

lead

strong

as

which

com-

into grey flocks of metallic lead,which by

metallic lustre. It is also similarly
resolved

is

metal.
burn

By

solution of caustic potashor soda.

close vessel,it is

lead is dissolved out

No

the acid and

the action of

which

it.

immediatelyinto protoxideof

compresaionacquirea

by

lead from

solution of sugar.

it is resolved

liines with

any

with

seconds

littlewater

become

and

to

redness

of lead,
protoxide

of the

finely-divided

firo and cuatinuee to

into

exposedto the

and

Heated

protoxide.When
air,it b^ins after

absorptionof oxygen,
It cannot certainly
finally
changed
hydratod prol^ixide.'
bo inferred from the foreguingdata that the substance causingthe
tarnish of lead and
that formed
by heatingthe metal below its
a

and

to

is

with
melting-point

heated,owing

to

the

into

access

of

air

ar? identical with

the dioxide from

oxalate of lead.

' DftB VerhiltniEB der

chcm, Verwnndtsrlinftzur galvonisolien
Elektricilit. N.

Fischer,Berlin, 1830.

W.
*

137.

Trails do Chim. 2. p. 577.

'

'

inoxide haB been

This
eepecially
aiiJ
TCBtigaladby Dulong. Boussinjjnult,
'

Jahresb.
j Pt-lnazc. See Bc-rzeliu3,
156 ; Ibid. 22. p. 122.

)5. p.

LEAD

AMD

OXtGEN.

FBOTOKIDE
PbO.

It

"

varies eumewhat
luade

on

the

amorphous aa

occurs

in culuur

with

LtAD.

of

well

It
cr}"ta11ized.
duitinctly

as

prepamtion. It
freely
exposed to the air

tlie mode

largeKcule by keepinglead

of its

ia
at

of the molul.
a temperature cuiiuiUeriibly
higherthan the melting-point
whon
hut lu"'er than thut of the protoxide,
it is obtained in the sbito

of

yellowpijwdertermed

the umall seale it may

On

moMtcal.

bo pro-

siiljihur-yellow
powder by heatingBub-nitrute,*
a degreesufficient to decomposethotso
a
salts,but not to fuse the oxide. Py trituration this powder aequii-ce
red tint.' Protoxide of lead meits at a goed rod-heat,and on sulidificatioii becomes a ciystalline
is known
as
a wuitl
liOtarge,
mass, whiuh
n'ltwr-atone(apyvpoi,
derived from the Greek and meaning literally
silver,
and Aiftn,stone). Jt is so named from the fact of it" production
in the
with in
met
procesB of refiningsilver by lead. Lithargeis occasionally
laca-surable orybtals,
and Mitticheriich describe Thumbie
and Ilansmann
octahedrons of litharge.'
fine transparent sulphurGrailich einmined
curoil in the alato of fine
carbenatc,

i"r

oxalato

of lead to

yellowscales froui smelting works

rhombic

with

anglesof !)7" and

measured
Itanimelaberg
friim the

"

Ofenbnich

"

in

83"

the Harz, and

; their

found

them

was
specific
gravity

to

be

8'02.'

of liihai^^o
small green transparent crystals
and
of iho Kdnigshuttefurnaces, Upper Silesia,

1
belongto the pyramidalsystem (viergliedrig)."
lead
in
tlio
of
of
cavity
plates protoxide
crystalline
of an assay of argentiferous
lead,
cupel,which, after tlie completion

pronounces them to
have teen
beautiful
of

had

been

left
accidentally

to

cool in the mufllo.

Under

the

letlt

of

furnaci'S may be seen

of highlycrj'stallinelithargi'
maseea
Bilvei-refining
")f Kiid is eitluT
like stalactites. The colour of protoxide
depending
or
yellowor n-ddish-yellow,
slowly
accordingas it is cooled ra|'idly
after fusion. The yellowoxide becomes
when
heated
to u
brown-red
certain degree,
but acquiresile original
colour on cooling. The red
varietyis stated to be npecificaily
lighterthan the yellow.'
The following
liavc bi'cn made
observations on the colours of litharge
in
the
manufactui"
friend
of
mine
who
had
has
by a
great experience
of that substance.
Lithargewhen reduced to fine powder has a bull'
it has other colours,
colour ; but accordingto its stale of aggregation,
all of which are changed to buff by grinding.It will be borne in mind
of
that the questionhero is of the colour of pure litharge,
irrespeitive
the colouringeffect of foreignmatters.
Heated
to dull redness, buffcoloured litliarge
; it
passes through various shades of red and pui'ple
somewliat
bulk
and
cools
and
in
it
to
"
shrinks
little
a
;
agglutinates

'
nuro

when

In order to obtain (he nxido

porfertlj'

iSTi^,
TjeonhiiTil.
Hiiltru-GntcUfnii^H'.

be taken.
ii.MSS. StudioiidcBCotting'sulicnViri'iin
muat
Bpotial
]irM'ftutiuii"
nitrate of liKiJ is di'i'on])KiBed
r FtcuDdt',Itj^il.7. U-i.
by licr^inauniBclii
^

'
crucible,tiiin id alwuyn :
plntliiimi
Knpp u. Will. Juhrrab. IKal^ p. ISii.
"
Uuiidbueli dcr KriitullogrupliistliiTi
ntt^ickiil,
tliuiigli
only in a slightdcgm.
By Ihu use of a guld irucililu tliJadilti- Clicmio. 185S, p, :tO.
'
be obviulcil. Sue
I'liltywould pnilmljly
LebLiDc, (jmelin's Handbjuk, 5 p.

Iitat in

I 10U.

IkTzelius."ip. tit.
'

Traitd de Cliim.
Beru'lius,

2. p. 579.

itizecLyGoO^lc

PBOTOXIDE

lemon-yellowpowder,which
this

yellowpowder
chnngea in condition

ground,

fine

bo

as

13

before

it is buff-coloured

beating.When

language, burnt ;"and in this state

at least not under
without re-grinding,

into red-lead
a

"

red-lead

at

as

and

is, in tccbnical
of

is not

LEAD.

first. I'heae
colour may be repeated indefinitely,
Lithhas been heated sufficiently
to render it yellow on cooling,

which

ai^,

is

OF

it cannot
the

be made

conditions
ordinary

oven.

quantityand allowed to run in a fino

cold iron, it solidifiesto a lemon-yellow
stream
cake, which, if not
on
but
if
be
touched, may
which,
kept unchanged;
ground, becomes buff.
If

When

melted

lithai^eis

in

is allowed to run
in quantityinto a lai^eladle
lithai^e
it
bo
turned
out in a lump when
can
therein,
slowly

molten

and left to cool

In the course
the temperature is reduced to dull redness.
of a few hours
and
in
fallen
will
cooled
(o
have
great part
powder, or rather
lump

the

termed
licales,

to

because
process

;"
litharge

and

ing
during coolingit is interestat
the
litharge
upper
falls completelyto fi"kea,
and in contact with the ladle,never
it cools too quickly; it is termed
in the
coarse
as
litharge,"
it remains
of sifting
upon the screen, through which the flake
it awells and

how

to observe

surface

flake

"

eifoliatea. The

"

litharge
piiBses.

the

lithai^which after fusion

has a reddish-golden
has been suddenly cooled. Flake litharge
yellow
with
its
is
of
which,
lustre,
of
colour,
together
su^estive
bisulphide
form
of wMwot'c gold. Both
kinds
of litharge,
tin in the well-known
buff-coloured
when
and
and
each
are
fiake,
coarse
ground,
variety
may
into the other

be converted
above

after

red-

product

is

bnff-coluured.
a

or

liltle above

as

by re-mcltingand coolingunder the

when
heated in a lump to
litharge,

cliangein colour
heated, has

subsequent grindinga

When
the

not

thus

been

colour

some

Coarse

stated.

redness, does

having

It has

as

flake

does, which,
litharge

lemon-yellowcolour

when

ditions
con-

dull
after

cold,and

buff colour.

to be decomposed,
orange-leadis heated sufficiently
lemon-yellowpowder, which on grinding becomes

ITie

same

occurs

the temperature

with
at

carbonate

which

of lead, when

it would

heated

be converted

into

orange-lead.
Pi-otoxide of load may also bo obtained crystallized
by various viet
A strong solution of caustic potashboiled with
protoxideof

methods.
lead

to

saturation,depositsas

it cools

part of the oxide,and that in

resemblinglitharge.If the solution is not saturated,it

then it separates
is only after coolingthat any oxide is deposited
; and
at firstin yellow scales,and afterwards in red scales. These yellowand
j-i'd scales have the same
composition; and the latter become yellow
after having been heated and cooled. According to Mitecherlich the red
varietyof protoxidemay also be prepared by pouringa concentrated
of hydrate of
Bolution of a salt of lead into a boilingpasty mixture
whole
and
the
until
the precipitated
lime and water,
keeping
boiling
oxide of lead be changed into a heavy red powder,from which, after
the intermixed hydrateof limo in excess
removed
cooling,
may be easily
alkaline solution of
an
Frcmy says that by evaporating
l"ylevigation."

yellowscales

BltzuIius,Tmite de Chim,

2. p. 580,

-,

14

LEAD

AKD

OXYGEN.

of lead, the latter is deposited

in anhydrousolive-brown
protoxide
culcination
which
fine
acquire a
yellowcolour without
crystalfl, by

further affinne

He

lueingweight.

munioat* the colour of maBsicot

to

that friction aloiie xuflicesto

com-

of lead.' Calvert
anhydrousprotoxide

states that rose-red and

formed on thtnearlycubical (?)crystals

are
a specific
gravityranging from
and saturated hot with protoxide
1 -375 tol4J2,
of lead. This observer
also states that the powder of protoxide
of lead thrown into molten
becomes
almost
of
soda
red as minium, and retains
as
instantly
hydrate

coolingof

solution of caustic soda, of

this colour when

The

cold.

powder of this red varietyof protoxideof

amorphous,is yellowlike that of litharge
; and
of Calvert, after exposure to a red-heat,become yellow
the red cr^'stals
without changingin crystalline
form.' Becquerel
states
that
on
cooling
of protoxideof lead similar in lustre to those of
he obtained crystals
from fusion,by keepingperoxideof lead (I'bO*)
for
resulting
litharge
time in molten hydrateof potash,
and washing the cold product
some
with water
the alkali ; he adds that crystals
to remove
of perso as
oxide
lead,which is said

of lead

also formed/

were

Protoxide

to be

of lead also

in cokmrless

occurs

as
by dissolving
procuredsuch crystals

sible in

hot dilute solution of caustic

Colonel Vorkc

the solution at rest.'

had

Mitttcherlicli
orytttals.

much

protoxideof lead as [kihpotash,and aftorwaids leaving

observed adherent

the

to

surface

exposedto the jointaction of air and water,

of anhydrous protoxide
colourless,semi-transparent
crystals

of lead, which
minuto

of lead, with

been

very

with

dodecahedrons

brilliant "ceta, and having the form of rhombic

the acut"
anglesreplacedby tangent planes.

heated, these crystalsbecame

When

and

opaque

orange -colonred,

I have
received from
losingtheir form or brilliancy/
Yorke specimensof these crystals.By the following
pnxTf*

but without
Colonel

Payen got anhydrous protoxideof lead in

of a saturated solution
100 partsby measure

with 50 of water, and the whole was

the other hand, 50 parts by measure

mixed

were

point. On

with 8 of ammonia-water

80" C, and then mixed

in

solution contained
about

vessel immersed

minute, brilliant scales

were

in

seen

heated

the

to

of water
were

added

wator-bath

tablew

boilingto

to the first

at 1 00" C.

at

of lead

heated

themselves

to group

the surface of the solution. In about half an

adheringto the sides of the vessel in
numerous,

sides and
became

distinct rhombic
of tribasic aoetatc

on

hour

In
the

they

plume-like

of a bright lustre, llie colour of the crystalline

(aigretlee)
depositwas yellow,and somewhat deeperin colour than that previously
clusters

lower temperature and with other proportionsof

this experimentas well adaptedfor
Fajen recommends

obtained
the solutiona

at

lecture illustration. Under

different conditions

hydrato of
temperature,cr)-Btallized

alongwith
"

Ano.

p. 489.

the

oxide.' Becquerel
has
auhj'drous

dc Cliim. et do

Phya 1814, 12.

as

to

of lead
protoxide

'

dilution and
was

Berzclius,Traite de Cliini.2. p. 5f0.

Pliil. Mng. Wifi. S. p. Kt.
Ann. de Cliim. et de Pliya,1837, OC.

'
BeraelinB. Traitf de Chim. 2. p. 5B1.
'
Traite d'Kluclhcite etdc Mague'tisme,
p. S2.
18.15.2. p. 129.
I
*

deposited

described the forma-

'

_^

PROTOXIDE

OP

LEAD.

15

of lead iu very limpiddodecahedi-al crystals

with
protoxide
the
BUiface
of
sheet
lead
which
of
had
been
ob
a
f
aces,
pentagonal
kept
tube containing
sealed glass
in a hermeticall;
a not
very dilute aqueous
tioQ of

in powder.'
solution of acetate of lead and litharge
o
f
lead
in the same
crystallizes
Bcherlich,
protoxide

prodneedin

dry or

the

uiet

Accordingto

AKt-

system whether

way.

Protoxide of lead,as has been

heat, and

It solidifieswith

lead.'

stated,melts at a good redpreTionsly

orange-coloured.
According
than metallic
white-heat, but less easily

is tiansparent and

it volatilizesat

Poumet,

to
.

molten

while

expansioninto

reddish-yellow
crystalline,

unless it contains silica in combination.*

but not vitreous,mass,

talc-like to the touchj and

cut.
and easily
finger-nail
molten it powerfully
scales. When
corrodes earthen
rapidly
permeates them.
theyare coarse-grained

Borzelius,without
above

its

It is

soft that it may be scratched with tho

It may
be easilydivided into crystallino

so

doubt

crucibles

and if

states that protoxideof lead

erroneously,
reduced
with
the sepaiationof
partially

melting-pointis

metallic lead,which collects at the bottom, of the vessel ; and he adds

when
the oxide is nieltod " at a very
that this happens especially
in
crucibles
of
silver
or
platinum."From the first
high temperature

part of

it

this sentence

and from

might be

the second

inferred that reduction takes

place

the action of the silver

or
by
platinum.
in the case
seems
high temperature,"
inapplicable
of silver crucibles,as silver fuses at a good red-hent.'
Protoxide of lead is quicklyand ctmipletelj'
reduced at a dull redheat,and even at a lower tomperature, by charcoal,cnke, or coal ; and
and cyanogen.
The tomperature at which
by carbonic oxide, hydrogen,

w;

jwr

The

term

"very

reduction

is below

occurs

into carbonic oxide

carbonaceous

by

matters

that

; so

which

at

with

contact

any

that when

carbonic acid is converted

of the above-mentioned

these agents of reduction

solid
are

ployed
em-

carbonic acid, and not carbonic oxide, is the productevolved.

oxide of lead made
VVinkelblech states, that the crystalline
by tho
of l"ad,is reduced
addition of potashto a hot solution of acetate (sugar)

by

carbonic

oxide

It is reduced

100" C*

tin, antimony, and

will be

given
Lithaig""

various

ftirther

on

p.

other

heated
metals.

the

conducts

preparedfrom

head

with
"

above

will bo hereafter

iron,zinc,copper,

Details
of

much

on

this

subject

Oxidizingaction

of

electricity.*

the

of nitrate
decomposition

of lead

heat dissolves,
cording
accordingto Bonsdorff, in about 7000 times,and acto Yorke in about 12,000* its wei^t of water, and the solution

TntiU

d'^ledridt^et de HAgnitisme, I

1855. 2. i".129.
'
Ami. da Chim.
'

when

under

of lead
protoxide

Molten

Protoxide of lead

"

hydrogen at a temperature not

tho largescale in furnaces, as
on

It is reduced

described.

by

or

Breirend,
in.

p. 250.

from

Jouni.

f.

Berzelios.Tiait^ de Cbim.

1S16. 2.

p. 581.

I * Ginelin,Handbook, 5. p. 112.
mental Eescarelie*
! ' Faradav, Ei peri
pnikt. Electricity,
1839,p. 23i.
'
Pliil. Mae. 1K3*,5. 5. p. 91.
"

55. p. 414.
Gnielin's
Handbook,

Quoted

Cliemie,23.

'

5.

in

iCQyCoOJ^I

IC

TBOTOXIUE

has

OF

LEAD

HEATED

WITH

alkaline reaction ;' but Rinean

an

it is
lithiirgs,

of

the state

asaerta that after ftuion. i.e.in

insoliiblo
in water.*
Tliia aqiioOTu
quite

uf lead decomposes
solutions of alkaline sulphates,
protoxide
nitrates, jjliosphates,
chromatcs,oxalates,carbonates,and haloid salts
At JeastIj equivalent
of the protoxide
is required
ifec.)(chloiidos,
of 1 equivalent
of alkali.* llie solution,Bonedorff
for the Bcparution

solution of

says, is

so

sensitive in the

air it
to atmospheric

detection of carbonic

carbonate
of bydrat"d
lirocipitate
and Brendec'ke affirm that

of lead.

On

for half

an

in orlier to

hour

expelair.

prepared,is perfectly

salts in
containing
but
in
not;
the lost case a

or

carefully
separatedby

fine and boiled for

had been previously
I"oiled

ground

was

with distilledwater, which

1 r"minutes

about

cold

posure
ex-

water

as

carbonate of lead may be formed, which, if not

filtration,may occasion turbidity.'

melted, and when

on

lets falla

the other hand, yiebold

protoxideof lead, however

insoluble in pure water, as well

air he excluded
solution, anil whether

Lithargewas

acid, that

immediatelybecomes turbid,and

'J'hefilteredwater

ireimediatelT

litmus-paperblue. Massicot woe treated in the same

ner
manresult. (J.C. Cloud, in my laboratory.)
and gave the same
red

turned

of lead

Protoxide

is

powerfulbase,

and

exists

in

iin

(.-xtensivu

series of salts,of which

boeia
It aUo acts the p^rt of uu
are
many
acid towards strong bases such ss potash,
soda, barj-ta,
and lime.
One
of lead dissolves in a concentrat"d
solution containing
part of protoxide

parts of caustic potashor

13 parts of soda.
The liquid
obtaim-d
lime
with
of
milk
of
lead
blackens
protoxide
hair,nails,
by boiling
of lead at the
horn, and wool, owing to the formation of Rulphide
U

expense of the Rulphurin those animal substances.

Wohlor has described a compound of oxide of silver and protoxide
of lead of the formula AgO-i-2ri"0, By the addition of caustic potash
solution of

salt of lead

a salt of silver,
a yellowprecicontaining
pitate
and which, being
compound in qiiestion,
of tho precipitant,
be easilyseparatedfrom
insoluble in excess
may
intermixed oxide of lead. This salt dissolvea readilyin nitric acid ;
at a red-heat,yielding
it becomes black in the light; it is decomposed
silver
and
of metallic
protoxideof lead, and is reduced by
a residue
fusible alloy
to
uf the
a
gentle
formingan easily
temperature,
hydrogen

to

which

is formed

metals.'

two

pROTOXiiiE

OF

Lead

of lead forms
of which

many
in
properties

with

its

are

with

VAnious

compounds

infusible per

$e ;

and

with

mktai.uc

various

this is one

Oxid".

of its most

and of other

oxides,
valuable

"

it is reduced

"

in the

of lead in the redependsthe application

fining
of
the
a
nd
of
that
alloys ores
assaying
metal,

matters.
argentiferous

'
IbiiL
Bonsdorff,nepcrtoircdeCliiniicl838,

p. 44.

'

Hnnilwurtcrbufh

Act rdncn

Liel'igu-Knpp.Jnhresb. 1855, p. 296. I wmullcn Chemie, 1812, i. p. Hl;5.

I * Uandwiirtcrbucb,i. ji.S'ii,
Quoted from Couip.Bend. 41. p. 509,
'

oxide
Prot-

"

metallic

relation to

of silver and

heatko

fusible

metallurgy. Upon this property, tt^other

tho facility
or, what is equivalent,
highlyoxidizingpower

with which

is the

u.

nn;;,

18

OXIDIZIKG

ACTION

OF

LITHARGE.

not less than tj parta of litharf^c

requires
productis compact,opaque, palecofiee-brown,with ao evon and

Titanic acid. TiO*.

The

It

"

Hhiningfracture.'
SbO*,"
Oxide t^antimonjf.

AsO'.

Arneniotuacid.

"

of thisadd

proportions.*

in certain
litharge
made hy
were
following
experiments

mixture

The
easJlj'.

melts
proportions
Mr. Smith:"

all

"

less than 5

not

in
lithai^a

SbO'+tibC. For a guod fusion Bcrthier

parts of litharge.*

acid. SbO*.

AntimonioM

recommends

It melts with

I"

I'bO

II." *PbO

AsO*.

AsO*.

and

taken were
of aivcnious at-id 495 grainx,
quantities
grains. The product melted readilyat
dull reilnese,
and when cold was
an
opaque orange- yellowglase.
taken were
of arstnious acid 99 grainti,
In No. II. the quantities
and protoiide
of lead 448 ; the mixture readily
fust'ii.The product was
wax-like, opaque,
or
qiiit"
homogeneous,gla"iHy,
compact, apparently
and of an agreeable
delicate orange-yellowcolour. A button of lead
small that
was
found, which weighed only ^8 grains,a pnifwrtion
so
it may
bo practically
diaregardrd.Hence, it may be concluded that
arsenious acid is not in sensible d^roe converti'd into arsenic acid
lead would bo separated
in
hy fusion with litharge
; for in that uasc
considerable quantity,
unless we
admit what Bcems
estremelyimprobable
under these conditions,namely,the formation of Hiiboxido of lead.
Berthier made similar oxpcrimcntH,
with an
additional one in the

In "So. I. the

of lead 560
protoxide

and

ratio 2PbO : AbO'.

Artenie acid. AsO*.

Berthier

"

I.-

The
when
and

productswere
solid.

as

I.

Ko.

heated
rbO;

II." 2PbO

AbO".

AbO'.

liquidas

was

while

water

transparent, with

moU"n,
a

translucent
long,delicate,slightly
OxiDiziNQ

playsan

OF

ACTION

LiTHAROE.

importantpart as
results of this action

are

of lead.

No

sulphateof load

1.
Bcrlbier,Tr. des Eesais,
'

compact
cgnchoidal
slightly

sHghilytranslucent,
of copper, granular
and dull,uneven
pale-yellow
in cavities

as

prisms.'

fullow

heated with

is formed.'

The

most

worthy
note-

"

it wholly
oonTcrts
sulphur
an
e(|uivalcnt
projKirtiijn

reduction of

p. 513.
Ibid. p. 5t6.

crystJits

Id tliemetallurgy
of silver litharge

agent of oxidation.

an

Sidphttr.
Lithargein excess
into sulphurous
acid, with the
"

"

and

the presence

in fracture, shining,
presentingat the surface and
in

following

No. II. was

littlebluoiah from

lamellar in fi'acture. No. III. was

and

in the

AsO'.

III." 4PbO

fracture.
crystalline

somewhat

enamol-white,

mixtures

ACTION

OXmiZINQ
Selenium.

Berthier

"

the

not

OF

that when

etatcs

of lead

trace
slightest

19

LITHARGE.

is heated with selenium,

litharge
isreduced.
and selenium
Litharge

formingproaajB, in "11 proportions,

ducts
those which result from the fusion of mixtures
exactlyreeemblii^

melt

comhine, he

and
together,

of selenide of lead and

than

10%

litharge.When

these

of eelenium,their colour is black

productscontain
or

their appearance is metalloidal : with a

grey or olive ; and 1^ of selenium sufficesto communicate
a

by

little silica"am

from

selenium

whole

the crucibl"

fusion with

by

Telliarium. This

which,
litharge,

the telluric acid.

Sulphurmay
lithai^e.'

if the

lithargebe not

telluric acid is volatilized,

and
"

4PbO,

it appears,

from Berthier's

inte arsenions acid

of malleable

lead

and

metal

the

ratio

of As

lamellar,and
largely
colour.

There

of the

most

excess,

in
litharge

the ratio of

verted
experiments, be wholly conof 3 equivalents
separation

There

a
was

dark olive-grey,
slag,
very
fume duringfusion.
no

PbO,

of

lead with

Berthier melted

fracture,
very

grey, and
finest orange-yellow
colour.'*

Antimony."Tho
mixture

two

of

button

fine

aid of heat

of metal

orange-yelluw

reduces
partially

of arsenious acid with

grammes

the ratio of AsO*

Pb\

The

of lead

glassyarsonite

havingthe

of lead

weighing23

and

grammes,

melted compact slagof a fine topaz-yellow

colour.
A mixture of 10 grammes
of anijmony in powderand 80 of

yieldedby
which
liquidglass,
Berthier
minimum

The
in

button

of lead

that

(SbO'),otherwise

the

much

more

oxidized

was

lead

would

experiment was made by Smith.

in the ratio of Sb
powder and litharge

next

"

litharge,
a

opaque and resembled

antimony

Ibid. 1. p. 382.
' Ibi.i.

very

yellow

only to

have

been

mixture

41'bt)

well-

and

weighing26 grammes,

after rapidcooling
was

observes

"

made by Berthier.
were
experiments
following
and
of 40 of litharge,
of untimony in powder

of 10 grammes
fusion a button

fusion

duct
pro-

of lead,semi-ductile,
granular

of arsenide

dark

of

duringfusion.*

the

12-40

i.e.nearlyin
shavings,

consisted of 32 grammes

yieldedby

productconsisted

arsenical fume

Conversely,metallic
of lead

colour.
orange-yellow
the

compact, glassyslagof

much

was

arseniguB acid.

the whole of

to

of

the formation

the finest

In the ratio of As

in

in

heated

2rbO, the product consisted of a butten of

semi'ductile,in fracture like galena,but less blue, and of glasKy

transparentslagof

38'80

completelyseparated

(AsO').with the

and largelylamellar.
crystalline,
In

with

telluride of lead is produced.*

ArBertie, If metallic arsenic be heated with

As

mixed

retains in combination

if in excess,

But

be

be dissolved

into telluric acid when

is converted

metal

"

with

The

litharge

to

of the oxide of leud may

the
selenium
acid,
being left pure, or
hydrochloric

decided olive tint.

out

more

less intense,and
less proportion
their colour is
more

was

'

the

sepa-

of antimony
heated

tn

Ibiil.p. 3S3.

"",LlGoogl

20

OXIDIZING

rtilneesin

clayoruciblo

covered

ACTION

OF

and

LITHARGE.

melted

readily.The qtiantiticH

grainHof antimony and liTZ of lithat^. The product

and of a slag,
of impure lead weighing
374 grains,
and
amber-coloured.
The
button
crocked
at the edges
was
hard,
glassy
broken acrom.
under the hammer, and was
easily
Tin. The three following
mode
were
experiments
by Berthier.
small
with
and
Tin-foil cut up into very
pieceswas mixed
litharge
taken

194

were

conaUted

of a button

"

heated.
an

mixture

unfused

at
alloy?]

of 10 grammes

scoriform

the bottom.

of tin and 37*5 of

litharge,
yielded

dull grey, and containing

shots of lead for
mass,
Bcrthier remarks that if the tin had been oxidized

would have been reduced ; and he

to the mnximum, all the litharge
therefore infers that only protoxide
of tin had been formed, which

remained

in combination

with the unreduced

litharge.

A mixture of 10 gramraoa of tin and 80 of litharge,

a metallic
yielded
button weighing26 grammoB,
and a slag,
while
molten,compact,
pastj-

opaque, dull,and

greyish-yellow.
of tin and

of

a
lithai^,yielded
pact,
a
very liquidslag,com-yellow."
opaque, granularin fracture,and greyish
If onlyprotoxide
of tin liad bcuu formed in the last two experiments,
not more
than IT'5 grammes
of lead should have lieen Hcparated,
so
that admittingno other agent for the reduction uf the litharge
than
tin to have been present,it is clear that some
peroxideof tin must
have been producod,unless we
admit what is not probable,
namely,
that some
in
the
of
of
have
of the lithai^e
tin,
protoxide
may,
presence
of
oxidation.
to
a
juwsed
bighei'
degree
The next
oxperimeutwas made by Smith. A mixture of finelydivided tin (obtained
tion,
by shakingtho molten metal during solidificain the ratio of Sn
and afterwards sifting)
3PbO was
and litharge
heated to strong redness in a covered clnycrucible during i hour.
The quantities
taken were
of tin and 840 of litharge.The
148 grains
fused
an
was
product
imperfectly mass, with a button of metal at the
well
bottom not
separated.
Bitmuth
Berlhier has recorded onlytho following
experiment. A
mixture of 20 grammes
of bifimuth and 40 of litharge,
on fusion
yielded
ductile and tin-white,and a
a button of metal weighing21*3 grammes,
crystalliue
slagsimilar in appearance to pure litharge.As no analysis
be
of the button was
of bismuth oxidized cannot
made, the proportion
been
infeiTod with certainty
; but Bcrthier remarks, that if it had
wholly converted into oxide, the button would have been pure lead
He concluded that about half of tho
and have weighed23'5 grammes.
and suggests that this result might be due
bismuth had been oxidized,
either to the great fusibility
of the metal,whereby it partially
escaped

mixture

of 10

metallic button

grammes

120

and

weighing26'.'1grammes,

"

from the action of the

litharge,
or, as

he conceives to be

to the fact that

the i"ower of

"

of lead saturated
protoxide
t
he
oxidizing hitter metal,'

Bcrthier,Tr. Oes EueSt, 1. p. 383.

more

probable,

with oxide of bismuth

Ibid. p. 3S1.

loees

ACTION

OXIDIZING

Coppet.'TVhen

it ia conTerted
litharge

heated with

"

21

LFrHARGE.

OF

into dioxide,

but not in the least degreeinto protoxide,

of
an
equivalent
proportion
lead being sepatated.
combiner
dioxide
with
of copper
The resulting
disaolvee in the

or

litharge.In

of

excess

an

heated with 21 times its weight of

copper was
\ of the metal remained
Zinc.

Tn

"

were
filings

nnoxidized.
Berthier in which

of zincgrammes
retictiontook placeas soon as
lOfl of litharge,

experimentby

an

experimentin which
not less than
litharge,

heated with

10

the latter began to soften ; there was

ebullition with a slight
ilame of
zinc. On raisingthe temperatare the mass
the
:
perfectly
liquefied

productconsisted of a button of pure lead weighing13 grammes,

like litharge,
but in very small plates,
sl^, cryslalline
opaque,
paleyellow.

One

should

been

have

fifth of the

zinc had
of

composed

been volatilized,
and the

87-7%of oxide of lead and

and

and

slug

12-3%of

oxide of zinc'
The
divided

followingexperimentwas
by trituration while hot,was

of Zn

2PbO, and exposed in

duriogH

hour.

made

by

mixed

with

Zinc

finely

lithai^in the ratio

clay crucible to a
160 grainsof

covered

quantitiestaken

The

Smilh.

were

1!]20 of

red-heat
zinc

and

The productconsisted of a button

litharge.
245
and of slag,
the central part of
weighing
grains,

which

to have been melted, while

compact, vitreous

or

the rest

dark brown, and

resin-like,

outer

part

of the

slaghad

or

of malleable lead

part was

outer

with
impregnated

seemed

shots of metaL

probablyobtained silica derived

not

This

from the

crucible.
Jrofi." The
10 grammes

the

of iron-wire cut
became

mass

of lead

button

were
followingexperiments

two

pasty

but

up

weighing40

heated with

were

liquid. The

not

and

grammes,

made

by Berthier.

100 of

and
litharge,

product consisted of

slag,which

was

compact,

metalloidal black, very magnetic,

and resembling
a foi^eopaque,
shots
of
lead
cinder (basicsilicateof protoxideof iron)
few
a
were
;
dark

observed

in it, but

consisted of
10

it

of iron-wire

grammes

very
weighing 4("'6 grammes,

fracture,
shining,
very

uneven

and

highlymagnetic.

of iron
protoxide
been

separated
;

of lead should
an

and

intermediate

metallic

iron

I GO

productconsisted
ttlagwhich
dark

If in these

it should

have

13'4%of oxide of iron,

heated with

were

liquid. The

became

mass

free from

was

55'9%of oxide of lead and

litharge.The
button

of lead

compact, opaque, with

was

brown

of

of

and

somewhat

remarks
experiments,

metalloidal,
Berthier,only

of lead should have

grammes
but if magneticoxide had been formed, 61'8 grammes
had

have

been

been

formed,

38-85

separated.It

oxide identical with

was

considered

iroa-actdehad been
Smith.

that
probable

produced.'
in filings

Iron

by
followingexperimentwas
in the ratio of
in a covered claycrucible with litharge
140 grainsof iron and 1120 of
Fe : 2PbO.
Ihe quantities
taken were
lithai^e.Fusion was effected at a brightred-heat. The productconThe

was

made

heated

r.

des EsauB, 1. p. 885.

22

HYDRATED

Misted of

lead.

The

other.

button

Ko

LEAD.

weighing ASO grains,containing

only a

slag,which

compact, semi -vitreous,with

was

-black, maf^ctic,
and contained shots of
from each
slagcould not be easilyseparated
iron was perceived.The total quantityof lead in

and

metallic

is 1040

used
litharge

the

of load
of

OP

dark brownish
fracture,

even

an

button

a,

of iron, and

trace

PROTOXIDE

grains,so that

littlemore

than half of the

liitt"rhad been reduced.

Protoxide

Hydbatkd

2PbO-(-HO.

It is

"

white

Lkad.

of

powder, which

loses its water

at

above 100" C. and turns

red litmus-paper
blue.
temperature somewhat
]t readilyabsorbs carbonic acid, so that in contact
with the air it

preservedwithout

bo

cannot

potashto a

addition

of

contains

some

with

eubsalt of lead, which

is thrown

that

littleof the

SchafFner

preparedfrom

solution of nitrate of lead, it is intormixed

when

the

precipitate
by digestion
hydrate bting
ont

also dissolved.'

states

the

by

down

the

be diwKolvod

may

of the alkali, a

slightexcess

It

chunge.

solution of acetate of lead,but

hydrate is

thus
with

be separatedby long di^eKtion

with
Hubnitrate,which cannot
the
of alkali,even
at laHt be raised
excess
though
tenij)crature

',10"C

This

given above

chemist

has

confirmed

the

of the

accuracy

an

to

formula

accordingto Winkelblech pure hyiirat"'d

protoxide
be obtained
cannot
by either of the processea above described.'
protoxideof lead is prodncedby the jointaction of air ami
Ilydratcd
pure as well as impure lead,and in the
pure watflr upon chemically
;

but

of carbonic acid.

entire absence

of

The

fonnation also under

of lead has been

crystallized
anhydrousprotoxide

these

ditions
con-

previously

recorded,

Payen
HO,

has described

which

solution

he
of

hydrate of protoxideof the formula 3PbO-t120 parts by measure

of a saturated
preparedas follows
a

"

tribaaio acefaf"

boiled
previously

during half

of lead
an

mixod

were

hour.

On

at iiO" C, stirred for an

mixed

eoluiion

to

bo

became

of water

solutions

beingat

vessel immersed

instant,and then left at

rest.

the
in

The

transparentduring the whole periodof the

remained

reaction,which

60

other hand, 4 parts

with
also
CO of water

of ammonia-water
diluted
were
by measure
Those
of
and
cooled
HO"
C.
to
two
deprived gas
in
25"
C.
mixed
were
t"^ether a
temperature of
water-bath

with

the

manifest

deposited
duringmany

in

about

houra

an

hour.

afterwards.

tinued
Crystalsconin
the
were
They

silverytint,with a
transparentscales of a yellowish
markable
slightgreenishreflection and were metallic in lustre. They were rewhich
of
their
refractive
caused
account
on
especially
power,
Under
all the colours of the spectrum.
them
to sparklewith
a
form

of brilliant

simplemicroscope
theywere

to be

found

n^lar

octahedrons.'

'
Berzeliaa. Jahr? eb. IT. v. 1
BerzeUuB, Treite de Cbimic, 2. p. 582. I
* Ann,
de Gliim. et dc Pbys.
HandwCrterbucli, Supplmicntbaiid,
Quoted from Ann. dei p. 54.
1850, p. 566.
51. p. 175.
Cliaroie,
'

"

Ber-

jtelins considered
When

the

of lead
protoxide

hydrated

SeaQuioxiDEof
Pb'O'.

It ia described

"

yellowpowder.

With

by

has

be

to

doubtful.*

dilute solution of

fine,amorphous,
red-

acid it forms
hydrochloric

Oxalic and

it with the evolution of carbonic acid

formic

; and

a.

soluble

is resolved into chloride

afterwards
immedifltely

free chlorine.

liad.

Winkelblec

concentrated

yellowchloride,which
of lead and

hydrate

is boiled with

of anhydrousprotoxide.'
crystals

into

it is transformed
[xitaeh,

this

of

exUtence

23

LEAD.

OF

8ESQUI0XIDE

acids

by

are

decomposedby

the action of

sulphuric,
produced,peroxideof
Winkelblech
lead being(I'bO')
separated.*
preparedit as follows ; the
from the addition of caustic potash to a solution of acetate
precipitate
well washed
and dissolved in a Bolution of
of lead (m^r of lead)
was
mixed
with cold hypochlorite
caustic potash
of
; and this solution tt^s
after a while began to fall a yellow oxide
eoda free from lime, when
turned reddish. This precipitate
is the eeequioxide
which graduall}'
and requiresonly to be washed
and dried,but it obstinately
retains
salt of

of lead
protoxide

nitric,or acetic acid

water.
hygroscopic

S. HauBmann

is

has confinned Winkelblech's

results ;

after desiccation between 140" C. and

precipitate
of
carbonic acid
water, and that it absorbed
1-2%
from the atmosphere
without change of colour.'
Caustic alkalies and their carbonates decompose the Bolution of the
of lead, forming a precipitate
of the colour of hydrated
sesquioxide
bo washed
with boiling
scsquioxideof iron. This precipitate
may
either losingits water or changing
and dried at 100" C. without
water
but he found that the

150" C. retained

its colour ; and heated to 150" C. it becomes

dark coloured like ignited
without
of
iron,
decomposing.If a fixed alkali is used
sesquioxide
yet

it cannot

washed
completely

be

of the

which readily
preiripitate,
slightexcess of the alkalL The sesquioxideof lead may
be obtained pure by pouring its solution in acetic acid info greatly
diluted caustic ammonia, quicklyremoving the precipitate
thereby
formed from the liquor,
and washing it with hot water
to which a veiy
dissolves in

little acetic acid has

which

may

appearance
agrees with

out

added

been

In order to separateany

carbonate

thus made
differs much
in
be preticnt.The sesquioxide
Winkelblech's
that
from
preparedby
process, althoughit

the latter in

Jacquelainfound

that

and in chemical reactions.

composition
mixture
of
and peroxideof lead,
a
protoxide

to the formula
PbO+PbO', heated to 4^0" C. in a closed
corresponding
tube
became
and
that
red,
some
glass
disengaged.The
oxygen was
acetic acid without any residue of peroxide
productdissolved in glacial
of lead ; and alkaline lye was
unable to extract protoxide
of lead from

it in

quantityworth mention.
similarly
heating a

On

2PbO+PbO',

less oxygen

"

Traits 2. p. 58.').

Fremj,

Ann.

IS41, 12. p. 4S9.

de

mixture,

was

evolved, and
I

Chim.

ct de

to
correspondii^

Flijs.

the

the formula

productwhich

like-

24

RED-LEAD

OF

PEROXIDE

"

LEAD.

in
acquireda fine red colour,disaolved completely
acetic acid.'
glacial

wise
and

Bbd-lead.
Pb*0'." It
sometimes

regardedas

18

a.

it is

alkaline

lye

Miniuu.

rait of il.e fornmla 2l'l)0+PbO', bat

in
the fonnula I'bU+-l'^'. It occurs

represented
by
gravityto
amorphouspowder. Karstcn states its specific
eltjctricitv*
of
8-62 and Boullay9'1'J.' It is almost a nonconductor
has a fine bright
red or orange-red
colour,the tint varyingwith the

the state of
be
It

mode
a

of

temperature

brown
a

heated it becomes darker in colour,and at

Wlien
preparation.

below, redness, it is dark

yet Beusibly

near,

almost black

or

colour returns
; but ita original
it is resolved into piotoxide
of lead and

strung red-heat

insoluble

in water.

Kitric

acid

At
It is

oxygen.

the aid of heat

it without

converts

purplish-

it cools.

as

uf the

protoiidewhich dissolves, and peroxide which

acid.
as
a
puce-coloured
powder. Heated with sulphuric
and 1 of
of sulphateof protoxideof lead are
formed
8 equivalents
free,
is
acid it is
set
the
action
of
hydrochloric
t^imilarly,
by
oxygon

into nitrate
is left

into
clanged

equivalentsof chloride of lead

the evolution

with

of 1 of

chlorine ; but with less acid than sufficesfor this reaction,chloride and
of lead are produced. It dissolves in cold strong acetic acid,
peroxide

forming a
with

colourless
lets "1I

water

red-lead will be

PiRoxiDK
VbO'.

Lbad.

or

It has

"

in the state

of

peroxideof lead.

given in

the

hl"atl^dor

either when

solution,which

The

diluted

manufacturing

process of

sequeL

Pdci-Colodbkd

Oxide.

dark chocolate brown

or

puce

amorphouspowder,but it also

Pldkbio

Acrn.

colour,and is usually

crystals.The
in hexagonal prisms
cryatallizod

of lead
mineral,Plattneritc,
is'peroxide

occurs

in

to
belonging

the rhombohedral
system : it is Htated to liavc been found
Leadbills
in
at
cording
is conttidered doubtful. AcScotland,but the localitj'
is
timo
to Uecquerel,
for
when
lead
in
o
f
some
peroxide
ktpt

molten

and
potash,

the

after

mass

coolingis washed

with

water

so

ac

all that is soluble, the residue consists of protoxide

und
of
each
in
In
determinations
of
tlu'
three
lead,
peroxide
ciyslals.'
to

remove

of peroxideof
specific
gravity

It is insoluble in

water.

of lead
protoxide

and

lead.

By tho action

At
at

of lead
with

"

Handworterb.

der rein.

In tUo Compt. Rend.

a

very

obaemttiona

9- 190.'

and
rt-d-

to red-lead with

It incandesces
strong oxidizingagent
o
f
ordinarytemperatures,sulphate protoxide
a

u.

aiigowand.I
567.

31. p. 626. there ia

of Jaoqnelains

Bliort notice
on

8-"Kl3 and

being the product;it also incandesces when triturated

its weight of cane-sugar, or -Jthof grape-sugar.
It*'

of
-j-th

Chem., SuppIfmETitband,1830. p

only

is also reduced

lightit

It is

sulphurousacid at

are

red-heat it is resolved into oijgen

lower temperature into oxygen and

of solar

the evolution of oxygen.

in

load the extremes

Ihia

lubjtct.

'

I.
Hftndworteibuth.

"

Ibid.

'

Tiaitrf d'filwtricile.
IBfiS.2. p.
Gmelia, llandbuok, 5. p. 121.

p. 826.
129.

26

PEROXIDE

OF

LEAD.

HowcTer, the solution of peroxide

peroxideof lead k precipitated.
acetic acid is not decomposed
of lead in glacial
by dilution with frum
4 to 6 times its volume

in

mixture

"

what

dry

'Hie salt dissolves

of alcohol of ap. gr. 0-8287.
wther.
The crj-stals
may ho dried nomo-

of alcohol and

between

blotting
paper;

but

renewing the

on

in order to

paper
remilvcd

them

into acetic
completely,
they become yellowand are
of
lead
while
still
with
moist
acetic
;
peroxide
acid theymay be kept unchanged in closed glaasvessels. They melt at
160" C, and at a somewhat
highertemperature theyare quicklyand
a residue of metallic lead and a Tonka
completely
decomposed,yielding

acid and dark-coloured

bean-like odour

with

of acetone

acetic acid.

some

^\'ater resolves them

into their components, peroxideof lead and acetic acid; whereas a'
solution of sesquioxide
of lead in acetic acid is resolved by water into

peroxideand

acetate

of

of
protoxide

lead.*

Peroxide of lead may

redbo conveniently
preparedby difrosting
lead with pure and somewhat dilute nitric acid until everything
soluble
is

removed.
complclely

Kitrate

while peroxideof lead

dissolves,

be

must

be aided

by

heat

even

is treated with
of the

some

to

nitric

is left

and

thoroughlywashed

of
protoxide

of

as

lead

insoluble

an

dried.
carefully

The

is formed

powder,which
digestionmay

boiling
; hut Level asserts that when
acid of the sp. gr. 1'152, and heat

of lead is
resulting
jieroxide

and

and
decomposeil,

red-lead

applied,

little of it

dissolves,colouring
the liquorviolet.' I'eroxide of lead is produced
the
the
action
water
chlorine
of
or
red-lead,
heating
by
by
upon
the
with
eolutinns
of certain lead-salts,e.g.
acetate,
h^^'poaqueous
even

chlorite of soda.'
the

As

matchoB,much attention has of

practicaldetails on
many

late been directed to its preparation,

and

Bottlerreeommenda
lead (gxjTor
is
of lead)
with

an

of

excess

of lucifer-

in the manufacture

consumed
peroxideis largely
the

subject have

b"i'n

published.

of
acetate
following
process : Finely-siftoii
basin
in a capaciousporcelain
boiled vigoroufly
filteredand clear solution of hypochlorite
of lime,
the

"

the mixture

until the

odour

whole

uf

being well stirred ; and the boilingis continued

chlorine is replacedby that of acetic acid. The

the lead in tiie acetate should bo converted

this is the ease, sulphuretted
hydrogen-water
filtered

no
liquorcauses
browning.
supernatant liquorshould be decanted

with

distilled water

upon

It would

be

added

If the action
and

the

of

when

to a little of the

is

completed,the

of
peroxide

filteruntil the wash-water,

on

lead washed

bein^ tested
The

iKToxide
crystalline
granular
app.'arance.
difEeult,it is affirmed,to produceequallyprire peroxide

"with oxalate of ammonia,

is described

into peroxide
; and

as

is found to bo free from lime.

dark-brown,and

of

According to tbe same

by any other melhod.
be easily
chloride
chemist, all the lead of freshly
precipitated
may

of lead at a'less coat

converted

"

Handw6rterlmch

wandt
566.

into

CJiem.

peroxideby boilingwith
der

rein.

u.

ange-

ISCiO,p.
EupplemeatlHUid,

'

Ann.

solution of

de Chim.

of
hypochlorite

et de

Fhye. 1810,7.

p. 111.

'

Gmclias

Handbook,

5. 121.

LEAD

Kme.'

AND

27

SILICON.

states that white-lead,lithai^e,

be oouor red-lead may
lead
w
ith
clear
solution
o
f
of
a
peroxide
by boiling
chlorite
hypo-

Pnecher

verted into

In Wufaler's process

of lime.'*

of
acetate
weight of crystallized
somewhat
better
3 parts,
or
tainiiig
soda.

of lead is

Carbonate

solution

lead is mised
of

more,

4 parte by
containing

with

solution

con-

carbonate
crystallized

precipitated,
wherebya

thin

pasty mass

of
is

into this chlorine gas is to be passeduntil the whole of

the carbonate of lead is converted into the dark-brown
which
peroxide,

formed, and

to 2^ parts. Chloride
thoroughlywashed, and which amounts
of sodium is produced,but no chloride of lead, acetic and carbonio
of peroxide
acids being set free." Overbeck
advises the preparation
lead
lead
of
"tf
with ferridcyanide
by boilinghydrated protoxideof
and potash." Level says that protpotassium(redpnueiateof polath)
oxide

be

must

of lead,obtained
into
with

25

must

not

of

peroxideby
lilorateof potash and

reach

produced. The
a

the calcination of white-lead,

be converted
may
100
of
it
in
admixture
gentlyheating
parts

by

heatingmust

dark and uniform

cease

is easy

in

as

black tint,which

generally
happenswhen

of nitre ; but

200

dvU rednest,as

even

that

soon

with

as

is

the whole

be

has

mass
acquired
proportionsabove prescribed

the

the

the temperature

red-lead would

case

molten.
completely

It

of lead,and after having

of the protoxide
-f^iiiB
peroxidize
solved
this product,
the unchangedremainingI'l-th
be dismay
with nitric acid. The peroxidethus made is
out by digestion
of lead,
nearlyblack. Level states that red-lead cannot, like protoxide
be converted into the peroxide
of
potash."
by heatingit with chlorate
so

to

well washed

LEAD

Berzclias

that

states

SILICON.

AND

lead

and

silicon combine

when

heated

togetherbefore the blowpipe,forming a malleable product,which

by the solvent action of acids yieldsan insoluble residue of silica.'
This is a subject
which requires
further investigation.
BiLiOATBB
These
been

when

Pbotoxidx

or

LiAn.

and their reactions of metallni^cal

interest,have
silicates,

examined
carefully
and

most

or

upon

part, founded.

onlyheated

in my

laboratory
by

stadt,
Dr. Beck, of Darm-

is, for the

followingdoHcription
protoiidoof lead easilycombine, even

his results the

Silica and

degreeat which the oxide becomes pasty.

preparing these silicates by the dry way, it is not expedientat
to raise the temperature so high as perfectly
to melt the oxide,
once
in
that
the
silica
would
the
for,
case,
top of the liquid
mostlyrise to
to

the

In

oxide, and
the

might remain there a considerable time uncombined.

beginning,the temperature should merelysufBce to render

"
WagnCTB
1859,p. 248.

"

EepertOTium,
1858,

Liebig u. Eopp,

p. 232 : 1

JaluMb.

1856, p

'

Ibid. 185t,p. 362.

Ibid. 1856, p. 595.

Ann. de Chim. et de Phys. 1840. 75.

| p. 109.

395.
"

"
:"

At

the

Gmelin's Handbook, S. 165.

28

OF

SILICATES
that

uxide pasty, so
uontaot

silica and

this mode

to

highenough to

should be raised

by

the

ia order
possible,

OM

I'EOTOXIDE

oxide may

be

in
kept ae largely

promote combination, after which it

melt the silicate formed.
Moreover,

which
proceeding,

of

LEAD.

OF

is

known

commonly

fritting,

as

the oorroBive action of the molten

earthen crucible which
Platinum

utmost.

oxide npon the substance of the

be used in the process is lessened to the

may

Tessels,indeed, might be
has

capableof reducingthe oxide

vessels that Faraday availed himself

agent

the borosiiicate of lead

proposed

access

and

it

of such

was

in his

be

to

employed,providedno

investigation
concerning
to
applied opticalpur|)oscs, on

of its great refractive power.

The materials from which
made are
fine white sand and
be conveniently
silicates of lead may
account

red-lead, such
is

which
adaptedfor the manufacture of flint-glass,
when
silica,
protoxideof lead,and potash. Ite"l-lead,

as

composed of

are

loses part of its oxygen,

silica,
also be made
Silicates of lead may

heated

and

with

is reduced

by adding

"

to protoxide.

afioeous

an

like the eilicate of soda or watt'rsolution of soluble alkaline silicate,

All the
solutions of salts of lead,cay, tho nitrate.
to aqueous
glasB,
fusible silicatesof lead

are

to the quantityof

taken

precautionsare

of oxide of iron, they are

of lead in which

yellow,of which the tint deepensin proportion

of lead present ; and unless speprotoxide
cial
in their preparation
to avoid the presence
apt

to be

the silica does

PbO,2SiO'

more

exceed the

not

vitreous, and

are

less brovm.

or

All silicates

proportionin

tho formula

transparent after fusion.

They

light powerfullyand have a brightlustre,and both

increase iit proportionto the quantity of oxide of
properties
refract

The

silicates of lead varies

of the
fusibility

lees degreewith

in
directly

these

lead.

greater

quantityof oxide of load which they contain.

Thus the silicate preparedaccordingto the formula .ll'bCSiO',may,
while melted,be poured out almost like water, while that prepared
accordingto the formula 2PbO,SiO', can
scarcelybe poured out
of oxide of lead and silica made accordingto tho
at all. Mixtures
or

the

formula
a

PbO.aSiO" and Pb0.48iO',conld

and
white, uniform, porcelain-like
mass;

containingyet

the

and

white

silica were

more

melted,but formed

bo

not

productsof mixtures
scemporous, consisting

silicaand silicatesof lead richer in oxide sintered

ii^y of uncombined
together.
Dr. Beck

experimented upon intimate mixtures of red-lead and

proportionsindicated by the formulee in the
in
which
aleo stated the actual quantities
are
followingtable,
employed,
and the percentage compositionof the products. UTie heating
effected in Cornish crucibles,with the precautionspreviously
was

fine siliceous sand in the

notified

as

to

temperature, and

is essential in tho

prevent

access

of the crucible
crucible
more

the

or

on

of the
;

and

reducing gases
this condition

the lop oi the

less open.

product

wes

the exclusion of

reducingagents.
by the dry way

preparationof silicates of lead

fuel, and

It is not

to

of the furnace

to

to

the interior

secured

by placingthe

leavingthe mouth

of the furnace

be

may

be

It

Bupposodthat

definite silicate; and

in every

instance

indeed it is certain that

some

of tlie products
were
liined base,
demoustrated

which

be melted

may

and

OF

2B

LEAD.

definite BiHcate wi\h

Furtber, it

silicates of lead
with
proportions

are

unconi'

clearly

not

was

definite silicates,
owing

productswere

togetherin all

acid.

uncombined

of lead
protoxide

that the

of

onlymixturea

with

or

PROTOXIDE

OF

SILICATES

both

the fact
and
fusible,
to

the formation

of products,

which, after solidification,

appear

homogeneous. Blany experimeute were

made
to ascertain whether
by cautiously
pouring out
the molten contents
of the crucible under varying conditions as to
and rapidity
of
of cooling,
or liquation
melting
separation
temperature
in
of
would
of products,
differing degree fusibility,
occur, as is the
with the productsobtained by meltingcertain mixtures of oxide
case
of iron and

silica,and

the results

were

either inconclusive

lutely
abso-

or

negative.
The

colour of tho silicates of lead may be completely

changedby
other
metals.
A
small
aomo
quantityof

the presence of the oxides of

iron suffices to render

of
sesquioxide

them

brown.

Thus

on

ing
re-melt-

the silicate,
prepared accordingto the formula SPbO.SiO* from a
mixture of 2100 grainsof red-lead and 260 grains
of silica,
with only
there was
grains of iron-filings,
produced a dark-brown, almost
the edges. When
at
black, glass,
silicate prescarcely
transparent
pared
^0

of

accordingto the
of copper or
sulphate

formula HPbO,2SiO'

was

melted

with

trace

blue vitriol,
the product
was
a beautiful green
glass;and these green silicates became yellowwhen melted with
lead. The colours,
darker while the
especially
yellow,
appear much
silicateis hot.

yellowwhile
PbO,SiO*

was

Silicateswhich

hot.

of manganese,

with

trace

MnO*),it became

transparentat the

green when

cold sometimes

appear
silicate preparedaccording
to the formula

^^ hen

melted

are

of Swedish

pyrolusite
(blackoxide
dark-red,almost black,and scarcely

edges.

Nos. I.,II.,III.,IV., melted

and the products
were
rather

high temperature for

vitreous.

No. VI.,

at

low tempeeasilyat comparatively

ratures,
V.
vitreous.
Ko.
perfectly
requireda
its fusion,but the productwas
also perfectly
a

high temperature,

fritted into

pact,
com-

being re-melted at
porcelain-like
mass, which, on
became
No.
VII. could not be
a
glass.
perfect
highertemperature,
melted into glass,
but formed a compact, homogeneous,porcelain-like
white, opaque,

30

OP

8IUCATES

VIIT.

No.

maaa.

PEOTOXIDE

OP

yieldeda white, compact

cavities in it. No, IX. fritted into

LEAD.

with

mass,

only a.

few

white, poroiis mass.

According to Berthier,No. III. enffioes for all assays in which

be reqnired,
and this silicate is stated to
silioate of lead may
"

lithai^in

to
preferable

containing earths

which

oxides

or

oxide of lead,except

assayingsubstances

through the

onlymixed,

in

there is not

with
combine
of silica. In order to

the

not

litharge
; but

while
suspension,

it the metallic

from

do

silicate of lead

much

homc^neous combination,

remain

can
are

be
silica,bnt

free from

interrention

liquefythese substances, at least as

employed as would be requiredof
is obtained

alone

in which

with

with

be
silicate

must

the

metallic ticles
parthe earths
as
litharge,
no

of accurately
certainty
rating
sepa-

same

which
particles

it may

be neceesary

to

extract."'
dissolved
Nob. I.,II.,III.,
nitric acid.

No.

acetic acid.

Ko. IV.

not

was

not

was

and completely
in boiling
dilute
easily
soluble
in,
wholly decomposedby, or
completely
decomposedby nitric acid,

dryness. No. I. dissolves

in a warm,
while the
completely
aqueous solution of caustic potash,
in such a solntion,
silicates richer in silica dissolve bnt imperfectly
to the quantityof silica which they contain.
and less in proportion
even

after

I.

evaporatingthree

times

to

vitreous silicates of lead do not blacken

The
chemical

which
laboratory,

hydrt^n,

quicklyblacken

whilst
in such

may

the
an

contain

enamel-like

and

atmosphere;

the other silicates immediately

become

small

in air like that of

quantityof

retted
sulphu-

spongy-whitesilicates

bnt the vitreous

black in pnre

as

well

as

sulphuretted

hydrogen gas.
SUioaiet ofprotoxide
of lead healed teilhndphur. The following
experiments
made
were
by Dr. Beck ;" I. 1000 grainsof silicateprepared
heated with 3.')0grainsof
accordingto the formula SPbO.SiO* were
EfTervcscence
and
when
this had entirely
occurred,
ceased.
sulphur.
with a view to collect
500 grainsof lead were
put into the crucible,
lead
lead
which
have
been neparated.The
or
sulphuretted
might
any
consisted
of
button
which
748
a
was
product
grains,
weighing
very
not
malleable, though apparently
quite free from sulphur;and of
just like the originalsilicate. Supposing
transparent yellowglass,
"

the lead reduced

to

be

pure, the

of
composition

represented
by the formula 21'l"0,SiO'.
II. 750
grains of silicate prepared

the

glaw would

be

according to the formula

sisted
grainsof sulphur. The product conof a homt^neous, black,obsidian-like glass,
which contained only
0'075%of sulphur; and of a few metallic globulesat the bottom,
lead,which weighed only 10 grains. From
seeminglyof sulphuretted
it
these experiments appears that some
sniphide of lead ia produced,
SO', and that reaction
accordingto the formula 2PbO-J-S'=21'bS-f
follo%TO between the sulphideand oxide of lead,as will be hereafter
PbOiSiO* were

heated

with

'

250

Tr. del. Em.

1. p. 517.

SILICATES

OF

PROTOXIDE

OF

31

LEAD.

acid evolved. The

explained,
whereby lead is set free,and sulphnrons
of
silicateeof
lead
ia
action
on
sulphur
reducing
very limited.
viitk
kad
healed
^Tha two following
iron.
Silicaisof
protosulphide
of
experimentswere made by Dr. Beck
I. The mixture
waa
composed of 1420 grainsof silicateprepared
aocordingto the formula SPbO.SiO",and 100 grainsof protosulphide
"

"

of iron,FeS,

that the ratio of the oxide of lead in the silicate to

so

sulphideof iron

the

contained

which
glass,

somewhat
II. The
as

125

was

productconsisted of a black
grained,
finesulphur; and of a crystalline,

0-12% of

malleable

metallic

used in the

30"1

was

at

of pure lead,which
apparently

of lead in

The

10.

appearedbrown

the

thinnest

Silicates ofprotoxide
ofhad
made

been

of

edges,and

black

button,

weighed 145 grains.

izing
experimentsis,that in respectof oxid-

conclusion from these

litharge.(SeeAppendix.)

heated with wood charcoal."

in

ii.a,aj
ments
experi-

Dr. Beck, in order to

reducingagent upon silicates

by
laboratory

my
the action of charcoal

ascertain

325

the silicate to the

product consisted

effectthis silicate of lead resembles

have

weighed

was

that the ratio of the oxide

sulphideof Iron
glass,which

button, which

composed of 1710 grainnof the same silicate

precedingexperiment and 50 grainsof protosnlphide

mixture

of iron, BO

The

The

10.

as

of lead

preparedaccordingto various formulse,and the results are of

sufficient interest and practical
importanceto be recorded in detaiL
Silicate made
accordingto the formula PbO.SiO" was intimately
mixed
with excess
of charcoal-powder
than
more
(i.e.
considerably
sufficient to reduce the whole of the oxide of lead in the silicate),
and
stronglyheated in a covered Cornish crucible. The productwas not
a

coherent

and

mass,

of lead

bntton

no

formed.

was

The

charcoal

water, and the residue consisted of

was
separatedby washing
hollow globules,
to a small
varyingin size from less than a pin's-head
with

The

pea.

white, grey,

was

vitreous

both

within,
external

their

on

shots of lead.
firmly-adherent

which
glass,
When

the
to

of hollow

mass

and

internal

surfaces

was

the whoJe

with

heated

was

less

or

They

fracture.

on

of these

Some

more

with

were

minute

contained
globules

parent
trans-

state.
original

only just sufficient

coal
char-

of lead,a coherent grey

protoxide
small quantityof interposed
charcoal,

of the

with
globules,

obtained.

was

mixture

was

heated

as

the

was

melted

with

of the crucible

were

silicate and

same

described, and

above

washing off tho residual charcoal

water,

grainsof

of 1000

charcoal- powder
aft"r

of

seen

as

compoeed

were

and

probablysilicate of lead in its

silicate of lead

reduce

singularbodies

these

lightyellowish-brown,
opaque,

or

enamel-like

or

studded

of which

substance

as

fused
perfectly

the

grainsof
product,

with
completely possible
as

of eoda.

carbonate

50

By

this

and, when

means

the

tents
con-

cold,consisted

of lead,covered with
a
layerof transparent green
similar experimentsof this kind the buttons of lead

singlebutton

glass.In two
weighed385 and

365

grains;and

as

the

quantityof

silicate of lead

iCLyCoOJ^I

32

SILICATES

operatednpon

(1000 grains)contained

and

385

"was

OF

PROTOXIDE

OP

confidence ahoald

no

placedin

these numbers, as the experiments

were
and, indeed, nnder any circn instances, it would be
*

low

grainsof lead, the

770

But
grains respectively.

405

LEAD.

be

only tentative;
to preimpossible
vent

the same
very notable loss of lead in such experiments. When
mixture of silicateand charcoal was
heated as in the
not so strongly

foregoingexperiments, no
245
grains of lead were

hollow
obtained

formed,
globuleswere
by subsequent fusion

and

only

with

bonate
car-

of soda.

experimentingin the
prepared according to

In
catea

3PbO,2Si()', it

found

was

for otherwise
molten

state

to

same

the

other very fusible sili'

way
upon
fbrmulre SPbOiSiO*
2PbO,SiO'
"

necessary
of the silicate subsided

part

the bottom

"

heat the misturea

to

of the crucible.

But

very

dually,
gra-

unchanged in a
by properly
regulating

the temperature,hollow globules

formed without either
were
the separationof a button of lead, or of unchanged silicate. The
were
globules
lai^erthan those produced from the silicatecomposed
the formula

accordingto
had

and

observed to consist of three

of

at

outer

Some

and

of these
an

intermediate

inner

layer

was

mised

with sufficientcharcoal for the

of their oxide

reduction
complete
found

an

coherent,

more

probablyundccomposedsilicate.When

fusible silicateswere

more

layers

; an

white enamel-like substance,and

which
transparentglass,

these

also

were

to their external surface.

lead adherent

more

were
globules
layerof opaque

of

PbO^i'J'! they

the bottom

of lead,a small button of lead was

of the crucible under a layerof glass,
probably

and
unchanged silicate,

of hollow gloglasswas a mass

bules
The
obtained
-powder.
product
by
heatinga mixture of 1000 grainsof silicatepreparedaccordingto the
formula 3PbO,SiO' with 50 grains of charcoal,
after wasbin);
yielded,
with water, and fiision with carbonate of soda,as previously
described,
of lead which weighed 406 grains. In another similar expea button
riment
with 60 instead of 50 grainsof charcoal,the button of lead
not
true, namely.
weighed 469 grains. Supposing,what is certainly
that these numbers
lead
the
total
of
reduced,the
quantity
represent
substance of the globuleswould have been composed of silicate approximating

and

intermixed

above

to the formula

with

this

charcoal

PbO,2SiO'.

In three

similar experiments

mixtures

of 1000 grainsof silicate,

mode according
to the formula
obtained
SPbO.SiO", and of 50 grainsof charcoal,buttons of lead were
which

of the last two

the formula

with

formula

buttons would

PbO,2SiO'

were
experiments
represented
by

and

580, and 570 grains. The weights

lead to the inference that a silicateof

640,
weighed respectively
had

made

been

with

the formula

mixture

of 700
and

loft unreduced.
mixture

PbCSiO"

of 440
and

grainsof the

other similar

grainsof the

of 40

silicate

grains of charcoal,

silicate represented
by the

grains of charcoal ; the buttons of lead

weighed
grains,thus showing how im])erfcct
redaction.
lead
As
the
'was
was
separatedfrom the last-named
it seems
probablethat this silicate was onlya
highlyacid silicate,
mixture of one containingmore
base with free silica.
PbOiSSiC,

of 30

Two

255
respectively

and 80

34

SILICATES

direct contact

in

questioncontact
in the

were

with
must

of

state

OP

PROTOXIDE

OP

LEAD.

subjectof reduction ; and in the cane in

nnletw,indeed, the iron
obvionBlybe partial,
mixed
with the
fine powder and intimately
the

obtained in my laboratory,
The following
results,
operatedupon.
in
illustration
:
are
given
I. 1000
grainsof silicate,
preparedaccordingto the formula
with
therefore, 81-6^ of lead, heated
SPbO.SiO', and containing,
700
400 grainsof iron, gave a button of lead which
weighed
grains,
and a highly crystalline,
darkcoloured
T
he
total
elafi;opaque,
material

"

"

quantityof

lead in the silicate was

grains. (Dr. Beck.)

II, 700 grains of silicate,prepared accordingto the formula
3PbO,2SiO', and containing,therefore,72'8% of lead, heated with
of lead which weighed 470 grains.
200 grainsof iron, gave a button
5i"fl grains.(Dr. Beck.)
The total quantityof lead in the silicate was
HI.
This eipei-imentwas
Silicate of lead,
made
by Smith.
preparedaccordingto the formula 2l'bO,SiO',and containing77'24"^
On
of lead, gave
of lead.
by fusion in an iron crucible 7:i-7:!%
re-meltingthe resulting
slag of siJicato of protoxideof iron in the
and
the slag
crucible, 0-oo% of additional lead was
same
separated,
amounted
retained 0'30% of lead. The loss of lead by volatilization
in the
details of this experimentwill he found
to 2'66%. The
816

"

"

Appendix.
Silicatetofprotoxide
t^leadheaiedmth
The

were
following
experimenta
operatedupon were as under :
"

of iron
"e"quiaxide

made

by

and

The

Dr. Beck.

rharmal.
mixtures

"

I.

product consisted of a highlycrystalline,

opaque,
and a homogeneous,soft,malleable,metallic button,
dark-brown
slag,
little harder than lead,which weighed 495 grains,and ctmtainod
a
diffused. Its specific
iron mechanically
gravity was 9-.'i0. The slag
No.

The

"

free from

was

for its formula

No.

II." The

metallic
neither

lead, and contained 3776^ of silica,which indicates

2Fe(),SiO'. It presentedlargeplaneson cleavage.

button
so

reaction did not

was

soft nor

so

appear

obtained, which
malleable

as

to

have

weighed

the button

been
980

in No.

complete.A

grains. It
I.

was

It contained

could bo felt by
mechanicallyintermixed, of which the particles
knife.
It
with
evolved
in
sensible
when
a
cutting
hydn^en
quantity,
acid.
acted upon by hot hydrochloric
No. III. The product consisted of brown, stone-like slt^,
and a
metallic button which weighed 230 grains.
iron

"

The
of iron

conclusion
and

is, that by the addition

of

mixture

of

oxide

to silicates of lead"
charcoal,in suitable proportions,

SILICATES

OF

PROTOXIDE

namely,sufficient ctiarooal
"nd

the

whole

the

redoce

to

LEAD

OF

AND

of
seeqnioxide

of lead in

of the oiide

35

POTASH-

the

metallic state,and eufBcient protoxide

of iron to form
the lead is aa completely
when
of iron
as
separated

iron to toxide,
proto the

silicate
abibaeic

Bilicate

metallic iron is

"

directlynsed, though a highertemperature and a longer time are

required. The reduction of the lead may in this case be due to
metallic iron reduced from the seaquioside
of iron by charcoal ; and
that some
iron was
reduced is clear from
the foregoingdata. In
o
f
iron
be
regarded as virtuallythe agent
protoxide
may
any case
the
wherebycompletereduction of the lead ia effected,as it liquefies
silica; and

unless this occurred

free.

set

Supposingiron

afterwards

converted

be reduced

to

of the

the whole

into oxide, in

in

the

lead

could

not

be

first instance, it is

exertingits reducing action

on

oxide of lead.
Silicaieiof protoxide
of lead and

compound

refractive power, which

it is used by
must

pnrpose

be

which
strife,

only
The

oxide of lead than

more

due to want

imperfectmixture

of

firstsurmounted

Bontempa,it is now

mixture
as

contain

are

evil was

of M.

of the molten

is a
flint-glass
high

an

cordingly,
Ac-

lenses,and for that

and
flint-glass,
glassis
of homogeneity,
as though the glass
were
silicatesdiffering
in specific
two
gravity.
But

the

common

besettingevil of such

by Guignand ; and, thanks to the labours

article of regularmanufacture.
Thorough
of the

contents

keep the temperature

to

"

in achromatic
opticians

free from stri".

absolutely
an

polath. Common

It possesses great luatre uid

increases with the proportion
of lead.

silicateof this nature.

and
glass-pot,

of the pot

as

the conditions to be attained

as

uniform
far

as

slow

so
cooling,

in
possible

every

practicable.
with the following
tebulated statement
of various specimens of heavy
of the composition
determined
as
optical
glass,
by Mr. Faraday,dated September 2nd,
part,

are

In

1840, the late Mr. G. UoUond, "voured

as

me

1824:"

Ifl. Holmes'
"

I".

^Ditto

II.

Holmes'

III.

Green's

"

"

"

hea-vyor

achromatic

flint-glass.
not so heavy as
usual or common
flint-glass.
for optical
flint-glass
purposes.
do.

do,

do.

No. Jo.

L?C?00^|C

Digitized

3U

SILICATES
IV.

"

V,

"

Part

of

OP

PROTOXIDE

OP

LEAD.

from
object^lass

46-moli

the famoas

"

pot

"

of

flint-glass.

Gn^and's flint-glass.

Silicaietofprotoxide
of Uad and ioda.~J)r. Beck

heated

carbonate of soda, and quartz sand, in

litharge,
formule :
by the follotring

the

of

mixtnrea

cated
indiproportions

"

PbCaNaO+eSiO".

I."

II." PbO, KaO

No. I. gave

+ 4SiO'.

awell-melted,transparent,nearlycolourless glass
; and

No. II. a welt-melted,transparentlight-green

glass.
Silicate of protoxide
in
o^ lead and baryta.By strongly
heating,

"

mixture consisting
of 23 parts by weight of
a
claycrucible,
of
nitrate
of baryta,
and 2l-5 of silica,!
obtained a wellred-lead,17-5
melted, transparent,heavy-green
which should approximatein
glass,
covered

with
to Gnignand'sheavy flint-glass,
composition
of barytafor potashin that formula.

SUicatee

ofprobxeide
of lead

and

the substitution

Berthier heated mixtures

lime.
"

the

carbonate of lime,and quartz sand,in

litharge,
formTtlee:
by the following

of

cated
indiproportions

"

3CaO. 3PbO+2SiO'.

I."

II." 3CaO, 6PbO

III." 3CaO, 9PbO
IV."
No. I.

not

was

+ 2SiO'.
+ 2SiO'.

3Ca0.12PbO +

softened.

melting. No, III. became

No.

II.

2SiO'.

was

much

softened, without

pasty. No. IV.

melted,and
perfectly
and
compact, granular,
slightly
crj-stalline,
opaque,

productwas
the yellowcolour

of

of lead.
protoxide

of carbonate, the mixture

takes place,
and
readily
the lime and

need

much

not

more

be

If caustic lime is used

the
of

instead

heated, and fiieion

strongly
stillif combination between
readily
eo

silica,
has been effected before the

lithat^ is added.*

Dr. Beck heated mixtures of red-lead,carbonate of lime,and qaartz

indicated by the following
formalce :
sand,in proportions
"

I." PbO.CftO +
II."

No. I. gave

2SiO'.

PbO,CaO-(-4SiO'.

a littleleas fusible than

glass,
transparentlight-green
the
fonaula
to
PbO,SiO*, No, II.was
according

silicateof lead made

not

melted,but only fritted into

white porons mass.

alumina. Berthier found that
of litharge,
1 of chalk, and I of clay
a

Silicateofprotoxide
of lead,lime,and
a

of 5

mixture

"

parts by weight
melted prettyeasily,
and
clayis not specified),
a
nd
had
a waxy
productwas compact, opaque, greyish,

(thekind of

when

the

fracture.*

'

Tr. dea Em.

1. p.

511.'

"

Ibid. p. 512.

cold

SULPHIDE

LEAD

OF

AND

It is the chief

and
directly

lead,when

easilyformed
combination

incandescence.
in order
grey,

The

fracture

on

below

melt the

thoroughly

and

known

by heating a

occurs

temperature
to

Lear

of

of lead

ore

37

SDLPHUB.

Sulphide
FbS."

LEAD.

galena. It may be
mixture of sulphurand
ae

redness and

should

be raised

product,which

is attended
to

is very

brightredness,
blueiehbrittle,

and
bright,metallic,and crystalline,

respects like that of native

in all

tiision

sulphideof lead
sulphuretted
hydrogen is
passedinto an aqueous solution of a salt of lead,sulphideof lead is
thrown
down as a black amorphouspowder,which, by fusion,
acquires
the same
characters as the sulphideabove described. It crystallizes
in the cubical system. The
specific
gravity of the finest natural
at
is
It
melts
7'585.
a
galena
strong red-heat into a thin liquid,
does

when
decrepitate

not

which
without

sulphide. After

with

heated.

When

usual kinds

rapidlyfilters through the

their substance.
corroding

and

in

While

of earthen

molten

to temperature; and
degreeproportionat-e

if protected
from

crucibles,

it volatUizes

its vapour,

form.
crystalline
at
the
bottom
galena

condenses in
oxidation,

and pretty esperimentis to put

then fillup with
crucible,

sibly,
sen-

simple

of

some
a plumbago
fragmentsof charcoal,lute on a cover,
heat strongly,
and leave the crucible to cool graduallyin the furnace.
the
Beautiful crystals
of sulphide
of lead will be found depositedon

charcoal.

Care, however,

must

be taken not

long,in which

to heat too

case
no
sulphidemay
not
Sulphide of lead, beautifully
crystallized,

sublimate

in

promoted by
combustion

high or

too

remain.

certain
currents

of fuel.

metallurgical
processes.

seldom

occurs

as

Its volatilization is

of gas,

such,for example,as proceedfrom the

According to Collet-Dobcob tils,
sulphideof lead

is resolved into supersulphide

which escapes, and into
volatilizing
is not justified
which remains ;* but this statement
even
subsulphide
it
the
is
to
his
the
and
fi"ct,
own
ou
by
subject;
opposed
experiments
furnace product,
is
that the sulphide
of lead,occurring
as
a sublimed
and
not
Moreover, Rammelsberg
supensulphide.'
ordinarysulphide,
of sulphide
of lead is not changedby
ascertained that tho composition
fusion.' Berthier found that sulphide of lead, exposedduring an
hour in a covered brasquedcrucible to 50" of Wedgwood's pyrometer,
lost 40% of its weight,
and to 150" not less than 75%.'
phuretted
When
molten galenais poured into cold water, the odour of sulproductis remarkably
hydrogenis evolved,the granulated
in

quantityof black powder is found, which, for the

Galena also,by being
most
part,floats on the surfece of the water.
comes
merelyheated to low redness, and then plunged into cold water, bewhen
if
than
at
less
bo
friable,
all,
granulated.
excessively
hardly,
and
friable,

By

the

sensible

action

of

somewhat

'

Jonni. dea Miuea, 27. p. 466.

K,

1.

1810.

Metzgcr, HMteu-Ktzeagoisse, p.

dilate
I

'

cold

nitric

acid,

LeIub.dercbein.MctaUaTgie,2nded.

p. 221.
'

sulphide

Tr, dee Eesais,

2. p, 670.

DOUBLE

38

with
decompofied,

of lead is

nitric acid oxidizes

Strongfuming
it into

protoxideof
of sulphur.
gas, and the soparation
both elements of the sulphide,
and

chloride of lead,with

sulphuretted
hydrogen; and the whit"
oxychlorideof lead,is preparedfrom
obtained

LEAD.

the liberation of nitric oxide.

with
sulphate,

changesit into

acid

OP

the formation of nitrate of

of nitric oxide

lead,the evolution
converts

SULPHIDES

pigmentknown

aa

of

Pattinson's

solution of chloride of lead,

by digestinggalenain hydrochloricacid.

of lead is heated

chloric
Hydro-

the evolntion

When

sulphide
sulphur

in chlorine,chloride of lead and chloride of

produced.

are

heated with other m"faQic

Sulphide
of lead
compounds
been

not

be formed

to

seem

various metallic

mdphidet.True chemical
sulphideof lead is heated with

when

sulphidcsa
; but

their fonnulw

determined,
satisfactorily
examined
carefully

characters been

for the most

indeed,have

nor,

and

these compounds
respecting

information

"

described.

part have

their
The

is loose,meagre,

physical

pubiifilicd

and, in

some

erroneous.

cases,

of lead and sodium or potassiumare

sui[)hideB
dark-grey
easilyfusible. They are decomposedand quicklydisintegrated

Double
and

water, which

by

dissolves out alkaline

free
sulphide

from

lead,leaving

of lead in the state of Tory fine black powder.

sulphide
of iron and lead are described in the second
Some double snlphtdes

voluTDe of this work, entitled

The
of

of Iron and Steel.'

Metallurgy
on
experiments
heatingsulphideof lead and sulphide
following

antimony

by

former

my

melted

were

in various

about

10

student

have
proportions
J. C

Clond.

togetherunder

minutes, and
I.

H.
lU.
IV.
V.
VI.
The

'

results

SPbS+SbS',
3PbS+SbS',
2PbS+SbS',
PbS+SbS',
follow

in my
of the two

charcoal in covered
to cool

formula

laboratory
salphidos

luted cracibltis fur

slowly.

of Kilbrickouite.

the formula

of GeocTonite.

the formnla

of

the formnla

of Jamcsonite.

the formnla

of Zinckonito.

the
4PbS-(-3SbS',
as

Mixtures

afterwarda allowed

the
6PbS-i-SbS',

are

been made

Uonlangorite.

formula of

Plagionite.

;"

product
homogeneous and brittle ; tlio fracture
metallic
in
lustre,and blueiah-grcy,
crystalline,
II. The
brittle and crystalline
but
throughout,
productwas
I. The

was

was

not

homo'geneous
; the fracture at the upper part was
granular-crystalline,
and at the lower part more
largelycrystalline
metallic,
; the lustre was
and the colour less bine at the upper part
III. The productresembled No. II.

productwas brittle and homogeneous;the fracture was

metallio in lustre,
and blueish-grey.
finelygranular-crystalline,
V. The product was
homogeneous and brittle ; the fracture was
IV.

The

silky,metallic in lustre,and blueish-grey.

VI. The productwas
homogeneous and brittle ; the fracture
metallic in lustre,
aoicular crystalline,
and blueish-grey.

was

SUPPOSED

SUBSULPniDES

Supposed
It h"e

ScBauLPHiDES

39

LEAD.

Lead.

of

tliat definite

admitted
generally

be"ii

OF

sabeulpliides
may

by melting Bulphideof lead and metallic lead mixed in

care
being taken to prevent oxidation "om
equiTalent
proportions,
air. ITina,flubsnlphidee
of the formula Pb*S
of atmoapheric
aooeea
1}0 formed

bays been

and Pb'S

homogeneousand
mixture, for

It ia true

described.

example,in

than

lead, somewhat

more

fusible and

definite

the ratio

that

in

thia

manner

parently
ap-

be obtained-

A
compounda may
Pb yieldaa productharder
PbS
:

on
malleable,crystalline
fracture,dark-grey,

less lustrous than

galena. Sulphide of

lead and

lead may
and
in external
be melted
togetherin all proportions,
of
to
the
lead
characters
or
load,
sulphide
productaapproximate

accordingas
be

one

the other

predominatea. If,after fusion,cooling

to be homogeneous throughmass
out
may seem
the mass
will
contraiy,coolingtake placeslowly,

or

the
rapidlyeffected,
the

but if,on

to consist of

be found

soft,malleable,and lx)mparatively
pure lead

at

the bottom, and of hard crystalline

sulphideof lead at tho tep. Ko
will be visible,and the pasaage from soft
distinct lino of separation
lead to hard

is more
sulphide

or

less

gradual. IVe

have made

careful

and

and the results are confirmatory

repeated experimentson thia subject,
The following
of the foregoingstatement.
experimentwas

made

in my
by Mr.

and

by

laboratory,
conjointly
by
Smith.

Lead

assay 81% of lead,were

The

of the best
the materials

weightof
Ditto

The
a

until the
crucible,

of the lead

stick,the crucible
of lead

The

were

became

grains.

2347
"

heated

under

soft,when

charcoal in

the remainder

was

token out of the furnace.

The

charcoal

ing
cover-

removed, after which, as coolingoccurred, a little

the surface. This oxide was
at first formed on

waa
was

scrapedoff,and
sur"ce

Mr. Dick,

and the temperature raised sufBciently

to cause
After well stirring
the molten metel with a charred

perfectfusion.

oxide

30,840

was

aasistent

qualityand galena yielding

employed.

galena
mass

former

added

was

the metol

lead

part of the lead

galenaand

Oomiah

my

then

sulphurettedlead was observed risingto the

of this a portion(a)was
collected by skimming.
continued until sulphuretted
metal
skimming were

in spote,and

and
stirring

ceased to

come

up, and

then the residual lead

waa

cast in the form

of

metal, except the portionfirsttaken

ingot(b). The aulphurettod
hot
between
waa
off,
bricks,when liquidlead flowed out and
pressed
an

lead
sulphuretted

Supposingno
and

galena,the

0-M5%

of

was

loss

left (c).

have occurred in meltingtogetherthe lead

productshould have contained 7*07%of galenaor
to

sulphur.

The

which is
sulphurettedmetal (a)contained 1'14%of sulphur,
of
to 8-57%
equivalent
sulphideof lead (PbS).
The lead (b) contained only0-013%of sulphur,
which is equivalent
to

of lead.
0-0y8%of sulphide

*2

SULPHATE

OF

(4).100 grainsheated
with
rapidlyvery liquid,

OF

PUOTOXIDE

to lo'w whiteness

the evolutioa of

LEAD.

during10

minutes

became

copiousdense fumes.

The

lose in

and
weight amounted to 19-54%. 'I'he productwas crystalline
palegreyish-yellow.
(a).20 grains subjectedto a white-heat during about three-

qnarters of

an

fumes

evolved,which

were

hour

TolatUized

wholly

were

tonards

the

white

first dense

at

end became

and

dense

more

The productsNos. 3
not acted upon.
dark-grey. The platinumwas
and 4 were
found
be
a
nd
to
as
analysed,
composed under ; in the first
column the percentagecomposition
of sulphate
of lead is givenfor the
sake of

;
comparison
"

Su^ihiW of IwL

Piadnct Ho. i.

Protoxide of lead

7362

79-86

l"n"dixt No. t.

8693

Mid
Sulphiiric

26-33

20-M

13-07

73-02
.

i^"^tiHzod

'''"'^'*

18-41

{8^:^j^itf,)

8.57

..

lOO-OO

Bemained
V

80-"

ii-.~i

ta

VoUfluad

-iompoBedof

KA

19-"

|g^,p^^^

^^^

jProtoiide

of laid

10.52
3-7*

Isoiphuricacid
15 80

,,

...

100

The

fixed

The

fixed productin No. (4)maybe

prodootin

be

No. (3)mwj

representedbj the fonnnia 7PbO-(-5SO"

4tPbO,SO")-l-.lPbO,SO"
or.

represented
b; the

of hypondphUeof loda

on

TPbO-l- 3S0'

formuU

PbO,SO"+2(3PbO,SO'"

or,

Aetion

00

mlpkaieof Uad.

"

In

the Jahres-

bericht for 186B, p. 186, it is stated that an aqueous solution of hyj"oof Boda dissolves sulphate
of lead,owing to the formation of
aulphito
a

double salt.

of lead is

On

leavingthe

solution

producedin small

quantity;
in largequantity. By the
precijiitated
foimed.
The
lead and free sulphurare
has been confirmed

by

Mr.

exposed to the air,sulphide

this sulphideis
on
boiling,
addition of acids,sulphateof

but

of this statement

accuracy

J. C. Cloud, in my

laboratory.

mth Ume.
or
Sniphaie
of lead heated with fixedalkaline carbonates,
of
lead
red-heat
of
is
at
by carbonate
Sulphate protoxide
decomposed a
the formation of alkaline sulphate,
of soda or potash,
or by lime,with
"

or

sulphateof lime and protoxideof lead.

Sidpkale
oflead heated KtthMita and certainsiliealeg. It isdecomposed
"

at a red-heat

with the formation

by silica,

lead,and the escape of

into

sulphurousacid
of lead in this

and

acid, which
sulphuric

and

oxygen.

manner

highertemperature

from
than

of
protoxide
resolved
partially
of silicates
pi-eparation

of silicate of

However,

may
the

bo

a longertime
requires
sulphate
mixtures
of protby the heatingof

the

DigitizecQyGoO

44

SULPHATE

chloride
potassinin,

OP

PHOTOXIDE

OP

of lead is TolatUiEed

of the alkaline metal

LEAD.

and

phate
may be coudensed,sulChloride of lead in water

beingformed.

of lead,which
suspendedis changedinto sulphate
that
of a given
60
means
;
by

containinggypsum

then be heated with alkaline chloride

may

quantityof

acid of gj-paum
be exsulphuric
tracted
may
and utilized in the formation of sulphate
of suda or potash,
and
the necessity
of manufacturingsulphuric
acid for soda-making
be rendered
far
So
this seems
onlyto have been a laboratory
unnecessary.
scheme.
Accordingto Nickl"a, chloride of sodium is not completely
converted

clilorideof lead the

into

sulphatein

Sulphate
oflead
ratios

heated teitJi
fluoride
o/ootoum."Mixtures

n."
III."
No. I. melted
The

2(PbO^')
iCPbO^O*)

CaF

CaF

CaF

21%.
11-6%.
6-2%.

the greatest facility,

and became

with

in the following

"

as

as
liquid

compact, greyish,
opaqiie, with feeble lustre,
in fracture,and not in the least degreecrystalline.
A

stony, uneven

obtained in my
easilyand became

result

II. melted

productalso

PbO.SO'

Bertbier

productwas

similar
precisely
No.

above described.*

manner

experimented
upon by

Trere

I."

water.

the

as

resembled

No. Ill, melted

when

laboratory
by

was

that of No. I.,but

as

was

liquidas

Smith.

Ko.

I.

Tlie

yellowish-white.

stronglyheated,but did not become perfectly

vesicular,the cavities being small ; it resembled

liquid.The productwas
pumice,was granular,and broke up into grains(g'egrettant)
under the finger-nail;
it was
and presentedno
slightly
yellowish,
signof crystallization.'
Suiphaleof lead healed with fluoride
of calcium and lime. Berthier
"

found

69%

that

mixture

in the

ratio

of

one

equivalentof each,

i.e.

of
sulphateof lead, 18'1%of fluoride of calcium, and 12-!i%
became
\\hen
cold
the
lar
lamellime,quickly
productwas
very liquid,
and crystalline
and opaque,
pale-grey
; the greater part of it was
but towards the bottom it was
Berthier
as
w
hich,
yellow,
sug^cests,
the
of oxide of lead,and consequently
to indicate the separation
seems
formation of sulphate
of lime."
and
if lead healed teith carbonate of lime,fluoride
of calcium,
Sulphate
cation. Accordingto Schnederman, when sulphateof lead (air-dried)
is heated with 67% of chalk,from 12% to 16% of charcoal, and 37% of
it is completelyreduced, the sulphateof lime generated
fluor-spar,
an
forming easUy fusible mixture with the fluor-apar."
of Ume, onii
Sulphate
of lead healed unth suiphale
of haryta,
sulphate

of

"

fluoride
of calcium.
"

A mixture

of these substances

in the ratio of

one

of each, i.e. 40-4% of sulphate

of lead,31-1%of sulphate
equivalent
of baryta,18-0%of sulphate
of lime,and 10'4%of fluoride of calcium.

""

Tr. des Eoa. 1. p. 486.

"

Liebig u. Eapp'a Jabtceb. 1850,p.

and 18SZ,p. 777.

I633;

CONNECTED

SEACnONS

SULPHIDE

WITH

OF

46

LEAD.

when
and the product,
hard, brittle,
cold,was
palereadily,
dull
towards
the
centre.
"acture,
a
crystallme
compact
bavii^
yellow,
made by Smidi in my laboratory.
The esperiment
wae
oflead heakd with Uad. A mixture in the ratio
Stdphate

melted

"

PbO,SO'

Pb

yieldsprotoxideof lead as the product,the whole

acid,thus :
as sulphurous
escaping

of the

sulphur

"

PbO,SO'+Pb
following
experimentin

The

by

Smith:

"

illustration was

of 760

miztore

2PbO-j-SOV

grains of

lead,i.e.in
grainsof finely
granulated
in

in my laboratory
lead and 520

the ratio above

stated,melted

crucible,
gave a dark amber-coloured vitreous prodnct,
email button of lead weighing 5^ grains. In auch experiments

earthen

an

and

made

sulphateof

it is not

to
possible

obtain

absolutely
preciseresult,
owing

au

to the

of the crucible.

action of the subst"noe

interfering

cyanide
ofpotaisium.^The whole of the
lead is reduced to the metallic state, and is usually
separated,
partly
and partlyas black powder,which is quitefree from
in small globules
of potassium is
sulphur. A very smiUl quantityof sulphocyanide
for quantitative
The process is sufficiently
formed.
accurate
analysis,
and with that object
performedin a small porcelain
may be oonveniently
crucible. Commercial
of
some
cyanide potassiumcontaining
cyabe employed,
and in the proportion
of about 5 parts
nate of potashmay
of Uad
Svtpbaie

heaied with

"

by weight to 1 of sulphateof lead."

Sulphate
of lead heated with iron. It is completelyreduced with the
formation of a considerable quantity of dark-coloured,imperfectlymelted BCoriaceooB slag. By heating1000 grainsof the sulphateto
"

brightredness

in

with
crucible,
wrought-iron

malleable

lead

the addition of iron

obtained, which
weighed
the total quantityof lead in the sulphateoperated upon
fi20 grains,
the
beingabout 680 grains. But under the oircumstanoes,especially
character of the slag,
the result,
to degreeof reduction,should be
as
nails, a

button

only received

as

Special

of

was

roughlyapproximate.
Beactions

coNKBcrEO

with

Sqlphide

Stdphide
effend heated with protoxide
of lead. When
sulphurand oxygen are in the same
"

such that the

acid,then, on

sulphurwill
reduced

be evolved

Lead.
the mixture

ratio

as

is

phurous
in sul-

strong red-heat,the whole of the

acid,and the whole of the lead
sulphurous

exposure
as

of

to a

to the metallic state.

PbS+2PbO
When

in any

is in

givenmixture

greater ratio than

1*

of
0'

PV+SO'.

sulphideand
:

8, then

the

oxide of lead the oxygen

reduced metal will be

Booe, Traits de Chim. Annlyt. 2.

p. 220.

46

REACTIONS

cx"Tered with

OONNECTED

"

wben
Conversely,
the whole

the

will be

eicess

lens malleable

of lead
snlphide

will

; or,

found
if the

2PbS+2PbO
reactions

it has

Beveral

so

to

as

yieldeven

of lead,and
sulphide
acid,as well
sulphurous
as

intimate

such

as

as

loss

on

at the

excess.

O*, then

rendering

largescale,

top.

that the

foregoing
conductingexperiments

skill in

may be
the corrosive effect of the materials on

There

of the air upon

effervesoenoe caused by the escape of

oxidizingaction

by
by volatilization. The mixture should
and the temperature carefully
possible,
regulated.
as

Sulphide
of lead healed teilh ttdphaie
of lead. When
such that the sulphurand oxygen
in the same
are
"

acid, then, on

sulphurwill

eoch

lead

approximateresults.

of the crucibles,the

the

LEAD.

PV+PbO+SO".
PV+PbS+SO'.

requiresmuch

of error,

sources

the substance

experiment is

demonstrated
practically

been

yet it

occur,

of this kind

OF

in the reduced

aeparateand accumulate

Pb8 + 3PbO

Although

SULPHIDE

of lead eqniTalent
to
layerof protoxide
the salphurin in a ^eater ratio than

of such

it hard and

WITH

as

as

is

phurous
in sul-

strong heat,the whole of the

acid,and the whole of the lead
sulphurous
to

exposure

be evolved

the mixture
ratio

be

to the metallic state.

reduced

PhS+PbO.SO"=Pb'+280'.
is justauflicient to form sulphurous
acid and
the oxygon
protoxideof lead,then the whole of the sulphurwill be evolved as
When

sulphurousacid,and
lead

and when
thus

the residue will consist

insufficientthe

productwtU

of
whollyof protoxide

consist of lead and

oxide,
prot-

"

rbS+3FbO,SO* iPbO+^SO*.
PbS+2PbO,S(/=Pb+2PbO+3SO'.
=

of lead exceeding
the proportion
in the last equation
Any sulphate
exist in the residue as yellowbasic sulphate.The neutral
sulphateat a strong red-heat loses acid and becomes basic ; but in
the presence of protoxide
of lead it combines with the latter,
and
becomes basic without loss of acid, providedthere be enough protoxide,
when
the proportions
in the case
in question. Conversely,
OS
reversed, and the sulphurexists in a greater ratio than S : 0*,
are
would

the whole

of such

escesa

will be found

in the reduced

lead.

Sulphide
oflead

heated with acceu

acid is evolved,
o/"air." Sulphurous
if the process be continued until the odour of that acid ceases
to
be emitted, and if the temperature be so regulated
to reach
as never
and

protoxideand sulphideof lead decompose each

of protoside
and sulphateof lead. By
thus completely
roasting100 parts by weightof pure galenawith all
I'lattner
obtained a brightyellowproduct,
which had
care,
possible
increased 3% in weight,and was
composedof 66'3 parts of free protoxide
of lead,and of 36'7 parts of sulphate
of lead.' Tlie proportion
the

degree at

which

other,the productwill conaist

Die

metBUoTK. BiMimxene,

p. 145.

CONNECTED

REACTIONS

WITH

SULPEffiE

OF

47

LEAD.

oxide is nearlysb 3 : 1. As galena decrepitates

of free to combined
it is necessary in such expemticli when heated and is readily
fusible,
riments
that it should

be in very fine powder,and be very

gradually

heated.
Hodwoll

Accordii^to

of lead

of acetate

from
sulphideof lead, precipitated
by sulphuretted
bydr"^enand dried in
to
expt^ed

when

bath, slowlyabsorbs oxygen

tion
soluwater

the air at 50" C. and

absorbed in a gi-rentime increases

oxygen
rises.
In
the
odour
of
one
esperiment
temperature
evolved
about
150"
and
in
at
another at
C,
sulphurousacid was

upwards.
as

about

quantity of

The

the

125" 0

The

sulphurous aoid

off

ohloric,acetic,or
and
gulphile.

which had thus absorbed

sulphide
when
gentlyheated with very

tartaric acid, from

of lead had
sulphate,

not

sulphideof

lead

heated

to

which
been

it

oxygen
dilute

inferred

was

produced.

135" C. became

gave

hydro-

On

one

red-hot when

that
sion
occa-

blown

copious evolution of sulphurous acid. It may be

upon,
in preparingpure sulphide
found great difficulty
added that Hodwell
with sulphuretted
of lead by precipitation
hydrogen from the solution
with

of

the

salt of lead, owing to the absorption

of oxygea
quent
duringsubsedesiccation with access
of air. He succeeded, however, by

through water in which

precipitated
sulphide was
suspended,allowing it to subside,
the dry
washing and drying at a temperature below 100" C, treating
and
in
of
in
current
a
sulphide
dry sulphuretted
hydrogen,
finally
and
dry hydrogento remove
hydrogen
pure
any traces of enlphnretted
which it might have contained.'
or of sulphur,
Sulphideof lead heated tcith aeeeta
of air in admisdure with other ndphidet.Plattner states that by carefully
roasting100 parteby weight
of a mixture consisting
of 50 parts of galena and 50 of iron-pyrites

passingsulphurettedhydrogen to

saturation

the

"

there
(FeS'),

is

loss of

10%

in

proportionof sulphateof lead.*

roasted was
composed as

weight,but
He

found

follows

relative increase in the

that such

mixture

pletely
com-

Free oxide of lead

Sulphateof lead

Seequiozideof

"

18'3

385
83' 2

irOD

90-0

The

of free to combined
oxide is nearlyas 2 : 3. This
proportion
increase
in sulphate
of lead is explained
by the "ct that during
under
the nsual
the roastingimeet of iron-pyrites,
conditions of a
a
cid
is evolved,which, in
increasing
temperature,sulphuric
gradually
with
of
combines
For
the
same
protoxide
reason
a similar
le^d.
part,
result may be confidently
i
n
the
of
mixture
of
predicted
roasting a
or any
ore, of copper, or of any
galenaand dieulphtde,
sulphuretted
other metallic sulphide
convertible under the circumstances
partially
into sulphate,
which
at a higher temperature is decomposable
with
the evolution of sulphuric
acid.
9

Journal of the Gheioical Society,

Kew

Seriea,
186S,i.p.

47.

'

Op. cit.p.

145.

48

CONSKCTED

BEACnONS

Stilphide
c/lead

WITH

SULPHIDE

heated with tSieale ofhad.

"

OP

LEAD.

experimented

Dr. Beck

upon eilicateaof leud preparedaccordingto five different formube in

of galena. The quantities
admixture vith different proportions
ployed
emin
the
table
are
:
following
given
"

The

results obtained
Iso, I.

The

"

glassand

are

as

follow

"

productconsisted of a
somewhat
a crystalline,

dark

reddish-brown

parent
trans-

metallic button,
malleable,

which

weighed 600 grains. This button was not homc^eneous: the

with cubical cleavcryetalline
partround the sides was largely
and could not be comsofter than,galena,
pletely
"^(i ; it resembled,but was
reduced to powder without
into
laminre
minations
detertwo
cohering
;
of the sulphurin it were
made, and the results were
T'26%
could not be distinctly
apd 7'15%: the principal
mass, which
rated
sepafrom the precedingpart,was
also crystalline,
what
somefine-grained,
outer

malleable,and

so

soft that it oould not be reduced to

1-1%of sulphur: at

contained
soft lead.
No. II.

The

"

the bottom

productconsisted

of

there

was

Ka

and

it
of

button
as

was

pure lead

IIL
The productconsist^ of a red-brown
transparent glass
metallic button, perfectly
malleable,and nearlyas soft as pure
"

lead.
Xo. rV.
a

powder;

thin skin

yellowtransparent glassand

button, which

weighed 380 grains. This

and not so malleable
homogeneous,crystalline,
dull-grey,
of
it contained 0'4d% sulphur.

metallic

"

The

productconsisted

of

yellowtransparent
glassand

button of lead,which weighed about 30

The product consisted of a
Ko. V.
"

grains.

slag,
transparentand light-

top,opaque and dark-coloured at the bottom, and of a

metallic,
crystalline
button,which broke in two under
homogeneous,
brown

at the

iCQyCoOJ^Ic

WITH

CONNECTED

REACTIONS

SULPHIDE

OF

49

LEAD.

weighed about 630 grains;it could easilybe cut

contained 1"89%of snlphur. The
dark-coloured
of
I"artof the slagcontained 0'11% eulphnr.
No. VI.
The
product consiated of a black slaga"d a metallic
button
which weighed 220 grains.
^The product consisted of red-brown
No. VII.
transparent glass
which
metallic
button
90
but
and a
weighed
grains,
very malleable,
tho

it

hammer;

with

knife, and

"

"

not

soft

so

No.

as

No. IX.

glassand

lead.

pure

VIIL

There

"

be

metallic

button

which

weighed

130

dark red-brown
productconsieted of a transparent,
metallic button, which weighed about
brittle,
ciystalline,
The

"

softer than, but cleavable like,galena,

and aiuld
of
to powder ; it cuntained
6"61% sulphur.

ti5t" grains. It was

not

was

reduced
perfectly

No. X.

There

metallic button which

weighed 280 gmins.

was
a
weighed 35 grains.
No. XIL
The productconsisted of opaque, black slag,
containing
of
and
button
which
contained
a
resemblinggalena,
particles galena,
of
of
A
11'72% sulphur. piece the slag,apparentlyfree from particles
of galena,contained 0'4d%sulphur,
the lai^eet
quantityfound in any
of these slags.
No. XIll.
There was
a button of lead which
weighed 30 grains.
No. XIV.
The productwas
hard,
fritted,
stono-lifee,
a
light-grey
of silicato and intermixed galena,
of which small crystals
could
mass
"

No. XL

was

There

"

button

of lead which

"

"

"

be

seen.
distinctly

Various
with

of the silicates of lead and

mixtures

the addition of

galenawere

heated

quantityof metallic lead,with

the view of more
the metallic buttons, and the
completely
collecting
results were
similar to those above described. From
the preceding
data it may be concluded that the silicates of lead are onlypartially
and that a very lai^ excess
of silicateis needed
decomposedby galena,
of comparatively
lead.
It
be conto cause
a separation
ceived
pure
may easily
that as reaction proceeds
the protoxide
of lead in the
between
a

considerable

silicateand the

becomes

conditions

lees favourable to reduction.

the mass
galena,
leas and
consequently

order to
black

producereaction
colour of the sl^s

presence of

employedin

be

pretty high temperature must

between
in

some

of lead.
sulphide

It

less and less fadble,and the

the silicateand
of the
was

Besides,

these

in
experiments,
the sulphide. The

due to the
was
experiments
tJiat they were
always

observed

the temperature had been sufGcjently

high
transparentand yellow,'if
to cause
completereaction ; while,on the contrary, if the temperature
had been too low, completeseparation
of the sulphide
and subsidence

of lead from

the

slagsdid

not

occur,

and, in that

sensible

quantityof

alwaysblack,and contained
metallic buttons

the

foregoingexperimentswere crystfU0"49%of sulphurwas present.

lead
heated in the eapoar of wafer," Accordingto Hcgnault,
Sulphide
of
dull redness decompositionis hardlyperceptible,
but at a temperature
EufGcient somewhat
to agglomerate sulphideof lead in

line,even
at

produced in

they were
sulphur. All the
case,

when

""""""""
.

not

more

than

D,j"s..,

50

REACTIONS

CONNECTED

WITH

SULPHIDE

OF

LEAD.

powder yet not to melt it,very feeble action occara.

Sulphuretted
of lead are formed, and tlielatter dcoomposos
hydrogenand protoxide
of lead in immediate contact with it,producing
the subjacent
Bulpbido
and
metallic
a
cid
lead,which will be seen tia a. pelliclo
BulpburooB
after trituration in a mortar.
the residual sulphide,
on
especially
Beaction takes placebetween die Bulphurettcd
hydrt^n and snlthe
formation
of
which oauses
with
and
water
sulphur,
phuraua acid,
milkiness
in the water
from
condonsation of the steam
resulting
in
the
of
the
tilized
Some
employed
experiment.
sulphideof lead is volain the current
of steam
and immediately
afterwards deposited
in small,very brightcubical crystals,
and to such an extent in an
to line
as
experimentmade by Regnaultin a tube of hard green glass,
the whole of tlie tube between the sulphide
of lead and the end at
which the steam escaped.'
Fattinson passedsteam
duringan hour over galenaheated to
whiteness in art earthen tube. Sulphuretted
hydrogenwas copiou"ly
evolved, and the condensed
due

not

to

sulphateof lead

steam
as

became

as

white

milk,

as

an

I'attinson inferred,but to the

effect

sition
depo-

hydrogenwith
sulphurcaused by contact of the sulphuretted
the sulphurous
action of the protoxide
of lead formed
acidresultingfrom
the
stated.
cake of fused
A
unchangedgalena,as previously
upon
found
in the tube near
and partlyreduced galena was
the end at
of

which
The

the steam

entered

it

was

tube in the middle containod

brittle,yet could be cut with

some

brilliant cubical

knife.

crystals
; for

the space of three inches near the end whero the steam escaped
it was
filledwith
beautiful
cubes
of
coitsiderable
o
f
and
in
size;
nearly
galena
the coldest part,near
the end projecting
from the fumaoe, there was a
of fine blueiah-^eypowderwithout cohesion. Kota particle
of
deposit
metallic lead was
in
the
operation."
produced
Jordan, of Clausthal,repeatedPattinxon's experiment,
at a strong
red-heat during 3 hours.' The gaseous products
from the tube
escaping
Galena in grainsof tliesize of millet secdK
were
passedinto wator.
tube coated
effected in a glass
was
operatedupon, and the heating
with claywrapped round with iron wire. Sulphuretted
externally
After some
time the water
traversed
at firstevolved.
was
hydrogen
the odour not of
and subiicquently
by the escaping
gas became milk}',
was
hydrc^n, but of sulphurousacid in a slight
degree,
sulphuretted
and
this
brownish-black
at
or
perceived
;
perioddark-greyish
vapour
emitted from the tube, which
rendered scarcely
the
was
perceptible
above mentioned.
acid
water now
milkinesB of the water
an
TJiis
gave
was

reaction with

test paper, and

was

found

to contain

free

acid
sulphuric

of lead. The dark colour of the vapour

no
sulphate
of lead. After the completion
of the e?:perinieiit
sulphide

and

but
sulphur,

was

due to

It contained a residue of cr^'iitalli!'^

the tube when cold was broken.
of lead,coated with what seemed to bo a very thin akin
sulphide
of metallic lead; and

here and

there above the skin

'

of
sulphide

lea"?

Phil. Mog. 1823,5, p. 172.

52

CONNECTED

KEACTIONS

With

WITH

SULPHIDE

OF

LEAD.

of carbon.

excess

First result at the low temperature:

SPbCSC+C
Second

PbS+rbO,SO'+2CO'.

result at the

PbS+PbO,SO'
With

highertemperatorc:

Pb'-|-2SU'.

lees carbon.

First result at the low temperature:

4PbO,SO'-|-C'=
3PbO.SO'+PbS+2CO*.
Second result at the

highertemperature;

3PbO,SO'-|-PbS 4PbO+4SO'.
=

Thifl reaction
it is not, becanee

mightat

firstseem

sulphideof

of order in this

out

lead which

is formed

place; yet

in the process, is

mainlyconcerned in it.
Sulphate
of lead healed in hydrogen.According to the esperiments
of Rodwell, when sulphate
of lead is heated to redness in a current
of pure dry hydrogen,water, sulphurous
acid, and sulphuretted
gen
hydro"

are

of metallic lead. The quantitative

evolved,with the separation

results which he obtained led

analytical
formula in explanation
of the reaction ;

him

following

the

to propose

"

2(PbO,SO')4-H' Pb"+SO'+HS+6HO.'
=

Sidjihale
of lead heated in
phuroueand carbonic acid
results which

he

conclusive

establish

to

suggests that

sulphateof
carbonic

carbonic oxide.
are

obtained

if it

evolved, and lead is redncL'd. But

in hia

experimentswere

the formula

lead to the

oxide, it would

every

reaction.

of
particle

temperature and

same

at

the

same

decomposed accordingto the

be

the

suf"ciently

not

expressingthe

to heat
possible

were

Rodwell, eul-

Accordingto

"

mass

He

of

time in

following

equation;
"

2(PbO,80')-|-6COPb4-Pl)S+SO'+6CO'.'
=

Sulphide
oflead heated in hydrogen. According to Collet-Descostils,
at cherry-red
neas,
sulphuretted
hydrogenis formed,and au equivalent
phide
lead
reduced,'
In
of
a
rapidcurrent of tlie gas some sulproportion
is volatilized and deposited
on
reachinga cooler part of the porcelain
tube, which was used in the experiment. At low redness 1 found
that sulphuretted
hydrogencontinued to bo evolved in small quantity
duringseveral hours.
Sidphide
of lead healed in carbonic oxide. Eodwell found that pui e
o
f
lead
sulphide
preparedby precipitation
(asdescribed at p. 3T ) lost,
"

"

when

heated

oxide

duringhalf

to redness
an

in

tube
porcelain

in

current

of sulphur,
and
hour,Q-lii2'i%

brightwhiteness at intervals during the same

The
0'4e30%in two experimentsrespectively.

when

heated

to

and
time, 0':i8i)2%,
on

gas
'

p. 409.

of carbonic

leavingthe

Ibid. p. 44.

CONNECTED

HEACTIONS

tube

SULPHIDE

WITH

OP

63

LEAD.

passedinto a solution of potaah,-which became yellowand

hydrogen on the addition of a dilute acid,
sulpLiiretted
"whence he inferred that bisulphide
of carbon (CS')had been formed.'
or with caiaHc,
of lead heated leithcarhonate of "oda or potash,
Stdpiide
aoda or potash.There is onlypartial
reduction of the sulphide
and a
sulphateof soda, sulphide
grey very fusible slagis formed containing
was

evolved

"

of sodium, and
a

sulphideof

retort

of lead.*

53%

The

Berthier found that

galenaheated in
of soda yieldedabout

as
eu^"st"d,
experimentwere made

atmosphericair

of the

oxygen

be

the

lead.

with at least half its weight of carbonate

in the retort contributed,

this reduction

to

that if
; and he conjectured
only 49% of lead would be reduced.

vacw"

in

His view of this reaction is expressed

in the

formula
following

;
"

7PbS-|-4NaO,CO'=NaO,SO'+3NaS-J-8PbS-j-Pb*-|-.lCO".
that

It is assumed

sulphideof sodium
sulphideof lead

the

slag in combination

the

produced exists

with

equivalent.In

in the

in

of
proportion

the

forgoing equation the sulphide

praportionly weight of 100 : 25, i.e.
staled above on the authority
of Berthier, onlyhalf the quantityof
as
carbonate of soda requiredto set "ee 53 parts by weight of lead from
100 of galenawben the experimentis not made
in vaaio,
to
equivalent

of lead and

carbonate

in the

are

access
duringthe process a much larger
the whole, of the lead may be reduced.
At
in the preceding
fonuula occur, and then the

air
atmospheric
even
practically
quantity,

^Vhen

firstthe reactions shown

jhrther reduction

is due

has

to the

oxide and

slag,whereby
set
upon unchanged sulphide
llie sulphideof sodium is of
the

into

temperaturebelow

upon
these when

and

reaction

are

lead

the

The

lead in

acting

previously
explained,

as

also oxidized

course

and

mately
ulti-

converted

results will

roasted
carefully

galena,oxide

acts

tree metaUic

of
sulphide

formed, which

ing
obviously
vary accordof operation.If, for example,the mixture of galena

and carbonate of soda be

of air at

of the

of lead
sulphate

of soda.
sulphate

to the mode

oxidation

for some

that at which

and

carbonate of soda

sulphate of lead will

temperature is raised

justreferred

to will

time with free access

mutually reduce

directly

be

produced,
the
to cause
sufficiently
each other

but the

bonate
car-

of soda may
of lead, formingsulphate
decomposethe sulphate
free oxide of lead and carbonic acid.
of soda and setting
of load is 'heated with carbonate of
sulphide
caustic soda or potash,
the results are similar to those

It is stated that when

or
potash,

with

last described.

Sulphideof lead
and
nitre,

healed wiih "e

aione teilhnitre

of nitre in this
double

sulphideof

oxygen

of

lead

certain

300

"

producesexactlythe
and

alkaline metal

atmosphericair.' Berthier

galenawith
"

case

or

fixedalkaiiea or their carboTialeiand

other oxidizing
tubetancet. The addition

melted

same

at

100

first formed

Soo, antea oit. p. 48.

*
Ibid. p. 072.

as

the
the

parts by weightof

of carbonate of sonJa,
and then added

Joimi. of tlieCbem.

effect upon

SO of nitre when

Tr. dee. Ess. 3. p. 671.

oi

REACTIONS

he ubtained in

CONNECTED

WITH

few momenta
75
when
rtduotion of lead occurs
a
but
thia
in
melted
case
dii'ectly
;
a

sulphurbeing converted by

the

in combination

remains
with

galenain the

with

or

OP

78 of lead.

The

LEAD.

result

same

to

aa

mixture of iho throe subutanoes in

alkaline sulphide
is produced,
all
no
the nitre into

alkaline base.

to
rightproportion

the lead is reduced

SULPHIDE

acid,whii^
sulphurio

By heatingnitre alone
sulphurof the latter,

the
acidify

active deflugratioii
but,as Berthier remiirks,
oocurs

which

is apt to cause
loss by projection,
that an accurate
result
so
Twicu as much nitre is required
cannot be calculated upon.
as when
alkaline carlxinatea are used in addition. If in this reaction nitrogen
ia evolved in the state of NO*, then 102 parts by weightof nitre in
numbers

round

wilt sufficeto

will appear irom

the

120
desulphurize
formula
:
following

KO,SO'+PbS
^'hen
with

sulphideof

of
sulphate

Cbcapes

with

of

of lead,as
sulphide

"

soda

KO,SO'+rb+NO*.

lead ie heated

to

reduction
partial

brightredness in admixture
acid
takes place,sulphurous

and sulphideof sodium

effervescence,

experiment I found

that

galena mixed

with

In

is formed.

80%

of

one

dry sulphateof

malleable lead. "The slaghad been

soda, yielded
29% of hard slightly
'well melted, and when breathed upon it exhaled the odour of sulphuretted

hydrogen. In another experimentgalenaheat"d in admixture

of dry sulphate
of soda yielded58'6%of somewhat
with titi%
crystalline
malleable
metal.
In
evc^ved
both
fumes
were
yet (-lightly
experiments
during the heating.
Berthier states that sulphideof lead is reduced when heated with
oxide of manganei.e
acid escapes, and the
(MnO'). Sulphurous

black

has not

which
prodiict

been melt"d consist* of metallic lead and

oxide
prot-

of manganese.

PbS-|-2MnO'=Pb-|-2MnO+SO*,
Sulphide
of lead
carbon," The

heaied mlh

reducingaction

ia

the fixedalkolietor their carbonateaand

of the fixed alkalies and

tho presence

of carbon.

of their

On

bonates
car-

this

promotedby
subject
the following
Galena melted with four
statement:
calcined double tartrate of potash
times its weight of black-flnx (i.e.
lead
of
of
with
four times its weightof cream
and soda) yields
75%
;
with flame until the
tartar it yields
80%, the masa burning quietly
and
heated
with
half
its
end of the operation
;
weightof airbonate of
soda ill a brasqued crucible it yields74% or 75% of lead, accompanied
with a reddish-grey
of lead. Admitting
slagcontaining
very littlesulphide
Berthier

makea

that tho otfectof the carbon is to reduce

the foiTuation of the

of
equivalent

alkaline

or

rather to prevent

which
sulphate

appears

in

of alkaline
tho equationpreviouslygiven, whereby 4 equivalents
luetal instead of 3 become available for reduction,
that will not account
tor tho much

carbon.
btaut

But

greater quantityof lead reduced than in the absence of

that the alkaline base,say soda,isin the firstinsupposing

reduced,and that sodium ia thus broughtin

contact

with

sulphide

WITH

CONNECTED

REACTIONS

SULPHIDE

OF

55

LEAD.

be

reduced -with the formation of

instantly
be correct it would follow that
sulphideof sodium. If thia supposition
of sodium resulting
of
of
lead
and
the compound
tnilphide
sulphide
from the direct action of carbonate of soda upon galenacanuot exist
latter would

lead,the

of

in contact with sodium, and that the former sulphide

-would in that case be reduced by the sodium.
Sulphideof lead keaied teithUme and tctlhlinu and carbon. Jordan
when

heated

"

exposed

galenaimbedded

Hessian

crucible

b^ns

iron

to

melt;' not

sulphuricacid

hydrate of lime
hours

during two

to

the

of reduced

a trace

carefullyluted
temperature at which pig-

lead

in

observed, nor

was

was

of

hydrogen perceivedwhen diluted

sulphuretted
lime after the experiment The
the
pouredupon

odour
slightest

the

in

was

internal sur"ice of the crucible

the

near

cover

coated with

was

orj-s-

of lead,and the lime coveringthe galena in the crucible

sulphide
with
the
Fattinson
had
same
was
permeated
sulphide.
viously
pretried the experimentof passingsteam over
galenaat whitelime in the same
tube. The lime was
heat and then over
poroelain
of lead. On heating
permeated with galena,but there was no separation
of 6 partsby weightof galena,12 of slaked lime and
a mixture
Jordan found that a very
3 of charcoal,as in the foregoing
experiment,

taUized

small
acid.'
with

lead

quanti^ of

it evolved

reduced, and that the lime in

was

sulphuretted
hydrc^en

inner surface of the upper

of sublimed galena.
crystals

part of the crucible

The

with

contact

the addition of dilute

on

sulphurio

was

coated

Accordingto lierthier,when galena is heated with caustic lime in

and die reduced lead occurs
in
a biasquedcrucible it is desulphurized,
shots in the slag,
which consistsof double sulphide
of lime and lead and
the lime in excess.'
made

Jordan

the

in
experimentof heating,

converse

Hessian
carefully-luted

crucible,a mixture

lead,4 of bnmt

(CaO,SO')and

gypsum

with charcoal

was

then the lead

mix^

put

at the bottom

of 6

covered and

parts by weight of

1 of charcoaL

of the crucible and

Gypsum mixed
presseddown,

by trituration with gypsum and charcoal,and at

The whole of the lead is
and charcoaL
the top a mixture of gypsum
into sulphide.The inner surface of the
Htated to have been clanged
crucible

was

the bottom
of gypsum
and when
Hivot

heated

to

lined with

of sulphideof lead and the gypsum

at
crystals
with
the
but
the
same
permeated
sulphide
;
top layer
had the yellowcolour of liver of lime (sulphide
of calcium)
breathed npon evolved sulphuretted
hydrogen.'
was

when

states

intimate

an

redness,with

free

of

access

galena and lime is

air,sulphateof
atmospheric

mixture

of

lime is formed.'

of lead
Sulphide
reeultflare

the

same

and carbon.
heated teiliharylaand teithbaryta
"

as

"

ErdmaDD'B

Ibid. p. 334.
Tr. dea Eat. 2. p. 073.

I
'

Joom.

The

with lime,mtUatit nutandit.*

1S31,II.

p. 333.

'
da Traitement
PrincipeaG^eraux
dea MiDeraJa M^talUques,2. p. Hi.
^
Tr. dea E"b. 2. p. 673,
Bertijier,

Op. oit.p. 311.

iCQyCoOJ^I

56

WITH

CONNECTED

nEACTIONS

Sulphide
of Uad

aULPHIDE

OF

LEAD.

heated with

letquioxtde
ofiVon." There i" no Bepatamade by Jordan.
tioQ of metallic lead. The following
was
experiment
A mixture of 6 parte by weightof galenaand 3 of red bematita,
heated in
cxivertKlwith a layerof hcematite an inch thick,was
strongly
coTcred earthen

but
cnicible,

the least trace

not

The aides o( the crucible

of lead

coated with sublimed

were

was

parated.
se-

crystals

of galena,
and the heeniatitewaa
thoroughlypermeated with galena.*
Berthicr asserts that the oxide of iron is reduced to a lower degree

acid,in which case some

of oxidation with the evolution of sulphurous
lead must be reduced ;* but as this reduced lead may bo oxidized by
another portionof the higheroxide of iron, there may
appear no

separationof
has

so

further

that blacksmith's iron-scalett

asserts

of lead.
sulphide

on

of
Stdphide
reduction

He

lead.

action

lead heated with iron.

At

"

with

occurs

tlie formation

should at leofit be

of

a
good red-heat complete
sulphideof iron. The temperature

sufiicieutperfectly
to melt the

resulting

sulphideof iron. Jn this country in)n is the reducing

^cnt generally
in
iron
which
is
heated
crucible. By
in
an
employed
aiwayinggalena,
this means
itwill be perceived
that where the galena
is hottest,namcl}',
the internal surface of the crucible,it is there in contact with
reducingagent Iron is used as a reducingagent in lead-smelting
;

round

the
and

for this purpose

cast-iron or steel may be

scrap wrought-iron,
indiscriminately
adopted.Cast-iron is much the best,because it melta
at the temperature employed.Wrought-ironis very slow in its action
in the

smelting-fumace.

has
Nolte, of Ciaufithal,

the

on
experimented

degree of reducing

action exerted
With

of lead.
by iron in various proportions
upon sulphide
this object
he preparedsulphideof lead by heating
mixture
a

of lead and
not

the productwith sulphur.It

and re-melting
sulphur,

have

to

seem

in
practised

the

been

assay of pure

iron used

with

oxide of iron.

put into
an

an

1%
The

or

be

2%

of

crucible

filled up with

an

of

sulphideof
and

The

assay muffle,which, in order

was
possible,

lead in

iron crucible. The

heated
to redness in
previously
filings
the absence of
of charcoal in order to ensure

mixture

earthen

it

of
sulphide

state

salt in succession.

common

in

in the

was

admixture

only assayedby
siderably
yielded80% of lead,which is conobtained in this country by a skilfully-

Upper Harz;

less than would

conducted

does
the method

analysed,but

lead and

crucible

was
iron-filings

with

covered
was

to raise the

charcoal-dust and
heated during1^ hour

temperatureas high as

of charcoal.
pieces

In

each

experiment
quantityof lead was
operatedupon, namely, 2U0
assaywhich
for
such
little
a
seems
pounds,"' quantity
experiments.
very
Then
it would
probably have been better to have avoided the use
of common
salt Every precaution
to have been taken to exclude
seems
the

'
*
*

"

same

Erdmann'B

Joom. 1831,11. p. 2.
Tr, de" Ess. 2, p. 673.
ProbirceuCoer = 100 Ptobirpfundi=

giammuB

76' 5

(awaypounds)
[200 ProbtrpftiiidB
=

200

153

grain*.
HUttenprocesw. Brtmo
x

gruin*. TheirfoM, |200.

0-7C5

Die Oberharzer
Kerl.
18)K),p.

REACTIONS

WITH

CONNECTED

air,whicli,by
atmospheric
obviouslybe a source
followingtable ;

of

occess

action
its oxidizing

of lead,would
in the

OF

SULPHIDE

of

on

the

Kolte's results

error.

57

LEAD.

Bulphide
given

are

"

nlptaldeoflMd |

Ho.

...

9-0

1 8G'5
'

77-5

22-0
27-5

64-5
I

59-0

75-0
78-5

'

80-0
80-5
,

3S-0
37-5
79 -S

40-0

75'0

76'0

In No. I. the reduced lead

in the regulua
that its
entai^led
could not be detarmiued.
been admitted that
It has generally
freight
the equation PbS-(-Fe Pb-f-FeScorrectly
expresses the reaction
in
which
the
reduction
in
occurs
questiui;but this -view is not
confirmed by the results of the experimentsin the table from VII. to
was

bo

XI. incluaive,which

requiredto

reduce

lead to the inference

sulphideof

lead than

resulting
renins

indicate,and that the

In Noa. XII. to XVI.

protosulphide.

that much

the received
contains

more

the
inclusive,

more

iron is

theorywould
iron than the

lai^st quantity

being 79-5%and 80-5%. In a

similar experiment long previously
made
by Foumet, the regulus
obtained
turation
"was
homogeneousand strongly,
magnetic; but by trift was
left
in
the
reduced
and
to
rest
was
partially
powder
the form of small,white,malleable,metallic grains,
which were
only
the iron in exoess, mechanically
without having
retained in the regulus
been even
melted."'
re-melted this regulusin a brasqued
Foumet
crucible at 150" Wedgwood's pyrometer : the product consisted of a
granular,
phide
brasa-yeUow(bronze-yellow?)
reguluslike pure protosulof lead

was

reduced, the

extremes

of very brittle white cast-iron,of which

in the
the iron was
supposedto have been derived from that existing
metallic state in the r^pilusproducedin the first fusion : the whole
of iron,and

was

underneath

envelopedin a very thin skin of malleable lead,which Foumet

of metal that
onlyhave been the productof the portion

stated could

Ann.

des Hiues, 8.

s.

4. p. 13.

r.8

REACTIONS

had remained
would

COSXECTED

absorbed

WITH

SULPHIDE

OP

LEAD.

in the first regulue.Xoa. XVII.

lead to the concluBion that with

and XVIII.

than 40 parte by
of iron for lf)0 of sulphide
of lead there is sensible decrease
more

weight
in the

quantityof lead reduced.

In Xos. V,, VI.,and VII., most

lead was
reduced for 1 part of iron, the extremes
being 3'4 and 3*1. In Kob.
VII. and VIII., supposing no loss of lead to have taken placeby
about J of the sulphide
of lead remained
volatilization,
the

tho
regulus,
notwithstanding

iron used

sufficed

unreduced

in

to
theoretically

effect complete
reduction of the -whole.

Kolfe euggeststhe following

approximately
eipressivoof the reaction in those two

equationas

i
experiments
"

3PbS+Fe'
Xolte's mode

of

Pb'+(PbS+Fe'S+FeS).

experimentingwith

iron in the state

of

is
filings

liable to the

that the reduced lead may contain mechanically

objection
diflnsed iron,and in sufficient quantity materially
to affect tho
is not merelyhypothetical,
accuracy of his results. This objection
but is well founded

experience.

on

lead healed urith oxide

Sulphide
of
of iron and
iron is quickly
reduced to the metallic state when
it might have been anticipated
that on heatinga

carbon.

As

"

oxide of

heated with carbon,

mixture

of

sulphide

of lead,oxide of iron,and charcoalin aufScient proportion

to combine
vrith the oxygen of the latter,
the whole of the lead would be set free ;
and

experimentshave
upon

proved

mixtures

and with

of

this

to

bo

the fact.

Jordan

thus

perimented
ex-

red haematite and charcoal,

In the latter case

galenawith

hammer-al^
yieldof lead was a little lees than in the former;
this difference dependedon the duration of the process

but whether

temperature,Jordan

opinion that

or

iron-scales and charcoal.

tho

action
energetio

of lead.

When

of
left undecided,though he was
due to high temperature is favourable

which
iron-sl^,
charcoal-finery

or

to

substituted

for oxide

result with

reduction of the

the
experiments,

of lead
sulphide

was

the

yield

for the most

consiKts

of iron,was
part of basic silicate of protoxide
of iron in similar

tlie

upon

by

Jordan

respectto

least iavourable.'

of iron.
Sitlphide
of lead heaied with trAaeic tiUeaie of protoxide
The
silicate
of
iron
of
was
(3Fe03iO')."
picparcd by
protoxide
heatingan intimate mixture of very pure red haematite, sand, and
in the manner
of
described in the second volume
anthracite-powder
this work on Iron and Steel ; it contained 54-]%of iron, the theoretical
quantitybeing54-5%. llie sulphideof lead was preparedby heating

sulphurwith

lead reduced

from red-lead

86'58%of lead,
of 500 grainsof
sulphideof lead,

it contained

the theoretical
both in

quantitybeing 86-61%. A mixture

protoxideof iron and 400 grainsof the
fine powder,was
placedin an earthen crucible.

with

cover

the silicate of

luted

on

was

space between the two was

luted on the second cruciblo.
cover
was

This crucible

put into another earthen crucible,the

tilledwith small piecesof charcoal,and a
The

mixture

Etilmami's Junni. 1B31, 11. p. 3:A.

was

thus

ex-

60

WITH

CONNECTED

ItEACTIONS

SULPHIDE

planeaextended through from top to

clcftVBge
this fracture
but
graphite,
and

dark-grey,not

was

rebcmblcd
from

the colour of

galena nor

so

black

as

bright-metallic

wob

of tin
of talc; it resembled
protosulpbide
tin
and
Both
heating
sulphurtogether.
layers

each

aeparationbetween
detached

LEAD.

that

made
artificially
hy
much

bottom

bi-ownish,and the lustre

somewhat

suggestiveof

bine like

OF

them

each

in external character,but the line of

distinct, and they could easilybe
was

other

On

other.

removing

portionof

the

upper

layer,towards the centre of the button, a little metallic lead was

in my laboratory
found intcrpoKC'd.
The experimenthas been repeated
operatedupon
by Smith on a larger scale : the quantities
Fusion
effected in
and
of
tin.
3700
3480
of
was
were
grains galena
the
surface
of
the
mixture
covered
black-lead
crucible,
a
having been
The crucible and
covered
with small piecesof charcoal.
previously
in
loft
cool
the
furnace
contents
to
were
during the night. The
result
a

similar to that above recorded, except that

was

small button of metal

found,in which

was

was

at

the bottom

cavitycontaining

crystals.
Foumet

heated

ratios

mixtures

of

lead and

sulphideof

tin in the following

"

I." PbS
IL"

PbS

Sn.

Sn".

No. I. melted

the production
of
at 50",Wedgwood's pyrometer, with
blueisb flame. After slow cooling
the crucible was
found to be cracked,
in consequence, it was
supposed,of the great increase in volume of
the contents

from

The productconsiated of an upper

crystallization.
darkin lustre,very bright,
metallic
largeplates,

in
layercrystaUized

grey or black,and not scctile with a knife ; and of a lower layer

divided into angularparts by a portionof the sulphideabove which
"

had

dissolved in it,as is the case with sulphideof tin;" this layer

silver-white, and behaved in assays
was
easilycut with a knife,was
of it like an alloyof lead and tin. Foumet
inferred that the upper

layeror reguluswas a double sulphideof lead

layeran alloyof these metals. So. II. gave
consist of
tin.

and
a

sulphideof tin and a metallic button

were
productsin these experiments
the inferences of Foumet
can
only

As the

tin,and the lower

regulussupposedto
of lead
not

be

alloyedwith
analysedquantitatively,
jectural.'
regarded as con-

Sulphide
oflead lieatedimlh copper. According to Berthier,sulphide
of lead is completely
reduced when heated with copper ; but, he adds,
it often happens that a portion
of copper escapes the action of the
sulphideand mixes with the reduced lead.'
The following
experimentwas made by Dick in my laboratory.
A mixture
heated
of galena and copper in the ratio PbS-f-Cuwas
in a covered crucible. The product was
fused, and consisted
perfectly
of two layers,
the upper one of brittie regulushaving a fine"

"

Ann.

des Mines, 3.

1.

1. p. IB.

'

Tr. de" E".

1. p. 670.

CONNECTED

REACTIONS

WITH

SULPHIDE

OF

fracture; and the lower one

grainedblneiah-grey
lead, containing0'88%of copper.
metAlHo
and
Galena
were
(bean-Bhot)
copper
in

the

ratio of PbS

61

LEAD.

of soft malleable
heated

together
quantitiesoperated upon being
The copper was
grains of copper.

Cu'.

The

grainsof galenaand 126

placedat the bottom of an earthen
239

crucible and

covered

with

the

piecesof charcoal were

placedand a cover luted
galena,
red-heat
for
20 minutes,and left to
at
The
crucible
a
was
on.
kept
The product consisted of a button of metal,
cool slowly afterwards.
resembled
leiad in appearance
and reguIuB. The button
; it weighed
of
The
198 grninsand contained 10'26%
reguluswaa crystalline
copper.
and dull blneish-grej
1C2 grains,
and was
found to
; it 'weighed
be composed as follows ;
oyer

which

"

Copper

67-5

Lead

13-S

Sulphur (b;rdifference)

19-0
100- 0

compositionof

The

this

by the formula
computedfrom

the

be

regulufl
may

SOU'S-}-PbS.

The

total

proportionfound

approximately
represented
quantityof copper and lead

in the button

and in the

regulus,
experiment.
due to want
of uniformity
of composition
The discrepancyis probably
The experiment was
in the button, or in the regulus,
in both.
or
repeatedand with similar results,the button of metal weighing 197
grainsand the regulus163 grains. (J.C. Cloud, in my laboratory.)
In another experimenta stout atripof copper was
placed in the
contained in an earthen criicible,
centre of 1000 grainsof galena
which
20
moderate
red-heat
minutes.
At
the
end
of
at
was
a
during
kept

slightlyexceeds

quantityof those metals used in the

the

that time the residual copper

crucible

wore

poured

into

in

been
the

in contact

colour

and

contents

of the

ingot-mould.The button of lead was

grains.The surface of the regulus,where it

hard, and weighed 814

had

withdrawn, and the

was

with

an

the mould,
of

stmcture

covered with

waa

fracture,the

its

(J.C. Cloud, in my
copper.
lead
healed
with zinc. Lead
of
Sulphide

of
disulphide

moss-copper
regulusresembled

laboratory.)
is reduced, but

owing to
the infusibility
of the sulphideof zinc formed
it seems
scarcely
obtain
r
esults
to
correct.
even
approximately
possible
experimental
in which
The product consists of a hard, dull, black, porous mass,
sulphideof lead and globulesof lead are entangled.Fouiiiet found
"

that

no

The
Smith.
the

reaction occurred at

cherry-redness.'
incipient

followingexperiment has
of zinc in fine

A mixture

ratio of 6PbS

Zn.

The

grainsof galena and 132

proportionof galenawas
"

Ann.

been

made

in

my

laboratoryby

powder and galenawas

in

made

2400

quantitiesoperatedupon were
The
objectof taking so largea

of zinc.
to

insure the

dsa Mines,3.

b.

fusion

4. p. 28.

of the mass,

and

so

62

CONNECTED

REACTIONS

obviate the

"which
difficulty

when

occurs

doce not

of zinc and
proportion

SULPHIDE

WITH

the

melt.

LEAD.

productcontains

Tlic mixture

been

covered

0"

lar^c

heated in

was

previouslycovered

with

a
plumbago crucible,having
The product was
of
crystalline
layerof small piecesof charcoal.
a deeper
grey colour and duller in lustre than galena.At the bottom
of lead in a cavity,
in which were
minute beautifully
"was
a button

defined cubes, apparentlyof lead.

of Iwd healed with antimony. Borthicr
Sulphide
"

antimonio

simplystates

that

formed.'
heated lead with common
Fonmet
are
-sulphides
and
the
resembled gnlena
fnqind
products
antimony (SbS*),

of
sulphide
in

part and in the other antimony : there

one

was

distinct line of

no

the two.'

between

demarcation

Exp. fl.).Sulphide of

lead

heated

antimony in the
ratio of SPbS
Sb, the materiaU operatedupon being 3585 grains
of galena("which
yielded80% lead by dry assay in the iron crucible),
with pieces
and 1200 grains of antimony. The miitnre, covered
was

with

heated pretty stronglyfor

of charcoal,was
earthen
orucible
with
luted on,
a cover
an
allowed

was

the

to

furnace

go

down

during

the

air-holes where

numerous

it

appeared
crumbling to

and

the

night.

about

crucible left to

The

it had been

metallic
in contact

minutes

15

-which

after

in
fire

slowlyin
product presented
cool

with

the crucible

be pretty homogeneous
powder under the knife ;

throughotit
; it

in

tho last.

to

the

hard,

was

the fracture was

largely
the cleavage-planes
crystalline,
beinggranularin texture; its colour
to 875 grains. In
was
blueish-grey.The loss in weightamounted
order to ascertain whether there was
into
any tendencyto separation
the
determined
of
in
two
-was
a
layers,
proportion sulphur
portion
taken from the top and in a portionof the same
weight taken from
the bottom:
the top portion contained
1H318% and tho bottom
H
ence
it
be
inferred
that the product-was
portion 10'!)02%.
may
homogeneous. The piecesof charcoal,which had been
practically
tho
coated with crystals
of
on
placed
top of the mixture, were
galena.
Exp.(II-).
Sulphideof lead was heated with antimonyin the ratio
of 3PbS : Sb',the materials operated
upon being358-5 grainsof galena
and 360 grains
of antimony. The experiment
80% of lead)
(containing
conducted

"was

exactlythe

way as
less blue, harder
and
finelycrystiilline,

Exp.(I.).The
had been

metal

The

loss in

piecesof

"with small

in contact

with

of lead is not

the
had

galena.

reduced when

to

crucible
covered

50

were

the

it may

Hence

The

brittle

more

-weightamounted

charcoal which

of
crj-stals

same

heated with

productwas
that of

than

grains.Where

air-holes.

numerous

mixture

tho

coated

were

be inferred

that sulphide

antimony. (Kxpori-

(I.)(II.)
by J. C. Cloud, in my laboratory.)
heated teithlend. Exp.(I.).
mony
Sulphide
of aniimonji
Sulphideof anti-

ments

"

was

materials

'

heated

with

metallic lead in tho ratio of SbS'

being 168 grainsof liquatedBorneo

Tr. dcB Eu.

1. p. GiO.

"

FV, the

of antimony
sulphide

Aim. des Uines,S. ". 4. p. 238.

and
in

lead.
grainsof gramilftted

310

the

somewhat

tough i

and

lose amounted

OF

63

LEAD.

The

minutes, and

10
no

SULPHIDE

eKperimentwas condncted
precedingexperiments. The mixtare was

the

as

way

same

kept melted for about

The productshowed
The

WITH

CONNECTED

REACTIONS

of

appearance
its fracture

left to cool

afterwards

slowly.

into layers;it was

separation
and blueish-grey.
crystalline

was

grains.
The
Exp. (II.).
precedingexperiment was
repeatedon. a much
the
largerscale, quantities
operatedupon being8400 grainsof Borneo
sulphideof antimony and 16,525 grains of granulatedlead. The
and more
towards tbe top ; it was
so
productwas crystalline,
largely
whiter

the bottom

towards

part

but

there

loss in

layers.The

into

ITie upper

to 57

contained

was

weight

no

of sepaappearance
ration
to 1200
grains.

amounted

and the lower 7-685%.

12-528% of sulphur,

J. C. Cloud, in my laboratory.)
corded
StdjAideof artenic healed ttn" lead. A singleexperimentis reby Fouroet, in which he heated lead and realgarin the ratio

by
(Experiments
(L) (II.)

"

of AsS*

Fb*.

The

in

productwas

and
part Tesicular (hourtoaffii)

studded wilh littlecharacteristic cubes of

in the mixture

operatedupon

very

lose in

galena.'The

littleexceeded

weight

the total weightof

which would lead to the inference that the

sulphide,
latter had been wholly reduced with the volatilization of its arsenic
and the complete
conversion of the lead into sulphide,
thus :
arsenic in the

"

Pb'-fAsS' 2PbS-j-As.
=

Admitting such
conclude
not

to have

that when

been

the reaction,then it is reasonable to

sulphideof lead is heated with arsenic it will

suffer the least reduction.

of le(id healed
Sidphide
hnt

the whole

not

with cyanideof polasgium.

The greater part
is induced with the formation of
of the sulphide
"

and the lead is separated

of potassium,
in grainsfree
snlpho-cyanide
black powder,which, on
the
from sulphur there is also formed
a
acid gives out a feeble odour of sulphuretted
addition of hydrochloric
with the cj-anide,
the whole of the
hydrc^n. By several re-meltinga
:

lead may

be obtained in the metallic state.'

When
drous
anhyferrocyanide
of potastiam.
of potassium,
KTeCy*, is heated beyond its meltingferrocyanide
pointwith exclusion of atmosphericair,it is resoh-ed into nitrogen,
of cyanide of
which
eifervescence, and a mixture
escapes with

Sulphideof

and
potassiuni

of iron

su^estedto

lead heated ailh

"

This sepaof iron combined, it is stated,with carbon.

ration
of
f
ine
of
of
iron
in
state
carbide
or
a
extremely division

Levol

the

of potassiumas
of ferrocyanide
application

reducingagent for sulphideof lead. On heating1 00 parts by weight

with I'lO of anhydrous
of pure sulphideof lead,artificially
prepared,
and 50
of potassium,
ferrocyanide
from
In foiir experiments
84%

'

of
to

he obtained good results.

cyanide,
of
reduced, the
84-5% lead was

TrwtedcCliim.Analyt. H.Kofc, 1861,2.p. 226.

64

COSSECTED

REACTIONS

WITH

SULPHIDE

OF

LEAD.

of lead being 8CC%.* It is not

total quantityin pure sulphide
free from
whether Levol ascertained that the redueod lead was
1861, that is

long anterior
made
experimentswere

In

the

stated
iron.

to the date

of level's paper, preliminary

laboratory
by Smith and

in my

of potassiumas a reducing
fcrrocyanide
myself
agent for
and
afterwards
the
was
inveistigation
completed by Smith
galena,
alone.
The followingrewults are
extracted from the
Laboratory
from
Purest
the
Harzwaa
1851.
Journal,'November,
galena
operated
of potassiumwas
the ferrocyanido
and
used both dry and
upon
Much
effervescence
occurs
diiringthe process, and
crystallized.
on

of

use

'

The beat results obtained

be notable loss in consequence.
of K*FoCy': PbS, i.e.
alone in the proportion
fcrrocyanide

there may
with the

equivalentof iron to
mixed
were
intimately
I,
"

II."

sulphur,were

The

and heated in earthen crucibles:

"

7"%

and

"

ingredients

"

"

No. II. 77% of lead.

results were
following

III.

under.

as

and galena200 grains.

307 grains,
Dry ferrocyanido
and
200 giains.
352
Crystallized

No. I. gave
The

of

also obtained

"

grains and galena200 grains.After

salt was
effervescence had ceased, common
and
put into the crucible,
continued until its contents
the heat was
m
elted.
were
The
perfectly
lead, which was
poured out into an ingot-mould,weighed l(j5'5
found to contain 0'48'?/ of iron.
ie. 82'76%. It was
grains,
352 grains,
IV.
and galena 200 grains.
fcrrocyanide
Crystallized
"

350
Dry feiTOcyanide

"

After
when
mass

effervescence had

allowed to cool,and
ceased,the crucible was
broken open.
The lead was
diffused throughthe
'llieproductwas
in small globules,
re-mclted with the addition
cold it

was

and 200 grainsof carbonate of

quantityof ferrocyanido
button
of lead was
a
means
toda, by
single
produced which
weighed166-5 grains,i.e. 82-75%.
and galena 200 grains.
V,
400 grains,
ferrocyanido
Crystallized
of

small

which

"

After effervescence had

weighed105

of lead
When

galena,much
experiment

added.

The

button

i.e.82'5%.
grains,

salt was

the

salt was

ceased,common

with

mixed
previously

less lead

was

the

shown

obtained, as

and
ferrocyanide

by

the

following

"

and
352 grains,
ferrocyanide
galena200 grains,
Crystallized
grains. ITie button of lead weighed 153 grains,i.e.
76-5%. It contained 0-8+%of iron.
Other experiments
made to ascertain the effectof substituting
were
VI.

"

common

salt 200

chloride of calcium

and

Chloride
unsatisfactory.

borax

producesa

'

200

Ann.

thick

slagin

were

which

globules.

ferrocyanide352
"Crystallized

and dried borax

salt,but the results

common

of calcium

the reduced load is diffused in

VII.

for

grains. A

thick

grains,galena200 grains,

slag is producedand

de Chim. et de Phya. 3.

".

4C. p.

472, 1856.

higher

REACTIONS

WITH

CONNECTED

than
temperatnreis required

vben

SULPHIDE

oommoii

OF

salt is need.

65

LEAD.

The

button,

t^^ther with as much aa oould be collected of the lead in globules,

i.e.65%.
weighed 130 grains,
VIII.
ExperimentVU. was repeatedat a highertemperature.
of lead. The
The elagttos black,well melted and free from globnlea
button
of lead weighed 130-5 grains,
i.e. 65'26%.
chloride
-mixei
wiih
lead
ofiodmm and roasted tnf" accet* of
Svlphide
of
this subject
in the years 1849
soTeral experiments
air. I made
on
follow. By oautiouely
and 1850, and the results are
as
roastingan
salt eo as to prevent clotting,
intimate mixture of galenaand common
if the temperatureis raised too high,sulphate
which
quicklyoccurs
"

"

in considerable

of soda is formed
of

out

the

product

with

which may bo diasolTcd

quantity,
and by evaporation
ho obtained
grains or so, say in the ratio of

water,

crystallized.
By treatingonly 20
rbS

over

KaCl, of

mixture

this
gas-flame,

of the two

result may

Bubstances in
be

porcelain
capsule
easilyconfirmod. The washed
a

and oxide of lead,with, it may be,

residue consists of chloride,
sulphate
If
the mass
is too strongly
heated,
a littleundecomposed sulphide.
the odour of sulphurous acid ib evolved ; but on
at first,
especially
the
temperature that odour will cea"e, and if the
suitablylowering
conducted,it will not againbe perceived
; and
operationbo properly
after the lapseof a certain time,not even
though the temperature be
notablyraised. After roastingduring 2 or 3 hours, ihe product
becomes somewhat
when
pasty and yellowwhile hot, bvt ash-grey
cold.
materials used in the

The

followingexperimentwere comparatively
from
and passedthrougha sieve of
Yorkshire,
galena
pulverized
pure
holes in the square inch,and common
salt dried and passed
3600
Of the former 20 lbs. avoirdupoiswere
sieve.
throughthe same
mixed
intimately
The

with

10 lbs, of the

roasted

mixture

i.e.in the
latter,

ratio PbS

NaCL

littleflat-bedded

furnace
was
on
a
reverberatory
for the purpose, atmospheric
air having free access
expressly
owing to excess of caution,
throughan openingin the side. At first,

built

the temperature was

kept too low, and after roasting
during several
and was
hours the mixture still continued pulverulent,
only a"little

palerin

colour than

raised, when
seemed to take
not

the

On

lumps,which
broken
easily

became

somewhat

now
temperature was
and
oxidation
pasty

acid
sulphurous
placeprettyrapidly,

and
copiously,

mixture.

beginning. The

at the

mixture
white

vapour

allowingthe mixture

was

observed

to

was

evolved but

proceed"om

the

to cool it clotted into small hard

became so soft as to be
being re-heated immediately
rabble
them.
The roasting
a
over
up by simplypassing
the
furnace
with
its
continue
hours
and
6
contents
was
was
during
then left to cooL
of the lumps theywere
On breaking some
found to
contain particles
of unchanged galena. On the next day the roasting
resumed and carried on uninterruptedly
was
during the whole of that
the
of
which
and
the
end
at
day
nightsucceeding,
periodthe product
was

raked out

on

of the furnace.

occurred,especially
near
VOL.

m.

the

had
weighed28 lbs.,aiid as clotting
considerable quantityof
a
fire-bridge,
It

,--

66

CONSECTED

RBACnOHS

WITH

BULPHmE

OP

LEAD.

firmlyadherent to the bed and aidea of the fumaoe.

rednoed to powder which waa ash-grey.
of thia productwere
washed with lukewarm
1000 grains
water,

it remained
waa

first by decantation
clear
perfectly

onlya

very

and

afterwards

through

on

filter; and

the

with
alightprecipitate

filter. The
when

chloride of barium,

roasted

productcontained

oame

gave
salt of lead

in
precipitate

to

of the aolution,a orop

By evaporation
of
soda
was
sulphate
deposited,which

at

the waah-water

caused
white
a
paao through,which
f
iltered
solution,
llie
waehing waa
previously

began

aolutiou

It

Uien

the

discontinued.

of ohatacteristia

weighed

of
oryatals
The
grains.

255

of

D17 latphaleof toda

15-96X

Chloridooflei^

13-7(!%
Z1-(M%

BuJphatooflead
In another similar very
of a mixture of galenaand

amatl

in
experiment,

common

suit in the

which

only20 grains

PbS
ratio,

same

NaCl,

rousted during
was
foregoingexjieriment,
very carefally
hours
the
in a porcelain
2 or 3
capaulo,
product gave 16% of dry
sulphateof soda and 29'0%of chloride of lead. In this experiment
the temperature was
under perfectcontrol and was
most
carefully
emission of white vapour at any time as
no
regulated
; and there was
in the preceding
experiment.That vapour waa probablychloride of
lead ; and thia may
probablyaccount, at leaat in part,for the much
of chloride of lead in the latter case
than in the
greater quantity

as

in the

former.

However, both experimentsshould merely be regardedas

tentative and

the

determinations
quantitative

in both

as

only

proximate.
ap-

A mixture
of
Sidphideof lead heated with ^nride of ammoniam.
300 grainsof galenain fine powder, and 200 grainsof chloride of
heated moderatelyin an earthen crucible,
end when
ammonium,
waa
completefusion seemed to have occurred, the crucible was taken out
"

and Jeft to oool

of the fumaoe
in

the

furnace, white

productweighed

fumes

alowly. While the crucible

continually
escapedfrom

grains;its

254

fracture

remained
it.

presentedcubical

The
facets

colour of the mass

blackiah ;
was
prevailing
and by the action of water
4025% of soluble matter was removed.
The insoluble residue resembled unchangedgalena. The composition
found to be as follows :
of the soluble portion
was

like those of

galenai

the

"

'

Lead

7002

Ohlorine

!i5-91

Sulphur
Ammonia

047

(b; difibrence)

3'60

100' OU

The
lead.

lead and

(By

chlorine

J. C.

are

Cloud,in

nearlyin
my

the

same

laboratory.)

ratio

as

in chloride of

68

CABBONATES

OF

PROTOXIDE

OP

LEAD.

deacribed, make their appearance in addition. Acoordisgto

TioTisly
Colonel Yorke,* the oompoeltion
of the white substance may
be expressed
the
formtila
It
is
termed
dicarbonato
by
2PbO,CO*-f-^0.
by
Gmelin.

'WH1TI"-LEAD,
CERUSE, FLAKE-WHITE.
admitted
white-lead,ia generally

"

The

to have

white

oommon

pigment,

the formula

3PbO,2CO' +H0, or
2(l'bO,C0')-j-PbO,II0.
It is

white, amorphous powder. Many

visitor at white-lead works where

which

to

came

untimelyend

an

; and

years

ago

was

quent
fre-

in operanovel processes were

tion,
I well recollect how much I

impressedat seeingshowboards in the ooun ting-houses

presenting
samplepatchesof white-lead paintfrom those works ; and how clearly
each manu"cturer
of his own
thereby demonstrated the superiority
product. In the instances here referred to, there was self-deception,
not imposition.Inventors, like fond parents, are slow to detect and
facture
acknowledgethe "ultB of their own offxpring.Although the manuwas

is not

of white-lead
not

wholly to

branch

of

and
metallurgy,

therefore

attempts

in this work, yet it may

bo well not
description
Dutch process
it over
without
notice.
The original

pass

groundin

stillholds its
has

subjectfor

to

this country, notwithstanding

the numerous
it soems
certain that uo other method

supercedeit ; and
better article

yieldeda

of this process is

or

better financial result.

exposinglead to the combined

The

ciple
prin-

action of acetic

acid,atmosphericosygcu, carbonic acid,aqueous vapour, and a gentle

heat. I'or this purpose earthen pots glazed
are
internally
employed,
which

usuallyof

are

the bottom
towards
is cast

but

the smaller

the mouth.
at

low

The

sizes.

two

are

largerare

either

contracted

or
cylindrical

widen

towards

gradually

The

acetic acid used is very dilute. The lead

into trellis-likepieces.
or
temperature into plates,

Acetic acid is put into the contractedportionof the larger

pots and a
coil of lead in the upper portion; whereas the smaller pots are only
of acetic acid.
receptacles
regularintervals,several rows

used
at

as

between

The

two

kinds

of the

of pots are

smaller pots
of the larger,
thus

arranged
beingplaced

consecutive rows
siderable
leavingconlevel
from
the
level
of
the
tho
the
of
of
to
larger
tops
space
the tops of the smaller pots. In this space the trellis-likepiecesor
platesof lead are piled,
restingon the tops of the smaller pots,space
every

two

enough beingleftbetween
the level of the mouths

the upper surface of the lead thus piledand

lai^erpots, in order to allow of the

of the

considerable increase of bulk which

white-lead.
brick

The

occurs

process is effected in

when

lead is converted into

chambers
largerectangular

of

A layerof tanner's spent bark or stable litter,

the bottom, and upon this
thick, is spreadevenly over
the
and
lead
above
described.
A flooring
stacked as
of
are
layer pots
wooden planksabout 1^ inch thick,is laid over
the whole so as to be
about

or

stonework.

1 foot

'

Phil. Msg. 1834,5. p. 85,

WHITE-LEAD.

69

the taller pota. On

entirelyeupportedby

this floor another

layerof

bpent bark or litter about 1 foot thick ia evenlyspread,then a second

layer of pota and planks,and bo in succesaion until the chamber
Utter being alwaysat the top. Such a
a layerof bark
or
filled,
is termed a
stack,"and a stack may contain from 20 to
of from
2 to 4 months, the
fiO tona of metallic lead. In the course

is

chamber

"

down, when

stack ia taken

the lead will be found

changed for

the

to the operations
of
most
part into white-load,which is subjected
and drying. When
it
ie
grinding,
washing,levigating,
dry,
packed

in

casks,and

in that state ie pure

white- lead.

When

ground

up with

oil into

of sulphate
paint,it may be mixed with variable quantities
uf baryta,so as to produce the different kinds of commercial
whitelead paint. The
to
goodnessof qualityand priceare proportionate
rule it may be stated
Aa a general
the quantity of pure white-lead.
that the purer the metallic lead operatedupon the better the quality
of the white-lead
produced. Other substances besides sulphateof
chalk
used in the manns
uch
or
aa
are
occasionally
baryta,
gypaum,
facture of certain qualities
of paint
It will be perceivedthat in a white-lead ataok,the conditions previously

stated to be essential for the formation

attained.

of white-load

fully

are

slowlypermeates every part of the

Atmospheric air

mass

oxygen ia thua suppliedfor the oxidation of the lead ; carbonic acid

and by oxidation of the lead and
is evolved from the bark or litter,

probablyof some
heat

necessary

At

organicconstituents
ia developed.
Paris, white-lead has

Clichy,near

Th^nard's
solution
S5

of the

years

aqueous

method, which

of the bark

longboon

or

the
litter,

manufactured

by

consists in

passingcarbonic acid througha

of basic acetate of lead. Mr. Sewell, of Nottingham, about
t^, made white-lead by passing carbonic acid through an
solution
of

largeexcess
by forcingwater

of neutral
and
litharge,

acetate

or

he washed

sugar
the

of lead mixed

with

white-lead
precipitated

of a hydraulic
through it by means
press. I sow
Ueaers.
Benson
and
Gossage passed the
operation.
of coke
perfectcombustion practicable
gaseous productof the most
mixed
with
small
of
o
f
a
over
proportion sugar of lead.
layers litharge
Costlyand ingeniousapparatus was employed,which seemed well t^
1 also frequently
this process in operation.
its purpose.
saw
answer
lead in revolving
barrels
to
Another
method
was
subject
granulated
action of atmospheric
to the combined
oxygen, carbonic acid and
lead
without
carbonic acid
thus
water.*
granulated
ti-eating
By
dense hydratedprotoxideof lead was
men
pretty quicklyformed, a speci-

this process in

of which
Whatever

lead,it

is

I have
process

seen.

may

bo

obviouslydesirable

adoptedfor the
to introduce

as

manufacture
much

of white-

carbonic

acid

as

is the same
to form as little hydrateof oxide
or what
protpossible,
thing,
and
of
the
the
as
oonseproduct
possible,
provided
quality

DigitizecQyG

70

CARBONATES

OP

qnentlyito oommercial

PEOTOXIDE

OF

LEAD.

It appean

therebydeteriorated.

value be not

that in the Dutch

of the productmay vary

prooees the composition
of hydratenot onlyin
with
the
to
conniderably
respect
proportion
stack but in different parts of the same
the same
layer.Mr. J. A.
who
Phillips,

has had

found that the

of various
composition

after dryingat
analysed
formuUe

white-lead works,

practical
acquaintancewith
1 00'

samplesof white-lead which

he

C, might be represented
by the following

"

2(PbO,CO*)-fPbO,HO

3(PbO.C0")-i-PbO,H0
6(PbO,CO')+PbO,HO.
Under

the

microscopenot

of these

one

in
degreecrystalline

structurB.'

white-lead

whole

loses the

150' C, and
stated

towards

the
respecting

the carbonates.
at

the temperature of

orange

in

170" C. its carbonic

white-lead
a

red-lead

Commercial

to
proportion

producesthe

acid.*

of lead

of oxides

What

at

has been

free access

changedinto

it is

oven

water

applies
equallyto

is calcined with

of air

the

TOriety
on
count
acorange-mine,

or, in commerce,
orange-lead,

of its tint.
to

chemicallycombined

its

reduction

When

of red-lead termed

of

samplesappearedin the least

According to Ur. J. A Phillips,

red-lead varies in tint from

its fineness of division

and

purplish

white-lead

varietyof red-lead simplybecause the protoxide

it yieldsis in finer powder than what is produced
from

orange

of lead which

metallic lead in the firststage of its conversion into red-lead.

NlCTKAL
WBITX-I.KAD

CABBONATB
oBB.

acetate of

or

in that

of

case

of lead.
protoxide

bonic
powder by passingcar-

solution of basic acetate

aqueous

addition of

excess

either of carbonate

cold aqueous solution of nitrate

Care must
be taken to avoid heat,as
to a

alkaline carbonate

of lead of the formula

protoxide

by weight of

white

a
as
precipitated

of potash,
or of soda
an

UONOOABBOSATB.

in the prisP1)0,C0'. It crystallizes

matic

of lead,'
or by the
protoxide

of ammonia,

LEAD.

"

acid to "aiuralionthrough an
of

Or

FROTOXIDK

CsaasBiTB.
It is

system.

OF

throws

down

hydratedcarbonate
'

2(PbO,CO')-j-PbO,HO.One part

dissolves in 50,5fj0 parts of pure

partsof water saturated with carbonic acid.'

the monocarbonate

boiledwater,* and in 7144

Colonel Yorke found that water, which contained carbonic acid in such
that when boiled it gave off J of its volume of carbonic acid
proportion

^ sn^iTcr
"^^ protoxideof lead in the
gas, dissolves from about -^D^irtr
carbonate
state of
preparedby passingcarbonic acid through an

aqueous solution of basic acetate of load.* All the compounds of

the protoxideof lead,carbonic acid and water are changed into anhydrous
monocarbonate
the
action of carbonic
acid sufficiently
by

prolonged.All

carbonates

of load are

LieUgi^Eopp'sJabreeb.
lSSl,p.3S7.

'

Ibid. p. 695.

chemiwh.
'
I

'

Beneliiu, Tr. de Chim. 4. p. 91.

Lefott.Gmelin'B Uondb. 5. p. 126.

zur
Frcseuius,
Anleituiig
quantitatiT.

'

'

completelydecomposedat
Analyae,1859, p.

Boneliuu'
Laiwiigue,

143.

Jaltresb. 1850,

29. p. 133.
*

Pliil.Hag. 18S1,5. p. 91.

OF

ABSENIDE
far below

femperatnre

of lead

remaining

the

native monocarbouate

The

from
galena,

oiated with

atmoepheriooxidation
that salt would

and

be

chained with

of water

of lead,pare

even
Ineltii^^point
product.

the

as

71

LKAD.

cemssite

or

which

in

is not

eeJdom

it may
bat then sulphate
of lead must
some

found

asao-

be derived

cases

quicklychangedinto
bicarbonate

protoxide

firstbe

by

formed,

oerussite

by the action
as
an
resulting

of lime, gypsum

in limestone,
it is not
occurs
accessory product. As galenafrequently
difficultto understand
it should be exposed
how
in lodes occasionally
to

the combined

influence of

air and such s solution of

atmoepherio
find,immediatelychangesartificially

bicarbonate

of lime, which, I
of lead into carbonate.
precipitated
sulphate
LEAD

AND

ABSBNia

Aboenide

molten

when

Lead
same

with
readily
alloys

red-hot

lead.

molten

contact

with

alloyis

producedfor the manu"otnre

known

as

Tinder

redness.

metallic

arsenious

place when

result takes

Lkad.

or

and
arsenic,

the

acid, AsO", is brought

the latter method

By

of lead shot,and

is

such

in
an

technioally

temper." It is preparedby immersing arsenical glass

bell-shapedcast-iron veeael in liquidlead heated to low
"

In

this

case

of

arseniate
Berzeliua,

to
protoxideof lead is formed, or, according
of lead,either of which may be completely
protoxide

deprived of oxygen
by throwing charcoal on the arsenical
alloywhile melted. A small quantityof this alloyis added to the
molten

lead intended

spherical.When

more
globules

like mercury
to it a

to be cast

arsenic hardens

fracture. Accordingto
crystalline
dark-grey
at a white-heat

retted lead cannot

corresponds
exactlyto

which

into shot, as it tends to render the

molten, arsenical lead is very liquid
and gives
lead,lessens its malleability,

an

retain

Berthier arseniu-

than

more

15-5%of arsenic,

alloyof the formula Pb*As.

highesttemperature without

This

loss of
it is stated,supports the
alloy,
wood's
weight;' bnt Foumet, on the contrary,asserts that at 50" Wedgarseniuretted
lead
is
of
arsenic,
wholly deprived
pyrometer
lead.' Berthier also states that
carries off some
volatilizing
lead
is wholly freed from arsenio
at a sufBcieutly
high temperature
in
by iron with the productionof arsenide of iron ; that litharge
in

which

'

converts

excess

combination

by

with

the addition

like iron upon

The

the arsenic

into

arsenious

protoxideof lead ; bnt

acid which

that

no

remains

change

in

is caused

Nickel and cobalt should act

of alkaline carbonates.
arseniuretted lead.

followingexperimentson

this

have
subject

been

made

by

Granulated lead of remarkable purity

J. C. Cloud, in my laboratory.
vessels were
Earthen
used,
and metalUc arsenic were
operatedon.
anthracite
and
of
under
heated
a
the mixtures
powder,
were
layer
the

alloyswere
"

cast

into

ingots.

Tr. dietB"s. 2. p. G82.

BertliieT,

'

Ann. dee Hiaes, 3,

7. p. 1839.

72

LEAD

ASD

ABSENIC.

grainsof )^nulat"dlead,and
formed,
an
equal weight of metallic arsenic. A ftuible alloywas
into
an
which, when perfectly
was
liqaid,
poured
ingot-mould. The
and broke nnder a single
blow "om
a hammer
;
alloywas very brittle,
in
w
hich
dark
the fracture was
and
of
a
colour,
crystalline,
steel-grey
of
a short time changed to brown
by tarnishing,
and^in the course
about two days became nearlyblack.
The alloyoontained 20'73%of

(I.)The

miKture

consisted of 1000

arsenic,and its

composition
may,

bo approximately
therefore,
sented
repre-

by the formula Pb'As.

1000 grainsof lead and 10 gninsof
(II.)Themixtureconeistcdof
metallic arsenic. Tho alloy,
after having boon slightly
nicked aoion,
broke under a einglo
the
fracture
blow from a hammer
was
finely
;
blueiehsoraowhat
like
that
of
cast-atcel,
uneven,
crystalline,
slightly
scratdied
grey, and rather dull in lustre ; tho metal could be slightly
with the finger-nail.
(III.)The mixture consisted of 1000 grainsof lead and " grains
of metallic arsenic. The ingotbroke in the vice after bending twice.
The fracture was
uneven,
lightercoloured than that of the alloyin

Exp. II.,and
(IV.)Tho
arsenic.
in

mixture

also much

was

consiatcd

alloyresembled

and

stirred in.

temperature

arsenic had

been

of the

softer.

of 1000

grainsof

lead and

grainof

ordinarylead in appearance.
keptmelted under anthracite

(V.) lOOOgrainsoflead were

2000 grainsof
a crucible,while

added
the

The

the metal

Tho

addition

lead

metallic
of the

arsenic

powder
gradually

were

arsenic seemed

to reduce

After tho whole

conaidoraVily,

added, tlie temperature was

raised

so

as

of the

to ensure

of the alloy,
which
then poured into an ingotcompleteliquidity
was
mould.
The ingotweighed 1600 grains; it was
brittle ; its fracture
and dark steel-grey,
"was
largely
crystalline
tarnishingvery quickly.
The alloywas
found to contain 38'55%of antenic,so that its composition
by tho formula PbAs.
may be approximatelyrepresented
tallic
(VI.)In this experimentarscuious acid was substituted for mea
nd
the
On
of
anthracite
omitted.
arsenic,
covering
powder was
the top of 1000 grainsof molten lead, in a claycrucible,were
placed
320 grainsof arsenious acid,over
which
smaller
crucible
a
was
kept
When
inverted.
the metal was
in tranquil
fusion,tho contents of the
cracible were
poured into an ingot-mould.The ingotwas hard and
brittle ; the fracture was
and of a steel-grey
colour,and
fine^ip^ined
tarnished rapidly; it was
accompanied by a semi-opaque,ambercoloured glassyproduct. 'Hiis result confirms the accuracy of the
that molten lead partially
statement
reduces arsenious acid with the
formation of an oxidised arsenical compound of lead and arsenic.
QuanMy of anenic in "hot. This has been determined by Smith in
in the case of two
samples of shot,bought at different
my laboratory
in
London
One
sold as
Ko 1." i" in diameter,
shops
(a.d.1870).
contained 0-133%of arsenic and 0030% of copper; and the other,sold
"

"

a8"No.6,"i"
copper.
upon.

In the

in diameter,contained O-llS?

analysisof each

sample 2000

of arsenic and

grainswere

0284% of
operated

OF

ABSENIATES

Absekttes
Two

salts have

OP

Fbotoxide

of

been
both

PROTOXIDE

described

LEAD.

73

Lxad.

or

of the

fonuulte

PbO.ABO* and
the proportionof

combined
water,
been determined.
Arsenit^ of ammonia
throws down
the first from a solution of acetate or sugar of lead, and
the second from a solution of basic acetate
of lead. Thus prepared

2PbO,AHO'. They
which

both

doea not

contain

to have

seem

powders,fusible by heat into anhydrous yellow

which
when
rubbed
become
stances
glasses,
stronglyelectric' ITie subobtained by meltingvarious mixtures of protoxideof lead
occur

white

as

It is
araeniouB acid have been described at p. 1)4 of this volume.
stated that the vapour of arsenious acid is rapidlyabsorbed by heated
and

becomes red-hot and melts, and that when

of lead,which
protoxide
cold the productis a sulphur-coloured
enamel or glass,
easilyfusible
and undecomposable
of these
at a l"nght red-heat.* The
properties
arsenites

have

satisfoctorily
investigated.

not been

AssKiriATxe
Two

arseniates
The

3PbO,AsO'.

known

are

firet is

addition of arsenic acid,or

alkaline diarseniate into a

lead,takingcare
second

down

arseniate of soda in
at

low

redness

of

Leas.

of

the

formulae

and

2PbO,AsO'

as
a -white
precipitated
powder by the
a
by graduallydropping solution of an

solution of mononitrate

leave the latter in

to

is thrown

Psoroxntx

of

of

protoxideof

it fuses

easily.The

white

as

powder by the addition of ^isolution of a salt of lead :

aqueous

to ao

excess

excess

it

acquiresa transient yellow colour without even

at a highertemperature than the precedingsalt.'
productsobtained by meltingvarious mixtures of protoxideof

: it melts
sintering

The

lead and

acid have been

described at p. 18 of this volume.

that the affinity
of arsenic acid for protoxideof

arsenic

Berselius remarks
lead is

so

great that when

of lead

or

sugar
acid is set free.
The

arsenites and
or

neutral

subaraeniate

in

heated

all
or

quantity of
The

same

when

easilyreduced
black-flux

asserts

either with

of the arsenide
arsenious

but

reducingagent

observer

heated

arsenia
iate

to

arsenid
idee when

Berthler

either insoluble,

are

that

by

or

chloric
hydro-

They

with

that when

are

arsenites

are

excess

onlya

lead is abne

small

separated.

decomposed

of lead,the arsenic

the oxide of lead of the salts into

volatilizes.' As

Bcneliua,Tt. da Cliim. 4. p. 108.

Simon, Qinelia'i Handb. S. p. 173.
BerzdUiu, Tr. de Chim. S. p. J07.

heat"d

pure
arsenides of lead

arseniates

or

formed.
beingrespectively

states

is added

aoetio

of fixed allraline

excess

or

being converted

acid,which

with

acetate

and

in water, but soluble in nitric

solution of caustic potash or soda.

completelydecomposedwhen

of charcoal

with

down

of lead
protoxide

arseniates of

carbonate,alkaline arsenite
are

is mixed

nearly so,

very

acid and

They

arseaiate

of lead is thrown

might

I Gmelia'a

Esiujb

be

HsDdb.

arsenianticipated,
5. p.

LondoD, 1786.

Tr. de" Ea.

173.

p. 179.
2. p. 663.

Bdieele's

7*

LEAD

AND

PHOSPHORUS.

of protoxide
of lead form fusible miztnreB witli silioatoa of that
oxide.^ The acid,both of araeoitee and araeniates of protoxide
of lead,
should be wholly displaced
perature
by a due proportionof silica at a temat"8

sufficientto form siiicato of protoxide

of lead,areemoua
evolved
in
the
first
and
arsenious
acid and oxygen
being
caae,
eecoud.
ABaiMUTB

pBOTOxmi

OT

Chlobide
Native

argeniate of lead

nature, its formula

or

or

Lkas

or

Liad.

oombined

mimetesite

ia

acid
in the

with

double

salt of this

being
3(3PbO,A"0*)+PbCl.
LEAD

AND

Pho"fhidi

PHOSPHOBUa
or

Lias.

More than eightyyears ago Pellotier pablishedhis interesting

'which are well worth readingeven
researches on metallic phosphides,
the
He
at
droppedphosphorus upon molten lead until
present day.
the

metal

seemed

him

to

to

be saturated

with

it, and he observed

that

during the process a littlephosphorusburned and was converted

into phosphoricacid,which combined with a littleoxide of lead also
formed

time, the

productbeing a milky-whiteglass
lliis phosphideof lead gave off its
phide
phosphoms when melted before the blowpipe. He preparedphosthe dry residue of evaporatedurine mixed
of lead by heating
with chloride of lead. The
phosphidewas found in the stato of
small brightgrains
in the carbonized mass, which were
easily
separated
melted
The
and
into
button.
metal,
however,
one
by washing
at

the

same

adhered

which

the crucible,

to

pasty while molten

was

the surface with

Felletier

the

and

evolved

phosphorus,which

productionof white

of

fumes

burned

at

acid.
phosphoric

phosphide thus procuredmight contain

the phosphideprepared
from 12% to 16% of phosphorus,
than
or
more
method.
heated
4
He
of glacialor vitreous
other
ounces
by any
with
acid
and got a somean
what
phcwphoric
equalweight of lead-filings,
blueish silver-white metallic button weighing 3 ounces, which
thought

quicklytarnished
struck
matter

an

upon

the

in the

anvil

used

was

that

in

air, could be

separatedinto

this

cut

with

laminee.^

it may
experiment,

be

As

knife,but when
no

carbonaceous

inferred that lead is

acid at a high temperature. The

able to reduce phosphoric
of this inference has been confirmed by J. C. Cloud

laboratory.Lead
in
together

considerable
the air.

The

and

Tr. dcB Eu.

were

in

my

stronglyheated

covered

when
claycrucible,
phosphoruswas evolved in
which
w
hen
it came
in contact
with
ignited
quantity,
the
metal was
into
before
an
phorus
phospoured
ingot-mould

ceased to bum.

'

glacial
phosphoricacid

ness
correct-

2. p. 683.

The

ingotcontained
"

numerous

and
cavities,

Anniilcs de Cliimio,
1792,13. p. IH.

76

AKD

LEAD

nitric acid and

in

PH09PHOHU8.

aolation of caustic

soda.

potashor

The

whole

of the lead,or nearlyso, is separated

in a state of puritywhen
heated in admixture with charcoal,
thus:
are
strongly

they

"

3PbO,PO'+C' Pb'+eCO+P.
=

Accordingto Berthicr,No. III. is not

in a brasquedcrucible,or at most
with

reduced when

heated to whiteness

its surface where

in contact

liningonly becomes coated with a skin of

motal ; but at 160" ^^'cdgwoodit is in great jMrt reduced.
The followingexperimentson the reduction of this phosphateof
lead by charcoal have been made in my
laboratory,A mixture of
heated in
'300 grainsof the phosphateand 40 grainsof charcoal was
a

the carbonaceous

covered

fusion.

claycrucible.
The

metal

high temperature was needed for perfect

poured into an ingot-mould. The ingot

was

weighed 223 grains,was very soft and malleable,and did not contain
cjrresiwndsto 74',S%of lead in the
any phosphorus. This number
phosphate,whereas the theoretical quantityis 76-6%. The foregoing
and the proportionof lead obtained was
experiment was repeated,
f 5*0%of the phosphate.This lead was
also carefully
tested for phosphorus,
but

could be detected in it.

none

is that this
experiments
at a

conclusion from these

wholly reduced by

coal
char-

strong heat.

Phosphatesof
heated with iron

phosphideof
flux,with
IIL

lead

or

iron

readilyand

are

mixture

completelyreduced

of oxide of iron and

beingformed.

the formation

charcoal is not
of Ko,

The

phosphateof lead is

and

this acid
a

excess,

are

the preseiieo of boracic acid

in the proportionof '60% was

promoted by

Eerthier to melt in

when

easilyreduced by blackphosphate.Their reduction by

Thoy

of alkaline

charcoal in

brasquedcrucible

into

transparentvery

mixture
found

by

brilliant

topaz-yellow
glass.The same observer states that Ko. III. eierts no
action upon galenaat any temperature,and that the productobtained
by meltingthose two substances togetheris homogeneous and more
less deep grey.'This pointhas been examined
or
by J. C. Cloud in
of
A
mixture
of
llfl'5
grains galenaand 1B2-5 grains
my laboratory.

phosphateof lead was heated in a covered crucible which was left

slowly. The contents of the crucible consisted of two layers,
dull and of a
the upper one of phosphate
of lead which was
crystalline,
dirtygreen colour,and the lower one of galena,which had lost only
result.
8 grains. The experimentwas
repeatedand with the same
of

to cool

'J'hestatement, therefore,
of Berthier that there is no reaction between
and
o
f
phosphate
sulphide lead at a high temperature is confirmed by
these
when

of
experiments. Phosphates

stronglyheated

with

and

carbonaceous

and

fluor-spar
beingformed.

matter,

"

lead should

be

suitable mixture

fusible

Tr. dee Ew.

reduced
completely
of lime, fluor-spar,
phosphateof lime

slagcomposedof

2. pp.

GSl, 6S2.

CHLORIDE

Phospbatb
The

Fbotoxidb

or

oohdined

phosphateof

eo-cftllednatiTo

nature, Its formula

Leas

or

LEAD.

OF

Cblobidb

witb

lead ie

double

or

Lkad.

salt of this

being

3(aPbO,PO0+PbCl.
It

preparedartificially
by adding a boilingsolution of
solntion of common
to a boiling
phosphateof soda,
the mixture "ir some
latter in excess, aad then boiling

be

may

cblorido of lead

keepingthe
time.

productis

The

insoluble in water, but soluble in dilute nitrlo

and the bead crystallizes
blowpipe,
on cooling,

acid. It melts before the

with

If the conditions of the process be

the solution of phosphateof soda be added to the
and
of chloriile of lead, the latter being kept in excess, the

momentery

reversed
solution

has
precipitate

changed into
Some

2(3PbO,PO*)+PbC]. It is similar in
precedingsalt,and when stronglyheated it is

that salt with

the loss of part of its chloride of lead.*

pyromorphitecontain between 2% and 3% of
phosphateof lime with fluoride of calcium.^

varieties of natural

arsenic
Other

the formula
the

to

appearance

incandescence.

acid, and
varieties

others

^ain

of mimetesite and
isomorphous mixtures
be
compositionmay
represented
by the

are

of which
pyromorphite,

the

formula

+
3(3PbO{^^)

PbCl.

compositionof

The

varietyfrom

Langbanshyttain Sweden
by

the formula

may,

Cotunnite

It has been

and

from
sented
repre-

AND

CHLORINE.
of

Lkau.

found

at Vesuvius,
and is termed
crystallized
by mineralogists.It is formed without incandescence by

the direct action

with

Chili

to Bammelsberg,
be
according

Ghloridb
"

in

LEAD

PbCl.

Arqueros

lead, when

of chlorine

hydrogen

on

lead

is evolved

acid
by boilinghydrochloric
action
; and by the combined

acid and atmospheric

air upon lead at ordinarytemperature;
hydrochloric
but it is only very slowlyproduced by
any of these
the first and last. It may be conveniently
methods, especially
pared
preof lead with excess
of hydrochloric
by digestingprotoxide
of

acid, or by the addition of that acid

to

an

when

aqueous
it is

solution of

as
precipitated

of various soluble chlorides

or
salt of lead,such as nitrate or acetate,
white crystalline
powder. Hydrochloric

_y

79

LEAD

red-lMd

ftcid oonverts

chlorine,thos

AND

into chloride

also he made

lai^

bnown

of a
cooling
and in
crystals

by digesting
galenawith hj-drochloric
acid,when
is

disengaged,and

hot solution it

it is thus

produced on

in

(1861)

1^5

dissolves in about
12j"

at

parts

found'it

that he

in characteriutio white

occurs

plates.It

thin

I'lO" C, and

me

3PbCl+4nO-|-CL

scale in the first stage of the mannfactnre

of the pigment
"
I'attinson'a Oxychlorideof Lead."
When
as
on
deposited

the

at

the evolutioii of

load, with

"

hydrogoD
Bulphurettbd
a

of

Pb'0'+4HC1
It may

CHLORINE.

C.

Mr.

parts of

30

water

I'attinson infotmed

dissolve in 32

to

acicular

parts

of water

at

100" C, and in 12C at 12-7" C- It is in great measure

precipitated
acid or chloride of calcium from its
by the addilion of hydrochloric
acid dissolvee
solution; water acidulated with hydrochloric
aqueous
of
chloride
of
and
its
dilute
of
a
lead,
solution
weight
^"jf
aqueous

of chloride of calcium ^-'j^: strong hydrochloricacid, especially

when
dissolve* chloride of lead,which
is throvni down
the
hot, copionsly
on
addition

neither

It melts below

of water.

redness

into

thin

which
liquid,

corrodes earthen

throughnor

cmcibles, and which on

white, hom-liko, translucent subtstanco,havinga

runs

coolingbecomes a
of i"-t"824,
termed by
specific
gravity

the old chemists

pfumfcuni
corttettm,

red-heat it sublimes,and if there be free aocees

volatilized with the productionof thick
of air,it is onlypartially
white
pnngcnt smoke, and yellow oiychloridoof lead. It may be
or

At

hom-lead.'

reduced

by heatingit in

reaction which

admixture

is shown

occurs

in the

2I'bCl+2CaO+C
The

mixture

but if the

should bo intimate

experimentbe

with lime and

charcoal,and

following
equation:

"

the

Pb'-f2Caa-f-C0'.

and

the temperature brightredness ;

much
loss of lead

conducted
carefully

not

result from the volatiliaation of chloride of lead.

In operating
of chloride of lead,I obtained a button
grains
upon
of soft lead weighing 22 grains,
so that there was
a loss of about 14% of
lead,but a portionof this was found in the slagof chloride of calcium.
such a small quantityof the
In experiments of this nature
upon
may

not

than

more

35

chliiride conhidcrablo loss of lead

reduced
reduction

when

"W hen chloride

vessel,Borthior

black-flux,

with

heated

when

heated

to

redness with

of Iciidis heated with

states

that chloride of

of lead formed,
Gulpho-chlurido

might

be

If so, the reaction

neatlythat
would

be

be

must

the

expected.
fhloride

ronin

common

an

cicchs

It is

of

sulphuris

completely

of lead sulfers no
or

colophany,

sulphurin

close

evolved,and

grey

compositionof which,

it

was

posed,
sup-

by the formula l'bS-)-2I*bCl.

by the following
expressed
equation:

3PbCl+S'

indicated

'

"

PbS+2I'bC!+S*CL

OXTCHLOEID^

OP

79

LEAD.

Accordingto Berthier,chloride of lead and' galenaunite in any

very fusible and volatile products
by the dry viag, yielding
prcrportiona
have

which

through earthen crucibles.

strong tendency to percolate

of
product of the fusion of 1 equivBlent
and
resembles
lead
galena;
exactly
phide of
The

of chloride
equivalents

grey of

olive hue,

an

of eul-

opaque,

pale-

in fracture.

salt of the formula

that of the fiidon of

sulphideis compact,

waz-like

and

Berzeliua

According to

1 of

with

even

chloride with

FbCl-f-3FbS
may

be

sulphideof lead with a

recentlyprecipitated
preparedby digesting
It
is
in
lead
solution of ckloride of
excess.
yellowand sometimes red.
llie red colouration which

sulphurettedhydrogen
hydrochloricacid is

and

passed

due

action of the gas is

^rther

at

occurs

is

to

firstwhen

feeble current

of

solutions

into

containinglead
of this salt,which by

the formation

decomposed,the

whole

of the lead

being

changed into sulphide.

ofGobel that at a red-heat chloride
authority
decomposedby carbonic oxide with the formation
completely
of the lead in the metallic state,*
phosgenegas and the separation
It is asserted

the

on

of lead is
of

PbCl+2C0= Pb-I-CCCCL
OxiOHLOBIDBS
Salts of this nature

I."
n."
ni"
II. is

Xo.

OT

LsAS.

followingfomralee have

of the

IV."

3PbCl, PbO.
PbCl. PbO.
Pb01.2PbO.

v."
VL"

white, insoluble powder and

been

scribed:^
de-

PbaSPbO.
PbCl,5PbO.
PbCl,6PbO.

constitutes Fattinson'a

It has been found native at Cromford,near

oxycbloride.*
Matlock,
the
received
has
and
of
name
Matlockite.
consequently
Derbyshire,

by the addition in proper proportionof lime-water

solution of chloride of lead formed
by heating
acid with galenain fine powder. The same
salt
strong hydrochloric
is stated to be prodnoedby heatingchloride of lead with free access
be obtained

It may
to

hot aqueous

atmosphericair until fumes cease to be evolved ; or it may be

chloride and protoxide
or
made by melting together
monocarbtmate
while
and
molten
melts,
is deep
of lead. The
easily
osychloride
and
white
solidifiedis
when
At my request,
crystalline.
yellow; but

of

friend, Mr. Lowthian

my

who

carries
for

on

me

Bell,son-in-law

the manufacture
a

of
description

of this
the

of the

late Mr. Pattinson,

pigment,has obligingly
pared
pre-

process,

which

will

he

found

at p. 81.

is known
and
nnder the name
III. is found in nature
of
localities
its
of
the
Hills
in
Somersetbeing
Mendip
Mendipite,one
Ka

s, Tt.
*

Patented

deCliim. 4. p.7(

April.1,183S, Mo.

Feb. 14, 1819, No. 12,178; aod

Ma;

LEAD

80

AND

CHLORINE.

and

By molting togotherchlorido

Bhire.

ratio PbC'l

21'bO

obtained

protoxideof lead in the

in
yellow product crystalliEed*

needles.
No. rV. may bo directly
preparedby meltingtogetherat a bright
of lead in the proportions
red-heat chloride and protoxide
indicated
it is greenish
-yellowand laminar,but it"
by its formula. In mass
It
be
obtained
in combination
is
with
paleyellow.
powder
may
of water
the
addition
of
4 equivalentfi
caustic
ammonia
to a
by
mixture
boilingaqueous solution of nentral chloride of lead,or by the adof

basio salt of load with

solutions of metallic chlorides.'

from the fact that it is said to

intereating
particularly
action of moist litharge
chloride of sodinm,
upon
This
caustic soda beingalso formed.
discoTcrywas made by Scheele,
and it was
hoped that it might furnish a solution of the then difficult
salt. The
manufacturingsoda from common
problemof economically

This

salt is

reenlt from

the

should

substances

two

be

intimatelymiied

the

in

proportionof

the
part of salt to 4, but accordingto Vanquelin 7, of litharge,
with
thin
and
left
made
into
water
mixture
paste
during seTeral
tho
swells
mixture
thickens,
whitens,
days ;
up very much, and
1

hard, so that from time

becomes
with

had
filtering,

and

water

Tho

of water.

addition

the

little chloride of lead, but

of
yieldedcrystals

it

of lead.

Tho

by gentloheatingbecame

that

the reaction

obtained with

fine

impeded by

air.
atmosphorio
Antl^n
litharge.

with 10 times its weightof

even

soda,contaminated

of

promotedby

was

weight of lime, and

were

By evaporation
with chloride

when

dry was
dirtywhite,
lemon-yellow.Curandeau found

heat

by

or

carbonic

the addition of

acid, and

I'jthby

he recommended

Kcd-lead gives a similar result to that

states that when
salt is mixed
common
leftfor 12 daysand frequently
litharge,

stirred,it is only half decomposed. It is recorded

established in

Im3 triturated with

chloride of sodium.

no

insoluble residue

washed

it must

solution got by washing tho product

a
strong alkaline taste, and contained

carbonate

and

exclusion of

time

to

England for

carrying

out

this

that manufactories

process.'

producedby meltingtogetherchloride and protoxideof

The productis orange-yellowand
lead in tho ratio PbCl ; SPbO.
deep yellow when in powder. Ko. VI. is the pigment termed
It was
the subject
Turner's I'atent Yellow."
of a patent, and in
is
directed
be
to
it
the specification
preparedas follows : Take any
calx
of lead,add half the weight
of
or
minium,
litharge,
quantity
sufficient
dissolve
w
ith
to
wator
it ; mix these by long
of common
salt,
trituration,and let them stand togetherat least for 24 hours, by
No. V. is

"

"

time the lead will be changed into a good white ; then wash
the alkali and calcine tho lead until it becomes
yellow,which

which
out

will be of different tints

"

Bmeliua, 4. p,

to
according

tho

continuance

of calcination

| Chcmistiy,
1904.2nded.2.p.316. Aikin'a

71.

CliCBiieal Dictioimry, 1807, 2. p. 27,

Mines, Vetidcmiaire
Hfli.iib,5. p. 147. Handwortctb.
i Gimlin'B
do ran III.,No. S, p. 44, in an interculiOK
*

Vide

pnper
of

on

common

Joum.

the

dug

historyof
lalt.

the

Ihonuon'e

de"impoBitioQ der
Syiitem of \

Chem.

1642,1. p,

817.

OP

MANUPACTCEE
and

of

mixture

by meltinga

of

part by weight of sal-ammoniac

white-lead.

or

the metallic state

of the

about

niac
sal-ammo-

to
part of the lead is reduced
the hydrogenof the ammonia.
The productis

by

in
crystallized

yellow and

Some

with

and
nndeoomposed,

is volatilized

fine

81

LEAD.

This

parte of massicot,minium,

10

OF

pigment ia also described under the

and, accordingto Gmelin, is commonly made
Cftseel-yellow,

degrees of

name

Leat."'

OXTCBLOmDE

in cubes.
it crystallizes

is No. IV. and not

It ia

No. VL

or

radiated

laminn.'

suggestedthat

By

Turner's

slow

cooling

Patent

Yellow-

Cassel-yellow,

According to Berthier, lithargepartiallydecomp("68chloride of

chloride of barium
sodium
with
by the dry way, and melts easily
insoluble
or
bling
resemcalcium,producingyellowcrystalline
oxychloride
Turners
chloride

of

Patent

Yellow, from which

of barium

oaloinm

or

Manufacture
The

value of the

tedious

OxYCHLOttnn

of

white-lead

"

of

separatesthe

water

with

baryta

excess

lime

spectively.'
re-

Lead.*

of

commerce

or

as

pigment,and

the

character of ita manufacture,

chemists, scientific
means

for

direct

and

weeks

"

mixed

to

as

well

obtaining this
shorter

than

the action of

fermentation
and

metallic

acid

were

earlyinvited the attention of

in the hope of devising
practical,

as

well-known
that

of

vin^ar

and

substance

by

process more
for many
acid evolved by the

eipoeing sheets of
the carbonic

l^d

of spent tanner's bark.

Attempts to convert
litharge
lead into carbonate by the direct action of carbonic

tried, and

obtained
products

after immense

were

outlaywere

all abandoned.

either inferior to the article

The

intended

they were

in pointof colour,or they "were

deficient in
supersede
body,"i.e.
the
old
white-lead
of
the power pre-eminently
by
possessed
covering,
blishment
as
paint,the surface to which it is applied.A considerable estalate
Dr.
the
was
near
Newcastle-on-Tyne
organized
by
liichardson to producea lead pigment in the form of the sulphate
ended in failure.
of that metal; but this,like all its predecessors,
which arose
for the soda-makers
the Tyne conThe necessity
densing
on
of hydrochloric
the laigequantities
acid, givenout in their
mann"cture, placedin the hands of the inventor
rapidlyincreasing
valuable agent
The
of its being likelyto
and
a new
possibility
serviceable
in
the
method
of
simplifying
making white-lead at
prove
occurred to the mind
of the late Hugh Lee Fattinson, the
once
and valuable process of desilverizing
lead
of the ingenious
inventor
The
fact
that
acid
is
hydrochloric
capableof
by crystallization.
placedwithin his power the means
expellingthe sulphurfrom galena,
"

to

obtainingthe

of

metal

in

state

of combination

ready for chemical

course
being compelledin the first instance to have reM
r.
Pattinson's
first
like
those
trials,
smelting-fnmace.
of preceding
directed to make carbonate of lead.
were
experimenters,

treatment

without

to the

'
"
"

AiUa'B

Chem. Diet 2. p. S8.

Huidb. 6. n. 147.
Tr. des Ebb. 2. p. 685.
Umelin's

'

Descriptic

in-law

of the 1

D,3,t,ze?QyG

82

LEAD

with

CHLORINE.

acid at
grooud,heated with hTdrochlorio
galenairaa finely
diasulved
and
The
cryatAllized. crystals
along
temperature,
littlewBt"r
and
which
is a tolerably
nate
whiting,"
pure carbo-

The
low

AND

"

of lime, were
honn.

Double

and carbonate

groand togetherin
ensued
decomposition

of lead

however
poflseBsed
Mr,

induce

formed.

were

neither

Pattinaon

difficultiesconnected
His next eSorta

potter'sflint-mill for
which

by
The

some

chloride of calcium

salt of lead thus obtained

nifficiently
good colour nor
in attempting to overcome

body

to

other

to persevere

with its manufacture.

solution of the
from a purified
precipitate
of a bicarbonate of m^nesia,
chloride of lead a carbonate by meana
which
was
by
procuredby dissolving
m^nesia out of dolomite
acid
evolved
the
acid in
of carbonic
action of hydrochloric
means
by
carbonate of lime.
of
but

treatingthe

to

were

No

attended

greater snccou

the scheme

crystalsof chloride of lead with

Mr. Pattinson's researchca in connection

with

that

than

carbonate

of lime

the second

prooeas

in the

developmentof a greatlyimproved method of mann"cturingmagnesia,one which has since supersededthe old plan of precipitating
this earth from its salts by means
of carbonate of soda.
Never losingtight of the chloride of lead as the startingpoint of
ended

his

Mr.
operations,

chlorides.

These

conditions under
of these,viz.,the
treatment,
a

"

body

"

of oxide

vary

and

down

from

chloride

solution

as

oxy-

in compositionaccordingto
considerably

the

which

they are produced. He ascertained that one

neutral oxychloride
(PbCl.PbO),coiild be, by careful

producedof a
at least

fine white

equal,if not

with
colour,and also,he believed,

to
superior,

that of the old white-lead.

at the

Chemical

of this salt

of lead, known

various modifications,
the following
is the proceiu
manufactory in the county of Durham
by the

After
on

Fattinson threw

compounds

varioae

Company,

the firm of which

the late Mr.

carried

now

Washington

Fattinson

was

partner and the founder.

acid in a
galena,is ground alongwith hydrochloric
that
machine
save
flint-mill,
resemblingin all respects the potter's
it
of
of
is
material
acid
a
ttacked
the
used
in
the
no
readily
by
part
In
from
hours
30 to 40
the whole, or nearlythe whole, of
operation.
The

lead

ore,

galenaand associated metals are converted into chlorides. A

amounting to from 7% to 10%,however, remains either unact"d
portion
into sulphateby tJie traces of sulphuricacid always
on
or converted
acid of the soda manufacturers.
The following
found in the hydrochloric
of this portion
of the lead ore after havingbeen
is an analysis
with
the
acid
:
hydrochloric
ground
the

"

Sulphateof lead

M'4

BnlphideofJewl

21'5
7-2

of rinc
Bttlphide
Bolphideof BisGnio Hid antitnoiiy
Quart*,4c .....'.

1'8
19-7
80-6

quantityof chloride of I"id

separatedid the labdequentsolutiou of tha mass

To which

innflt bo added

ootl
...

I
100 -0

84

LEAD

AND

CHLOHTNB.

the solntion flows into Bettlera in

operationis completed,
order to depositthe
reBidaum," the anolyraBof which has already
is
been given. As somethinglike 40,000 cubic feet of hot water
of chloride of lead, it is needless
to dissolve one
ton
used in practice
carbonates dixsolved
to remark that the pre"enco of anv
or
sulphati's
would
act
small
in throwing
in even
quantities
very
very prejudicially
-where the

"

saltfl
of lead which

down

Enhatance
lime, and for this

would

ased

The

for

objectit

then find their way into the residnum.

the oxjxhloride
of lead ia
precipitating

is dissolved

by allowinga stream of cold

it. A perfectly
clear solution
water
to pass throughveHsels containing
the mixture to settle in lai^ tanks or
is obtained by allowing
to preventthe entire conversion of the
pondsenclosed in a building,
lime into carbonate of lime by the action of the atmosphere. From
of each of the solutions obtained
in tho
two long orifices a stream
to
as
manner
justdescribed is permittedto flow in such proportions
of lead. This precaution
indicate by chemical testa a slight
excens
is observed for the

it was
discovered that an
reasons
first,
following
of oxide had photogenic
a
containing
oxychloride
very small excess
in
and
liable
to
was
change on exposure to
properties,
ooneequence
tint for white-lead ; and,
lightto a yellowcolour, a very objectionable
the
itself
was
orychloride
secondly,
probablyfrom its great afiSnity
for oil liable to harden in the casks containingit on
keeping.This
:

led to

the

during

tho process of manufacture,

the

obviate

to

of

quantity of carbonate of lead

tho presence of which was
found
o
therwise
frequently
complainedot

small

inconvenience

of lead necessary for the purpose is formed by adding

quantityof a soluble carhonnte such aa that of soda. The

carbonate

Tho
a

introduction

small

of water

current

flows

through a

series of tanks

of lead justprecipitated,
the excess
oxychloride
in
and the precipitate
earthen
dishes in
placed

which

the
intercept
is SItered off

of water
stoves

in the

in the ordinary way.

followed in drying white-lead made
chlorido thus obtained is of a fine silkytexture and of
white

with
colour, occasionally

faint shade

manner

The
a

oxy-

beautiful
in

of blneneas

the

Its specific
crevices of a lai^ mas".
gravityis stated to bo 7'04,
while that of white-lead is 6'67. In grindingit with oil for paintthe
is
operation

white-lead

conducted

works.

in the method
precisely
pursued in
[It requires,however, I am informed,

of linseed-oil than
largerproportion

white-lead,and
use,

"

J.

much

more

oil of

is

employedfor

turpentinefor

the

the
a

old

derably
consi-

ordinary
painter's

P.]
Chlobogabbonate

PbOl -|-PbO.CO".

"

It may

be

of

Lsas.

prepared by boilingwith

water

chloride and monocarhonate

of lead in the ratio of the formula.
It is
insoluble powder,which melts easily,
and on increaiiiiig
a white, heavy,
the teraperatnreloses its carbonic acid, being converted into oxychloride. It has been fonnd native at Tomowitz
in Upper Silesia.*
*

BammeUberg'B

Hsndb,

det Miumlcheni.

1860, p, 245.

OF

mTRATES

LEAD

AND

NTTBOGEN.

NiTBIDK

No

coropoundof lead

and

LSAD.

or

has

nitn^n

NiTBATEs
Neutral

85

LEAD.

yet been described.

Lead.

or

moTtonilrate. PbOiNC.
It may
be prepared by tlie
acid upon lead,when nitric osido(SO')ie dieengaged
;

or

"

action ofnitrio

dilate nitrio acid. It

by digestingprotoxideof lead in warm
cubical
in
and
the
cTyetallizeB tbe
crystals
syBtem,
tteaally
deposited
the coolingof hot solutions are opaque,
ou
white, and lustrous;
whereas, it is stated that by epontanoous Bvaporationfrom a cold
solution they are obtained transparent. It is very soluble in ^vater:
at 10" 0. 1 part by weight dissolves in 2-07 of water, and at 100" C. in
or

It is less soluble in water

0'72.

acidulated with

it is partially
by the addition
precipitated

solution.' It is insoluble in concentrated

aqueous

in the

pennanent

air.

heated

When

ofhyponitricacid
is left,
as shown
by

melts; fumes
of lead

PbO.NO*

the

Basic

heated is

of protoxideof
protoxideof lead have

baaio nitrate,
may

in

be adduced

2PbO,NO',

It is

and
decrepitates

givenoff and protoxide

are

equation'

of this salt and

bum

after

dried

is

touch-

"

ignitionlike tinder.

lead.
"

Sot

fewer

been described.

than

One

of which
illustration,

or

four

basic

only,the

bi-

the formula

is

SPbCNO.HO.

by boilingan aqueous solution

powder of protoxideof lead in the

of neutral
ratio of

nitrate

equivalent

white-lead maj' be substituted for protoxide,

when
acid will escape with effervescence ; and it may be used in

equivalent
; or

carbonic
excess,

for

nitrate
as

oxygen

it

be made

"with U"e fine

to

redness

substance.
highlyoxidizing

nilTotes

nitrates of

It may

nitric acid.

PbO+NO'-l-O.

in a dilute solution
Paper steeped
that
is, it continues to
paper,"
Kitrate of lead when

to

and

acii^
so that

nitric

of this acid to its saturated

white

no

as

soon

as

further

powder

neutral

the
action

when

takes

has

been

converted

place. This

caustic ammonia

salt is

is added

to

into

bibasic

precipitated
an

aqueous

solution of neutral nitrate,the latter beingin excess.

It is
soluble in cold and much
soluble in boiling
water.
more

sparingly
During
in fino scales ; but by
evaporationby artificialheat it is deposited
slow evaporationit is separatedin small opaque crystalline
grains,
with
lence
which, accordingto Berzelius,decrepitate
extraordinaryviowhen
heated,notwithstanding
bination.*
theycontain no water of comand
SjfpoHttraies

nitrite*

(f lead.
of protoxide

"

For

information

nil

LEAD

ANTIMONY.

AND

poHceming these salts chemical treatises roust be consulted. A short

however, chiefly
by Berzclius,'of certain nitrites will
description,
'Wheii a solution of 1 part by weight of nenti"l
hero be appropriate.'
nitrate of lead (PW",NO*) in 50 of water
is boiled with Ij of pieces
of lead in thin sheet so long as lead dissolTes,
a salt of the formula
in
little
brick-red coloured scalea,
on
4PbU,N0' is dt^posited
cooling
Tvhich
is too

clusters. If the solution

in hemispherical
aggregated
salt
the
is
the lead during the
concentrated,
deposited
upon
often

are

and
preparation,
the
be
same.
composition
|iruce"8 of

its colour is in that

It dissolves with

pale,though its

case

in cold
difficulty

great

a
strong alkaline reaction,and is permanent in the air.
of lead is left as the product. By pasaing
After calcination protoxide

water, has

throughthe hot aqueous solution of this salt carbonate

and the supernatant liquor,
which
of lead is precipitated,
is yellow,
lets fallspontaneously
or
by evaporationtn vacuo longyellowprisms
of neutral nitrite,i.e.of the formula PbO,NO'+ HO
or yellowplates
of water.
This salt
as to the proportion
or
2H0, chemists differing
and
water
d
issolves
in
is
easilydecomposable.*
very easily
There are double salts of nitrate and nitrite of protoxide
of lead.

carbonic acid

LEAD

metals

These

AND

unite
readily

which
hom(^eneous alloys,

ANTMONT.

when

melted

tt^ther,formingperfectly

will be hereafter described under

the head

in the article on the Metallurgyof Tin.

of type-metal
It is only
necessary in this placeto treat of certain oxidized compounds of the

metals,because

two

of
understanding

some

knowledge of these is essential to the right

connected
importantmetallurgical
operations

lead.

with

ANTiitoiiiATB

PbCSbO".
an

nitrate of

of

down

pure

OF

protoxideof lead.
antimony in

acted
antimony is similarly

changed into

oxide of the formula SbO".

it is white

Lead.

curdy,white substance when

of potashis added to an aqueous

as

alloyof lead and

digestingan
when

It is thrown

PEOToxna

solution of antimoniate

aqueous

solution

"

OF

It is also

produced by

hot nitric acid

though

that acid it is

by
Preparedby

upon

only

either of these

and

heated moderately
it
hydrated; but when
buff
colour
but
while
hot
it
a
acquires pale
;
is sulphur
-yellow.After havingbeen heated to a higherdegreeit is
It melts at a low white-heat,
brownish-rod.
but, contrary to what
without
has been stated,not
the following
as
decomposition,
ment
experimade by R. Smith, in my laboratory,
will demonstrate r^l4-457
heated to low whiteness in
grainsof the anhydrous antimoniate were
shallow
a
platinumvessel,in a muffle, during 5 minutes, when the
i.e.13'76%. The productwas
to 1'99 grains,
loss amounted
compact,
methods

becomes

anhydrousand

hard, and

browuish-red.

It is not

BeneliuB,Tt. de Chiio. 1. p. E5.

completely
decomposedby acids,
'

HaodnortGrb.

dei Cbem.

7. p. 190.

DigitizecQyGoO^l

OP

ANTIMONIATE

PBOTOSJUB

OF

87

LEAD.

deoxidized by heating
It ie easily
precipitated.
freshly
In its anfiydronB
state it formB the well-known
ment
pigfrom Naples under
the name
of
NaplesYellow, which came
and was
for a longtime regardedas a natural product.'
Giallolino,"
for its preparation
An
has publishedthe following
Srunner
:
receipt
even

when

with

charcoal.

"

"

of 1 part by weight of tartar-emetic,2 of nitrate of

salt is gentlyheated daring 2
and 4 of common
of
lead,
protoxide
melts. After cooling,
hours in a Heflsian crucible until the mass
the
intimate

mixture

productdropsout
added

when

the cmcible

is inverted and

top of the cake consists of

side. The
with

the

layerof

tappedon

objectof preventingthe reducingaction

being too vioLent. The cake

washed

with water

temperature at
be

"which

in order to
fusion

takes

and
properlydiaint^rated,

If the temperature does not

the tint inclines to orange

the

the

remove

placeis
pigment

too

is

of the carbon

of the tartaric acid Irom

and

the oat*

salt,which

common

ja triturated
salt. If the

common

high,the

mass

cannot

will be of inferior quality.

the melting-point
of common
salt,
beyond that degree it ia lemon or
It is needfttl to urge that the ingredients
sulphur-yellow.
employed
should be as pure as practicable.*
have followed Brunner'a
We
tions
direcwitb

fair
of

manufacture

success.

exceed

But

but

it should

be

and
pigments very slight,

remembered

what

to

that in the

the novice

might

be considered

unimportant,conditions ma^y have not onlya decided

but an
extraordinaryeffect in modifyingtint. On this account it
is that disappointmenthas been so often experiencedby persons in
to produceartists'colours from the meagre
and not seldom
attempting
directions
in
what are received as standard works
erroneous
given
on
chemistry. In this department of manu"cturing art, as indeed,
in every other,practical
knowledgeof value can only be acquiredby
and even
then, it may be, not until after many failures.
experience,
Artists in using KaplesYellow are careful not to rub it on the palette
with ft steel knife,as it would be therebyblackened,
notwithstanding
it is

groundup

When

lead

with linseed-oiL

alloyedwith

antimonyis calcined,say at a moderate

red-heat,with free access of atmospheric
air,both metals are quickly
than the lead,antioxidized,but the antimonyin greaterproportion
moniate
of lead being formed.
of protoxide
of
Hence, by means
lead may be practically
freed from antimony; and, accordingly,
calcination,
such a process is adoptedon tho largescole in what is termed
in the sequelbe fiilly
tion
as will
softening,"
explained.By calcinaof lead rich in antimony a serviceable yellowantimoniate of
"

protoxideof

lead may
be made, and a patent for the manufacture
of such a pigment has been grantedto Mr. Dick.'
The process is
described as follows in the specification
The dross formed in the
:
"

process of
of air in a

softeninglead by heating the

furnace, and
reverberatory

oxides of lead,antimony,and

which

metal

with

consists

arsenic,is calcined in

free

access

of
essentially
reverberatory

88

ALLOTS
Calcination

fdmace.
the

duration

The

proceHS.

LEM).

is at first coadactod

Hftcrwanls

rodneos, and

below

OF

at

heat

low

the
rednesa^urinfi;

at

of the

or

heat

of

remaindur

the

depeudti
upon

calcination

In practice,
it hait been found that
quantityof drotw ojMtrated
upon.
calcination during three days suffioesfor 30 cwta. of dross.
During
the latter part of the process it has been funnd deeiirable that ft
salt (NaCl) should be added to, and mixed with
quantity of oommon
half the weightof the
not exceeding
the dross. Salt in a proportion
droBs

in

practice.The calcined productmay

acetio acid, or
it
or
hydrochloric,
sulphuric,
well

answers

be saturated

be
may
after
the
of
acetic
acid
in
stacks
of
bark,
the
exposed to
va])our
But this part
in the manufacture
of white-lead.
manner
practiced
with

of the

insisted

is not

trcutmoiit

producedby simply
however,
quality,

upon, as

heating the dross

of the

pigment

is

be

yellow pigment may

in

with

contact

improved by

the

The

air.
of

use

conunon

After the full effect of the heat

salt,or of the acids at"ovo specified.
and the quality
of the pigment is not improved
has been produced,

calcination,the dross is removed

further

by
and

ground,when

its manufacture

is

from the furnace washed

complete.Bmnncr

that

states

Naples Yellow is producedby heating;

of
powder of an alloyconsistiiig
part by weight
loailand
jn
admixture
with
of
nitre
and
of
3
antimony
oqualweights
6 of common
salt,and afterwards grindingand washingthe product
a

cheapbut

to redness

inferior qualityof

of the

in the method

as

dcscribod.*
previously

NaplesYellow is
pieceof enamelled
enamel had a yeUow

used

it

streaked

was

orpimentin
here

was

enamel

an

colour much

mottled

or

tint ; it

and

as

brick from

was

the

colour.
Kaar

that
reaembling

with
throughotit

more

there coated

or

with

In 1Si"2 I exanuaed

ruins

or

The

cellular ; its snr"ce

iridcHcent film

an

Uahylon.

of solid

gamboge;
yellowsubetance like

less porous

of

it

was

about

down Irregularly
the sides in drops
over
i", inch thick,and had run
thickness.
I
extracted
from
it
lead
and
antimony, and
greater

of

therefore inferred

the

that

yellowcolour

protoxideof lead.
ALLOYS

Lkad

Gay-Lussaoand
heatingtwo measures
fine

due

was

to

antimoniate

of

OP
ahd

LEAD.

Potasbiuh.

ThSnard
of

preparedan alloy of these metals by

covered with eightmeasures
of
potofisium

The
lead-filings.

a
apparatus used for this puqjoso was
glass
tube closed at one
cTid and drawn
out at the other, but not sealed.
The alloywas
the load melted.
formed as soon
It is described as
as

solid,very

fusible,very

brittle,and

Reduced

powder, it

graduallydecompoBed in

the

to

is

very

in fracture.
fine-grained

the air; it effervesces

in water, and more

in acids ; in
vigorously
so
i
a
oxidized
and
while
potassium
as potash,
separated
*

Gmelin'B Handb.

5. p. 175.

all these

cases

malleable load

AND

LEAD

remams.*
Btructuro

that

Vanqneliastates

of tartar,a button
;

that

89

POTASSIUM.

by heatingoxide

of lead with

cream

of lead is obtained,which is grey and fibrous in

alkaline
aurfaoe of this lead tastes strongly
freshly-cut

is laid upoD such a

of moist red litmus-paper
a piece
; that when
but
that
blue ;
be""me8
no
8ur"c", it instantly
hydrogen is evolved
the action of water

by

intimate

an

60 of carbonized

formed,which
5 or

of

cream

and very brittle.

of lamp-blackto the mixture, the

pyrophoric. Several

experiments

are

potassiumpreparedin
oxide of

ing
Accordingto Serullas,by heatlead
and
of
of
protoxide
grammes
tartar, an alloyof lead and potassiumis

of 100

is silver-white

6 grammes

When

this lead.'

on

mixture

productis rendered
of
alloys

on

lead and

of potash)is strongly
heated,
(bitartrate

by

potassium is reduced

the carbon

of the tartaric acid, and

the

the addition of

manner.*

similar

of tartar

cream

recorded

By

from
resulting

potassinmis

volatilized ;

the
so

bonization
car-

that

with potassium
ably
alloyed
might have been reasonunder the conditions above specified,
provided the
anticipated
temperature should not be so high or so longmaintained as to cause
the volatilization of the potassium,
which might have become
alloyed

productionof

with

lead

the lead.

The

alkaline reaction

of

surface
freshly-cut

of the

alloyed
preparedby Vaaquelin is fallacious as an indication of the
of moistened
; for I find that on layinga piece
presence of potassium
red litmus-paper
sur"ce of the purest as well as of
on
a freshly-cut
commercial lead,it becomes rapidly
blue.
common
The followingexperiments have been made
in my laboratory.
An intimate mixture of 1000 grains
of red-lead and 300 of carbonized
of
of
tartar
argol(impure cream
commerce)was stronglyheated in
a

lead

an

earthen crucible

be

in small
dispersed

and

as

globulesthrough

of the crucible

contents

of the reduced lead

most

were

was

observed to

the carbonaceous

residue,the

stirred with

stick in order to

cause

the lead to collect at the bottom, after which treatment

the lead was
resembled
into
The
an
ordinarylead,and
ingot
poured
ingot-monld.

0-523%of potassium. (J.C. Cloud.)

lead and
of 2000 grainsof finely-granulated
of bitartrate of potashwas
covered with a layerof 100 grainsof
same
salt,and exposedin a covered and luted plumbago crucible
found

was

An
800

the

to contain

intimate

mixture

high temperature during an hour ; and the crucible was left to

cool gradually
in the furnace until the next day. There was
a single
and the
the
which
in
1910
button of lead
crucible,
grains,
weighed
to

interior of the crucible and

lead.

There

only

were

few

was

cover

lin^

small buttons

with
of

the

"

RechenOieB

"

Ann.

'

Ibid, 18^2,ai, p. 200.

181], 1. p.
PlirBicoXJhimiqQ'^

de Cliim. ot de

small

slag,

potassiumpresentmust
(B.Smith.)

lai^e proportionof
and volatilized.

Flije.1317, 7. p. 34.

so

globulesof
that

have been

218.

very

reduced

90

ALLOTS

Ijud
The

OP

and

LEAD.

Sodium.

tuctals were
made and deAcribecl
Th^nard
and
and
the
by Gay-Lu8"ac
;
jiroet-Bswhich they followed
the same
that detailed in the preceding
article on Lead and
was
as
Potassium.'
of these
following
alloys

two

I. The

taken wore
of sodium and four
one
mcaHUro
proportions
of fine lead-filings.
The alloy
measures
was
formed, without emission
of light,as Boon
the lead mt'lted. It is described as somewhat
as
malleable,blueish-grcy,
caustic
in fracture,sensibly
very fine-grained
to the tongue,and nearlyas fusible as lead. It is slowlydecomposed
in the air,and does not cause
docs so with acids. In every

livelyofferveeeence with water, but

is gradually
changed
case, the sodium

into soda, and separated

from the lead.
II. The proiMjrtions
taken were
one

and threo
sion
measures
The alloywas
formed, without emislead-filings.
of light,
the lead melted.
It is described as brittle,
as
soon
as
It
in
to the tongue.
and
caustic
hlueish-grcy,
fine-grained fractui-o,
of sodium

measure

of fine

resists the action of the air less than

pretty stronglywith water,

the sodium
lead.
The

Sodium,

and

is gradually
converted

more

so

efiervesocs
precedingalloy,

been

In every ca"e,
from the
separated

in

mode

cleaned surface,weighing 24

acids.

with

into soda and

following
experimentshave
with

the

my

was
grains,

laboratory.
wrappednp

in 104

heated in a test-tube
and was
grains of lead-foil,
carefully
nntil fusion occurred.
The product was
solid,lilneish-grey,
very
but seeminglynot perfectly
brittle,
largelycrjat.iUine,
homogeneous
in fracture. A freshly-cut
tarnished immediatelyin
surface became
the air. Great efler\'escenco took plucowhen water
was
pouredon
the powder of the alloy,and after a time a s}"ongy masa
of lead
remained.
When
the alloy
was
put in piecesof considerable size into
evolution
of
water, copious
hydrogen followed,and lead was lett in
form.
a granular
(C.Tookey.)
Lead

melted

was

under

droppedin,and

the contents

much

formed.

scum

was

The

charcoal

in

an

iron

stirred well with

metal

was

ladle,sodium
wood,

stick of

poured into

an

iron

was

when

ingot-

ordinarylead in appearance ; hut the

snr"ce
tarnished rapidly in the air, passing through
freshly-cut
various shades of yellow,brown, and blueish-black,to nearlyblack
The alloy
at last
The alloycontained only 0-394% of sodium.
mould.

The

ingot rcsemhlod

producedin another similar eiperimentcontained 0-295%of sodium.

(J.C. Cloud.)
It may
with confidence that if,as has been stated,
be predicted
of oxide
lead may be alloyed
with potassiumby heatinga mixture
with
of lead and carbonized cream
of tartar,it may also be alloyed
sodium
be

in

similar

producedwhen

manner.

An

alloyof

lead and

lead is heated with charred

sodium

soap.'
I. p. 241.

is said to

ALLOTS

93

in copper.

Abxug is
in

But

when

not

"
the tempers tore.
Unrefined soft lead" was
furnace by slowly raining
the tempeiBture,and
refining

increaaoB
rajiidly

melted

LEAD.

the temperature is raised

of copper in the lead
ronioved, the proportion

poot
proportionately
and the

OF

with

it had

scarcelyreached incipient
subjacentlead contained 008%
redness,the Abzug was
which was
of copper, while the Abtiuj,
wholly in the metallic state
contained
of
This Abtui!
melted in
rich
in
was
and
lead,
b%
copper.
crucible,for which nearly a red-heat was required; and
a porcelain
oxidized mass,
surface
the
on
appeareda pulvcruk'ntand partially
while
the subjacentlead contained
which
contained 20";^of copjier,
Lead
o
f
melted at a moderate
containing
U-'jr4%
co])per was
only 0'4%.
and
unmelted
which
in
crucible,
heat
a
yielded
Ahzug,
["orculain
the precedingresults it will be
contained 14'84"^of co])per. From
dcacnlx.'d,the
cupriferouslead in the manner
seen, that in lii]uating
of copper in the lead separatedis greatlyinfluenced by
proportion

lapseof

after the

hours, when

two

taken off.

The

temjieratnre.
of lead
alloyor mixture, consisting
is exposedduring a long timo to the
proportions,
When

sphereatordinarytemperatures,it

depth.

recording. In

melted

was

with

of the usual

which
ingot,

had been

toward

narrower

was

top,where

its

blueiah-groymatter,

granularand more
designated
by the
from
On

or

considerable

commercial

flatclosed iron
examined.

cabinet,was

it had

which

at

soft

ingotIt

the bottom, but

was

little

what
seeminglycontracted someand
coated
rough,
thinly
under a lens ai"]"eared
finely

was

Below

extendinground

the top,were
numerous
both sides above L, and

subjectby myself are, I

containing2-2^oof

weight of

broad

less cellular.

letter L,

to

the 2nd of Hecemlicr, 16G!'.the

during solidification. Its surface

dull

this

On

On

in
preserved
and
2"
long,

the

oxidized

jxiuredinto

construction.

nearly1"^"thick, 5}"

with

copper in large
action of the afmo'

July, 1846, copper

three times

lead, and the molten mixture

mould

becomes

observations
following

The

think, worth
silver

and

an

line,which

the

ingot

at

will
about

be

2^"

crater-like prominences.
low, circular,

along

broad

central band

extending

below

L to the bottom, after scraping

off the snper6cial
grey coating,
the encrusting
substance underneath was found to be about Vr" thick,

adherent,yellowish
hard, tenaciously
-brown, and dull,but when

shining and
and lower

more

or

less metallic

of the

in

lustre.

On

bendingan

cut,
up]ier

detached
ingot,portionsof this crust were
and the surface thereby disclosed differed in appearance
in flakes,
that producedby scraping: it was
gularly
from
chocolate-brown, and sinit
had
been formed by the aggregationof
as
though
pitted,
about
tiattened circular masses
Within
the crust
\" in diameter.
of
about
of
the
thickness
a
was
layerapparently unchanged alloy
\
of the ingot. The
powder obtained by trituratingthe crust was
snuff-brown.
On cuttingthe surface of the rest of
light yellowish
the ingot,which was
free from this crust, the metal reseinbled lead.
with
On
the
brown
solution of potash,
crust
boiling
aqueous
insoluble matter
was
left,which, when magnifiedfrom f"0 to 100
comer

LEAD

found

AND

UAKGANESE.

03

consist of

brightcrystals,
apparentlyof
of which n^re
in star-like clnsters.
metallic coppor, many
aggregated
have been analysedby Mr.
The brown crust and snperficial
coating

diametere, 'was

Ward,

aad
laboratory,

in my

per cent.

to

found to have the

following
composition

:'"

Ahaltsis

or

Bbowit

THi

Cbdst.

Lead

Co)^r
eUver

OijgM
kcid

Cubouic
Water

The
at

found

by passinghydrogen over

quantityof

oxygen

red-heat

6-28%,exoluaive of what was sBcertained to eiist

the
on
; and the quantityfound by calculation,
in
the lead was
the
of
state
is
present
protoxide,

was

the cmst

of water

in the state

assumptionthat
6'29fl%.The

carbonic

acid

is doubtless

in combination

with

oxide
prot-

these data it may be inferred that the ingot

not homogeneous,and that the lead had been oxidized,
originally
of lead.

was

while

From

the copper had remained

in the metallic state. The crystallization
the
of the copper, under
circumBtanceB, is an interesting

feet ; and
of the

it is

I observed

in

an

it occurred

probable that

ingot. I

may

mention

ingot obtained

metallic tungsten.

The

during the solidification

a
seemingly analogous fact which
by moltinga mixture of copper and

tungsten,it may

be

shown, is for the

most

part mechanicallydiffused In such

an
ingot; for when a portionof
digestedin dilute nitric acid,the tungsten is left in the
state of crystalline
powder.
The superficial
costingcontained 78-06%of protoxideof lead and
14-40%of protoxideof copper.

the latter is

Lx"n

Berthier

Aim

tried to obtain

Maksanvsx.

alloy of

these

metala

by heating
and
charcoal in a
protoxideof manganese,
litharge,
brasquedcrucible to a high temperature (150" Wedgwood's pyrometer).

mixtures

an

of

He

records the resulte of two

he
from a deficiency,
unsatisfactory

of which
experiments,
of
charcoal.
supposed,

experimentthe oxides were mixed in the ratio

and the quantities
operatedupon were as
equivalent,
other

Protoxide

of mougaaese...

A button,
as

6'92

2789

Litharge

giammes
id.

weighing 34*7

homt^neouB,

grammes
compact, and very

of

metallic nuiDgiuiaHi...

metallio lead

it was

grammes.

Tet

Berthier

6'9I

is described

very

of the weightsof metaUio

Kow, the sum
manganese
lead in the mixture
treated is 32-80 grammes
; but

producedis 34-7

"

rolled into very

to fold
attempting

thin leaves,having much

lustre,which broke on
the fracture was
them, and of which
granularand

button

2589

obtained,which

ductile

was

In the

to
equivalent

follow

was

one

dart-grey.

and
the

states

metallic

weight

of

that much

94

ORES

lead

voUtilized

VM

be

have

been

for

Iobb to have

manganese,

78-9%

merely mechanical
Lead

mixed

thin

sheet.

mixtures

should

are

have

In email

apt

consiated of 210%

ezperimeutsof

to bo mistaken

this

of

kind,

for combinations.

It will

foregoingto

occurred,and reduction

of lead.

weight

the mangancoe.
of both oiidee to

of

and mechanically
largeproportionof finely-divided
foreignmatter, might be rolled into comparatively

with

diffused

increase in

oarbtuiE"tion

by

button

complete,the
and

LEAD.

duringthe experiment.This

partlyaocMUntod

might
Supposingno

OF

evidence
satisfactory

requiremore

establish

the

even

of
possibility

than

the

alloyinglead with

manganese.

Experiments on

in

subjecthave

Carbonate

Hochatatter.
mixed

this

in the ratio of

of manganese

and

in my

loss oocurred

laboratory
by

protoxide of lead

and
equivalentto equivalent,

brasqued crucibles. Much

were

stronglyheated

from

volatilization of lead,
mixturee of lead
to be merely mechanical

and

the

and

carburized manganese.

productsseemed

hydrogenwas

been made

When

breathed

upon

the smell

of fetid

perceived.
0BE6

OF

LEAD.

of lead. Oaleaa. Blue-lead. OaUnil,BUiglata (Oerman),

Suiphide
PbS." When
it contains 86-6]%
Oalitte(Frettch).
pure (Pb 103-46)
of lead and 13-30%of snlphur. It may be rt^rdcd as the ore of lead,
of the other ores of lead beingcomparatively
the total quantity
nificant.
insigin Qrcek,'and its derivation
The word galenadoes not occnr
It was
used by Plinyin the sense
of lead ore,
is unknown.
certainly
definition of it :" Est et molybdsua
who
has given the following
alio loco galcnam appollavimus,
vena
argentiplumbique oomquam
which we
have in another placecalled galena,
munis.*
(Molybdtena,
the ore of silver and of lead.)Galena is widely,
is equally
thoughnot
distributed over
the earth.*
abundantly,
=

coBrae-graiaed
lumps of galcnn which are
Bold for potterypurposuB, bIho known
as potiflead.
'

HJaturalia

Lib.

tem"

edition.
HiBtoria, Billi|;'B

Cap. iviii. Sect, 53. See

History of Invonliona,
EngliBh transl, by Johnston.
lyindon,1814.
Also
i. p, II.
Zippe'a Geschichte der
Metalle. 1857, p. Idl.
According to
Zippe the Greek word ^^Ai^toiis derived
he
ftom
the Sanscrit Mulva, and hence
infers that the knowledge of lead came
to
xxxiv.

Becknunn'g

the Oreeks

fVom

the

East.

Brckmann

ora

Italian
which

lead

or

(ilamirerz, is derived

from

the

archifoglio.
litt^ralty
larfje-leaTed.
ig the name
appliedbi tliiekind of

ore

In the

I"evimt

trade,it bciagox-

in coiuidenible

quantityto Egypt to
employed as a rtuiedyin (ipbt^klmia,
BB well aa for painlingtlie ej-elida.
The
Arab
is Kolillic. It is generally
name
Buppoaed that sulphideof Bnlinionywas
uaed for the latter purpnje, but,aoooraiDg
to Dr. Figari Bey, this U not the case.

Krted

insllyremarks that the notion of galena I have beard timt some

years ago an
Arab
fetched Bcveral caiuelto shine, enterprieing
having been derived fVom ytX4"i,
is negatived by the fact that the word
loHds of pyrotuifDout of the deaert,which
nleiia
ii not found in the works
of
ing
a Boft powder of good Btnmg coloureave
Greek
*

authors.
reecived from my

I have

Oiend,Hr.
ooneeming

Beaenoan, the followingnote

which has coosidcrable interest:
alquifoui,
used in Franco
The
word algui/oux,
the largeand
and Germany to dutinjpii^
"

"

aold for the same

power, and waa
purpone, but the experiment does not appem
to have been Bucce.-aful.tuit has not been
repeated. The [ullowingextract ia ftom
Dr.
'

Figari Bey'a lial of Arab dniga :

Bcienlilici
lull' Egitto,'
rol. if

Btndii

GALENA.
Galena
cubical

99

in the
crystallizes

fragmentB,

cubical syBtem. It cleavea easily

into
Its lisrdness is 2'5,i.e. midway in that respect

It varies in structure from largely

calc-spar.
I have
to finely
or, as it is termed, steel-grained.
granular,
crystalline
carboniferous
coal
Bedworth
in
in
at
found
Warwickshire,
a
specimen
lees spherical
or
17111011is in the form of a more
concretionary
apparently
between

rock-salt and

mass.

in veins in

galenaoccurs

In Great Britain

rocka,namely,
palceozoio

in Cumberland, Durham,
and
nian
Northumberland, Yorkshire, Derbyshire, Flintshire ; in the DevoSilurian in Shropshire.
in Devon and Cornwall ; and in the Lower

in the Carboniferous

Various

galenaand

or

metallic substances
then
the

Limestone

Mountain

only in

small

former

either be

invisibly
present in
associated with
quantity,or visibly
mentioned
be specially
silver,gold,
may

Amongst
may
antimony, copper, iron, and zinc ; and amongst the latter blende,
mispickel,
magnetic iron-pyrites,
oopper-pyritea,
fehlore,
iron-pyrites,
arsenical
c
arbonate
of
iron, calamine,
cobalt,'quartz,
brown-iron-ore,
it.

strontianite,
pearl-spar
(dolomite),
chalcedony,calcite,aragonite,
of
called
cawk
in
Derbyshire),
fluor-spar,
barytee(sulphate baryta,
and actynolite
(Strahlstein).
in galena
Uanganeseis stated to have been found by Sandmann
friimthe vicinityof Gladenbach, in Upper Hessen, which consisted
of an a^regation of very small cubes,and had the specific
gravityof
o
f
it
have
been
the
7"11 :
;
followinganalyses
published
"

"

Anthracite

with galenaoccurs
near
Laak, in Camiola ,*
impregnated
and traces of malaand with it are also associated quartz,iron-pyrites,
chite
and covelline (CnS). Pieces of anthracite,in which
with
even
could be perceived,
matter
contained 37-1%
the aid of a lens no foreign
of lead,2-2% of sulphorsoluble in bisulphideof carbon,
of sulphide
and 0-008%of silver.*
fact that silver should invariably
be present
It is a remarkable
in
minute
in galena,sometimes, indeed,
the
proportion
; and
very
be
received
established
with
now
as
same
generalization
respect
may

_n

Id

pnlTerofiniiisiinAcoma
deacribingthe oatura

coUtrio

seoco.'

of the lead

"

ores

ttie Sierm

de

Spain,Petitgand remarks

that

tbe

of

I have

seen

minute

c"
qnantities

this

with galena,from the deepest

partoftheBnailbeach mine in Shropshire.
'
Liebig and Kopp'a Jahreebaiicht for
ave
ore, freed fram gangue, or alqai/oax,
llhiah i" aold in its natural state for pot- 1S54, published1SS5, p. S09.
'
is termed aUohoi or alcohol de hoya.
teries,
Berg- and hutl"am. Jahrbuoh,ISM,
dea plombs ! 13. p. 2S.
et tnilemeDt
(BxpkiitatioD
of

Oador, in tbe South

mineral,togethervith araeniate of cobalt

roas-

occumng

06

ORES

to the proscnce

localitieR,
some

of

gold. In

OP

LEAD.
of
itpecimoiui

IBAS

far diitant from

each other,of

load from

different

of red-lead,of
litharge,

white-lead,of PattiDBon's oxyohlorideof lead,and of sugar of lead,

examined
were
by my aseiMtaDt, Mr. H. Smith, and myeelf,and in
instance

every

we

able to extract

were

unweighable,quantity of gold, in

Tisible,
distinctly
thongb

addition

Bilver.

to

then

substance

depositedfrom

lead-smoke

and

with

like result

sncb as to
process employed was
diould arise from the introduction of

the

render it imposrible
that
the metals in the course
of lead

operatedupon

Snailbcach

in

other

also

boon

examined,

The

error

of

manipulation.Tho
from

were

Kenthoad

Shropshire,from

Oarintbia,from

has

Since

the

l*rzibram

lead

in

or

compounds

Cumberland,

from
Iterbyshire,

from

Bleibei^

in

in Bohemia, from Tuscany, and in many

unknown.'
Further evidence on this

the localitieswere

caftoe

subjectwill

bo found in the table at p. 97,

association of silver and
is the meaning of this constant

What

with

galena?

I'hat is

questionwhich

attention of students of chemical

that
of

geology.It

liquidwater.
in

found

which

measures,

itself; and

the

certain

regard to

attendant
frequently

past nickel and cobalt have

of iron which
analyses
and
under
laboratory
my charge,
numerous

and

the mode

of

have

been deposited
clearly
During several
carefully
sought for in the

"

been detected, and

be

may

minerals

conclusion.

"

have

the

been

their association with it minerals which

leads to the same
from solution in water
years

gold

concluded
safely
the
depositedthrough
part
agency
It is known
that it may bo so deposited,
it has
as
the centre of nodules of clayiron-stone from the coal
of sedimentaryorigin,
and even
in coal
are
certainly
examination of lodes containing
with
galena,especially

galenahas for the most

been

eminentlydeserves

been

have been made

in the

metallurgical

in every instance cither one or both

in 'not a few cases
in weighablequantities

It may
bo that some
great and importanttruth will one day be
of this nature.
evolved from investigations
The silver, it is certain,usuallyexists In galena in the state of
does the gold. It is rare to find goldvisibly
and so probably
sulphide,

present in galena. I have

skiold

diS'used

mode

whole

by

the

in Siberia.

of existence of

of silver in galenais not always

sulphide

may be inferred from

of the silver is carried away

same,

Norden-

a considerable quantityof gold

galenacontaining
it
associated
with quartz, and its
is
it
in
:
particles
through

is Beresowsk
locality

the

the late Professor

specimenof

The

received from

as

tame

treatment

inconsiderable.*

Great

the lact,that, by
from

of other kinds
loss of

of

some

kinds

leathittg,
nearlythe
of galena; while

galena the loss of

silver by washing would seem

silver is
to indi-

' A record of the experiments,

Mr.
except' AUadingtoBpfeimcnsupcn the table,
I Pliillim remnrkcd
Ihst "in the case
of
m
that relatiogto fume, waa
pnbliBhed
the Fbiloaophical
M^aime, i ler. 1634, |one of them tho (rilverwasEdmort eotirely
treated by waahitig,
' Io"t if the ore
waa
7. p. 126.
" See a Lecture
the Metallurgy of : whilst in the other the lom of stiver,
on
tg'
aimilar treatment, did not amooDt
to more
Lead, by Mr. J. A. Pbillipt,read before
to tho tun."
tba Society of Arts, April 27, 1859. 1 than two ouuoee

GALENA.

97

and
sulphideof silver,or a compound of that Bulpltide
difPased through a largemaes
of
sulphideof lead, is mechanically
In
this
the
galena regularlyor insularly.
caae, owing to
specific
gravityof sulphideof silver being lower than that of Bulphideof
lead, it is easy to understand
how in the operation
of waMng there
cate

tliat

loss of silver.

should he notahle
It is

galenais gonettuppose that lai^y ciyetalline

rallypoor in silver,and tiie proofthat it is not so will be found in
the accompanyingtable of results obtained
by Mr. H. Smith, in the
to

error

an

Metallurgical
Laboratoryof the School of Mines ;
it will also bo seen
that fine-grained
galena is

and from this table

not

always rich

in

silver.
TkllLM

BBOniNG

TBI

FBOPOBTION

OF

81LTKB

KVD

THE

PBXBBSUB

Of

QOLD

IH

OaLBHA

(soffn

Owifrfnlncd
Uoor) t
(Aliiloll
DuThun

(Wnrdkle)

....

Derbjibln
(Alponl

Dreaed

....

on

S CoirH.gn1n"l

SortHnwuhtn

Hhrojuiilre

....

tMge-gralned

....

VODBllIrS

Linte-gnilQed

"Te1gn Vulley)f
Lelowismhlrr

"

I^rge.graliHd
LaTse.gnlMd
Oi"mwii]|
ItlaofUu-

I"y-gi"liwd
( V"7

Una

doie- )

gnlnrd.

Lciir-limlnsd

".J~S

HvdiDn'a
(Whmie

Bii

River)..

w;iiuli"(stKm'i

In cTsj

luUon

tin

gold oUalDed

fr"n StO gn. or

on

wig

ud
vu
D^t^lV^uble,

iind"r D-IUM

"^f

Digitize^yGo

98

ORFS

OP

LEAD.

The

mineral gpociefi
oonsiat wholly or chiefly
of
followingeevcn
o
f
lead
and
Hulphido
antimony'
:

Zi'nritinte. PbS+SbS*." It
in the Black

"

at

occurs

Wolfeborgin

the Harz, and

Forcflt.

or
Plagiomle.4PliS+3SbS*,
5Pl)S+4SbS'."It occurs

Wolfcherg

at

in the Harz.

2PbS-fSbS* (Rammclflhei^h 3Pb3+2SbS'

JameitmUe.

Miller). It

fBrooke

Cornwall; Valencia, Alcantara,

occure
EHtreraadura,in Spain ; Arany-ldka in Hungary ; CarcasMine and Pont
and

chieflyin

"

Vieux

in France

in Siberia ; Oatta-Franca

Nprtschinsk

BfnJmuierile.3PbS+6bS'." It

at

occurs

in Braxil.

WolfsborK in

the Hare

in I?hcnirih Prussia ; Kasa^eld in LapOborlahr, Sayn-Altcnkirchen.

land
Moli^ros, Department du Gard, France ; Ser; abundantly at

tschinsk in Siberia

Bottino in

Oeorronite. S'hidtile.

Tuscany.
It occurs
5l'bS-f-Sb.S'."

licia,Spain; Sala in Sweden

from SaWhas

been

found

Val di Castello in

Meredo

at

Tuscany.

la Gal-

Gcocronite

to contain

of arsenic,liil^of copper,
4'l"9%
1'1% of rinc,and that from Tuscany to contain

n-42/iof iron, and

4-72% of arsenic,1-15%of copper, and 1-7.1%of iron.
SiBtrieienile. 6PbS+SbS'." It occura
at Kilbricken, County of
It is believed by some
to be identical
Clare,Ireland.
mineralogists
in compositionwith Geocronite.
formula :
Boamonile.
Bammelsbcrg assignsto it the following
"

"

3Cu'S,SbS'+2(3PbS,ebS')=
3{J^g}.SbS'.
Its

from this formula is

compositiondeduced

Sulphur
AntimoDj

24-71

Lead

42-54

Copper

18-08

as

followii:

"

19-72

100-00

These

numbers

analysisof

specimensfrom

Clausthal, and

Voigtsbergin
banya
very

in

fine

at Alais

Piedmont

the reeults obtained

to
approximateclosely

localities. It

Tsrious

Andreasbei^,in

the

Saiony ; Kapnik

and

Transylvania
; near

Harz

in

oocuni

Braunsdorf

Neusoy

Liakeard

in

and

Gross
Offen-

Hungary;
recently

specimenshave been found, and at Beeralston in Devonshire ;

and
Pontgibaud in Franco; Servoz in Savoy; Biozzo in
;

in Siberia ; in Potosi ; Guanaxuato

it contains

68'31%of

'"^ ^.JtammeUberg'i
lf)";0.
MineMc^tnie,

H.

by
Wolfsberg,

Cornwall, where

in Mexica

Sulphate
of lead. AngU"ite. Bleintriol (Oemm).
pure

at

lead.

UmltSaak
Bi"ok"

It

An

anri. V.

occurs

I MinemloKT, 1S5S.
t Hioeralog}-,
1854.

Miller's*Klementai; iDtrodnctiDil .to,-]

.'

PbO.SO*." When

in
beautifully
crystallized

Dana'ii

Bystem

of

loo

BRITISH

ORES.

LEAD

from Znchoppauin Saxony,from

Pyromarjihite
4nd

from

Fontgibaud

in

France, has been

found

Alt"i in Siberia,
to contain

araenic

analysesrecorded by Rammelsber^ of the

being respectively
tures
2-30%and 38^;^ Such minerals are regarded as jsomorphoua mixof pyroraorphite
has been
A littlefluor-apatit"
and mimctesito.

acid,the

tlie three

from

detocted in
and

in threo

extremes

mineral

from

localities above-named

the Sonnen'wirhel

pyromorphitofrom

Bleistadt in Bohemia

and

Mies

which

England,of

the

mine

and

in

Freiberg,

at

specimen from

is not
given.*The proporpreciselocality
tions
from analysesof the
by Ranunelsberg

calculated
of fltior-apatite
mineral

from the first two

and
6-68%.

0-78%.
of lead.

Mintffetile. The

ArBeniale

before mentioned, is

6fl'5"^of lead.

In

pyromorphite,
phoric
phos-

acid,

3(3PbO,AsO'"-j-PbCl.
in the rhombocrystallizes
"

It

Pell in Cumberland,
at Caldbeck
occurs
England
of arsenio-phosphate
of lead ; at
by the name
Gorland, Alfred, and Unity,in Cornwall ; and at Beeralston

in Devonshire.

localttips

The

Georgenstadt in Saxony ;
in Siberia.

Nertschinsk
tesite.

aa

it

syNtem.
and is known

Wheals

named

arsenic

ll-QV/^

are

of this mineral,

to that of
precisely
analogous

it contains

pure

hedral

formula

"

being replacedby

acid

When

of the localities above-named

on

near

The

the Continent of
Baden

mineral

from

Europeare

St. Prix

in

Jobann-

France

and

Langbanshyttain Sweden,

is otilj
a massive
varietyof mimehedyphanoby Breithaupt,
In America
has been
comtwot. earthy,yellow mimeteslte

(bund at ArguerOB in Chile.

Sdemde of lead,eUoridea and tayrMonde* oflead,lanarkUe or tuiphatocarfcmofc of lead (PbO,SO'-J-PbO.(X)'),
and eanadinUe
(chlorideof lead,
and eanadiate of protoxide
eombined leilh phoe^tate
mineralare
of lead)
mation
interest, and for inforogioalspeciesnot of particular
metallurgical

concerningthem

treatises on

British
For

the

Lead

of the
following
description

lead ores, I

am

indebted

to

my

be consulted.

mineralc^must
Ores.
mode

excellent

of

of British

occurrence

Mr.
colleague

Warington

Smyth.
The

lodes which

worked

for lead in this country vary, as in

structure
and materials
mining
they
sect,
accordingto the character of the rock formation which they interwith the line of their horizontal direction
and not unfrequently
do

fact

or

strike.

periodbeen
and

about

are

in other

The

great bulk of the British lead

obtained
two

districts,in

from

thirds of

the mountain
our

or

present annual

ores

has from

returns

formation, which

and/n

early

metalliferouscondttwrt'in
Jreland; whilst the
not^fbfjj

Ste Bammclsberg'* Minenlohemie, p. S7,

from

arc

is extensively
developedin the North
Derbyshire,on a smaller scale in North Wales,

an

carboniferons limestone
of

and

that

En^and
in

loss

remainingonc-

BRITISH

third is derived

veins

i^om

lol

0B2S.

LEAD

occairiogin

of older

strata

geological

periods.
As

generalrule

tliolodes of tlio limestone diBtricta have

soft matiix,
and

dowk, often occupy

and

these

of

in

localities

many

lodes,has

often

thick

the North, and

the

found

are

and

solid

cap

of that

exceedinglypure

clay,when

paratively
com-

large bodies of clay locallytermed fiucan,

vein fiBSure,
a
great portionof the original
alternate with

to

galena,whilst
material

yieldedlargeamounts
in Flintehire,
and

overlies the backs

of ore,

in the

as

of the

hushes

"

"

of

in
remarkably exemplified

most

as

portions
superficial

the

even

"diggings" of Missouri,U.S.

the lodes,on the other hand, exhibit less of mechanical

detrital matter, and are filled chieflyby crystalline
the
deposits,
When

matrix

consists most

with which
aljundantlyof calc-spar,
fluor-spar
and
in
barytes are variouslyassociated, exceedinglyabundant
in
Korthem
almost
absent
whilst
zinc-blende,
or
Wales,
England,
in its absence calamine, is a general concomitant, iron-pyrites
oomand
iron
and
ore,
or
unfroquent,
spathic
quartz
paratively
pearl-spar,
witherite
and
confined
certain
districts
to
calamine, are
occasionally
and zones
of depth. It is to the glittering,
crystal-lined
"vugs"
"

"

or

in the veins

hollows

cavernous

this formation

that cabinet

of

and

their

associated

mineralogyowe

flats "

"

of their

many

of

most

beautiful

specimens.
generaldirection of
where
cases
occur
althotigh
The

the lodes is
of

some

more

less east and

or

the great

"

and south veins have

in particular
parts, as
of ore.
Holywell in Flintshire,
yielded largeamounts
Devonian

or

conrses

north

The

west,
"

cross

notablynear

and Devonshire have

rocks, killas,"of Cornwall
past been noted for the productionof lead ores
"

for many

years
of the
very largeproportionof silver; and the structure
themselves
otters many
pointe of high interest. They are

yieldinga
lodes

found
invariably
form

at a

a
striking

BO

greater distance

feature

beuringveius; and
cases

not

an

east and

lodes of tin

fer from

which

than the tin and copperA

softer character.

direction,
coursingin

west
or

granitebosses

the

counties

usuallyin killas of

of these lodes also teke

rare

of these

from

copijer, and

few
some

yet presentinga

dilTerent aspect. The majority of them, however, are

crosstraceable in some
instances for miles, although it seldom
courses,
very

happens that
foT

more

The
in

the

than

richlylead-bearing
part
few

hundred

at

found

been

most, fathoms

extend

to

in

length.

quarts, sometimou
fiuor-spar,
principally
loosely
granular stete, often as white homatene, bitter-spar,

associated minerals
a

feet, or

has

zinc-blende,and
nite,whilst the
marked

by
examples of

more

are

rarelyspathiciron

the

intersections

east

of various

occurrence

these

with

meridional

ores

lodes have

fahlerz,and

ore,

and

west

of silver.

been

Garras, the Menheniot

mines, Ilerodsfuot, and

t"

last

were

worked

depth of 250

Very

the East

which

fathoms.

bourno-

veins have

the

Wheal

Tamar

been

notable

Rose,

mines,

102

BRITISH

older silurian

The

LEAD

OSES.

and Hontgoslatycottntiyof Cardigaiulure

of n groat namber
of
meryshire is rcaiarkftUe fur ihe ocourrcnco
in
east and west
veins having a marked
which
galena,only
range,
moderately rich in silver,is associated mostly with quartz. They
a littlecalcite,
zino-blonde,witherite,
carry, however, exceptionally,
and iron

or

copper-pyrites.
somewhat
displays

Isle of Man

The

but in this
lead-lodea,

case

similar rooks

thoy assume

diOerent

as

country of

character,being,

of them, east and west, otbeni north and south in their conrse
of silver in iho galena. The
both claeees* yielding
a
largeproportion
some

at Foxdale, are heavily

former, as best typified
charged with flucan
iron ore, the latter,
as at Laxey,with zino-blende and
or with spathic

"

"

in
interesting
peculiarity

An
copper-pyrites.
Mine

the

in silver, whilst

galena comparatively
poor
and
distance of a few feet,is highlyargentiferous,
in Europe does
little silver-fuhlerz. Nowhore
a
lead

"Old

Foxdale

is that this fine lode carries in its southern

"

make

ore

nobler

show

than

the

part
northern,
sometimes
a

good

be
frequently

may

rib

or

seen

at

the

shows

oourse

of

in these

mines.
The

series of lodes

the old Silurian

is another
minerals

bounded
clay-slttes,

example

of

east

on

one

the observer

and

the south

Shrewsbury,in
the enst,
on
Stiperstones
veins bearingvery similar

west

and

of baryta.
sulphate

side

by

of the

narrow

the occasional addition

Several of thorn

are

of

panied
accom-

of

dyke

phenomena which
their richer

mines, with
Bohemia.

of

the

by

mentioned, with

to those above

the carbonate

Shelve,on

near

rook reminding
porphyritio
attend the more
loped
fullydeve-

list of

minerals, of Prziln"m

in

Lastly,a group of lodes in the gnnite of the county Wicklow

pointsof comparisonwith the importantmines
present" interesting
in a similar rock, but they have the
of Ijinares,in Spain, worked
in
of
various
and of yielding,
notdirections,
peculiarity coursing
this discrepancy,
withstauding
very similar ores, in which the galena
is attended chiefly
by quartz, whilst a division of the vein is often
not nnfrequently
oocnpiedby a friable granite,
presentingrather the
of
from
solution
than
having
crystallized
being mere
appearance
rock
introduced
mechanical
action.
by
disintegrated

YiEU)

or

SiLVBB

IN

LaAn

Obb

fbok

Britibh

Looalitikb.

Mr,
followingdetails I am indebted to my colleague,
Bobert Hunt, Keeper of Mining Hecorda at the Musonm
of Practical
of silver is stated in troy ounces
Geology. The proportion
per
For

statute

the

ton of lead

"

ASSAY

OF

LEAD

aoMKope UlDC

ORES.

Flald Vtin Ulu

OnM
5

1851

2"

1855

1857

...

1858

1861

15"

1862

...

...

...

Uiag Clengh Uliu

SO*

...

...

1863

30*

...

1604

...

7
7

166*
1869
1666
"

WorUiis

OB

leif OtheritlK

dUrtnnI vein* or

oraltw wodU
tbepropoTtkiD

IK

Dbvokshibz.
BnlttinlU

MIdk

Frank

MlUi

MIih.

1859

Ti

1860

16

1861

39

1862

28)

1868

18

186*

22i

1865

40

1B66

39

ISM

1854

1851

IbSS

1855

1859

1857

1857

1857

166!t

1898

185S"

1859

1860
18(11
1862

ASSAY

LEAD

OP

OBEa

of every kind are made

asBays of lead ores
Although TariouB viel methods of aaaayingthese ores
The

to

yet
proposed,

time been
for

the

use

not

of smelters.

one

in the

drt/
aay.

have from

time

has been found

The

treated

ores

sufficiently
tical
pracby the aasayer are

galena or snlphideof lead,cerussite or carbonate of lead,pyromoror

sulphateof lead. In
phite or phosphateof lead, and anglesite
rich when they contain 70%
this country ores are njnially
designated
or

more

of lead.

ScanpHng. 'i"heore in every case

passedthrougha sieve of from 40

should be reduced to

'I'rituration may
be effected in an
shoTild bo intimately
ore
mixed, so

iron mortar.

"

throughout.

The

heated to drive off moistuie,

to

as

60

to

sample thus
or

it may

be

holes to

powder

and

the linear inch.

After

the
sifting,

position
uniformityof comshoald
be
prepared
gentlydried pre^-jously
to sifting
;
ensure

and for this purpose flat,

shallow,circular or oval pans of shoet-iron or
6" or 6" in diameter,are convenient.
See fig.
4,Q, p. 103.
sheet-copper,

ASSAY

OF

FuaHAOl
Fttmact. "Tho
n

the article

on

furoaoe

the

LEAD

ORES.

iMPLKMKHTa.

AND

doficribed in the firatTolmne

of this worV,

Assayingof CopperOres by the Cornish Method,

ie equallysuitable for assaying
lead

woodcut,
be

the

It is

ores.

ptcsonted in

the

when

fuel ; but

obtaioable

ahonld

Coke

2.
fig.

re-

annexed

charuoal

not

be

may

used.
OrucOiUs.
crucibles

employed

are

earthen, and
iron.
The
earthen
be

varieties
found

are

ores,

nish
Cor-

should

have

size shown

"'ig.-J.

as

assaying
wide

too

are

in

rccomniendcd

is shown

long practicein

the

in

3 a.
fig.

use

of

Ql/

School

relative
should

it is better

at
placeirregularly

to

avoid

the

welding,

welded

iron

of different sizes,
The

ternal
in-

crucible

forged out of a
pic"^oof round
by hammering it

solid

over

of the

coie

Same

mandril

or

form

the inteiior

as
:

and
proportions

bar -iron

3ateii"tn3a".
'*'^'''

ments
experi-

be

short

Wrougbt-irnnCrudUc.

the

on

wrought

form.

hot

Eoyat

numerous

with

Fig.3a.

the

of Mines, and

crucibles

which

Metallur);ical

the

results of

The

is founded

Laboratory of

J-.

they

fig.5, ".

This recommendation

this crucible in

copper
;

crucible
wrought-ii-on
s

are

shape and

the

in

to

London,

Hessian, and Freuch.

crucibles, such
in

of
signated
de-

those

Cornish,

used

"

wronght-

of

crucibles

suitable

of

kinds

Two

"

of

and
the

size
cible
cru-

corrosion

as

parts if the

is apt to take
welding is not sound,

be the retention of globulesof lead

the consequence
of which may
lead
of
actual loss
or even
by leakage.
and is the same
Scoop."This is requiredfor chargingthe crucible,
as

used

by copper-assay era
Tottgs.When eaithen
fig.3 b will be found
"

in

it is shown

crucibles
suitable

crucibles,stronger tongs are

are

in

fig.4,

used, such

but

F.

tongs as

are

shown

in

manipulatingwith iron
suchasare
shown in fig,
rcquiied,
5, A B,
;

UigitizeQ.yGoO^

FDBNACE

The

omcible

out
pottrinjT

is

removed

ita molten

ends of the tonga,A,

or

Am)

lUPLEMENTS.

from the furnace with the tongs,B ; and in

of the curved
contents,it is held by means
the tongs B may

be used in both

operations.

106

ASSAT
Slirrer. It coDBists of
end.

one

Convenieat
Ittgot-mouldi.
"

5, C, D
fig.

there

in C

while in D

two

are

there is only one

Suitable

kiods

Bakmee

The

used.

produceis

grain,

Beduoino

asd

It should

"

Sorax.

It

"

powder of
ores

Oream
termed

1000

weights ure
special

^o

account

on

and

tuted
be substi-

of

Carbonate

dried

of soda

of its greater bullc

potash may
partially.

rubbed

afterwards

powder.
crystals
employed.
may
obviouslybe quite free irom galena or

should

to

also be

of lead.
tartar or bilartraU

of

The
of polath."

commercial

"

argd,are commonly used.

reducing agent now
generallyadopted

varieties,

red and while

iron.

The

iron, and for this purpose

nails,is suitable,but

OF

Galena

CsiraiBLBs

iron crucibles like thst

chargesshould

be

form

composed as

with

ADornoH

Born

600

500

350

assay-

1.W
.W

50

free
comparatively

ores

the

"

II. is adapted for what

Fluxu.

amnh

SOO

A^
Ko. I. is suitable for rich

the

"

I,

of sods

remains

When

OnlBi.

Oubooate

or

previouslydescribed

follow

Ore

excess

any

wrought-

hoop,rod, and

of

iron necessary for reduction.

yieldsthe

Ibon

in

the

is

vitiates the result.

lead, and

iron crucible is employed,it

AssAT

in

the metal

of which
iron-filings,

not

entangled in the reduced

With

brush.
tooth-

or

Aoxhts.

borax

common

"

other

be

should

Fluorspar.It

nail

anhydrous. Bicarbonate

b"

of soda, wholly or

for carbonate

The

of soda.

weight

same

in

an

should carry not leas than

^'gof

be used,but it is less convenient

may
for the

cavities,
hemispherical

reportedin percentage.

Fluxes
Caethonaliof Soda.

shown

are

is moat
moderatolylighthammer
forcepsare shown in fig.4, B, 0.

balance

least with

at

turn

smooth-laced

of stiff biistlea,
such

The
teeight."

and

grains,and

of

of caet-iron

cavity,which is conicaL
A

"

I'he brush should be made

iron,about ^" in diameter,

in
calciningrod, ahown

tliiapurpose.
and unual moulds

and bruth.
Hammer, forcept,

convenient.

of

'i'he copper-aasaf

fig.4, 1, is vreil adaptedfor

in

GALENA

rod

round

"

flattened at

OF

from

No.
vein-ttuff.

are
cable
poorer ores, but it is also appliAlthoughargolis not essential in the assayingof

to rich ores.

termed

rich ores, yet its presence is advantageous,

it tends to render the
as
and therebyto
atmospherein the interior of the crucible reducing,

prevent or lessen the

the

operation
; and

of lead
sulpl^te

oxidation

of the

sulphideof

it also aide in the reduction

which

may

exist in the

ore.

iron

of any

Oxide

of

producedin
carbonate

or

iron,resultii^

108

A8SAT

OF

QALENA

from the

leftd,
first,
underlying
by tappingalongthe line of junction
the metal sideways
on
an
slagand metal,and then atriliing

of the
anvil

slab of iron.

or

should stilladhere

of slag
If,after this treatment, any particles
the iturJaoe of the lead, theymay be removed

to

with
by scrubbing

brush

and

be resorted to for the

may
and dried,is

been

hot water ;
ob)ect.The

or

acid
sulphurio

dilute

of lead,cleaned
same
with
which
weighed,along
any globules
may have
and from the quantity found the percentage or

now

collected :

prodteeis ciUculated.
The slag,
from No.

button

I. assay-charge,
is comparatively
hard

its fracture is compact,

black,and
fine-grained,

duU.

The

and

slag,from

Ho. II. a"say charge,

is more
tender and brittlethan that from No. I. ;
and ita fracture is compact, granular-cry
stalline,
black, and vitreous

resinous in lustre,

or

lioth kinds of

characters,
accordingto
and

they

button

the

often contain

slagvary

of the

nature

cavities in the

of lead is cold, the

slog should

somewhat

foreignmatter
centre.

more

or

into

be

less extruded

well-formed

in the
soon

as

ore

the

otherwise, it

be detached;

quicklyabsorbs moisture from the air,and becomes

which
renders its separationfrom the lead more
reduced lead should

As

in c":terual

soft,

somewhat

difficult. The
the lead appeani

malleable. When
the surface of the slag,
and is not collected

soft and

over

button, it is

signeither

of bod

pouringor of the
by this
purest galenayields

ingot-mould
havingbeen too cold. The
method
of assaying,
when
skilful manner,
conducted
in the most
from 84J% to 85}% of lead, the percentage of load in pure sulphide
of lead being86-61%.
From long experience
of this method of assaying
in the Metallurgical
from
o
f
the
School
of
and
an
Mines,
mental
experiLaboratory
Koyal
comparisonof
conclusion

that

for

it with

have
other methods, we
Its advantagos are

it is the best.

all classes of

lead

ores,

come

to

the

ableness
generalsuit-

facilityin manipulation,

One
crucible will
shortness of time, and
approximateaccuracy.
crucibles are, however,
suffice for 16 or 20 assays.
Well-made
expensive
theymightbe producedat a tolerably
; but in largenumbers
low price. I do not know who firstproposedand used iron crucibles
in the

assayingof

lead

this process

ores.

in 1851

I received my flist information concerning

the
Mr.
James
of
late
"om
the
Barker,

who
also presented
me
Alport Lead-smelting\\'orkB,Derbyshire,
The ironwith specimens
of the crucibles there and then in use.
crucible method
has now
become
generalin British lead-smelting
works

at

method

that
and we know
the above-mentioned

into works

with

Assay

This method

tion
who have received instruclead-assayers
school have long aini-eintroduced that

which

of

Galena

connected.

Iron Dishrs.

in use in Wales ; bnt in some

generally
places
displaced
by the iron-crucible method.
at lead works
near
piactised
Holywell,Flintshire,in the
was

in the

it has been
Principality

it

saw

theyare

IN

apparatus consists

The

followingmannor.

of wrought-ironeach

is shown

as

cover
hemiflpherical

hollow

100

DISHES.

IRON

of iron, somewhat
It ia fashioned by

cavityin the dish.

pieceof wrought-ironplatebo
cavity,5" in diameter and 1"
the

to

as

of

scale in

to

form

Tessel
disli-Bhaped

fig.6, providedwith a
largerin diameter than

hammering hot

square

round, shallow,cup-like

A groove or
in depth at the centre.
convenience
in
each
for
side,
pouringout
on
Iron is the reducing agent, and, as in the ironthe reduced lead.
crucible method, it is suppliedby the dish itself. The assayer was
skilful in'the assaying
to be more
he was
reported
a blacksmith, and

A, ia made

channel,A

of lead

than

ores

weighed 10

upon

the usual

hie

heated

is

dish

on

operated

smith's
black-

the
is

wards
immediatelyafter-

ore

adjusted. The fire is

urged by the bellows for
2

ore

to

is put
the
cavity,and

fire,the

about

sample of

troy,

ounces

brightredness

cover

The

trade.

own

quantity.

1'he

into

at

minutes, when
and

dish is removed

the

put

on

ringfor support ; the

and as fast
is taken ofi',
cover
as the Bo-called durry,which
an

iron

part is regulus

for the most

of

sulphideof
the

on

top

lead, it is
with

away
from

iron, solidifies

of

the

R".e-

imndiih.

fV'.

smtioimf

FUn.

s^taofl-

molten

carefully
pushed
pointed stick
cavity,

the side of the

where

the aasayer intends to

pour from, so that the metal
clean
out with a
run
may

ii Umids
iiijhihio"hib""nt"

When
all
bright surface.
the ditrrg
baa become solid,the lead is poured into a conical ingotmould of bronze.
After pouring,the dieh is fittedwith its cover
and
the fire,which is urged strongly. Any scale or matter
on
replaced
adheringto the sides of the cavityis detached and pushed towards
the centre, and the contents
well stirred. When
the tluny is
are
melted, it is pouredinto an iron ingot-mouldwith a conical
thoroughly
cavity. W hen cold,a small button of lead will be found at the bottom,
and this is detached,freed from any adherent matter
by tapping it
with

to

hammer,

fusion
the

lead

added

the other

to

occupied5 minutes, from

time it

was

siurry
occupied6
75%.

and

Some

by

ores

poured out
minutes.
smelted

the dish process.

the time
;

and

The
at

the

assay

ore

second

was
or

put

assays

yieldedas
are

The

first

info the dish

of
re-melting

produce of the

these works

Double

of lead.

button

the

ore

was

much

as

the

about

82%

always made, and

of

the

OF

LEAD

0BE8

each other

by more

ASSAY

110

differ from

reanlts seldom
ie naed

rich

with

To

ores.

than

poor ores, which

dwt

do not

Ko

flax

oompletely

melt

of soda is added to the conand il"rry),

a little carbonate
tents
of the dish when
heated, in order to produce the requieite

(intolead

however, poor ores (generally

of the oxidised
need
anch
addition.
do not
The quantityof lead operated

liquidity.There

cl"n)which

are,

for calculation,as lead ores are always estimated

the
of the dish are well
accordingto
percentageof lead. The comers
suited for grasping
firmlywith tongs. By the addition of block-flux
used, llie lead
a
higherpr"ducemay be obtained, but it is never
upon

is convenient

Ab

pouringvaries in weightfrom 2
is given:
following

second

obtained in the

exampleof actual results,the

an

ASSAT

12

leooad pouring

do.

Do.

1 dwt

ou,

10

leadfhHU flratpouring

Dn.

(troy)

ore

10

80} ou., th" percentageof lead MUgbt

liKAD OBU

OF

dwts.

iWtt.

OH.

Weight of

to 10

"

IbOH

IN

CbDOIBLXS

the process is conducted

In South Wales
dimensions
crucible is used of the following

FlUXM.

WITHOnT

follows.

as
:

diameter

at

An

iron

the top,
thicknesn

2J", at the bottom, 2^"; height, 2J",outside measure;

of the sides at the top, Vv" ; of the bottom, f '. The weight of ore
submitted
to assay is
ounces
ferred
(troy).The weighed ore is transto the crucible by the aid of a copper
The
crucible
scoop.

2^

and its contents

for the

heated in

are

into

convenient
and

air-fumaoe

of the

complete fusion

of the
decomposition

the

an

The
before specified.

cient
temperature suffi-

sulphideof iron, resultingfrom

galena. The

ingot-mould
; and

the button

to

fused products are pouredout

when
cold the regulusis detached,

of lead cleaned and

weighed

in the

maimer

requiredfor the assay is from 10 to 15

Best ores yieldfrom 8l% to 82% of lead by this method.
minutes.
this process is practised,
the samplesof lead
At the works at which
the
method
of assay with the addition of
to
ores are also submitted
time

fluxes,in iron crucibles,of somewhat

largertlimensions

than above

stated.
Assay

or

Lead

Okbs

Earthen

in

ox

The

same

(p.106),are

mixtures
used.

The

of
ore

ore

Cbuoiblbs, wtth

addition

laoH.

and

is mixed

fluxes,as
with

previouslydescribed

from

to

} of the hulk

cold crucible.

The residual flux ie spreadon

of flux,and put into a
of wrought-iron
the top of the mixture, and then one or two pieces
are
reach
to
the
latter
bottom
of
the
the
crucible.
so
as
The
into
pressed
in the furnace,which should be dull
is placed
crucible,thus charged,

red-hot,and ooke is packedwell round the outside up lo tho top of

is fitted on the latter,and the furthe crucible,after which a cover

DigitizecQyGoO^l

EARTHEN

IN

CRGCIBLES.

Ill

The

as
temperature should be graduallyraised,
and for the same
in the case of iron crucibles,
reason.
During the
or twice,and inverted
process, the iron ahQuId be stirred about once

oloeed above.

nace

in the molten

while this

and

in order to

maas,

on, and
projected

have been

cooled. When

view

and

The

is then

the button

The

time

of lead cleaned

requiredin

be washed
for

and the crucible,

few minutes

shots

longer.

the furnace, and its contents

as

soon

in the

this method

fusion,
tranquil

off by immeraing

it is withdrawn,
furnace

from

ingot-mould
; and

poured into the

and

removed

in

are

hot, and should any

while

which

on, is left in the

cover

crucible

examined

slag,after

it in the molten

of the crucible

to it, they must

of lead be found adherent

its

the top of the furnace is only

to prevent the crucible from beingtoo

the contents

the iron is taken out

with

of ore which may

particles
to, the ontstandingpartA;

any

adhered

is going on,
manipulation

opened,with
partially
much

remove

have

as

described.
previously

manner

of

are

cold,the slagis detached

assayingvaries

from

20 to 25

minutes.

The

slag resembles

that

which

produced in assayingin

is

iron crucible with the addition of fluxes,but is

usually

more

the

vitreous,

the presence of silicateof soda resulting

from the action of the
of the crucible. The
soda during fusion upon the siHceous substance
"om

of lead should be

button
the

contrary, should

colour and

there be

metallic film of similar character attached

slag,the assay

reduction

the process. Near

obtained in two or

; but, on
present in a

galena,and

is worthless, as these

to

should

the under

complete
signs indicate in-

of the ore,

owing probablyto deficient heat during

of lead
approximationin weight in the quantities
is
be
not
to
conclusive
more
regardedas
assayH

evidence of accuracy ; for,when

such approximation
occur,
may
low.

lustre of

and

less

degreethe

malleable

greateror

surface of the

'

clean, soft and

perfectly
it be comparativelyhard

The

temperaturehas been insufficient,

yet the producebe uniformlytoo
purest galenasby this process ranges
the

and

yieldof lead from the

usedinpracticeismuch
82% 83%. Thequantityof ironaotually
than
would
for
the
snffice
completereduction of
theoretically
greater
A pieceof hoop-iron,
the sulphideof lead operatedupon.
bent in
from

to

the form

of the letter

D, with about
from -j^e"
to j'a"thick,from J" to
is suitable for the purpose.
This
in the following
It may
ways.
in which

eff,so

as

to allow

case
ns

the
much

comers

1" between
1"

the

surfaces,
opposite

wide, and from

2" to 3"

long,

U-pieoe of iron may be employed

be inserted with tike ends downwards,
should be

of the iron

as

cut
previously

or

broken

to touch the bottom

possible

crucible;if the iron be too thin or the sides of the U be too

each other,the lower portions
may become so thin by oorrosion

of the
near

duringthe

process as to be liable to
between them.
The

togetherand so entangle
U-pieceof iron maybe inserted
with the ends uppermost, in which case ihe lower or rounded
portion
is liable to be eaten
and
leave
detached
of
iron
in the
pieces
away,
which
retain
the
lead
of
crucible,
some
duringpouring. Instead
may
of a U-piece
of iron,two pieces,
each about 3" long,may be placed
of metal
globules

come

112

A6SA7

OF

AND

CARBONATE

PHOSPHATE

towards
each other,and inclining
opposite

OF

the bottom

LEAD.

of the crucible.

four of them, 8" long each, are

with
their heads downwards
and
placedin the crucible cnwiwise,
slantingtowards the bottom. \Vhen rod-iron is used, it should be
When

about

iron nails

need, about

are

of aboat

^" in diameter,and

the

lengthas

game

use

of both nails and rod increases the trouble of the

the

yieldof lead is somewhat

of

less than

what

the nails.

The

and
manipulation,
means
by

is obtained

hoop-iron.
AsBAT
In

Casbonaii

or

assayingthese

ores,

PaospHATB

Aim

earthen

crucibles

Lkad.

or

are

used, and

reducingagent, yet its presence

are
:
following
prescribed
assay chaises

iron is not needed

The

as

although
tionable.
objec-

is not

"

of soda

Carbouate
Cbarcoal

powder

"

...

Argol
BOTBI

Noa. I. II.

No. Ill, to carbonate,

of assayingis similar to that practised
in earthen

and
to phosphate,
applicable

are

of lead. The method

the addition of iron, and

crucibles,with

employed.

The

slags produced

in

similar

crucibles

are

also

assaying phosphatioores

less opaque,

are

greyish-white,
dark-grey
;
such colours indicate
as
they sbonld not be green or yellowish-grocn,
reduction.
The alagaproduced in assaying ores
of carbonate
incomplete
tender and easily
of lead are
and
their
fracture
frangible
;
and darb-grey.An assay of phosphaticores is
is fibrous, crystalline,
completedin from 25 to 30 minutes. I.e.from the introduction of the
vitreous,more

or

charged crucible

into the famace

out of its contents.

Towards

or

to

its withdrawal, and

the end

of the process, the

the

black

pouring

temperature

wise,
pouring should be quicklyeffected ; for,otherof phosphate of soda, will run
the slag,which consists chiefly
thick. The time usuallyoccupiedin an assay uf ores
comparatively
Ores both of phosphate
of carbonate of lead is about 20 minutes.
bo assayedin earthen crucibles,with the
and carbonate of lead may
should be

keptup,

and

addition of iron and

of

means

described ; .md, indeed, by

as previously
fluxes,
this method, a somewhat
greater percentage of lead is
When

obtained.

lead, the presence

arseniate of lead is associated with

of

arsenide of lead which

Ores

of

iron
may

sulphateof

is essential in order
be

lead

generated.
cannot
be properlyassayed with

addition of the above-mentioned

because the slagis liable to be
sodium

and

lead formed

to

phosphateof
decomposeany

in the

the

fiuxea without

the presence of iron,

with
double sulphide
of
impregnated

operation.

be made
ores
in the iron
may
assays of all these oxidized
flux
II.
of
No.
addition
but
with
the
crucible
less borax will
p. 106;
a
sufGce, and this substance becomes
costlyitem in large
generally
Tho

Borax, however,
assayingoperations.

should

always be present

in

OP

INFLTTENCE

order tliat ihia method

practiceit is
far

NON-METALUFEEOUS
be

may

be assayedby
possible,

as

Isn.DENcx

The

MBiHOD

Absa?

or

diflferencebetween

in iron omcibles

nearlythe

one

with

for

same

about

the

to have

in

quantityof

of

of

Yield

the

iu

by assaying

influence

the

on

to

lees
containing

ores

leae than

is sometimes

yieldof
a

Lbao

of

Iboh Gbuoible.

tbx

highestproduce down

and

In

ores.

should,as

ore

lead obtained

sulphateof baryta,probablybecause

requiredto

kind

upon

Fluzxs

of the

ores

more

all kinds

and the actual quantityin the

fluxes,

of lead

50%

Mattxeb
witb

lead, the difference is much

appears
lime or

that every
method.

NoN-METAij,msonB

or

TUB

BT

to
applicable

obviouslydesirable

113

MATTEB8.

than

stated.

lead than

ore. Is
taining
con-

ores

50%

of

Silica

carbonate of

highertemperature is

silica in the flrst stage of the operation.The

lime and oxide of iron tend to lessen the
as
presence of such matters
loss of lead in the presence of silica.
The

flux the

following
experimentswere

made

the influence of various substances when

the

yieldof lead by dry assay

used in all
galena was

same

by analysis
to

The

carbonate

had been
each

contain

view

to ascertain

with

galenaupon

with fluxes in the iron crucible.

aud
succeeding
experiments

the

The
found

86-70%of lead.

used

of lime

passedthrough a

experimentthe

with

associated

was

white

sieve of 80

marble

in

powder, which

holes to the linear inch.

of lime

In

weighedseparately
intimately
mixed with about } of the bulk of the fluxes ; the mixture was
placed
the assay scoop, and the remainingportion
of fluxes immediately
on
then projected
behind, as previouslydirected ; and the whole was
in

balance

into the hot

ore

and

carbonate

turningwith

iron crucible,
and

The
precautions.

experiments

llie fluxes used in each

-ji-^^^

were

then

and
gi^in,

the assay conducted with the usual

made in the order above stated.

were

case

were

"

GnlriL

OnTboiuiteofBoda(diied)
Borax (c"loiii"d;
Argol
vol-

Jn.

350
150

SO
1/^1

LvCOOgle

Digitized

J 14

INFLUENCE
la

OF

L XL
experimentia

miuntes, and
minutes.

in

The

cmciblea

HI.

the

experiments IV.
melted

mixtures

clean.

in which,

The

they

slagswere

from

occupiedwu

to X.

loft in the crucible after

e"sily,
leavingthe

to

10

sides

to

20

to

15

of the

pouringwere

prevent setting. Any globules

removed, but it was not found

flux to effecttheir removal.

more

15

incliisive,from

L 11.,
liquid,
except in experiments
about
of
borax
50
grains
pasty,
mixtures
lime remoat
containing

Bubsequentlyadded. The
qniredto be poured hoi in order
to add

time

somewhat

were

were

necessary

MAITERS

NON-HETALLIFEBOUS

black,and
oompaot, oloeo-grained,

dull

and

The

they adhered

slagswer"
somewhat

to the buttons of lead exoept in experiment

X., in which the slagpresented
the usual characters. As the slagfrom No. 1. did not possess

sufficient fiuidity
to allow

repeatedwith

was

the lead to collect

the

of
following
proportion

Boimx
cd soiIa

buttons
are

as

80

of lead

follow

"

290

Atgol
The

fluxes ;

2"

Cubooato

results

ment
properly,the experi-

:
"

were

cleaned in the

ordinarymanner,

llie

116

INFLUENCE
The

mixture

experiments
;
flame

melted

the

more

sUg

observed

was

N0N-METALLIFKH0U8

OF

at

was

MATTERS

And quietly
than in tlie preceding
easily
little leadnxiloured
and
a
liquid,
commencement
regnluewae produced.
; no
more

the

weighed 111-6 grains 74-4% of lead, and contained of

graius -033% of the weightof the galena.
ExperimentsNos. L, II.,III.,were repeated.Assuming tfastthe
in (he
loss of lead was
chiefly
owing to want of sufficientliquidity
the experimentswere
with
the following
portions
proproducts,
re[)eated
The

lead

silver '049

of fluxes

"

Carbointe

nfnda

1000
80

Argol
Fusion

took

liquid,and poured out clean

of metal.
The slag in
globules
and
iilack,

slagsin
The

dull, and
are

as

from

near

follow

the crucible

No. I. was

somewhat

vitreous,opaque,

llie
crystalline,
and greenish-black.
granular,crystalline,

the upper

Nos. IL, III.,were

results

comparativelythin and
without
leaving

placereadily,the slagwas

part somewhat

"

The

has the
sulphateof barytnwas in fine powder. Fluor-spar
of
w
hen
heated
with
formingvery liquidproducts
sulphate
property
of

baryta in

of half the

certain

and
proportions,

snlphaleof

KoB. L, JL, and

III.,were

it

was

barytapresent. Tho
:

employed to the extent

quantities
employedin

"

n.

Flnor-Bpm
Cnrbonnte

of Bodn.

150

100

250

BOO

850

80

30

30

Argol
Intimate
conduct"d

mixture

with the

ore

in iron crucibles

m.

as

was

made

in the

in each

50

case,

and

the Vision

previousexperiments.The

UPON

THE

mixbiTeB

melted

liquidat

the end of the

YIELD

OF

LEAD

BY

117

ASSAY.

became
easilyand qiiietly
; the products
and
operationa,

poured

were

thin and
clean from

out

granular,dull,
; they adhered
somewhat
of
and
and easily
the
buttons
tender
to
lend,
theywere
the fraugibillty
spar.
with
the proportionof fluorfrangible,
increabing
Ko regulus
observed in any of the products. The buttons
was
the crucible.

The

and
greenish'black,

of lead

cleaned in the usual way.

were

JxwLomstm

or

less opaque,
the centre

or
more
slags were
towards
orystalliue

Hxtals

thk

opor

IbON

THS

IN

The

results

Mbtbod

of

are

Assat

follow

as

"

Fluxes

with

CbUCIBLK.

saver.

the whole
of the silver
During the assay, practically
into
the
lead
but
the
is
insufBcient
to
quantity
generally
;
passes
add materially
of
the
lead obtained.
to the weight
Moreover, sup"

poeing it to

a greater extent, it is customary to report

s
ilver
the total weight of lead
as containing
; and, therefore,
obtained by assay would be reportedinclusiTe of the silver present.

be

present to

the lead

Gold." 'ThiB metal is

always presentin

unwe^fhablequantityon the amount

practically
disregarded.

of

ore

l"ad ores, but

on
operated

in
generally
;

and it may

be

Copper. This metal

copper-pyrites,
grey
"

is sometimes

present in lead

ores

in the state

During
copper ore, or carbonate of copper.
the
remains
lead
and
the assay, part of the copper
into
part
passes
ing
in the slag,the quantitywhich
passes into the lead varyingaccordof

to
nature

cupriferousminerals and the

of reducingagents employed. The following
proportion

the nature
and

of the

associated

with coppermade
experimentewere
galena in admixture
upon
of
lead by dry
pyrites. The galenaoperatedon contained 85-15%
31-42% of copper.
assay, and the copper-pyrites

Galena

450
50

Copper-pjriteB.
The

fluxes

employed were
Carbonate

of aodn

"

Ai^l
The
and

of galenaand psTites
were
weighedquantities
and
afterwards
intermixed
intimatelymixed,

finelypowdered
with

the fluxes.
_y

118

The

were

amays
follow ;

INFLUENCE

OP

ttutde in the

nsual

METALS
The

manDer,

results

are

"

The

lead buttons

somewhat

were

harder

than buttons

free from

leod-groyfracture, 'llie slc^rsresembled

assayingordinarygalena. Portions of the buttons
to analysis.

copper, and
obtained in
submitted

had

those
were

grainscontained 110 grain of copper ; the button of lead

4-49 grwinsof copper, or 0 i)0%of the ore-miiture.
II. 101-7 grainscontained 3*81 grainsof copper ; the button of lead
thetefore contained 11'93 grainsofcopi"cr,
or 2*39%of the ore-mixture.
From
the foregoingdata the followiagpercentage results have
I. 101*2

therefore contained

been calculated
Totul

"

w^gfatof

n.

I.

S-14

copper present

Lead button contdaed

Copper preientin

of

(J^

"^^'^
0-90

\ Copper
Ihe ilagi

2'24

The

presence of copper would become

of the button of lead,as it
cnpellation

manifest

in the

subsequent

cr
impartsa greyish-black

black colour to the cupel.

Zinc. This metal is sometimes

present in lead ores in the state

lized,
During assayingpart of the einc Js volati-

"

of blende

or

calamine.

and

part remains in the slag,and only a very small portion

into
the
lead. The following
experimentswith blende have been
passes
made.
The galena
operatedon was the same as that used in the experimenta

The

with

The
copper-pyrites.

substances

mixed, und the

were

previous experimentswith
in the usual

manner

and

observed,and mostlyin

blende contained

fluxes used

same

The
copper-pyrites.

during the

II.

The

process

results

are

65-84%of

assays

zinc

as
were

in the
made

the vapotir of zinc

follow :

as

"

Umde.

was

THE

UPON

Portions of the bnttons

I. 1"^9'4

grainscontained

II. 131'4

therefore contained

zinc,or

grainof

0-14

119

ASSAY.

the button of metal

of
0'03% the ore-mizture.

0'06

grainof

0*14

BT

LEAD

analyeed.
grainof zinc

-were

grainscontained

therefore contained

OP

YIELD

zinc

the button of metal

grain of zinc,or 0-06%of the ore-mizture.

the foregoing
data the following
percentage results have

From

been calculated

0-33

"

Total weight of zinc

L"d

present

button ooDtoined of

Zino

n.

5-59

13-96

'"""

(^
I Ziro

in tbe Blagand volatilized

tl-OS

"i'i"
0'06

5'56

lS-94

AiUimony.This metal is generally

present in lead ores, in the state
sulphide.During assayinga largeproportion"f the antimony
followingezperimentshave been made.
passes into the lead. The
Picked specimensof native grey sulphideof antimony were
used,
which when pure contains 71-fl3%
of antimony.
"

of

I.

I.

n.

450

The

"s

assays were
of fluxes as

follow

The
from

375

in the

made
in the

same

n.
Ptr

Weifbl.(nlDL

way,

mL

90

75

and with

the

foregoing
experiments.The

same

portion
pro-

results

are

"

buttons

ofdead

ordinarygalena;

theoretical amounts

of

harder

were

their fracture

antimony

those obtained

and

whiter than

was

brightand granular.The

present in I. II.

7'19 and

are

17*98

which added to the weight of lead obtainable from ore

respectively,
free from antimony,give a total of 83*79% and 8148% respectively,
of antimonial
Arsenic.
"

state

lead.
This

metal

is sometimes

of arseniate of lead, or

arsenical

present in lead

ores

in the

During assaying
iron-pyrites.

part of the arsenic is volatilized in the state of arsenic or sulphide

of arsenic,and part enters
with iron,and separates
into combination
the top of the lead as speise,
on
on
or areenide of'iron, of the
coaling
formula
The

Fe'As, whidi

may be detached from the lead

lead is practically
free from arsenic.

IroH.
"

This

metal

is sometimes

present in lead

by hammering.

ores

in the state

of iron-pyrites.
During assayingit passes into the sl^, forminga
double sulphideof iion and eodiam, and does not ezert any marked
influence

on

the

yieldof lead.

DigitizecQyGo

120

WET

Wn

ASSAY

Amat

Several inetliods have been

of standard solntionA

by means

l^n Buoceaarullf
appliedin
either fail in

requiringtoo

OP

LEAD

or

Lkas

ORES.

Orb.

proposedfor
; but

the

bo

far

aa

the estimation
we

are

of lead,
have
none
aware,
of lead. They

aaaayingof ores
of time, from
expenditure

much

racy
inaccu-

of the method, from interference of substances often existing

in
lead ores, or from other causes.
We believe that the dry method of
reaorted
to as the only direct,aocurate, and
be
must
Msayiug
always
method
practical
Some

wet

estimatingthe
quantitatively

of the"e methods

during
of

of

one

or

more

method

of

have

been

tried in

months, and have

many
the
above
of
objections
lead
assaying

ores

been

our

silver in

lead.

ratory
labometallnrgical

abandoned

A
specified.

on

account

of "
description
will be found
at Bleiberg
practised

at p. 2T0.

_y

EXTEACTION

121

SILVER

OF

FEOM

LEAD.

The

pToceesee employed in the extractioa of silver from lead

distinct and oompletein themselves ; and, as it vill be necesaaiy
refer to them

described
conveniently

meet
ar"

in the
frequently

as

follow

sequel,they may,

in this place. The

to me,

processes in

to

be

qneation

"

I. Sesilverization

or Fattinsdn's
by crystallization,

II. Desilverization
II L

it appears

are

process.

Parkes' process.

by zinc,or

Cnpellation.
PATTIN80N'8

Before Mr.

Hugh

PBO0E88.

Lee Fattinson

silverwas
appeared,

alwaysdirectly

which
is founded on
by the process of cnpellation,
the rapidoxidizability
lead
with
free
of
when
heated
of atmoaccess
extracted

fronL lead

of its protoxide,
and on the i^onair,say to the melting-point
spheric
of
silver
It
under
those
circumstances.
was
oxidizability
generally
considered that cupellation
could not be profitably
conducted in the
of lead containing
less than 8 ozb. of silver in the t"n ; and as a
case
largequantity of lead is produced which oontauis silver in less,
the loss of that precious
metal
though still very notable,proportion,
silver
be
extracted
PattinBOn's
was
can
exceedingly
great. By
procoea
with profit
from lead when presentonlyin the snuall proportion
of 2
or

3 ozs.

to the ton

indebted
most

for

of lead.

Fattinson, therefore,the world is

valuable and, 'in a metailui^calpoint of view,

most

To

Mr.

of its
everywherebears the name
and
have made
the verb
pattinaoniren," the
with equal propriety
be employedin English.
the substantive
pattinsonageto designate

invention, which
interesting

author.

The

Germane

verb

pattinsonize
may

The

French

hopvo made

the process.
Mr. Fattinson

Cumberland, where
the Commissioners

was

he

"

of humble
was

parentis

and

bom

at

Alston, in

to
as
lead-atisayer
employedprofessionally
Kewcastlehe
died
at
and
Hospital
;

of Greenwich

lltb, 1858.
npon-Tyne, November
clear-headed,uprightman,
ingenious,
and

"

"

He

was

whom

self-made, observant,
well,
personally

i knew

whose

I much
a
on
respect He communicated
paper
memory
in
the historyand nature
of his process to the British Association
which
obtained
He
full
intheir
transactions.
in
a
was
1838,
printed

patent for this invention, datjcdOctober

entitled "An

improved

method

of

28th, 1833

and
(Xo. 64S17),

silver from
separating

lead."

He

122

EXTEACnON

tuld

that he

me

OP

which

further assured

me

PHOM

this

gained 16,0001.hy

the wealth
considering
He

SILVER

LEAD.

inTcntion,not

large tnini

it has conftirred upon many

other persons.
that not long after its introduction, it

added

50001. a-year to the income of a certain lead-smelter in the

his comparativelynorth, who nevertheless grudged the inventor even
I
very small share of the profit
fiist notion, he tells us,

His

owing to the wide

the former
silver,

distil lead in the

to

was

difierence hetween

the

hope that,
of lead and
melting-points

might evaporate and the latter remain fixed. Oil

this subjectho records the followingexperiment; Two
three
or
by being fused and ponredinto water, were
poundsof lead, granulated
introduced

into

the formation

being

of oxide and

bailt into

attached,and its

coated with

beak

retort, on

state from

i-efracfory

very

being added,

to

prevent

its consequent action upon the retort. The

furnace,with a powerful double bellows
in water,

immersed

for several hours, at the end

The

well

retort

little coarsely-powdered
charcoal

a
luting,

retort

stone-ware

examination,

of which

the furnace

found

was

the intense heat to which

to

it had

heated
intensol}'

most

was

have
been

suffered

was

cooL

to

quitein a soft
exposed,and in this
the stand supporting
been

condition to have sunk down

upon
it in the furnace,so that its lower part vras bulged in, like that of
the bottom of a wine bottle. It had remained, however, perfectly
half-melted

; and
air-tight

in the upper part of its neck wero

of
found a number
of
which
had
in
minute globules lead,
risen
evidently
vapour and been
far too little to allow of its being
condensed ; but the quantity
was
tested for silver.

Many subsequent
experimentswere

distilled lead in greater abundance

either the retort failed,
or the heat

without

success,

made

to obtain

in every

as

case

the
vaporiee

proved insufBcient to

This

experiment,therefore,merely established the fact, of

analogy there was indeed little doubt, that lead can be
raised in vapour and ^^in condensed
like mercury, zinc, and scane
whether
eilvor does er does not
other metals, leavingthe question,
rise along with it,still unsettled ; it showed, also,however, that the
distillation of lead iu the largoway
is quiteimpracticable,
owing to
metal.

from

which

the intense
The

next

heat for its conversion

idea

that

was,

as

into vapour.

the

gravityof
specific

silver is

som"-

that of lead, there might possibly

be a tendency
of lead,kept melted
in the silver to rise np to the top of a mass

thing less than

This
at rest
long time,at a -unifonn temperature,and perfectly
in
tried
repeatedly variously
simple experiment was, therefore,
shaped vessels ; but in no instance was there the least trace of any
tried, both in the
separation. Various other experimentswere
and
of liquid
menstrua, all of which
dry way
by the application
a

were

unsuccessful

but

during

their

prosecutionin

lead in
required

the month
of

of

powder,and

a
January, 1829, Mr. Fattinson
of stirriog
to obtain it,adoptedthe mode
a portionof melted lead in
until it cooled below
its point of fusion, by which the
a crucible,

luctal is obtained
was

struck

with

in

state of minute

the circumstance

evbdivision.

that,as

state

In

doing this

the lead cooled down

he
to

'

12*

EXTRACTION
and

expense
carried

with

but

various

at

on

of the

OP

in

it

was

and

for

woe

the

time

some

But

found

moreover

could not

LEAD.

kingdom.
and
necessary a peculiar

crystalsrendered

workmen

FROM

little loes of lead

lead works

expensive
apparatus,and
The

8ILVEB

this

heating
re-

rather

difficultof management.

alwayskeep the temperature of the

Flrii^limltiitpou.

furnace at the

rightdegree;

wholly melted

were

down.

rapidlyoxidized, and

and it often

happenedthat

the

Further, the lead in the form of

the

crystals
crystals

eub-

eequeut reduction of the oxide

attended with loss of lead.
was
From

the

foregoingobjections
Pattinson
nates
desigthe
draining process,"
to adopt
induced finally

what

to

Mr.
"

ho

was

and

recommend

the

system

of

in castcrystallization
repeated
iron

pots.

Ihscription
of
"

am

indebted

(he apparatus.
John
to Mr.

Henry,formerlymanager of the
works at Bagillt,
lead-smelting
Holywell, Flintshire, for ^t-^the annexed
the drawings from which
been prepared
:
a, hemisphericalpot

vmid

near

6, 6,

at

the

top, and

another

lower

iKOon

woodcuts,

on

tho ii", c d. aj. ml

8, 9, 10, have
figs.
a
flange,

of oast-irou,having

down,

c, e,

extends

which

all

round

the grate as shown

at Q
fig.10 ; d, the
except ojiposite
fire-bars ; e, e, upper part of the fire-plaoe
expanded under the
of the pot ; /,/, flue space
communicating with a stack common
bottom

hoop

of

wrought-ironto

tie the

g, flue
to

brickwork

having its
row

damper,

own

of similar

pots ; h, k.

tc^ether. The

line

at/

PAniNSON'S

on

indicates the level of the floor

the left of

fig.9

etaud

and

workmen

125

PROCESS.

similar line

the

on

right

near

on

which

the

the bottom

in

the same
figureindicates the level of the floor or passage for stoking;
the stepsthis passage should communicate
with
at the end opposite
the exterior

of the

removing ashes.
the

below

buildingfor

It will thus be

convenience

supplyingfuel

in

perceivedthat

and

this passage is much

by steps. There

it is reached

from which
working floor,

holes 9" square, C, C, C, c, communicating with the flue round the

filled up by the potmen, and opened
of each pot, which
are

are

bottom

by

them

which

from time

to

accumulate

therein.

and must also have

under each may be

Flg-lC

time in order to clear out

Each

pot

the dust and ashes,

have its own
fire-place,

must

separateflue and

damper,so

entirelystoppedwhen

that the

necessary.

ifae leR
Th"Tlg1itliiari*"pUaottlMp]tUUMiap,Biid

draught

Mr. Fattinson

balT L" " hotiiOQUI

mcUod

door as well as a fire-door. In hia account

insisted upon an ash-pit
of his process as it was
conducted, he says, "above the
originally
of the line of pots at the heightof 6' or 8' it is convenient
centre
to
have
move

small iron

backwards

from which

with
railway

and forwards

is to

frame

four wheels to
on
carriage
of
the
length
range of pots,

or

the whole

dependa chain, terminated

by

hook

at the bottom

nearlythe top of the pots,for the purpose of

from
easilyconveyingthe ladles filled with crystals
pot to
and

reachingto

A ladle when
of drained

The

empty is stated to

"h)m
crystals,

330

weigh about

130

and when
lbs.,

more

pot."
full

to 440 lbs.*

11 (1),
representsa series of
page, fig,
in
section
line
B
of
the
vertical
the
A
on
plan (2). A vertical
pots
section of a pot through the centre at rightanglesto the line A B (2),

woodcut

on

the next

Gnmer, Ann. dee Mbes,

6. sir. 13. p. S83. 1S68.

128

OF

EXTRACTION

and for
18ti9,

which

drawingof

ia represented
in the woodcut
It reToWes
ia

round

serves

as

After the ladle is immersed

with

connected

There

cc,

is one

pairof pots.
The

qnirod.

fulcmm

in the

By working the

forwards
at

throughthe

d, and

opening
it a

by moving

prBTent"dfrom risingby the projecting

pieces,
t
he
of
each
successive
crane
opposite junction

such

The

erab is moveable, and may

be shifted where
ladlee were
largeand shallow,each holdingabout

cryatala.
ofecmdxdingPaOiiuon't

Mode

is allowed

quite

and

down,

cool very

The

clean.

fire

ash-pitdoor

the

slowly,
from

time

taken

time

to

ia

re-

The

grate in order 4o
certain

molten

solid

off and

with

to

the

may congealon
if the solidified portion
cannot

the

fire must

When

replacedin

be

the temperature deecenda

particles cryRtnlabegin to form,

or

the surface, which, if left undisturbed,

at
chiefly

allowed

mJi

portion that

any

melt it oS.

degree,small

lead before it

that its surface

so

lead is thus

break

to

the sides of the pot, in which case

be detached by mechanical
means,
a

The

"

withdrawn, the damper pat

closed.

being

care

liquidmass

Proeeu.

is thoroughly
skimmed,
crystallize

to

be

may

to

of lead, a chain

the handle.

and

arm

of the ladle.

of drained

cwts.

the

handle

mass
crystalliring

to

Nevill,

of cast-iron.

the end of the

for the

rest in the hollow

to

as

it is
littleKidewaya,
ee.

to Mr. rharlea

It is made
At

a.
pillar,

pulleddownwardii

"o

LEAD.

indubt"d

am

crab is attached

crab the handle ia

between,

FBOM

12,
p. 127, fig.

on

fixed conioal

roller,b, which

8ILVEE

would

cohere

into

solid crust.
The whole masa
of metal is continually
stirred with
iron rod,and the crygtabtherebysink to the bottom of the pot

a
an

and

in considerable

accumnlate
introduced

now

shank

and

the

on

into it in

quantity.The

ladle
perfora^'ed

raised up full of crystalsby

of the pot. A pig of lead with

edge
castingis nsed

the ladle

to shake

on

restingthe

is

iron

bar of iron let

and it is convenient

which the ladle is

on
knife-edge
positionthe ladle is jerkedin order to
feeilitate the drainingthrough of the liquidlead, after which the
the
are
crystals
put into the adjoining
pot In this process of jerking
when

the pot is full,a^ it acts

easilyjerked. While in this

like

almost as littleadherent to each

seem
crystals
is
of sand.
In this way the operation
as grains
thirds
and

three-fourths

or

withdrawn

from

or

the

more

pot.*

of the

The

other and
conducted

originallead

different

are

pots being

melt the

chai^

crystalshave
otiier

Mr. Pattineon
of

pot

is

of

to bo

every establishment.
in working order,it requiresabout

ciystals

differs at almost

out

The

crystallized

each stage are

pota
of silver as that which
at

alwaysfilledup with lead of the same content

contained prior
to crystallization
; and
theyrespectively
that the practioe
with respect to the amount
observes
taken

mobile

aa

until two-

pigs of

lead in

melted, and

being worked,

as

this time

'
ia laki^
Tbe foregotngdpscriptinii
mmimicatea
to ths British Assooiatioc

pot

over

they melt

good fire;
in

one

is not needed.

from
chiefly

an

but

hour to
as

hot

pot whilst the

The custom
is

the papiir nrliicbHr. Pattinscni

PATTINSON-a

each
dttriag

sliiftto work

three pots by two

from 6 to 12 hours,B hours beinga

foar pots are generally
worked, cue
is made

payment

to the worbmeu.

shifts would

crystalsbegin to
be

as
impossible,

The

men.

frequentshift. In
being an

shift Tories

12-hour shifts

pot, and

extra

In order t"" hasten the

the lead,and, consequently,

the
throw water
its sur"oe.
This
on

stoppedwhen

129

PB0CES8.

extra

of
cooling

it is customary to
crystallization,
is in no way prejudicial
if
practice

form

too

and

much

without

it 6

time would

or

8-hour

be needed

for

cooling.
It is desirable that there should
mode

of

of

conductingthis

process

from

permanent record of the

the pen

of Mr. Fattinson

and

I therefore

few

is Mr.
unimportantverbal alterations,

publish
a

which

he

at the

Royal School of Mines.

The
even

at
prepared

which, with
description

requestfor my

my

aooount
following
(Deo.1855)able

contains

use

as

the

Pattinson's

Lecturer

nearlyall the

on

self,
him-

exception
and

own,

MetaUurgy

information

am

giverelative to the process which Ijeara

It is possible
that some
readers may wish to have a detail

now
name.

my

be

to

of the exact

manipulationrequiredto separatea given quantityof

before
portionspoor and rich in silver. I have never
thought it necessary to give this information, because fraai the
at different
beginning the process has been performed differently
lead into

establisbmQnta.
detail

of

I
mode

will
of

now,

however,

by
proceeding,

^11

give a

which

and

aocurate

this

be
cmi
separatioB
a
nd
without
accomplished
apparatus.
very perfectly
any costly
We must
be providedwith seven
each -with its
crystallizing-pots,
and
for
the
attached,
one
heating-pot
pot
melting
poor lead,called
Each
the market-pot.
be capableof holding,
must
cryatallizing-pot
when
filledto within five or six inches of the brim, about 6^ tons of
melt"d lead, and the market-potshould hold about 3 tons of lead.
The

one

p. 126 shows the arrangement of the pots. Let us

846 cwts. of lead .toseparate,
containing7 to 8 ozs.
suppose
have in stock besides from previous
of silver per ton, and that we
operations
remainingin the different pots as follows :
woodcut
we

at

have

"

of lead,oontaining7S

to

SO of diver per tc

H
the

market-potbeing empty.
also be full of the

must

contains
the

but

as

this is

same

never

The

small

heatingand washing-pot

aort of lead

used

as

except for

crystallizing-pot
heatingand washing
its

it is unnecessary to consider it further.

ladles,
We
1.
Operation
begin the separationby putting90
"

lead (partof
original
VOL.

lU.

the 846 cwt"

we

are

cwts.

of the

to separatej
proceeding
K

,-~

130

EXTRACTION

into pot No. 4.

The

OF

whole

FROU

SILVER

126

LEAD.

of le"d

owta.

in

dow

oryHtalliEed
; and

melted, skimmed, cooled, and

the

pot Na 4 are
portionof lead

b; skimming is mpplied by lead rednoed from other

skimmings (ia from the same
pot) of previousoperations.

withdrawn
similar
There

laded

into No. 5, SO owta. of crystals

containing
of silver per ton, and the remaining116 cwts. of enriched
we
may call onee enriched lead,containingabout 1 6 to 1 8

now

are

3^ to 4^ DZa.
lead,which

over

of silver per ton, are

ozB.

laded into No. 8, to be afterwards

further

enriched,leavingNo. 4 empty. No. 5, now

containing126 cwts. of
the skimmings
4r"iz.lead, is melted, skimmed, cooled,and cryetallized.*
before

as
being replaced

90

laded

of

cwts.

crystals,
containing2

to

2^ oia.

of flnid lead,
back
into
treated in
7 to 8 ozs., go
No. 4. No. 6 is now
containing
1 to 1}the same
oz. of silver
containing
way, and 90 cwts. of crystals,
of silver per ton,

per ton
about 4

are

laded

are

into No. 7, and

over

from

per

36 cwts.

of fluid lead,containing

3C cwts.

proceededwith,
per ton go back to No. 5, No. 7 is now
it 54 cwts. of crystals
^m
7
dwts. of silver
10
to
containing

ton

laded

are

observed, that if

into

over

into No. 6,
of No. 7

on

here

market-pot; and
quantitywere
put

be too rich,and

it is to be

into the market-

silver consequently

some

yet the 72 cwts. still in No. T cannot all be laded over

To avoid this,a mode
of proceedingnow
is to lade out

and

the

than this

more

lead would
pot the separated

down

0, and

ozs.

and

wasted

into Na

over

further

quantityof orystals,
say

floor : these may

the

about

will contain

cwts., and

be called intermediate

to

lay them

and
crystals,

6
of silver per ton.
The remainingi-l
of fluid lead,containingabout 2^ ozs. per ton, are laded over
ewte.
then the "J6 cwts. of intermediate
into No. 6, and
crystalsare

put back

this

from

floor into No.

completed.It will be
originallead added

to No. 4

7, and

by

have

this

been

is
the first operation

so

operationthe

divided

90 cwts. of

tions
by four crystallisa-

cwts.

enriched

cwts.
as

of

they

at first.

were

This is begun

2.
Operation

"

which

lead into No. 4, from

to No. 3, the poor lead
until 51

of poor

cwts.

leavingthe

rest of the

contains

now

72

that

seen

of poor lead in the market-pot,

and 36
carried to No. 3.
All the other pots remain

into o4
once

1}-oz.

1 or

cwts.

its

of the

126
alti^ether
72 cwts.

laded

of

of lead

36 owte.

same

14 to 18 uzs.,
same

are

of
are

original
carried

passing through Nos. 5, 6, and 7 as before,

are
again suppliedto the market-pot,
at first except No.

pots as they were

lead added
This

from

pot, being

crystals,
oontainingfrom
:

once

cwts.

enriched

lead

stock of 54 cwts.
original

cwts.

into No. 4

into the

by puttingagain 90

the
now

pot ; and

upon
36

cwts.

the

two

once

3, which

enriched and

making
operations,

full,is

7 to 8 ozs.

18 cwts. of intermediate

laid down

of lead

and
crystallized,

of silver per

ton,

are

Irom
crystals,
containing

floor to be afterwards

of twice enriched

put back

lead,containing

PATTINSON'S

from 38 to 40

of silver per ton, are laded into No. 2, and

retnmed
3.'
to Na
are
crjrstaJs

ozs.

the 16

of intermediate

cwts.

the end of this

At

and

131

PEOCESa.

the
operation

of the pots is as follows

etate

:
"

oirts.of poor lead baye been made into the market lot.
S.
This Is b^pin by adding 18 owts. of original
lead to
Operation
108

"

No. 4, after which

Nob. 4, 5, 6, and 7 are
crystallized,
producing
of once enriched
54 cwts. of poor lead to the market-potand 36 cwt"
lead to Ko. 4.

The

of the

state

GwtB.

4.
Operatiort

90

"

with

No8.

90

of

cwts.

is :

pots now

"

86

lead
original

3S

Sa

added

are

36

lead to No. 3, and 54 cwts.

of the pots is as follows :

of poor lead to the

4, which

to Na

36 cwts. of
T,is crystallized,
yielding

6, 6 and

enriched

once

market-pot.

The

state

"

This

5.
Operation
"

"nriciiedlead

have

market-pot.The

6.
Operation

of twice

36 cwts.

in content

jnstthe
passedto Na

No.

enriched

operationis

the last

as

3, and

being now

follows

as

same

54

lead

86 cwttt. of once

"

cwts. of poor lead to the

of the pots is as follows

state

of silver to the

of the pots is

This

"

is

:
"

full, it is crystallized,
yielding

No. 2, and 72 cwts. of lead similar

lead
After this the state
to No. 4.
original
to

"

oontinued

now

by adding

18

of

owts.

original

lead to No. 4, which, with Nos. 5, 6 and 7, is crystallized,

36
yielding
enriched
lead to No. 3, and 54 cwts. of poor lead to the
cwts. of once

market-pot.

Bat

No. 2

beingnow

of thrice enriched lead

cwts.

full,it is cr^tallized,
by which

passedto

are

No. I , and

72 cwts.

enriched lead to No. 3. After this the state of the pots is

7.
Operation

No. 3 is

"

lead to No. 2, and

is filledup with

*
._

Dkk
,_..

inronna
_...-.

18 cwts.

me

that
....

he

as

36

of twice

follows

"

riched
crystallized,
yielding36 cwts. of twice en72 cwtS. of original
lead to No. 4. This pot
of original
lead and orystallized,
also
as are

hu

neTei
.

I it ii

now

uutil
practised

jj^ cMriod
it8aior9thpQt

jjjjj^jj^

the

mnch

ooncentra.

f^uther,"ay
-,

L.,3,T*-a;C_.o

132

EXTRACTION

Nob.

a,6
of

cvts.

and

of

7, S6 cwts.
lead

poor

OF

"

and 36 cwts.

of

LEAD.

passingto

m"rket-pot.The

of

8.
90 cwta.
Opereiion
A4
ae before,
ctystallised

PBOM

enriotied lead

once

the

to

SILVER

lead
original

added

are

Na

to No.

of poor lead passing

to the
enriched lead to Na S.

once

3, and 54

uf the pats ie

state

cwts.

as

is

4, which

market-pot,

lead are added to No. 4, which is

9." 90 cwts. of original
Operaiion
and
of poor lead passingto the markot-pot,
54 cwts.
CTystallized,
36 cwts.

follows

of

eiiriched lead to No. 3.

once

of the pots is

state

as

:"

Poti

..

10.
Operation

of

lead are
original
54 cwts. of
ctyetallized,

cwts.

18

"

Nos. 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 are

and 36 cwts.
the market-pot,
of the pots is as fbllows

Cwt*.

as
dystallized,

passingto

the

"

5*

90

of

80

lead
original

also Nos.

are

No. 4, and

to

90 owts.

"

added

to
poor lead passing
of twice enriched lead No. 2. The state

90

11.
Operation
is

The

36

added

are

5, 6 and

and
market-pot,

38

SS

7, 54
of

cwts.

S8
to No,

4, which

of poor lead
enriched lead to

cwts.

once

No. 3.
12.
Operaiion

This is precisely
the

"

the state of the pots is as follows

90
13."
Operation

Noe.

the

3, 4, 5,

18

6 and

market'pot,and

1S6

36

of

originallead are
54 cwts. of
crystallized,
of twice

36 cwts.

this the state of the pots is as follows

enriched
:

"

18

cwts.

Nos. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 are

and 36
to the market-pot,
The

state of the

15.
Operation

the pots

are

"

lead are
original
54 cwts.
crystallized,

pots is as follows

about
lead,containing

160

added

36

to

No. 4, and

of poor lead passing

lead into Na 1.

-.^

lead
original

to 170

36

of thrica enriched

cwta.

after
crystallized,

to No. 4, and
lead
passingto
poor
lead to No. 2. After

86

of

18 cwts. of

added

"

36

14.
Operation

the last,after which

as

"

90

cwts.
are

same

which
ozs.

86

are

added

cwts.

to

No. 4, and all

of 4-times

enriched

of silver per ton, will ba Ibund

134

EXTRACnOH

OF

SaVER

will be reqaired
; and
cryBtalliEationB

six

por ton, the market-lead

i
zations.
oryetaU
to 6

OM.

if it contain

be made

may

law is 8o evident that further

The

LEAD.

FROM

only ^"oni 5
enongh by three

poor

is anneceflsary.
doBcriptiou
H. L. PXTTINSOX.

SeaU Bime, Neweatda

The

Dee.,1S55.

Tyne,31*(

on

in (he
lead lifted,
say about 2 ft.,
follows :

weight of

is as
opeifttiona,

Cwta.

tL

No.

IX

680

XIL

XHL

..

XIV.

Tot"l

10,930 cwb.::: 526 Ion* 10 cwts.

fifteen
foregoing

"

lb*,tailed 1' high.

2.S.'i8,T20

PaUiiaon'e procet*. No rigid

mode of conducting
in ^
Modijiaatioiu
laid
down
be
rule
of proceedcan
as to the course
general
ing,
the
to
which may be varied aocording
particular
requirementsat
"

and definite

the load works.

aooordingto

process, however, is now

schemes, one called the method

The

two

by eightht.In

other the method

usually oonducted
and the
by thirdt,

the firstof these schemes

the lead iu

into two portions,

each pot is divided by crystallization
namely,f of
orystalsand ^ of fioid lead. In the other scheme it is divided into
It will

of

and ^
crystals

of fluid lead.

be

perceivedthat the proto the

0668
by
approximatesclosely
of crystals
and fluid lead being,
firstBchenie,
the proportions
tively,
respecand
it may
and
instead
of
be otherwise stated,
as
J^
J
; or,
5
f,
of this method, which may be
} and |. A graphic reproBentation
is presented
r^arded as onlya modification of the method by third*,
^

described

above

iu the annexed

Fattinson

Mr.

diagram.

It will be asked,why there should be so much variation in the

mode
of conductingPattinson's process at different establishments,
and whether, in the desilverization of the
British as well as foreign,
kind of lead, there is not one method which givesa more
able
profitin possession
of sufficiently
not
any other ? I am

same

result than
accurate

data to enable
In

manner.

adoptedhas

some

been

cases,

it

be treated
process may
of

eighths;

by

poor,

combination

of thirds ie most

lead.
argentiferous
of both

may be begun
lead be treated

of those

the method

by the method
by the method
Gnuier, Ann.

of

and
eighths,

satisfactory

the

It is,however,

to rich,
applicable

The

same

methods

of thirds,and
begun by
the treatment
of poor
and, conversely,
be

donbted, the method

selected.
arbitrarily

and
capriciously

eighthsto

in
questions

hardly be

can

maintained,that the method

and that of

those

to answer

me

lead may
; thus, the

completedby that
lead
argentiferous
enriched
resulting

of thirds.*

des Hiun, 6 ait.18, p. S82, 1668.

",

^0

tll'H.

t/iUa.

4't\i(ii.7

0".(!J.mQ.t):0

'OOOCMlM);"

"0

06M):irir"j3

"OQ-Qmtxtm-G

rAmswo"rs

pbocfss.

MODinCATIONS

of "e
Description
which

are
*

signs
blaek

and

annexed

diagram. The

eirdeg

"

135

PB0CES3.

repreaent the pott,

and the
I, 2, 3, 4, 6, 6, 7, and 8, respectively;
llie
indicate the centre and market pots respectively,

numbered
x

circles indicate the

tcilhinthe
figures

of each of the 16 series of

oommencemeDt

teithin the blue circles show

operation. 'J'he blaek

the

PATTINSON'S

OP

of the pots at the

crystaHizings.The figures
state

the state of the pots beforeand afterthe

1 to 71 under the circles indicate

figuresfrom

The
yeUow figures
crjstallizingB.
indicate the original
lead operated
the cryttah
of
on
; the r"d figures,
lead removed at each crj-stallizing
the
red
the
to
"lrai{jlU
arrowe,
;
pots
which
the crystals
that the
are
transferred; the curved red arrows
consecutive

order

of

tbe

intermediatecryttal*
taken
are
the

lead: and

by

and returned

out

liquidlead has been removed

of

the UtM

arroiM,

to

the

the blue figures,

the

same

pot after

eariehed
liquid

it is transferred.

the pot to which

Thus,

2 parts of lead

example,pot 4 oontains

to
(blackfigures),
which are added 5 parts of original
lead (yellowfigures)
; this lead
is now
when
of
6
(
red
are
crystals
figures)
crystaUized(l),
parts
enriched
lead
and
two parts of liquid
(blue figures)
passedinto pot 5,

way

into pot 3.
In order iiirther to elucidate the scheme
and remarks
followingstatement
operated upon, acoordiogto that
of 18 :
multiples

are

shown

in the table,the
presented.The quantities

scheme, are

in every

inatEmce

"

?ths tvpnaeat the quantityin

The onginal lead is
crystallizing.

for

or

each pot when full and ready

added in constant
quantities

divided
and the ^ths in each pot are
on
f^ths,
lizing
crystalOn examins'
lead.
and ^ths of enriched
int" ^tha of crystals
lead,added
tion of tlie table,it wilt be found that the ytbs of original
into
71
of |tb,or fths,a"e by
in 15 portions
crystalli
singsseparated
snd ^ths of ewriehed lead. With
16 times ^thsor Yths of mark^-lead
the
i
f
to
silver, |th representsone ton of lead,then it will be
r^ard

of

and
\i\i,

that 47 tons of original

lead,containing7^ ozs. of silver per
45
have
been
into
tons of market-lead, containing
^ oz.
ton,
separated
enriched
lead
of
and
165
2 tons
of
of silver per ton,
ozs.
containing
seen

silver per ton.

l"hus"

Original
lead

7)

Mu-ket-lead

Enriched lead

|
16S

47

oi.

4S

t"8.

ou.

3S2i ozs.
22^ oza.
830

caa.

3521
The

loes of silver in tliemarket-lead

is

6-384%of

the total amount

136

EXTRACTION

of sUver contained in the

V3-G16%of the toUl

FBOH

lead,and
original
contained

amouui

Obubtatiomb
The

S1LTEB

OF

the enriched lead contains

in that lead.

pATTiinoN's

om

LEAD.

Faoons.

hy this prooeas
expreasionoommonly used of "denlverized"
when
rastrictod
the
to
or
only
impoverished market-lead.

is correct

in this prooeM is,that other

One iact of great practical
importance
metals besides silver,which may be pte"ent in the lead, are to a oertain extent concentrated in the enriched portion; or, in other wcnda,
to cite the illnstration of Mr.

lization is in

just

greateror lees degreefreed from metallic impurities,

freezingis freed from saline matters, which may have

the malleability,
By such purification
ductility,

in

water

as

Pattineon,the lead separatedby ciystal-

been dissolved in it.

and softness of the lead

that

increased.

are

of
separation

the

But

foreignmetals

Mr. Pattinsoa

from

the lead

oonsidered
due

was

not

bat in part to the oxidation of those metals.

whollyto crystallization,
when
the crystals
withdrawn
from the liquid
are
Thus, he writes
the
and
clear
metallic
in
of
state
a
coarse
lead, being
powder,
very
acted upon
by the oxygen of the atmosphere,
theyare moat readily
"

with
in contact
penetrateseverywhereamong them, and comes
oiidizable metals,as iron,
great extent of heated surface,the more

which
a

zinc, etc.,contained ia the lead and givingit hardness

are

seized upon

converted

and

into oxides,which, when

the crystalsare re-melted,
dross. It is not improbablethat the crystals
are
what
some-

separateas

in the condition

clean metallic

plates,
by

of Diibereiner's spongy platinaor

which the air is drawn into the most

Faraday's
intimate

to undergo some
densation
them, and made even
degreeof conits action is rcndered-more
in their interstices,by which

with

oontaot

enei^tic."

That

such

remove

oxidation

metals

that this

as

in

the

iron and

no

reason

tend

to

to doubt

of lead by Fattinson's
purification
the
is
established
to
least,
is,
only partial,
by the fact
process
say
the
in
that ooncentration of certatu
residual liquid
foreignmetals
lead has been provedby direct chemical analysis.
but

the

As

might be
contain

of
explanation

described would

manner

zinc, there is

the

of silver is much
higherthan that of lead,it
melting-point
that the portionof the lead firstsolidifiedwould
supposed,
silver than

more

the other

portion;and

on

this

ground

somewhat
is certainly
Mr. Pattinson remarks that his process
doxical."
parathat several,not to say many,
It has been demonstrated
alloysmelt at lower temperatures than those of their ingredients
"

which

metals

have

the

lowest

may

be

adduced

in

so-called fusible

of this statement

illustration

But

the
though extremely
free from silver and lead alloyed
of lead comparatively
melting-points
the
ia shown
result
of
with silver in certain proportions,
by
the draining
of lead crystals
Mr. Fattinson's expenmont
on
previously
that

there

is

Various
melting-points.

small, between

ditferenco,

Notwithstandingthe fact that if the drainingis carried

far enough, the lead left behind ia entirely
deprivedof silver,"yet
sufficient
thediSerenoeof
fusibility
justmentioned "is by no moans
recorded.

"

ON

0BSEBV4TI0NS

PATTINSON'S

137

PROCESS.

to allow of the

of Bilver from lead by the ordiuaiyprocess

separation
of eliquation,"
is demonstrated
of
as
by,tbe followingexperiments
Mr, Pattinsou.
Pieces (i.e.
o
f
lead
for
were
pigs or ingots)
exposed
hours npOD. an iron gratingin the chamber
of a largereverberatory
fumaoe
until a few dropsof fused
to a heat most
increased,
cautiously
metal ooxed out from their pores ; this was
found to be but slightly,
enriched.
oonducted
In one
of the most carefully
althoughdecidedly,
"

oontainingsilver to the extent of 5 ozs.

0 dwt. 8 grs. per ton yielded
drops contaimug 7 ozs. 7 dwts. 9 grs.,
and when drained to one-third of the original
the portion
quantity,
left stillheld silver in the proportion
of 3 ozs. 18 dwts. 16 gis.per ton.
In another experimenta pieceof the same
lead,drained most slowly
to one-fourth or one-fifth of the originalquantity,
left residual lead
a pieceof
experiments,

silver
containing
these
the

to

lead

the extent

In
17 dwts. 15 grs. per ton.
"
in
the
concludes, as
drainingof

of 1

Hr. Fattinson
experiments."

the separation
is
crystals,

between

lead and

pure
tendencyof pure

lead

oz.

effected

the difierence of

by

silver,aided
oontaining

lead in that state

of

to
semifluidity

fusibility

doubt

no

assume

by
a

the

talline
crys-

form."

Kow,

it would

with

silver in

pure

lead

foregoingdata, that

it is also certain

at

that the

lower

reverse

lead

alloyed

temperatnre than
ia the fact in the

: as, for example,

proportions
small
quantityof lead,
comparatively
three
times
its
it
able
own
might with reasonweight. Hence,
say even
confidence be predictedthat the cwnoentration
of silver by
Pattinson's process would not proceedbeyonda certain degree; and
the truth of that prediction
has been confirmed by experiment. We
indebted to C. Reich for the followingpreciseand conclusive
are
this subject,
which was
conducted at the HaUbriicke
on
investigation
case

of lead

the

proportionsmelts

some

but

from

appear

with
alloyed

in that of silver

works

in

silver in other

alloyedwith

Freiberg.'It

may

the lead is in silver,

the

be stated

smaller and

as

established that the richer

more

difficultto drain

are

the

crystals.

'

Wagnari Jahreabencht,1862,p.

174,

iCQyCoOJ^Ic

188

"r

EXTRACTION

slowlythan

more

the

oommencement

with

SILTER

lower

It

the pot,and

by

of
proportion

eilver ; and

tnaae

of

onlyafter much

was

repeatedly
detachingthe

LEAD.

PBOM

of the whole
tendency,

uniuiBtakeable.

was
solidify

and

OF

trouble,by

aolidifled metal

from

that crystals
conld
Btirring,

constant

the

at

liquidlead

to

fully
care-

the aides of

be laded out."

By operatingupon lead containing

2'266%of silver Iteich got the
r
esults
the
usual
in Pattinson's proceati,
:
following
By
manipulation
TheuiullciyitftlHoontaiDedofulTerperoaiL

2-188

The

2-337

do.

Uige

do.

do.
Vma

as

2-2625

By very careful,strong shaking of the ladle

the adherent mother-liquor,
possible

so

to detach

as

The8iiiaIlct;8tal"eoD(ainedofailTtii
per cent

2-216

The

2-348

do.

large

do.

do.
Mom

At

the end

of this prooeea of

aa

far

2-297

over-crystallization
by the

ubusl

manipulation.
The

tmall

coiittuDed of itlTeT pel

crystals
do.
byvecy oarelul tbakiiig

And

The

whole of the

coDt

2-304

2-300

orystals
separatedwere melted togetherand the
while the mother-liquor
2-264%of silver,
or

lead contained
resulting
residual lead contained
that

it may
practically

of silver. The difference is so small

2'29'2%
the cooclusion
is that
disregarded
; and

be

concentration of silver in lead

further than
from

2i

by

225%
dedaoed
largeexperiments

about

the

Pattinson's process cannot

be carried
Mr. Dick informs me that he had

of the lead.

700 oza. of silver per

limit of enrichment,
the
limit
nearly
assignedby Keioh.
extreme

a German
Stetefeldt,

the mathranatical

judge,he

can

metallui^st,has

treatment

does not

seem

of lead

ton

2-14%,which

tA

exercised his

as

is very

ingenuityin

of Pattinson's process ; but, so far as I

to have aiTivod at any result of practical

value,'
metals upon Fallituon'gproceM.
The effect of small
Effect
offoreign
quantitiesof antimony,arsenio, and copper in^lead is to make the
time is requiredto
crystalssmaller, just as silver does ; and more
than large,
drain small crystals
and the periodof drainage
being thus
the
richer
lead
in
the
sets
surface
of each
on
liquid
protracted,
part
crystaland so is carried over into the poorer pot.
of^mmingt tutd lot"oflead. This eaUru partbutdepends
ProportitM
"

"

on

of crystallizations.
of silver,and consequent number
proportion
containing8 ozs, of silver per ton will yieldfrom first to last

the

Lead

duringPattinsonization
consist for the most
same

kind of

20%

about

part of

oxidized

reducingprocess
'

of

Berg- D. hUteDm.

as

skimmings,
lead,and

of
litharge,

lliese

which

skimmings

subjectedto

are
a

the

will
description

Zeitong,1863,pp. 64,69-77.

I"

EXTRACTION

OF

SILVER

PROM

LEAD.

Theae

pota are 1" thick, and hold SOO centners, t^. about 15 tons.
It is further stated that, althoughthey cost 2^ more
than cast-iron

capacity,
pots of the same
yet they last mach
eoonomical."
mote
Boond, and are really
Application
In
"

1860

Fattinbon's

to

continue

Fbocebs.

grantedto Mr. PhilipJohn Worsley for

of Silver and
Lead,"' which had
Separation
substitntion
of machineiy worked
by steam or

patent

Machirery

of

longerand

was

ImproTements in the

objectthe

for their

hand

water-power for

prefersto

in

Fattinsoa's process.
The patentee
similar to those used in the ordinary
orystallizing-pots

use

labour

process, but about 2" above the bottom of the inside of the pot to have
a hole drilled
through the pot nearly horizontally.This hole may
it is fastened a strainer of
be from a ^" to i" in diameter, and over

than ^"
piercedwith holes,'which should be not more
in diameter, but as olose blether as is consistent with the strength
The strainer is cup-shaped,
of the iron.
with a flangeround the
fitclose to the pot,and
must
edge,having no holes in it. The flange
be fastened down by a flat ring of iron exactly
coveringit,through
sheet-iron

which
from

into the pot

The size of the strainer is
8" in diameter, and the hollow of the inside about 1"

screws

are

6" to

driven

deep. The second strainer which is over the first is of stouter iron
and pierced
with i" holes. With this no ring is necessary, the flange
of the outer strainer beingsulEoient to take the screws.
This second
strainer in some
Underneath
the
hole in the
is
not
cases
employed.
is a spout or channel to carry off the lead as it
orystallizing-pot
out into another pot placedto receive it ; this spout is set in an
mns
opening made throughthe side-wall of the fire-hole of the crystaland the hole in this pot must
be so piercedthat the lead
lizing-pot,
into the spout. To stop the hole in the crystaldirectly
bar of iron slightly
a
a
lizing-pot
tapping-bar is used, I'.s.
tapered
is to stop the hole, and of such size as just to fill
at the end which
it. This bar is driven gently into the hole and fixed by a blow

shall

run

out

"

"

from

its

hammer

being

is
tapping-bar

also be fastened in

it may

knocked

out

accidentally.To

fixed in the

lead is then

melted

hol" so

as

down

when

to

to prevent
by a screw
the
the
begin
separation
ferous
stop it, and the argenti-

melted

it is cooled with

and
ordinary process, but the stirring
The
than
in
that
stirring
cooling
longer
process.
be got throughthe
should be continued so long as the stirrer can
if the least possible
to
crystals,
quantity of liquid lead is wanted
must
be drawn olT,but the lengthof time during which the stirring
wanted.
As
be continued depends upon the quantity of crystals
which
is
known
is
the
desired
of
soon
as
by
quantity crystals formed,
the tapping
the thiokncss of the mixture of liquidlead and crystals,
lead run oSf,the crystals
bar is withdrawn, and the rich liquid
being

constant

as
stirring

are

"*

continued

Telchmaon, op.

in the
much

eit

"

aj".

1S60.

Jan. 4.

No.

26.

PATTINSON'S

to drain

allowed

liquidrich lead

PROCESS,

WITH

Uf

MACHINERY.

longas any liquidlead runs "om them. The

is replaced,
the
beingall run off,the tapping-bar
oa

and the operationrepeatedas doHired.

poor lead re-tnelted,
the hole he stopped up with crystals
cold lead,a red-hot
or

of
crystals
In

case

bar of iron is had

the hole
recourse
to, which melts the lead closing
enriched lead escape. Or instead a small quantity
liquid
of hot coals or burningwood may he put round the spout. By this
process the rich lead is obtained in the lower pot, while the crystals

and

lets the

of poor lead are left in the originalcrystallizii^-pot.

Instead of
stirring
by hand with a slice as is usuallydone, a mechanical stirrer
is

of an upright shaft connected with a steamemployed,consisting

This shaft is fixed
of power.
engine,water-wheel, or other source
in the centre
of the cry stallizing-pot,
with a bearingat the top and
bottom, and carries arms
f
rom
it extendingto the sides of the
radiating
of these arms
The shape and number
is not very
cryHtallieing-pot,
with a thin edge foremost are
and
material, but flat arms
preferred
inclined
was

so

that the front

carried into

edgeis lower

than

the back.

at Rotherhithe,but
practice

Vertloa

Fl^ U.

KCUuo

oa

Udb

from

This invention

causes

presently

B fie.19.

Mr. T. B, Jordan,
longafterwards abandoned.
well
his
known
by
machinery for
an
engineer,
and
the
construct
was
machinery
emj^oyed to design
wood-carving,
I applied for information
the
to him
on
for this process, and
which
to
illustrative
for
"n
drawings,
application
subjectas well as
with both.
The annexed
me
he promptlyrespondedby presenting
those
a
nd
the
executed
after
have
been
woodcuts
drawings,
following
Mr. Jordan's own.
is, with few unimportantexceptions,
description
are
conducted, not as nsnal in
The
melting and crystallizing
to be stated it was

not

ingeniousmechanical

pot, but in two pots,which will

process in the same
and crytUtUizing
the melting
henceforth be designated
pots.
The entire process of desilverization may be effected in this one set

Fattinson's

pots,but several sets would be needed in largeworks. The

12 tons of lead, and kept at a
melting-pot,
a, is chargedwith about
of lead. "When
the
much higher
temperature than the melting-point
degreeof heat is attained,a portion of the molten lead is
proper
of two

drawn

off into the

the temperature
crystallizing-pot,

of which

is

EXTRACTION

maintained

at

which

is

8ILTEH

FHOM

LEAD.

of lead. The stirring

melting-point
isto
action
necting
brought
by puttingthe con-

little
above the

frame and ecrapera

lever

OF

are

then

b, into the jawB of the

cam

on

by ateam-power;
kept reoiprtwating

the horizontal rod,

e,

its forward

is

motion

PATTINSON'S

oommiinicated

the

to

wheel, while

orown

detents

PROCESS, WITH

atirringframe by the detente actingon

it is at rest dnring the back stroke by

the ooga.
falling
Much dependsin this procesa

the
the

over

which

the nice

an

regulationof temperature,

double system of fluee,

bo contrived that
combustion
from
the
of
under the
fire-place
prodncts

is effected

the gaseous

melting-pot
may
away
of the

143

MACHINERY.

another

by

either circulate round the crystallizing-pot,

or
pass
the
stack.
In
order
to
adhesion
to
course
prevent

by
lead
crystallized

to the sides of the

pot,it is essential

that the

temperature of the sulwtance of the latter should always be

is the same
the melting,
above the solidifying,
or what
pointof

kept
lead,

while the temperature proper for crystallization

should be maintained
in the metallic mass
small
of
water
jets
by directing
upon its surface,

metal,which
in

the surface

by forcingdown

and

the

is done

engravings)fixed

moving with
the

enriched

havingiron
when

it.

so

chilled into the

with the aid of

inclined

an

paddle(not shown

on
top of the stirringframe and
haa made sufficientprogress,
oiystallization

When

the

liquidlead is drawn off into

eyes placedin the centre, by means
be hoisted and

solidifiedmay

subjacentliquid

the

d d,
ingot-moulds,

of which

the

ingots

removed

by a crane.
The crystals
left in the pot are now
rapidlyre-melted by running
lead "om
the meltingto them a fresh supplyof very hot original
on
wlkich
the
above
after
of crystalsame
as
described,
lizing
pot,
processes,
and tapping off are
repeated,fresh lead being put into the
so
melting-pot

that the latter may

for letting
out

in time

be
the

perature
broughtup to the proper teminto
next
the
charge
lizing-pot.
crystal-

the poor lead accumulated

necessary to dischai^e
in the crystallizing-pot,
all the heat from the melting-pot
is
fire-plaoe
When

turned

it becomes

throughthe

flues of the former

and

when

the whole

off into the

the rich lead,from

it may at once
be laded into the market
The enriched lead of the firstprocess is,

which

moulds, or reserved for use.

when

returned
requisite,
lead.
original
Notwithstandingthe

to

the

process
advantagesin the saving of fuel

same

moulds

of the

lead is melted, it is drawn

as

and
melting-pot
seemed

to

used

are

treated

for

like the

promise considerable

by keeping the

fire oonstant

under

and in the substitution of steam-power for the heavy

melting-pot,
manual
labour of stirring
the crystallizing
lead and drainingthe
the

to
crystals,
yet owing, it is alleged,
and
the
mechanical
for plant

the considerable

sitated
outlay neces-

skill essential for its effective

abandoned.
it was
operation,
for
what is called "mechanical
Fattinsonization
has
Machinery
and applied
also been invented by M. Boudehen, a French engineer,
of Stolberg,
at the lead works
Kouen, and Holzappel.It is similar
above described. There is a hollow
in principle
to that of Jordan
"

vertical

which

shaft, within

arrangement

of

is

solid shaft.

bevil-wheels,these shafts

directions.
opposite

On

are

By
made

the loner part of the enter

to

well-known
revolve

shaft,within

in
the

144

ESTRACTION

OP

SILTER

frame, from
pot,is fixed a stirmp-lilce

FROM

the sides of which

("n the inner shaft

flat-edged
scrapers.
and
length,arrauf^spirally,
of 5

power

or

6 horses is

Eldunation

and

ot

with

are

short
project
of
arms
equal
oblique. Engine-

fixed fiat

their sides

requiredto

drive

this

machinery. It is
half
of that in Pattinonly
the total savingis estiiiuted at 20 francs (I6".}

asserted that the cost of manual

Bon's process;
per ton/

LEAD.

labour is

Kktals

okbtain

noH

LiAD

Cbtbtallization.

BT

Althoughit had longbeen

dedlverization of lead

by

well known
to persons engagedin tho
Pattinson's process that,duringthe concentration

of silver,various other metallic impurities

in the lead become
concentrated with the silver,
thrown
out in the skimmings,
or
are
partlyin the state of oxides,and partlyas alloysor compounds,
in which sulphur,
doubt of complex constitution,
arsenio
no
antimony play important parts; yet Baker, if I mistake not,
to investigate
the first systematically
the subject.The following
results
has
been
record of Baker's
communicated
to me
for publication
by himself. It is proper to add that this subjecthas been

often
and
was

investigated
by other
not whollyagree with

who
persons of much skill and experience,
Baker in his coDclusiona. And this will
consider the extraordinary
cfiect
surprisingwhen we

also
do

not appear
which the presence

even

of

mtnute

largequantityof another

^uonftfyof

metal

one

may

exert

metal.

Absolutelypure lead
all
the
lead
which
has been
probably
of investigation
has certainly
been more
made
the subject
less
or
contaminated
minute
by substances which, though in excessively
suffice to cause variation in the results within considerable
proportion,
a

on

very

has

never

been

seen;

and

limits.
the questionof the
investigated
Copper. Baker has particularly
from
lead
of
of the latter. He
by
crystallization
separation copper
of
lead
found that two
samples
containing
0-0411% and 0-0774% of
"

the firstafter seven

and the second after
respectively,
yielded,
and
of
Concentration
0-0239%
0-0642%
crystallizations,
copper.
in
takes
in
a
therefore,
slightdegree
place the residual
copper,

copper

six
of

On the other hand, he found

as it is termed, enriched lead.
the proportion
of copper in lead does not exceed 0-025%
that when
marked concentration is effected by one crystallization.
a more
nickel is present in
Baker has ascertained that when
ilTtcAfii."

lead,or,

lead in such small

in

certain

it is eliminated
as
0'0U23% and 0-0057%,
proportions
concentration
and
not
degreeby
by oxidation;

nickel in the proportions

above
for,in operating
upon lead containing
found
in
tho
latter
metal
residual
the
lead
in
was
liquid
mentioned,

the

and 0-0072%. The following

of 0-0043%
experimental
proportions

results have been obtained

by

him

and

;
published'
"

Gnwer. Ann. d. Uines, 6. B^r. 13, p. 367. 1868.

Jourii.of tlie Chem. Society. 71ie paper U very short and UgiTen entire,
except
irith a few tuIwI alleraliona.
'

"

ELTMINATIOX

It is well

OF

METALS

BY

145

LIZ ATI OX.

CRYSTAL

that, for certain manufactureB, lead of

knon^

a high
degreeof purityis required.The presence of a very finall amount
fur making 'white-lead and
of copper is eepecially
injurious
glatiBthe cause
of a peculiar
tint in glass,
makers' red-lead. Investigating

which

marked
suSiciently
by the presence of

sometimes

was

for

readilyacccnnted

vr"a

copper, ho

sought carefully
samplesof Englishlead

ni":kel. In all the

onlyfound

for cobalt, bnt

be called blue, and

to

he has examined

he has i^ever detected a trace of cobalt.

On
of nickel have frequently
been fuund
in various

which

the contrary, traces

Eamplesof Derbyshirelead,in Yorkshire
beach.

lead,and

Icarl from

grains,he has found

as delivered by the
pig-lead

2000

Operating upon

of nickel in the
quantities

Per mil.

lead,]Bt sample
Derbjshire

ottdim

0-0O23

0
10

the

Snail-

following

smelter

"

gn.

15

0 per ton.

Do.

2nd

00031

Do.

Srd

0-002:t

15

0-0007

J3

00057

17

0..
..

Snailbeacb

lead

,,

SoftflDed

Blag-lead

,,

these quantities
of
submittinglead containing

On

found

eon's process, he

portion. In

"

follows

as

0-0047

10

270

=18

O-0OH2

0-0072

,,

,,

analysis,
yielded

upon

00043
,

,,

liquid
in the

out

"

After S crjBtalliiiiigs
1

taken

were

of -^^ leaving-^ fluid lead.

proportion
bottoms,"
Samples of the liquidlead or
nickel

nickel to Pattin-

of the nickel in the

charge,crystalsof lead

6-ton

concentration

lU per ton.

2,,
12
,.

2
,,

,,

In all

cases

weigbablequantity could

grainsof lead.
In operating
upon

fi tons

he obtained

from

2000

lead,containing
0-0066% of nickel

of

dwta. 10 grs. per ton),

4j tons were removed us cryeials,
( = 2 OZ1.
which, after having been re-melted,contained only0'0047%of nickel
show
that nickel
( 1 oz. 10 dwts. 1 gr. per ton). These figures
4

to

remains
does

and

ho

with

great extent

he

states

certain amount,

as

has

is the

case

is
metals,the separation

no

the

liquidportion,much

as

copper

suppose that when it reaches a

and probably
other
copper, silver,

to

reason

with

or
longereffected,
only in

very

small

degree.
A sampleof lead from 5 tons, when
analysed,
gave no indications
out ^5,the remainder gave
of the presence of nickel ; on crystallizing
In refined lead, he has only once
of the metal.
distinct traces
and onlyrarelyfound
obtaininga weighablequantity,
is
removed
is proved by
it
oxidation
not
That
traces
by
the larger quantityfound in the fluid portion of the lead when

succeeded

in

of nickel.

well
as
crystallized,
which

is submitted

soda,a considerable
""""

a*

by

the

"ct

that

in the

softened

powerfuloxidizingaction
quantityof nickel is stillfound.
to

the

slag-lead

of nitrate of

","""!-Googl

US

OF

EXTHACTION

AtUtmoay,tin,artenic.

To

"

SILVER
Baker

FROM

we

LEAD.

the

owe

observations
following

Wten

0-01%of autimonyis added to soft lead,and tke latter

the pewter-white
surface,whicb that
cr^rstallization,
of antimtm; imparts
until after
to lead,does not disappear
proportion
At tiiathird crystallization
two cryBtallizations.
sampleingotsboth
and the retidtialliquid
the purple-tinted
Uad, presented
from the arytlaig
Bnr"ce
belongii^to lead containingonly a trace of antimony.
:

is

to
subjected

Similar

reaulta

added

in

lead.

Mr.

obtained

were

addition of tin and

j;lie

just sufficient prc^rtion.to impart a

Baker

informs

metal influences

one

from

lead,at the works

that

me

he has

the concentration

with which

suppose that
and that the rich
to

reason

of another

able
a considerconnected,yielded
residue b^ the action of nitric acid. He suspects that nilver

will aid the concentration

but

this latter

of

he

arsenic

white lustre to the

was

antimony,and antimonythat

suspicionia, I know, opposed to the

of copper

of
experience

other observers.
Mr. Baker

bas

the

himself ia. practice'

on
Taluable
practically

to

t"me

CoNoumuTioN
L

r^^m.

with

suppliedme

OF

the

followingresults obtained by

largescale, which
treatinglead
CoppBB

ra

quality:

"

Fattihson's Fbooxbs.

charges,represeuting
nearly270

46

instructive and

are

of similar

of lead

tons

orya-

talliaed 8 times.

B"fora cryatalliziDg
do
After

II..From

three months'

Lmd

CDnUliwl

Copper.
0-012S

]nRi.

00102

Bolpfanr.
0-O20S

OIXHS

00113

00205

working.
LHd

Before orjBtaJliEiiig
do.
After
1 timet
do.

After

III. Heenlts

showing

par cmL

SHmee....

concentration

antilHd

of upper

ptr OFOt

00113

00107

00081

O-OOtU

0-0037

0 0041

of copper

in

liquid

residual

lead.
Lud

contalDnl

Lrit cryfttalllxliig.
Znd

CiTBtala
Liquid kad

ly. Results

of ocpppcr per onL

00027

erfiUlUxlng,
00019

0-01S7

0-0005

showing concentration of copper

only a very few owte.
operations
left ; so that they do not show the ooncentration
the foregoing.'
lead.

In

these

cryitalliziDg

Aflsr

Uquid leed

do

tntce

OOISS

in residual
of

liquid

liquidlead

of oopper

Ltad oonuliRd
Before

3ti1 cryHUUliJiig.

If noppa

0'0173
0-OllS
0-0381

so

were

well
pet cant.

as

EXTRACTION

EZPKRIHINT

ON

KfWKTt

THK

TIN

SILVER

OF

OF

THE

ADDITION

FaTTIN son's

UPON

LEAD.

OT

HMALL

OF

QUANTITT

PBOOESB.

of lead eocli

6 tooa
potti contAining

Two

PROM

submitted

were

to

opeTatiooti,
cryatalliziDg
the addition of

With

A.

B. Without

0-00536%of

tin.

tin.
a

A.

Oofiuinrd orouftpHprr ccoU

Before
.-

erjiUllizing
...

O'OHI

0'01T3

0-0111

00115

l.tcrr.tollizmg|Liquid
lead
0-0470
0-0391

After

After 6

The

,,.

/CryrtBla

oiTisUUiziiigi
Liquidlead 0-0017

above shiall quantityof tin

white

0004?

a
quiteeufficicntto communicate
the
crystallization
that of the other charge. Theite

was

to the lead ; but after the second

appearance
did not appear different from
results show that the tin had no effect upon

lead

PAEKES'

mixture

of
separation

copper.

PROCESS.

It has been stated* that when

and the molten

iho

zinc and

is allowed

lead

slowlyto

melted

are

together

cool,nearly complete

of the two metals occurs, the zinc on account

of its higher
separation
lower
and
firstand
gravity
solidifying
melting-point
specific
forming
the upper layer,so that it may be removed
as
lead undemeatii.
Mr. Alexander
Parkes, of
in the case

the emst

of

from

crust

the

liquid

Binningham, found

lead the silver becomes

argentiferous

that

concentrated

in

of zinc

producedunder the circumstances justdescribed ; and

of his process for the deeilverization of lead for
principle
which a patent was grantedto hjm in 1850." In the specification
it is
stated,that silver may be separatedfrom lead by adding about 1 cwt.
this is the

of zinu to every ton of melted lead ; that as the masH

cools the zinc
and abstracts the silver ; that the zinc may be re-melted and
ci-ystallizes

uiied until
agaifi
50U

propurtionof

of zinc

to 1 cwt.

ozs.

the zinc

out
by dissolving

acid.'
in
which

the

In 1651

and

that the silver may

the latter by

Mr. Parkes

separatingsilver

silver abatractod amounts

zinc is directed to be used in the

With

ton of

Lead oontsining
11

OZB.

:
followingproportions
"

of silver

22-41lw. of

,,

the

ti)

alloyof

be removed

which

,,

with

ladlo ;
perforated

being heated

air,whereby the
atmospheric
'
"

B""vol. i. oftlilBwoA. p.591.

Abrid^unts

**-8

zinc and silver rises to the stir"ce

it retains,by

of the

and Steel,im., p. 177.

eidc.

33-6

28

As

from
Be]uirated

dilute sulphuor
hydrochloric
ric

21

,,

or

second patentfor " Improvements

other metals,"in the specification
of

obtained

from

be

to 400

to

it is
during cooling,

the lead is freed "om

dull redness

sine is oxidized and

'A.D.lSaO.

the zinc,

with full
may

June

11.

access

of

be skimmed

No. 11118.

IJpecificatiouB
lebting to Metals ind Alloys,exceptiiigIroa

PARSES'
off in the state of oside

149

PROCESS.

an; oxide of lead formed at tlie

time ; and the zinc is to be separated
from the silver by means
same
of acids or by distillation/ A third patent was grantedto Mr. Parkes
in

alongwith

"Improvements in separatingtiilverfrom other

claim in the specification
is heating the alloy
special

18*'"2 entitled

metals."

1'he

"

and
zinc,silver,

of

be drained

may

that the lead

so
peifomtediron vessels,
much
from the solidified argenas
possible
tiferous

lead", in

off

as

zinc'
Partes' pioceea in operation
In I8j9 I first saw
at the works
of
Kevill " Co., Llanelly,
and I am
Messrs. Sims, Willyams,
indebted to
Mr. William
cuts
Nevill, for the drawingsfrom which the annexed woodwell as for information concerning
have been prepared,
the
as
cost of the proceBS and

discontinued.

was

process

other

particulars.
Shortlyafter

my

visit this

entire process consisted of the following

The

;
operations
"

I.

lead with zinc,skimming,and cooling,

Meltingthe argentiferous
zinc
of the argentiferous
of the argentiferous
zino in order to separateas completely
Liquation
lead.
as possible
mechanicallyentangled
Distillation of the zinc from the silver in a Belgianzinc-furnace.
Treating the lead, contaminated with zino, in a tofteuing-furnace, skimming, and poling.

II. Hemoval

III.
IV.
V.

Deicription
of the ajiparalw. Two vessels
tinson pot of cast-iron capableof holdingT
melting the lead, and a much
smaller adjoiningpot of the
for melting the
kind
same
"

chaiseof

zinc

pot3 is,as

Each

usual,E"t

are

used in No. T.,a Pat-

tons of molten

metal, for

of these

its

over

fire-place.

own

'1'heapparatusfor liquation,
in
""o. III.,is represented

16,17,18.

It consists of

figs.

cast-

iron retort, a, oval in bore, set

little inclined over
a place,
a

h, surmounti'd
chamber

by

an

of biickwovk,

arohod
and

Fig.i".vtri)ciiaKiJoooaiiKUiHCD,Ds.ie.

of

At the bottom of the

cast-iron pot,e, likewise set over a firo-plaoe.
which
the
is
the
holo
of
retort
a
closed end
liquatedlead may
throuj^h
'1ho upper
end of the retort is open, and there
flow into the pot,e.
the chargeof metal is introduced.
a

1'he distillation-furnace for No. IT.

tcries of
with

Belgiumretorts, one

central

common
fire-place

on

the

was

small,and consisted of

rightand

to both.

the other

on

two

the left,

150

EXTRACnpN
The

The

furnace
softening

OP

SILVER

LEAD.

is represented
in figs.
19,

for XaV.

bed a, a, is of cast-iron in

FEOM

one

20,21,22.

d, on
piece,
havinga tap-hole,

one

side ; its border at the narrow

end is 2^" thick,and is pnrmade
somewhat
thicker
poeely

than,elsewhere,as the
drawn

are
miiigB

end

the total

oat

thin

upon

this

weight of the

cant-iron bed is 4 tons.

a

skim-

over

It rests
work,
of brick-

course

built

on
wrought-iron
and
placedlongitudinally
transverso
caetBupport"dby
iron girders,
e, e, e, e, see figs.

bars

V"nlBlRHi-"icU"aQ(balluEP,

II
flg.

19, 21.

There

cast-iron pot,
the lead when

is

circular

e, e, to

receive

tapped out; it
is set over
its own
fire-place,
ground
communicatingwith an underflue by the flue,/,/.
fig.22. The other details of
construction
be

may,

wUhIIdcA

Ac. It.

ceived,
con-

clearlyapprehended

so

inspectionof

from

the woodcuts

it is

as

of
description

to

render

them

cessary.
unne-

procei^i. A charge of 7 tons of the lead to be

sion
desilverized is melted in the Pattinson pot, " boiled " by the immer-

Description
of the
of wood

The

"

and skimmed.

The

temperature of the lead

weight of

is raised to the

the

skimmingsis

5 cwts^

of zinc,and
melting-point

molten in the ad.joining

small pot
then the chargeof zinc previously
is laded into the lead. The practical
smelter of these works infurmed
me

that

Ijlb.of

zinc

was

requiredfor

every

ounce

of silver;but

in

161

PROCESS.

PARSES'

of the cost of the process, by Mr. \V. Kevill,

gtatement
less. The
will follow, the proportionof zinc Is very much
well
stirred
is
with
a
molten mass
rabble, so as to cause
perforated

the tabulated
which

HotluxiUilKcUon

thoroughintermixture

of the two

on

Ibe line C D.

tg. II

metals; the fire is damped,and the

gradually. During coolingthe

mass

left to cool

from

adheringto the sides of the

pot by

means

of

zinc must
a

be

kept

pieceof wood,

so

152

EXTRACTION

OF

SILVEB

PROM

LEAD.

to prevent tlie formation of ft solid ring of zinc lound the pot.

Wlien the Bur"ce has hardened it must be skimmed
with a. perfurated
ladle. After takingoff the solidifiedzino the buLjaoent
liquidlead is
as

skimmed.

After this treatment

the surface of the lead

colour,with which
indigo-blue
the zinc tlie lead should

be

much

was

has

After

struck.

assayedfor silver,and

if too

rich

removing
much

of

the latter metal

be found,the lead should be left at rest fur an hour

and then skimmed
again. The lead thus desilverized contains about
10 dwts. of silver per

ton, and

to be softened in order to fit

requires
to
recent
According
experienceat other lead
works the proportion
of silver will rarelybe found so low as 10 dwts.
A sptcimeuiif the zino crust, which
I brought from the works, contains
:;25
8
dwts.
The
is
silver,
fracture
ton.
i.e,
ozs.
Oti!t%
finely
jicr

it for the market.

somewhat
granular,
of
particles
grey ;

uneveu,

lead

approximatiugtocunchoidal, aiidblueibhadherent

ore

its upper

to

and lower surfaces.

'I'hesolidifiedzinc is put into the

somewhat
zinc

above

the

specimenof

and there heated

liquation-retort
of lead,but sensibly
below that^of
melting-point

the

lead
liquated

contained d5

of silver per
contained
to have
ozs.

to Mr. Nevill, it oughtnot

ton, whereas, according
than 10 ozs. per ton.
The residual zinc, if the

has
operation

more

been
no

properlyconducted, will retain from 40% to 50% of load,but

I'he liquated
lead is put aside until sufficienthas accumumore.
lated
to fillthe

otherwise

largeFattinsoo pot, when

treated

aa

fresh zinc is added

as

The

in the

it is melted,skimmed, and

operationpreviouslydescribed, but

no

the lead retains sufficientfor the purpose.

zinc thus drained of lead as far as practicable
is distilled in

the

Belgianreturts,in admixture with twiceitabulkof lime and its own

I
bulk of coal,5 cwts. of zino constituting
a
charge for the furnace.
assured
that
sensible
volatilized
of
silver
was
no
was
along
quantity
with

the zinc ; but

supposingany

silver to be carried

over,

it would

T^e residue
be lost,as the zino is used in the next operation.
The lead
matter.
in the retorts consists of lead and pulverulent
The
and
is re-molted,skimmed, and
powder
cupelled.
skimmings
not

added

are

to the

chargein

of distillation lasts about

throughoutthe whole
The
tons.

lead

24

'I'heprocess
is great loss of zino

furnace,
ore-smelting

hours.

process at almost

There

stage.

every

charge of desilverized lead, in the softening

process, is 10
It is kept melted at a good red-heat. The duration of this

of the lead. The time needed, on the

process varies with the quality
it is protracted
is 9 hours, but sometimes
average, for its completion
to 12 hours, and

at other times

completed in

6.

from time to time and tested as

twice, the first time
generallyskimmed
second
time about half an
and
the
charging,
withdrawn
is

varieties of lead will throw up much

During the first 2 hours it is heated
Some

sample should

to its softness.

more
more

about
hour

The

hours

before

be
lead

after

tapping.

skhumings than

strongly. The

others.
lead

tapped off into the cast-iron receiver, and therein subjccledto

i.e.wood is kept submei god in it,justas in tlie analogous
boiling,"
i
operationn the refiningof tin. 'Ihe wood ia held down by the
is

"

PARKES'

rimplecontrivance of
otherwise depressed
at
from
ita lower
"

about

end

convenient

troy of silver

weightedor

end, and

one

apparatus for

ia continued

for about

holdingthe
hour.

an

in the lead desilverized

ton

per

at

the other end, a rod of iron descendingvertically

middle of the lever,and having attached at

the

boiling"process

The

lever, fixed

153

PROCESS.

effect of the ebullition due

We

wood.

above, but

as

no

of the gaseous

to the escape

The

found 4

ozs.

zinc.

matter

from

the wood, thus heated considerably

beyond the temperature at
w-hich it begins to decompose, is probablynot wholly mechanical.
Much

at a red-heat would
is evolved from the wood, and steam
the evolntion of hydrogen ; and a method of applying

steam

oxidize

zinc with
with

Bteam

the
objectof dezincifying

the

lead

Farkefl'process has been proposedand cariied out

will be hereafter described.
The
before

tapping.

drawn

culm.

facilitate the

to

off is too

The

informed,

was

thin

to

left after

matter

thrown

are

as
operation,

be skimmed

on

befoie

the matter

to be

without

tappingtends

to

by

Corduri^,which

eompleldyskimnied

not

was

shovelfuls uf fine culm

Some

in order

skimming
thus

lead, I

softened

by

desilverized

the addition

of

prevent the cracking

of the furnace-bottom.
Coit
me

of the proceM.

Mr. William

by

communicated
to
details were
following
with permission
to publishthem
Kevill,
(April,
"

The

1859).-

10

tt

Hiiing 80

tons of lead

15
containing;
"c
wilh line,mflening,l"ditig,
"c
Ooftl,
iron,wear-tmd-leiir,

Spelter reqnired Gjr the above

atMp^lb

oxs.

of mtver per Iod1

320

quautitT of lead, lOtiS lbs.,)

!^

Con("Dtralingiiilyeralio;and saftenlDglead from do.

Cslci Ding and reducing8 tonst^droea
from 80 toiwof Uad

8"

0 18
1

15

DiBtilliii{;"0cwta.of8ilTeia]loj"om80b"iuoflead 3

IS

0 18

Melting rich retidue from distilling

retort^and preparing)
/
forrtflning.'.
Bcflningm-h ailver lead

Add

Toloe of lead

aboDt
lost,

1%

OostperlciQ
Becent

at
experience

other woiks

has shewn

24

16

16

10

the cost here

given

to be too low,

Kartten't

Parked
on
experi'mentg

Earsten

procfiu.

"

announced

that

in. 1842 he arrived at the conclusion izota experimental

data that
lead givesnp its content
uf silver to zinc in proportion
as a molted
mixture of lead and zinc is exposedduring solidificationto the condition
most

i.e.slow

favourable

to

the

of
complete separation

the two

metalK,

conclunot
to
to applythat sion
occur
informed that the
In 1851 Karsten was
to practical
metallurgy.'

cooling
; but

it did

'

Aichiv, 1S33, 25.

him

p. 19"

154

EXTHACTION

OF

SILVER

FBOM

LEAD.

deHilTerization of lead by zinc was

he Miggeetcdthat exjxtriments
on
made

being carried out in Walea when

a largo scale sbould be fortbwith
Friedrichtthtitte(Frederick ismelting
Works belon^ng to

at the

the Government)at Tamowitz, in order to teat the economical value

of the process. The suggestion
was
eompliedwith, and the following
is a summary
I have not considered it
of the chief results obtained.
necessary to reduce the I*russian weights into English. The centner
avoirduor
hundredweightis lOOlbe. Prussian, or 103111 pounds pois.'
The loth i" about 225 troy grains,
ounce
say roundly half an

troy. The

was

providedwith

was

which

and

apparatus used

Pattinson

pot of

cast-iron ; and it
rake-like stirrer of wrought-iron

an
upright
might easilybe turned rightand left so as
zinc as intimately
and which, after
as
possible,

to

mix

the lead

the end

of the

be withdrawn
from the pot, in order that it
Htirring,
might easily
interfere
with
the
not
iinc.
might
solidifying
argentiferous
i. 20 ctra. of 4^1oth lead (t.e.
containing4^ loths of silver per
then
with
I ctr. (5%)of zinc,covered with
w
ere
melted,
ctr.)
alloyed
and
2
charcoal-powder, kept during hours at a moderate melting
in constant
motion.
After
heat, duringwhich periodthe stirrer was
the

the temperature of
stirring

except towards the

end

the metallic

of 6 hours when

it

bath remained
was

the

lowered,water

same,

being

the surface in order to

on
sprinkled

the upper layerof metal,

solidify
and
the
removed,
was
liquidlead laded out;
dosHverized,as it retained only^ loth of
completely

'i'he solidified metal

the latter

was

iiilverper ctr.
II. 20 ctrs. of 3-lotb lead

were

stronger heat, and subjectedto the

No.

1.

alloyedwith
same

1 ctr. of zinc

kind of

at

aa
manipulation

in

stirringperiod lasted only an hour, after which the

The lead was
left at rest during 4 hours.
was
quite

The

metallic bath

free from silver.

IIL

were
with.J ctr. (2J%)of zinc,
alloyed
Completedeeilverization ia stated to have

20 ctrs. of 8-loth lead

and treated

as

in No. II.

occurred.
IV. 20 ctrs. of
and

treated

but retained

as

lead
2j-loth

in No. II.

were

I'he lead

alloyedwith /"
was

not

Q%) of zi""=,
deulverized,
completely
ctr.

loth of silver per ctr.

in order to find the

made
experiments were
of zinc requiredfor desilverization,
at
so
as
than ^ loth per ctr. in the lead. The result
least not to leave more
that by proceedingas above
shewed
described,stirring
during an
hour
and
the addition
of 1^% of zino must
be r^arded as the
minima, and that the time requiredfor the completionof the whole
proceas in a pot containing2a ctra. is not less than 4 hours.
of conductingthe proKarsten
then suggesteda difiereut mode
cess,
namely,that the whole metallic mass should be left to solidify
in the pot,and then so gently re-heated as only to liquefythe de-

Kany

minimum

similar

of time

and

DigitizecQyGoO

156

EXTRACTION

consideration
deailverize

as

it

OF

LEAD.

lead, whereas
J-loth

singlefuoion,only 1 J% of zinc was

Kamten
several reasons
aasignEHl

FROM

that o)f%of zino was

to
failure)
required
in the preceding
with
experiments,

was

SILVER

needed

for that purpose.

results last
the
surface
of
the
molten
metal
he kept
Although
may

recorded.

for the unfavourable

covered with

and long-continued
charcoal,yet, owing to the constant
of
o
f
dross,
stirring,largequantity
consisting the oxides of zinc
a

and

lead,intermixed

zinc, is

with

of
particles

always formed.

withdrawn

This

charcoal

metallic zino

and
is

shots of metallio
much

so

the pot ; and not only can

it not
the dcsilvorization of the lead, but it carries off any
it may

from

virtually

contribute

to

silver which

have

The evil would be removed by

abstracted.
previously
which
would
be very difGcult,
if indeed
air,
excludingatmospheric
it be practicable.
In any case
it is essential to effect the most intimate
mixture
much

of the lead and

zino,and this

stirring.
Experimentsin

the

be done

cannot

did
laboratory

suggest the fear that the formation

rock on
which
the process on the

of dross

or

largescale

without

not, says Karsten,

would be the

scum

would

be

wrecked.

One

thing,however, is certain,there can be no loss of silver by

either of lead or zinc takes placeat
as
no
volatilization,
evaporation
the temperature at which
the operation
is performed,
and a fortiori
there

can

be

none

of silver.

of the zinc from the lead is not perfect

separation
[andthis is
reallythe pointon which the process was wrecked, not the drossingj.
Karsten made the followingexperimentson the mixture of lead and
zino in a pot after the completion
of the usual treatment, namely,
stirring,
skimmii^, and leavingat rest until the lead was ready to be
The uppermost and most argentiferous
drawn off below.
tained,
layerconThe

silver,
2% of

besides zinc and

the metal contained

layer the

J%

"

thus

desilverized load

of zino

to the

even

remaining in the lead

of zinc added,

or

by

the

"cture

of

soon

was

of the pot.
influenced

not

for various

pipes; though there

of white-lead

or

reached, which
The

tho surface,
below

this

stillcontained

proportionof

either

zinc

the

by
quantity
higher or lower temperature at which the
of zinc is quitesufBcient
and that proportion

conducted ;
process was
lead
unsuitable
render
to

example,that

was

bottom

At 1^" below
2'5%; and
deeper
J"

lead.

8'C% of zinc,and

shot, in which

purposes
are

of

manufacture, for

others, such

such

lead

might

as

the

manu-

be used with

advantage. [This statement is wrong, as zino would be fatal in

be pershot making and bad for white-lead making.] Lead cannot
fectly
at a high temperature ; and the load
freed from
zinc, even
has been found
remaining in the retorts of the Sileaian zinc-furnace,
of
zinc.
with
notable
a
quantity
impregnated
the difEculty
With a view to remove
arisingfrom the formation
vrith access
of atmosjAeric
of so much
dross,consequent on stirring
"

air, Lange, the smelter

'

If the

had
Bepuialion

been

at

the Tarnowitz

effecUid,
i%
proptriy

Lead

would

Works,

be

nearer

contrived

the truth.

PABKES'
another

mode

[There is

the

without

pots

open
metal

intimatelymixing the zinc and lead together.

slightest
diScuitj in mixing lead and zinc in
any oxidation, practicallyspeaking.] Each

of

not

in

is molted

containingthe

157

PROCESS.

and skimmed
separate veaael,

through the

is then pouredinto the zinc

same

manufacturing shot,or throngh an

holes ^" in diameter, so that it descends

small

in

the bottom

pipe at

residual zinc

second

the

total

of lead is added, and

lead to

There
the

Silesian zinc retort

the
It

To

the

J%

than

so

that the

quantity
to the
properlyadjusted
None

of the lead after

of zinc.

Karsten

speaks

zinc
argentiferous

the

quantity of

alloywith

was

the silver,no

the

which

lead

ascertained that

was

absence

alongwith the zinc

sufficient lead for

silver,after the distillation of the zinc in a

but the loss of silver waa
withstanding
considerable, not-

sufficient lead

whether, in

be

must

desilverized.

of zinc,at least not

As

retort.

to

with

mixed

of the
cupellation

the vapour

is

off through

Lange'amethod.

waa

the retort.

be
less

desilverization contained
of
favourably

zinc in

the process la
when
the zinc
period

in the first instance

quantity of

lead

previouslydescribed.

manner

chai^

repeatedseveral times, but not beyond the

contains 25% of silver. It need hardly be added
of zinc added

that

The

thronghthe

hours,and then the lead is drawn

and

addition of the lead, the metallic mixture

the

drops. After

left at rest for about

wide.

kind of apparatus as
iron plateperforated

is used in
with

clean

higherthan

and
cylindrical,

zinc is

The

no

when

was

left

silver was

it was

along with

carried

with
alloyed

over

it in
with

lead in the

left in the retort

always necessarily
afforded of learning,
opportunitywas

of lead,silver would have been volatilized

loss of silver was
found to be due to the

lead throughthe stoppingin the hole in

escape of the ai^entiferons
front of the retort, through which the exhausted
residue is raked
out

yet

this

retained
stoppingefl'ectually

lead left in the

then made

were

the dam

was

distillation
with

dam

careful
lead

found

assayingwas
to

6^

loths

but

silver, chieflyin small

reeidue,from
or

The
not

by

other

which

suitable

the

ordinaryquantityof
containinglead. Eetorts

the bottom
From

in

this

in

was

owing
both

to

The

the

follows:

"

loss of silver

of
dispersion

retorts,and

the

by

lost metal

will

be recovered.

distillation is,as Karsten

olMerves,

with

by Lange

'
"

Tliifl table Bbows

bat

amall

the

also in the

snbseqnentdistillations by washing,

treatment,

connected
difficulty

collected.

were

this process.
estimated
cost of the procesa, per 100 otrs.,waa

The

front,and in

four distillations in

zinc,which after the most

argentiferous
to contain 94^ lotha of silver,
242 lbs. of

globules in

however

ore

at

in diameter.

desilverization of the zinc

the least

high

loths of silver

containing88^

amounted

4"

tap-hole
""

retorts of 4 ctrs. of the

two

of zinc

part of

the actual cobI of tbe procesa.

D,j,i,i.=L,

as

EXTRACTION

OF

of rilTpr lott,
at 26 Bgr. 3

fi^loths

SILVER

FROM

pf.

LEAD.

61

ID

Lsboor

22

OSS

Fuel

12

IS

I 19

|ctr.oflradloBt,at6Uidera
....:
i ctr. of zinc loal^,
at 4 thal"n 20 igr.

The
The

ooet therefore is about

i" not lost but is used

nno

excluded

from the
Karsten

^ain, eo

over

The

foregoingaccount.

lead is not

given.

shillingB
per

in Mr.

included,as

ft)

of Icftddeailverized.

ton

that IIb cost is

properly
silverized
softeningthe de-

of

cost

Nevill's acconnt

previonsly

concludes

by statingthat the emnll loss of metal iu

importantadvantage [whereasit is the large

this process is its most

of tbe process]
loss Utat is the greatestdrawback
; that lead too poor
be profitably
in silver to be treated by oupellation
desilverized
may

by sine ; and that the small quantityof zinc

undoubtedlybe removed by refining.
Deeilverization of argeutiferous
lead by zinc
in

first,

of the

account

fact is,there is
from

;
lead]

to fit it for

abandoned

was

so

freeingthe

favourable

more

for three

of
secondly,

the silver from

extracting

of separating
the
thirdly,

reasons

lead treated

to render it marketable

as

taken

againbeen

the

lead from

from

[whereasthe

and zinc is the easiest metal

difficulty,

no

loss i and

without

it

of
difficulty

it retained,

the zinc which

has

1866, and, it is asserted, with

up in Germany
when
results than previonsly,
on

left in the lead may

to

separate

of zino
the zino,so as
crust

uses.*
practical

Sinoe 186ft the process has been in operation

and
in.the Eifel,at the works of Firath and Jung,at Commem,

at those of Herbst

and

Company

at

Call, the proprietors

SchliE"semaar,near

of which,

informed, were
we
are
compelledto t"ke this course
of procuringand retaining
workmen
the
difficulty
possessing

from the

necessary skill to conduct

above
At the works
follows

pieceof

to fiisea

zinc

zino is added in three

then
two

\,and lastly^.
metals

mentioned

process !

the

lead is melted in a Pattinson

The

the Pattinson

is carried

out

as

heated

sufficiently
placedon tbe surface of the molten lead. The
first^ of the total quantity
portions,
required,
After

the

intimatelymixed

are

process
pot and

addition

of the

with
by stirring

first portion,
the
a

perforatedladle

minutes, the temperature being well keptup during

that period.The fire is now
damped with wet fuel,and the pot is

during2u
left to

or

30

cool.

The

solidified crust

surface,is taken off,any

the pot are detached, and
until the lead
the pot. The

of zinc, which

which
portions
the

may

adhere

collects
to

of skimming
operation
and
to
set
on
crystallize
strongly
begins
temperature of the pot is againraised to

on

the

the sides of
is continued
the sides of
the

melting-

*
A. jwper on
the
subject hoa been , Sta"te,'
18S8, B. 16, p. 49 ; and from fliat
hv liWg, of Aadieaiberg, paper tbe toHowlng infonnatioD haa been
commnnksted
,
aerived.
I shall traodnte litendljmuuli
to the ' Zeitachrin filt das Beig-,UilttenPreuitiaeben [of what lUig baa wiitlen.
Baliiiaiw"aen in dem
Q.

PARSES'

159

PROCESS.

point of ziuo, and tlie eecond portion of zinc is put in, tho same
in the first instance. The third
as
being practised
manipulation
and
the same
followed ; bat
zinc
is
added,
treatment
portionof the
is needed in skimming than in the two precedin this ease more
care
ing
of the richness in silver of the zino removed.
account
on
operations
to be observed are, heatingthe lead under
The specialprecantions
very hot and

treatment

intimatelymixing the
slowly, very careful skimming

the lead very

I'he

of zino is r^ulated

chai^

For

250
oontamii));

From
zino

to

accordingto

the content

of silver

followingproportions

"

kUogranunefl
req.iiires
I)% of zinc

at silver per 1000

grammoa

that the quantityof

table,it will be perceived
foregoing
the
is
not
to
quantity of silver in the
proportionate
required
the

lead,for which
the nnmbers

no

reason

yet be assigned; and

can

given has been confirmed

amoimted

to

kili^^mmes
The

not

in

and

6 grammes,

found

was

containing1250

did

kilogrammes,1^%

1000

the correctness

by trials made

Thus, at these works, it

Silver Works,

of zino sufficed to desilverize lead

per

it,cooling

takingcare

droppinginto the pot and

completedesilverization the

have been found necegsaiy

Lead

and

"

prevent piecesof the crust of zinc "om

becomingre-melted in the snbjacentlead.
in the lead.

zinc with

in the

that,whereas

!""%

of silver

grammes

former

the latter to 10

of

at the Clausthal

the

case

silver

per 1000

grammes

of lead.

quantityof

silver abstracted

after the anccessive additions

of zino is very variable,and is not the

results will show :
following

at different works, as

same

the

"

I.

CM^DBlleBd
Lead

after lit additiaD of zioe

Da

01

poot lead

I. Kfisnlts obtained

2S3

1250

210

2S0

SO

42

2addo

DenlTOriied

n.

6-2

...

by Illigat

n.

the Schlieasemaar

Works.

Keeultfi obtained at the Clausthal Silver Works.

richer in silver than
In Na II.,where lead much
IL

operatedupon,

desilverization

IS'd.I.,contrary to what
that

was

was

more

quicklyeCTected

; and
anticipated

it has

less zinc suffices for the desilverization of the

ferous

lead of Clausthal,and

that

in Ko. I.

only two

than

was

in

also been found

poorer

additions

argenti'

of zino

are

160

OP

EXTBACTIOX

rtquired.As

the

taken

zinc crust

a"1ditionB is not BaturHted with

instead of freah zinc

LKAD.

off after the Mecond

it
ailver,

and

PROM

SILVER

be used

may

third

and

verize
desil-

a^^ain(o

at Schlii;anemaar this is flometimes

renderingdesilverization less complete.

Dninfifieation
of lead bg ehltride nf lead. The noTol part;of the
argentiferouslead by zinc, which has been
process of desilverizing
of that portionof the zinc
introduced in Germany, is the removal
done without

"

which

be rendered

may

in the

is retained

the poor

fit for

produced,whereby
consists in

This

nse^.'
practical

lead while

zinciferous

or

poor lead

melted

the

latter

snbjecting

to the action of sabetances

chloride of lead,for which

chlorine, especially
a patent
containing
of the name
has been grantedto Herbst, and an engineer
of WassermauD.*
After the completioaof the process of desilverization.
above
in the manner
described, the poor lead is kept melted during
24

nsnaliyabrnt

moderate

at a

temperature

in

Fat-

layer of 3\% of chloride of lead, (i.e.

3^% by
when
freqHcnt
by
treatment),
stirringthe
is
with
in
the
lead
converted
into
chloride
the
existing
separation
equiviilcnt
proportionof metallic lead from that palf. The

tinson

pot nnder

hours,

weightof the lead under

zinc

of

an

chloride of zinc thus formed

bath

in

state.
slag-like

swims
At

the surface of the mctallio

upon

and

Herbst

is conducted, the chloride

operation

Co.'s works, where

this

of lead is

preparedby the action

acid upon lead-fame, and is,consequently,
of hydrochloric
not very
of
lead,
instead
of
the
theoretical
only
62%
containing
74%,
pure,
portion
proin the pure chloride. It is appliedwhile stillmoist. The comjdcteremoval of the zinc is indicated by the lead presentingthe appearances
characteristic of purity,which are well known
to every
and amongst
lead-smelter,
exi"erienced
the iridescent eHn.
throwing on a little lime
with

chloride would

calcination
sale ; but
furnace

The

in order

if it be free from

slag,and

few

if not, it must
hours.

the sequel,
p. 458).In the

to thicken

antimony finwhich

be useless,as

during a

during 24

these may be particularly

tioned
menlead is then skimmed
clean, after
the chloride

this double
of

be

separatedby

it is,after this treatment, ready for

hoursj,
be kept at a dull red-heat in a softening
article

(Secthe
case

softeninghard lead in
probablybe

on

of antimonial lead it would

better to resort to this process in the firstinstance,as

be separatedin an
oxidized state.
zinc would
which
composition

the treatment

case

the zinc would

of zinc

alongwith

mony
anti-

The

changes in
undei^oes in

the lead at Herbst and Oo.'s works

shown in the following
tabulated
are

results

treatment

Illig:"
I nisL it to be diitinctlr nndEretood

I veil

bb

that,while I publish the followinKaUte-

of line

I om reepimsible.
According to Oruner, at Bmabach,
crusts of
tbe Rhine, the argentiferoua
on
zinc are treated with chloride of lead,aa

rived

the deBilTcrizoi l^ad.

ClJoride

fonotd, and the silver i" conin the

in part
lead, whicb
menls. I do not assent to man; of th^ra. centrated
between
the brackets, existed in tbe crusts,and is ia pitrt
dcFor the oommi'nts

[ J

by

"

from

the

p. 893.
,

it

the

zinc,
1868.

chluride
Ann.

d.

ot lead

Mines, 6.

reduced
ser.

13,

DEZINOIFICATION

OF

Fonlgn nxUli

hoUIubi]

In th" lad

DHladBed

eml.

pv

nL

n.

L
DnllT"rli"I

Ind

imir

Vsitet

l"d

Anfimonj
Oopper

O'OW

O-OIO*

0-003

0-008

0-011

0-007

Iron

0-OM

0-005

0-005

0*777

0005

0-003

0-00062

0-00062

0-00062

'Zino
Silver
"

In iba origlnilpip"r Uw

glHn ta "Mno, vhkl^

dodAw
1

From

foregoingresults,it

the

formation

On

of

error

Pirath

and

melted

under
8

or
analysiB

which

10

hours

of

of

the

impure chloride
results,it

other

ployed.
em-

may

have

salt in

common

lead

the

zinciferous

the

lead would

hours],
polingbeing at

poor

of

kept

furnace
reverberatory

have

the

works

lead is

[receutexperiencein England

salt the

of lead

sampling]

other ebloridei."At

by

layerof 1%

or

or

lead

Co., at Commem,

common

in 4

the chloride of lead

of oopper is increased,in
proportion
and
this result is ftscribed
to
0-011%
0-008%
;

given,from

Deaneifiealion
of

without

during the dezincifidegreeabstracted,having

as
Illigsuggests by the
antimony,or by its oiuda-

existingin

by lUJg to the derivation of copper from

containing that metal [butlike many

during

ibowi, ti datlj

the contrary,the

the instance

arisen from

coateit

that

appears

and volatilization of chloride of

the free oiide of lead

by

Uw

^pogniililaleiTor.

oation of the lead, antimony ia in ft certain

been reduced from 0-046% to 0-01%,and
tion

181

LEAD.

time

same

shews

that

for

been

ready
ping
tapafter
practised,

the lead is

tapped off into a pot, skimmed, and laded

pig-moulds.According to laboratoryexperimentsby Illigon
evolves chlorine from
oxide of lead is produced,which
subject,

into
this
the

chloride of sodium, with the formation of a compound of oxide of

lead and soda. The chlorine thus set free combines
with
directly
zinc and

lead, producing chlorides

of those

metals

and

then

the

chloride of iead performs the same

function as previously
described.
ture
ascertained that by meltingpure oxide of lead (PbO) in admixIllig
with

chloride of sodium,
chloride of lead is formed.
to have

shew

that the

the chloride of

the

of
composition

At

the end

the lead

by

in the least influenced

was

III.

by

sodium]:

of 1867 and

of

Lead

fbb

beginningof

obst.

1868

Boyal Silver Works at Clausthal,on

chlorides of the saline deposits
at
potassic
VOU

sulphateof soda,

"

OojcFoernoN

at the

from

chloride of sodium, was

following
composition
[butno proofis advanced to
the treatment

Lead, resultingfrom
found

free
perfectly

were
experiments

the

made

substitution of tho

Stassfuirth for chloride of

"-'

162

EXTRACTION

lead and

salt.

With

FROM

LEAD.

objoctthn doRilvcrizcd lead was

frequentpolingduring 24 hours in a Pattinaon
layer of 2% of those salts,which contain chloride of

common

thiB

with

kept molted
pot under

8ILTER

OP

Now, as the latter salt cvoItcb hydrochloricacid when

that this acid would
stronglyheated, it was
anticipated
promote

ma^csium.

The

dezincification.
and

results

what

like that
Stasefurth

of lead and

been found

results obtained
Stassfurth salt

advantageousthan

more

by

eHccted

sooner

The

as

alkaline chloride

or

lead is much

quite

were

salt has

ride of lead
latter.

by practice

Batin"ctoryas with chloride of lead,

is important,there was
no
productionof noxious vapour
of chloride of iead (?). A mixture of sulphateof lead and

the

it is stated,confirmed

anticipation
was,

aa
by itself,

the former

with the

are

given

use

of
purification
the
of
either
by

the

than

of this mixture

under

as

either chlo'

sulphate

of

"

Hetalb

FOBBIOH

I"uUoK"

Oriilul k^

poc

Trr

l'4ii

Coppsr
Antinwnj

0-10"0

OOOM

0-006*

00062

0-6208

0-0096

0-0080

0-0058

Iron

0-0032

0-OOM

0-0019

0-0018

Zinc

O-0013

0-003*

0002*

fl-002*

BilTOr

01200

000063

000063

00013

Another mode

the
two

of detineification.
Accordingto lUig,this
"

dcFtilvorizcd lead, with the addition of sand

passing
cinder
bosic silicate of protoxideof iron from the
(i.e.
the

consists in
and

tap-

puddling-

through a small blast-furnace. Most of the zinc is thus

fiimaco),
into an iron
slaggedoff,and the rest volatilized. The load is tapi"ed
and
hour
the
last
in
order
to
an
remove
poledduring
portions
pot
of sine. Lead thus produced has been found to contain the following
metals per cent. ;
foreign
"

I.
Iron

Zinc

I.

n.
0004

"

0003

"

Antimony
Copper

0-OOlS

Silver

O'OOO*

Analysisby

0002
0-006

traoe

Eiscnhuth.

II.

0-0009

Analysisby Illig.

It is,however, .asserted that the chemist Flach, who was

reported
But Flach obtained
to adopt this method, kept his proceedings
secret.

patent in England for allegedimprovements

silver "om

'

1866, D".

A.D.

Flach

lead, and in the

died

ia 1868.

SlBt
His

this
specification

No.

3*49.

furniBlies

potent

; proTal a"

inot

tlioabsurdity of

hovB

in

extracting

process is described.'
this patCTitwould
condition,
cninttd,at li'astin ita |"re-

been

which
sent shape. Slctliode axe claimed
eiistinKpatent lawn, nnd shows the bod been long previoosl;patfnt"d and
necessityof tlis exercise of discretion on i appliedin pnicticein tliie country. The
the part of the crown
in tiie gmnting of I use
of the bloat-fumace
to be tlie
secnu
essential point; and yet in the speciHcapatents. It is certain that if it had been
that without the Unstto a Ition it ii admitted
requircdto mibmit the Rpcciflcation
competent tribunal and obtain ita ap- i fonuce, the whole of tlie-SiiKmay, be i"anotber
the

illustration

of

'

164

BXTRACnOH
The

OP

zino
argentiferous
in
tap-cinder

lead and

the lead is
in

reeidues

FROU

are

which

LEAD.

smelted

low blast-furnace,with

tappedoff in

SILVER

witli
conjunction

in

coke

as

the fuel ; and

the silver is concentrated.

This

is refined

Trials have been made with

Englishcupellation-fumaoe.
the view of further oonoentratinf;
the silver,by subjocting
the rich
the blast-furnace to deHilverization hy zinc ;
lead "om
argentiferous
but they were
in that cose the loss of silver was
creased
innot auocesaful,
aa
than in proportionto the richnesa of the products
more
an

obtained.
A

in French,

by Siigor,on the subjectof Flacb's soin type, which

appeared since the above was
in
its
fitvour. It is
announcements
Burpriaing
declared that the silver extracted by it exceeds by at least 2% the
total indicated by assay, that the loss of lead is "almost
preciable"
inapand that it is "45 percent, more
(pretqueiitapprieuMe),
pamphlet

called system, has

contains somewhat

economical

than

with

Pattinson's

system and

Qtiillem and

in

respect
economy,
dated July 15, 1869,
Co., of Maraeillea,

in the desUverization

of

ment,
state-

firm

engaged

Spain.
nearly
cupelhalf they

Flacb's process for

the silver in the lead for

carried

three years, that they ooncentratcd

laliou to the extent
of 9%, and that

adoptedFlach's

This

certificate of

lead, especially
that of
argentiferous

that they had

also certify
'J'hoy

had

other."

every

is contained

to

on

during"

year and

process to the exclusion of every

other.

Another

dated Jan. 21, 1860, is given by the manager

of the Far
certificate,
effect: that since August
Works, Cornwall, to the following
tjmelting
27, 1869, the

I("d treated at those works

quantity of argentiferous
and
the
of
silver
was
tons,
quantity
produced was 5tl,300 oes.,
the exoess
of silver beyond what
indicated by assay being 1024
was
of from
300
to 400 ozs., computed to remain
in the
ozs., exclusive
hearth of the blastfurnace.
I have given the dates as they occur
in
the pamphlet,though there is obviously a blunder.
It is necessary
to boar in mind
that assaying,
of argentiferousproducts,
especially
has not always been accurately
conducted, and that Bcriously
erroneous
conclusions concerningmetallurgical
have
sometimes
processes
resulted from such inaccuracy. Flach'a so-called system consists of
the followingoperations: 1. The addition of zinc to the argentiferous
lead in three successive portions,
with the usual precautions,
1013

"

the crust

beingremoved

in due time after e"ich addition,and

in order to separate adherent

lead from

the bottom

protoxideof iron, or of this oxide, lime and alumina,

that the
about 33% of silica; and it is recommended

of the blast should

the

liquated

off of the dcsilveriEcd

Drawing
Passing the desilverized lead
cate
of siliconjunctionwith slagsconsisting
;

2.

of the pot; 3.

througha blast-furnace,in
of

lead

not

exceed 6'4 inches of water

4. The

and

taining
con-

pressure
lead from

the zinc
greenwood,in order to remove
in
and suba
f
urnace,
calcining
softening
zinc
sec^uentpolingmay be resorted to instead ; 5. The argentiferous
small
blasta
are
cniats, after having been liquated,
passedthrough
with sl^ containing
furiuice in conjunction
about 30% of silica,with
furnace

which

it may

is

poled with

still retain ;

or

BY

D^ILVERIZATION

165

ZINC.

pressure of blast eqn"l to 7 inches of water ; "nd it is positively

asserted that in this operationthere is no
loss of silver; 6. The
b

is cupelled
in the usual
in every
Gast-iroD
last 8

or

heated

pots, holding lo, 16,

metal, when

in
liquated

process
small pot, and

The

of zinc is

crust

The

rGpeat"dtwice.

this

of zino

crusts

are

the lead so, drained off is transferred to

of zino of second
proportion
quality
average

The

original
pot.

uLeits. The whole

immediately
during 20 minutes, and

labour

cool at rest for 3 hours.

left to

off,and

tons,
desilverized is melted, and
is plaoedupon the
zinc, in ingot,
be

it

manual

energetically
by

afterwards

to

the

be

20

or

to 12% of silver,
qualityis used,and
directlyoperatedupon.
be employed; they
may

of second

may

lead

littlebeyond 41 1" C.

is stirred

the

The

months.

10

surface of the molten

taken

Zino

manner.

furnace-lead

crude

case

from 7%
containing

this fumaoe,

enriched lead from

requiredfor the desilverisation of very impttrecrudo lead,containing

2000 grammes
(65 ozs. 6 dwts. 1 (i grs.Jof silver per ton (tonne= 1000
is 1-6%of
kilogrammes),

lead contains
20

from

only

silver per ton.

of zinc is from

Althoughthe
Flach

may
to remember

An

attempt

at Clausthal

was

set

made

desilverized
'6

The

forth from

on

lead

under

treatment.

the GO."alIed system of

conviction,yet it is well

honest

from
theyhave proceeded

that

The

dwts.
(3 dwts. 5 ^tb. to
of
lead
removed
quantity
along with

1*75%to 2'2o% of the

advantagesascribed to

manifold

have been

obtained.

5 to 6 grammes

of
grs.)

the crusts

market-lead

the

interested

sources.

small scale in the chemical

dissolve out the zinc from

laboratory

the

powdciy argentiferous
residues by dilute sulphurio
acid, so ae to facilitate the subsequent
extinction of the silver from the residual product;but the result was
for onlyabout 12% of zinc was
removed, and no silver passed
abortive,
into solution. The compositionof the productafter treatment
by
to

acid
sulphuric

found to be

was

COHPOStTIOH

as

OF

follows
BSSmCAL

"

PRODUCT.

Lead

83-57

saver

1-915

Copper

1'II7

Zino_

9-92

Wnter

0-M

ut-iJ
Snlpliurie
Oxygen combined

I'll

with lead eaUmated b; diSereaix

...

1'479

100-000

surelywould
acid.
sulphuric
It

of

Produce

and

have been

to
preferable

use

instead
hydroohlorio

of degSvei-izalionby zinc at Clausthal. The data

respect to produce,by the desilverization of about
4000 otrs. of lead at the Royal Silver Woiks
at Clausthal,where the
since the end of 1807,are ^own
process has been in regularoperation
cost

"

afforded with

in the table hereafter inserted

The

lead

operatedupon

(p.167).
0-286% of

contained

copper,"

0-003%of

166

BXTRACnON

OF

SILVER

PBOM

iron, 0*442%of ftntimoDy,sod from

"

(1 quint

It

worked

was

in

the third 40

and

with

grammes,
added

nno

and

stillremaining,the lead
with

coal

The

Abstrich

the lead

was

tapped off

was

chargeof

allowed

analysed before
under:

fuel, a

the

as

and

manner

180

the

72 hours,

antimimy

cupellation-fumaco
being introduced.

centners

flow out until litharge

appeared,when
laded into pig-moulds. Ilio lead was

to

and

this treatment,

after

An

Herbst's

at

as

remove

Gorman

de-

and

commerce.

pot so long as

order to

In

effected

was

doNiiverized

fit for

same

Pattinscn

softened in

was

The

brittle to be

attempt was
works, and it was kept melted in a
result.
yet without a satisfitctory

tons,

"

Dezincification

it in the

soften

to

12

about

or

lbs., the second 100 lbs.,

260
lbs.

Stassfiirthsalt.

hard

too

wax

made

coptnerB each

400

"

quintsof silrer per

50 kilogrammee).

1 centner

was

Iba., total

snlphataof lead and

xincified lead

"nd

chargesof 250

llie first portionof

"

12 to 13

"

centner

LEAD.

and

results

the

are

as

"

Lw^aMtaSned

nf

Ibn^D mrtiti,pv

onit.

'

n.

L
BpfbR

!""tbe
loflrnlng
npell"Elon4unuwf""19"3

Antimony
Copper

skgs

The

io

^uptrllAtioa-runuaa.
0-0098
00076

lion

0-0037

00013

Ziite

0-0043

00026

from tho Pattinaon

well

pot,as

abstrich formed

The

antimony,and

in

and

containingsome

tho

it for hard

tc^ther

smelted

lead
retiultiog

was
cupellation

tho

to treat
it is proponed

those

as

lead,wero

(bloat)fumaco,
lithai'go-roductk"n

Boftonod,

vlVnliiffIn tha

OOOCa

the dezincification of tho poor

hjad from

AVr

very

lead.

The

was

rich in

liquated

Bilvor per centner, and, after

This was
for the most
zinc
0-5
off
the
scam,
quint.
only
skimming
before
the
addition
of the third
part put into the desilverizing-pot

lead after

of
portion

by

tappingheld

aino

itself with

and
40

when

this

zinc

copper-sl^s(thetreatment
are

of lead.

centners

equalweightsof
will

essentially
composed ot

bo

3 linos of mercury

of the furnace

kept

was

which
ing-chambcr,

liasicsilicate of

much

dark."

is connected

in order to catch

hung
during 36

; not
"

as

much

fumo

At

the

with
fumo

was

tho

rich

lead-regulua

in tho

Okcr

sequel),

of iron;
protoxide
effectedwithout
a

pillarof

blast

emitt^, and the mouth

opening of
as

The

and
lead-rcgulus

fullydescribed

was
the silver passes into the reduced lead. Smelting
at the lowest possible
temperature, with
difBculty

equalto

desilverized

it was
practicable

smelted at Clausthal in

was

with tho addition of

furnace

not

was

lbs. of zinc to 250

powdery
ai^ntifcTOus

which

quints of

the last condens-

stack,a

wet

possible-After

sack

was

smelting

only 0-1 pound of fumo was collected,of which tho

that there was
1 quint per centner, so
no
content of silver was
sensible loss of silver by volatilization. [Not the least value should
hours

be attached to

such
bingleexperiment

as

this.j

DEZINCIFICATION

TaBIS

op

concluaion

The

RESrLTB

TBI

Claoathal

at

LEAD

BT

ItaihVBB3XATIOil

QT

lose both of ailver and lead

The

OF

was

ZiBO

BT

AT

ClAUSTHAL.

that in desilTerization

by

zinc the

less than in Fattinson's process.

of original
lead ia givenas nnder :

cost per centner

was

"

Or.

(aroidim" FT. Cpm").

DcsilTerization

7' 861

zinc
BmeltingargentiretonE
CupeLation
Bofteningpoor lead

S-791

5-353

3-918

Beductionof

9-562

12

0-485

bom
lillinrge-Blag
sofleuing

Oi io ronnd uumliera gomewhat

1 Or.

advantageof the
is that lead
by Illig,

triflemore

tli"n 1". 2(1.

eiceeding23i. per

lii.
i(erUii(.

One
out

STEAM.

le

Pf.=

ton.

i Gr.

zino desilvcrization process, which is pointed

which
is too impure to be directly
treated

Pattinson's procesB, and therefore requires

preliminarypurification
for
direct desilverization
is
suitable
the
quite
by
softening
process,
zinc.
lead
after
been
deflilverizcd
Bnt
by zino must be
by
having

by

softened

and

takes
softening

t*^

placeafter

the
or

same
thing as to expense, whether
before desilverization. Another advan-

lead, which

is that zinc eliminates copper from

does
needs

it is much

not

only

in

about

a
one

sensible

degree.

third

fourth of the number

Pattinson's cess
prothat it

advantageis

of workmen

requiredin

of the process is the

specialdisadvantage
zinciferous
slags produced in the
highly
the poor lead and of smeltingthe powdery
operationof dezincifying
ai^ntiferouszinc skimmings.
This process
tleam.
Deeineificalitm
of detUverized Ifad by guperhealed
is stated to have been invented by Corduri^ of Toulouse,and was
Pattinson's process.
of
difficulty

The

treatingthe

"

patentedin England,December

13, I86fj,about

three weeks

before

EXTRACTION

OF

SILVER

the date of Flach's

patent,*Lead

usualmannerwith

the addition of

of

crust

eino
argentiferouB

passedinto the
by the latter is
evolution

is skimmed

by

so

LEAD.

desiiveristedis treated in the

of zinc

2%
containingsome

After the removal

steam
lead, raporhoated

is

of the steam

with

lent
equivaattacked.
slightly
the state of powder,
carry along with it
an

the lead is bat

formed risesto the surface in

off. The

of the

lead,whereby the einc retained

the oxygen

while
of hydrogen,

llie oxide of zino

and

to be

desilTerized molten
oxidi;^

FROH

hydrogen,which

may
oxide of zinc,is passedthrough a suitable condensing-chamber,
and collected, lite argentin order that this oxide may be deposited
iferous
some

exposedto the action of a current of

hot air, in the midst of the melt"d alloy,"
with a view to the oxidation
of the zinc ; or, preferably,
to that of a jetof superheated
steam
The
under the necessary pressure.
zino is thus onidized together
crusts

of zinc

are

to be

"

with

quantityof lead, and the mixed oxides are to be separated

lead by skimming or liquation.
argentiferous
'Jlie ai^utiferouB
and
the
lead,aft"r this treatment, is cupelled,
oxides are regenerated
but
mado
to
traverse
a
;
they are previously
bath of lead, to which theyyieldup any silver which they may have
a

certain

frooL the molten

"

drawn

off with them,

as

well

as

traces of oxide of lead."

s^rr^
Cart-lTonpot fn uhlch

Iht di

!!,
f. Cdvct

i.

Spmt (or Upplng offIhe ilnlliertied Uad.

'

ImprDvemenls

ia the treatment

k.

or

liDud roninmnlaiilr

Flof, In vbich Ui"

of lead end

itaiii

ii

ki

argcu^erouslithuge.

DEZINCIFICATION
of
description

OP

LEAD

169

STEAM.

BT

at Messrs. Both.proceBS, as practised

Bctild's works at Havre, has been publishedby Gniner, und "om
that the followinginformation h"e been extracted *
The apparatoa

Cordune's

in
employed is represented
from the engraving
givenby
There

woodcut, which

is

copied

Gmner.

pots to reoeive

two

are

the annexed

the desilverized lead which

are

used

two openingsin the mixingconaeqnently,

the
each of
reoeiving-pots
respectively,
pot communicating
with
The
is
whiqh openings
a
provided
plug arrangement.
charge
of sine is placedin a perforated
rises as it
box, und so gradually
melts through the bath of lead; and mixture is promoted by causing
the vertical shaft carrying
this box and the agitator
'llie
to rotate,

alternately
; and

there are,
with

mode

of

communicatingrotation

to

the

and
agitator

box

containing

without referenceintelligible
chargeof zinc,will be sufficiently
letters; the whole system is plaoedapon " little carriagerevolving
the

Shortlyafter

rails.

on

lusion of the zlno the

the

rotatingpart

of

the apparatus is removed, after which

the bath is well stirred by
hand for a few minutes.
The argentiferous
oruflts are
transferred
the lead which drains off
small pot close by and there liquated,
lead
being put b"tck into the originalmixing-pot. Usuallythe same
to a

is thus treated three times

of zinc

requiredis

8 grs. per

is from

ton)of

Vb%

silver ; but

When

2%,

to

the hood
full,

1%

with
successively

for lead

total

(32
higherproduce in

of the lower

or

ozs.

quantity
13

dwts.

silver it

is
dezincifying-pots

is lowered

over
it,the lead is heated to redness, and
passedinto it. The excess of steam and hydrogen

Iron
condensing-L'hamber.

with

The

containingO'OOl

for lead of

one

superheatedsteam
producedis conveyed through
the

zinc

the zinc;

the

pipe attached

to the hood

into

antimony

oxidized

along

and

are

little oxide of lead is also formed, of which

the
increases
with
the
of
zinc
and
quantity
proportion
antimonypresent.
Steam

is

which

does not

passed into

the lead until

hydrogen ceckses
lapseof 2 or

until after the

occur

to be

evolved,

3 hours.

After

the hood
cooling
surface

is raised,the oxide of zinc accumulated

the
upon
of the metal in the state of powder is skimmed
off,and the

lead is cast

into

zinc

has

pigs. ^^ hen a sufficient quantityof argentiferous

been produced,
they are melted and subjectedto
the action of superheated
in the manner
steam
described, whereby
enriched lead,containing
from 1% to 2% of silver is obtained,whi"^
is

crusts

cupelled.
The

powders retain shots of lead, and as these vary in

silver,
accordingas they have been derived from poor and
rich lead,the powders are treated separately.The poor powders are
waehed
inclined table under a jotof water, whereby the powder
on
an
content

oxidized

of

is carried away

and

the

shots

of metal

left,which

are

furnace, or added to the original

reverberatory
poor
I'he
of
are
micing-pot
powders collected by levlgation

"

Ann.

do Hioea. 6 b6:.13. p. 395.

1868.

melted

in

lead in the
three kinds

170

EXTBACTION

OP

SILVER

the heaviest consists of oxide of lead with

reduced

in

LEAD.

FBOM
but

furnace; the middle

reverboratoiy

little zinc,and it is

portionconsists

of

the oxides of lead and zinc,which is washed againwith the addition

of fresh powders; and the liii^htest
portionmay be sold as oxide of
zinc.

The

rich

shots and

powders are

plateswhich

lead, while the oxides

in a
finely-sifted

remain
and

the sieve

on

fine metallic

vat of water

and the

to the rich

added

are

particles
depositedin

the

Tha

vat
treated by cold hydrochloric
acid of sp. gr. 1088.
are
oxide of zinc is dissolved,
chloride of zinc is thrown
and the resulting
the
insoluble
consists
the
chloride of lead and
residue
of
away;

silver,of oxychlorideof antimony, and

of fine metallic

particles.

This

residue is drained, and then melted in a cast-iron pot. The

metallic particles
collect at the bottom
and constitute rich lead.
The melted chloride is skimmed
off and reduced in a reverberatory
furnace

with

lead thus

admixture

which
yielded,

of lime and
contains but

carbonaceous matter ; and the

is returned to the
littlesilver,

mixing-pot.
'llie markei-lead

is said to

be

completelyfree

The
desilverized zinciferous lead at the
copper.
contained 0-75% of zinc ; but, after having been

from

works

zinc
at

and

Havre

subjected to the

lected
action of steam, it yieldedonlyfeeble traces of zin"
The powder colthe desilverized and dezincifiod load consisted of 79% of
on
shots of j"w
lead and 21% of oxides, in which were
found 61*4%
of oxide of lead and 308% of oxide of zinc, the residue consisting
of " iron, carbonic acid,etc.,"but no antimony was
detected in it.
'ITie oxides derived from the rich plumbo-zinciferous
crusts being
more

hood

impure are treated with hydrochloricacid.

in nietallio plateson the
product is deposited
when

tho rich cruets

are

operatedupon.

by the steam
projectscontinuallymetallic
hood,whore they flatten and stick ; they are

The

most

pure
im-

interior of the

boilingcaused
against the
particles
The

returned

to

the mixing-pot.

treated
this establishment,250 tons of lead were
Pattinson's process, or 10 tons in 24 hours. From
50 to 62 men
wore
employed, and the coal consumed amounted to
from 45% to 50% of the weight of the load. Tho loss upon the lead

Formerly,at
by
every month

of

Carthagonawas 6%, and 4%

and
only two mixing-pots

with

on

two

present(1868),
containing10 tons
receiving-pots

"pnro lead."

At

per month ; and only

23 men
are
employed,inclusive of those engagedin all the accessory
sumption
The loss upon pure lead is 1% instead of 4%, and the conoperations.
of coal 10% instead of from 45% to 50%. It is added that the

each,20

work

tons

treated in 24 hours, or 600 tons

pendence
of I'attinson'e process, there is less delead
is
and tho
the caprice
of the workmen,
on
very pure.
in I'atwhereas
of
market-lead
is
formerly,
produced,
day 90%

is not

Every

are

so

hard

as

that

tiuBon's process, in order to obtain 10 tons of market-lead, it was

from 60
containingaltogether
necessary to have six pots in operation,
to 70 tons of lead.
The cost of the zinc process for the kinds of lead
treated
usually

at

this establishment

is stated to be 25 francs

(20".)

172

OF

EXTRACTION

SILVER

FROM

LEAD.

about 6 hours,and the antimonyfrom 3 to 4 houra more.

The refined
lead coBtaine at a maximum
than 0-00()%,
either of zinc or
not more
The

antimony.

loss does not

yieldof best-refined lead

eioeed

%veightof the

'He

1%.

is from

fuel conHumed

charge,against14%

used

in

76%, and the

ie about 10% of the

74%

the

to

former

method

of

refining.
The

use

of other

oxidizing
agents at

nitrate of soda,Id the same

maimer
of iron in Heaton's process, has

unfavourable,as
well

as

the lead

the zinc and

of hot-blast at

use

At

Braubach,

as

been

oxidized

was

antimony.

lower teinperature,
such as
for the refining

recommended

tried ; but

the

results

were

considerable extent, as
Similar results wore
obtained by the
to a

dull red-heat.
the

on

Hhine, dezincification of

the lead has been

effected by treating
itwith litharge
in a reverberatory
adrantageoualy
of lithai^. The same
furnace at the melting-point
planwas tried in
the Uarz, below the melting-point
of litharge,
but without effect;
and the duet of litharge
to the health of the workmen,
was
injurious
the
conducted
in open Tesaels.
to
being
owing
operation
has
of
been made
with a view to
A great number
experiments
of the argentiferous
with the blast-furnace in the treatment
dispense
occasion
much
loss of silver ;
zinc
which
treatment
must
a
assuredly
"

but

none

Among

were

until the introduction

successful,

the latest of these

experimentsmay

process.

the attempt

in a reverberatory
or
litharge
'lliezinc skimmingswere covered with an equal
oupellation-fumace.
to

the silver

of the steam

be mentioned

remove

by

treatment

with

to a long-continued
and subjected
heat,with the
weight of litharge,
of
the
zino
the
direct
of
intention
action
by
oxidizing
protoxideof
ever,
the silver in the reduced lead. It was, howlead,and concentrating

found

the

that

as

soon

as

exposedto

the zinc became

the air after

was
removed, it took fire and burnt
protectingcover of litharge
which
oxide
of
carried off a largoquantity
o
f
zinc,
production
silver. The fusion went
12 hours
on
very slowly,and it requirtnl
the charge,
and even
then a quantityof
to liquefy
strong firing

with the
of
of

infusible

alloyremained on the surface. As soon as the whole of the

zino had been separated,
whether
by the action of the lithargeor of
the atmosphere,
and the chargebad been subjectedto the highest
attainable temperature for 4 or C hours,the surface was
skimmed
an
Abzug obtained, which amounted to 42% of the charge,and was

and
full

of shots of rich lead,containing

from li%to 1% of silver. The cupellation of the residual lead went
and produced
on in the regularway,
rich

to
litharge

the extent

0'0076%

large,the

fume

of silver.
from

of

a9%

of the

and
originalcharge,

TTie loss from

volatilization

was

the German

from the

chimney0-01%silver.

The

results

obtained, when

tried in open jwts or in reverberatory

fumacee, were
from
residues
t
he
infusible
forming
unfavourable,
J to ^ of the
was

At

very

in the
litharge-channel
(seedescription
and
that
containing
006%,
cupellation-fumace)

the

sequelof

of tho

taining
con-

and containingfrom 2% to 3%
charge,

the process

equally
weight

of silver.

and
Lauteuthal,Cordurig's process has been adopted,

is sup-

DigitizecQyGoO^

TBULS

posedto

of

are

consequent on the

178

of covered pota.
alreadydescribed

nse

is similar to that
generalmanipulation

ization and dezincificatiou of the lead

of

one

PRUSSU.

Havre, with the following

slightmodifications.

at

nse

IN

be

to

health of the workmen

The

FROCKS

adyantagesover simplepoling,although
in both. The
nearly the same
advautages
the smaller proportion
of oxidized matters, the production
and leas injuryfrom fame to the
of zinc suitable for paint,

oxide

an

PAEKE3'

small

some

poasesB
the cost is said

claimed

OP

performedin the
which
Pattinsonizing,

series

are

formerly naed for

new
process by the addition

The

adaptedto the
chargeis 250 ctrs.,and

of

moveable

same

in

pot,

has

been

hood.

The

of 15 lbs. pressure, instead of "om

steam

75 lbs. as at Havre, is passedinto the metal at

as

desilver-

60 to

heat during
cherry-red
The
of oxide
crust
separated.
a

hours, wherebythe zinc is said to be

is then removed, and the steaming is oontinued
3

with

more

of air.which

access

is admitted

for about

an

hour

throogh holes in the hood

specially
adaptedfor the purpose. In this way the antimonyis said
in the same
to be entirely
manner
removed, as a black melted Jhtlrich,
in
But
communicate
blackness
to
as
poling.
antimony does not
will be shewn

as
Abilrich,

The

hereafter.

zinc
argentiferous

low
liquatedat a comparatively
with steam, to
subsequent treatment

crusts

temperature,in order,in the

are

prevent the formation of the rich oxides, which

drainingthe

zino

dry

too

frame

as

Havre

at

acid is omitted.
with

85%

divided

are

washed

found to result from

obtained

"om

an

upon

the

inclined

with hydrochlorio
subsequenttreatment
consist chiefly
of plumbiferous
residues,
products

but

The

oxides

first. The

at

dezincification of the desilverized lead

are

the

revived,and a smaller quantityof finelylead and zino,of a yellowish

colour,not unsuitable

of lead, which

oxide of

are

zinc is efiected by steam

argentiferous
this
in
There is danger
manner.
same
part of the process,
owing to the largequantityof hydrogen produced,which may cause
In order to prevent this,it is
admitted.
if air is incautiously
explosion
desirable to have a seoond steam jet blowing into the hood,so that the
of steam.
into an atmosphere
Owing to
hydrogen may be discharged

for

The

paint

oxidation of the

in Uie

lead left in the zinc crusts at Lautenthal,

the oside of zinc formed is poorer in silver than the enriched lead,
the latter containingfrom 1^% lo 1|%,and the former from i% to 1%
tions
condiof silver. At Havre, where
the zinc is taken off drier,reverse
the

largeamount

prevaiL

14%

f55%)of

In the Hara

of silver,
is from

70

the

to

76

100 ctis. of zinc,containing

yieldper

ttis. of enriched

lead, and from

32 to

26 ctrs. of oxides,

I'he treatment
been
are

adoptedat

of the rich oxides

Lautenthal

treated in the

same

on

manner

account
as

acid
hydrochloric

has not

of the cost of the acid ; and

they

being added to the

prevent the dry powdery

rich silver ores,

lead in the

In
cupellalion-fumace.

oxide from

beingblown

away,

with

order

to

the blaat is stoppeduntil

pasty mass

the surface of the lead, when it is then let on, and the
fileurged until an imperfectly
melted slag or Abaig is formed, which
tlian
is drawn off in tho usual way.
This Abzug does not oontain more
is formed

on

174

DECOPPERIZATIOH

1500

OF

LEAD

BY

ZtSC

of ailrer in the ton, so that most of the latter metal

to the lead.
whioh is extremelyimpure,
AndreaabergaUg-lead,
containing

grammes

goes over
The

of antimony and copper, and about 0-06% of silTer,

largequantities
fasabeen experimentally
treated by the above prooeea with, it is said,

fovonrable results.

It is,however, neeessary

the greater
to remove
On melting
dovm
the charge
part of the antimony before desilverizing.
of 200 ctrB. an Abxug is formed, containing
about 10% of copper, which
is removed, and Bt"am is afterwards pawed through duringIG hours,
is then
antimonyioto Abttrieh. The desilverizing
efiected by zinc,a somewhat
largerquantity(1'42%)beingused than
with the lead from the other Harz ores.
The following
is said to be
the oompoeition
of lead so refined :
so

the

to convert

as

"

Copper

0-1)0478

AntimoDj

0-00317

Iron.

0-D0I66

Zine.

000265

saver

000060

Lead

99-98716

lOO-OOOOO

It is reported
that

by cantioualy
addingzinc to lead in sncceesive
portions,
separatelyand in
copper, gold,and silver may be removed
the order indicated. The experiments
however not
on this subject
are
the oontrary,states that at Braubach
it is
then copper, and lastlysilver."

Gruner, on

concluded.

foand that

goldis firstremoved,

More

ments
space has probablybeen devoted to these allegedimproveof Farkes' process than they deserve.
Yet it is instructive to

how

note

metallurgical
processes

condemned
learn

the next

in the

approved

journal. ITie

same

lesson of caution with

be

may

one

year

reader should

respect to oonclusione

and

henoe

arrived
hastily

ence
experiprocesses. Mudi
practiceof that process in
diametrically
opposedto many of

at, even
by practical
men,
concerningnew
has of late been obtained in the

England ;
those

above

processes
a

and

was

the

recorded.

so

which

from lead without

was
a

an

offered to

firm,which, it
and

results

that

one

"

the aid of chlorides.

ask for such

Liability
Company

in these

Even
a

prooess,

days,40,000^

except perhapsof

OF

LEAD

BY

ZINO.

of copper from lead by this process has been carried

separation
claim
issue by Mr. W. Baker, whoever
practical
may
I have pleasurein commuthe suggestion
; and
originated

to a suocessfol
to have

of these chloride

British

DECOPPEEIZATION

The

informed

am

firm for 40,0001.,

lead-smelting
had
had
of Parkes' prohappened,
great experience
cess,
found
no
difGcultyin profitablyseparatingsine
a

outragoous priceto

Limited

are

"

Ann.

d. Uiaea

6. ait. 13. p. 393.

1868.

MODE

175

OPERATION.

OP

(Feb. 1868) of
nicatingthe followingdeaoription

by

process

bimaelf.

M.T. Baker
When

proportionof

certain

and

copper

then

zino

is melted

lead-zino

cooled, a

with

alloyis

lead containing
formed

which

of the copper from the lead, and which

be
can
removed as it floate on the surface of the melted metal in a pasty or
This alloyis stated to be definite in its ohasemi-solid condition.
withdraws

'

the

most

for, if it be melted \7ith an

weight can be recovered by

racter

same

lead withdraws
of

0-026%of

melting the alloywith

the zino is recovered

eqnal weightof lead or zinc,the

liquation.In the first case the

copper and 0-379%of zinc. In the case

zinc and separatingagain by liquation,

containing
1-98%of

lead and

0-354%of copper.
alloy depends upon the

proportionof copper in the zino

contained in the lead and the amount
of zino
qnantityoriginally
the
the
other
the
in
need
hand,
operation
decopperizing
; on
quantity
lead when
left in the decopperized
^% of zinc has been employedis
The

VBiy constant, and may

nearly100

upon

be estimated at about 1
of lead, which

tons

In operating

per ton-

oz.

contained

from

10 to 16 oza.

reduced
the average
to 1 oz.
on
per ton, the copper was
result
i.e.
The
be
if
the lead
21 gra. per ton,
can
same
0-0033%.
got
contain as much
as
0-06%of copper (20 ozs. per ton),a proportion

of copper

exceeded

metal

at
Betting

melted with

are

in

"

the process ia
carried on with skill only0'0013%of copper ia left in the lead.
is conducted in the following
The operation
Five tons
manner.
lead
and
hot
of
melted,skimmed,
are
kept sufGciently to prevent the
seldom

"

soft

from

the

the sides of the pot. Twenty-eightpounds of zino

of lead in a small pot adjacent.This
lbs. of zinc

14

lead
togetherwith some
lead
is
added
more
liquid
quite
dilute the alloy
before mixing with

previousoperation.When

largerpot, in
entire charge. The

hot

'^lien

commerce,

about 2 cwts.

pot alreadycontains about

from

lead of

the

contents' of the small

pot, which
then

are
prevent any alloyseparating,
stirred well into the melted metal.
The

enough

chargeand

order to

to

and the whole

allowed

In

to oool down.

should

added

to

fire is now

short time

be

the

drawn
witha

pasty

the surface and is removed

skimmer into
by a perforated
the small pot. This operationis continued until the lead beginsto
The chargemust
then be re-heated,
set at the sides of the pan.
and
the alloy
in the small pot liquated
by heatingat a r^ulated temperature,
which
will permit of the zinc alloybeing removed
from a

alloyrises to

quantitypf
copper.

zinciferous lead,which

Fourteen

pounds

more

zino

will be left with

are

now

melted

only a
with

trace

of

this residue

is repeated. More
certain results
in the small pot, and the operation
obtained by thus adding the zinc in two portions.Finallyall
are

the zinc dross and

of

alloyobtained

zino

or

28

in
alloyare liquated
is about

lbs. of the zino

cwt.

the smaJI pot

The quantity
This will contain about 25% of

employedfor

estimated that 14 lbs. will be left in the

also in the
the next

one

lead
decopperized

liquatedproductremainingin

operation.

operation.It
and

the small pot

may

be

14 lbs.

ready for

OP

DECOPPEWZATION

176

remaining in

eino

The

tbe

LEAD

BY

ZINC.

lead
dooopperizod

is oxidized

in

furnace with a bIsj;

bottom, or in a pan Buch aa is nsed
reverberatory
hard lead. (Seep. 45'J.)
In a round pan
in the fumacea for softening
containingfrom B to 10 tons, set in a furnace of the latter description,
a
charge was worked off in about 30 hours includingchargingand
tapping out. From 90 tons an average of 95% of softened lead was
reduced and yielded
obtained. The dross was
easily
ordinarysoft lead.
The zinc alloycontainingcopper and also most of the silver ia
best economised
by melting down in a small-blast furnace when a

rich

load may be obtained.

argentiferous
first experiment
upon a largoscale

The

results of

the

thus

made

was

May, 1861, and

decopperizingslag-leadof Derbyshire, and

produced from the lead so treated,were

Bpecimens of the whito-lead

Hesars. Rawson, Barker, and

of 1863:"

bf

exhibited

Exhibition

Co., at the International

CaatMlaeifstmL

Qfi|Mr.
0 0642
adding (iDO
ARertakingotTzinciOlor... 00083
before

1. I^ad
2.

S. After oiidation
4.
5.

ZbB.

I*|j^t"d

...

0-ST6

...

of the line... 0-0071

pr",duotfroD

SUTcr.

"
...

trace

...

"

...

...

0-337
iinejo-oMs
...

0-007

...

Im.
...

OOSM

...

0'0i02

...

0-0129

...

00490

AJU^rdMtiiiingiiffziiioltoi^lo.jj^
)
alio;.
0268

...0

...

...0-0071

tbe

of zinc left in Kos. 2 and

proportion
of lead was
former a much
largerquantity

The

much.

4 is

as in
interesting,

present

In

The

the

iron estimations

the

working upon
largequantities
the quantityof solution is likelyto add to the
(2000 grains)
of iron.
In one
Baker detected in the ordinary
case
proportion
of
distilled
and
water
reagents used as much as 0-002%of iron
quantity
are

not

worth

of lead

to the 2000

grainsof

At the works

in

lead.

Germany,

where

conducted

been
observations have
eucceesive portions,
lead

by

^iuc has

desilverization of

and

of other

have been

obtained

made

silver.

alongwith
by Ulig:

added

concerningthe

The

in
mination
eli-

results
following

"

In tbc iMd

In (be arlglruit
UtUk

been

metals

ai^entiferons

the zino has been

;"d.

psr MIL

inat "ddlUon

Mui

IM

of

itnc.iDdrtraiml gf

Arwr

ind

line mil.

After lid

ponton.

portioB.

portioa.

Antimony
Copper

0035

0034

0048

0046

0-161

0-003

0-007

B-008

Iron

0-005

0006

0003

0004

Zino

0-006

0-227

0-541

0777

Silrar

0-0283

0021

00U3

00062

of copper
for the increase in the proportion
additions
the
of zinc,except on
after the second and third
supposition,
in
the
c
onnected
of
with
errors
unreasonable,
means
analysis,
no
by
is puzzled
to
Illig

account

the determination

of such

of load.
largequantities

minute

of foreign
substances
proportions

in

C
BEPINING

This

and
interesting

1"

CUPELLATION.

OB

trulyvenerable

reference

Jeremiah
the

fire;

the

are

melteth

founder

Beprobate (or refuse)silver shall

plucked away.
becanfie the Lord
tial

burned, the lead

in vain : for the

hath

strikiiig

most

the Book

of

is consumed
wicked

of
not

are

call them,

men

In this passage all the eeeetiartificial blast,the oxidation or consumption

them."
rejected

mentioned, the
lead, and the

points are

been

to havo

horn
opinion,the following

to it is, in my
'
"
bellows
The
:

ie

metallurgical
procesB

clearlyindicated in the Old Testament, and eeema

favourite illustration with the Jewish
poets. The

reprobatesilver,"silverdross,or
of preciousmetal, or what
remains is contaminated
adherent as
with
impuritiesso tenaciously
admit
solvent
action
of
the
a
nd
not to
oxidizing
being separatedby
of the

litharge. There

of molten

is either

"

residue

no

litharge.

The

or
cupellingmay be
principleof the process of refining
perfectlyillustrated by experiments with the blowpipe. Let the
oxidizingpointof the blowpipeflame be directed upon a pieceof lead
about as lai^ as a small pea, contained in a little thin capsuleof burnt
when a
to molted litharge,
made as non-absorbent as possible
flre-clay,
will be quickly
of liquidprotoxideof lead or lithai^e
stratum
formed,
and after blowing for a few minutes the whole or greaterpart of the
The substance of the capsulewhich had been
lead will be oxidized.

in

the molten

with

contact

corroded.

Let

bit of

treated,of which

thus

of

oxide

tin

or

wiU
be fonnd to be sensibly
lithargo
tin or other easilyoxidizable metal be

of the

presenting,it

resultingoxide

the

other

metal

will

is infusible per te, then

be left in the capsule,

somewhat

scoriaceous aspect; bnt if the

maybe,
be
with
the
addition
of a certain quantity
of
experiment
repeated
the infusible oxide
lead, then the productwill be whollyliquefied,
a

combining with, or dissolvingin,

another
experiment,similar to the

the

molten

litharge.Now

last recorded,be made

with

let
the

addition

of silver,
then, if the blowing be continued long enough,
the productwill consist of molten oxide of lead containing
oxide of
tin

or

wQl

other oxide, and of a globuleof silver,

which, after
of being easilydetached from the oxidized mass.

admit

is not

cooling,
Silver

oxidized

yond
by atmosphericair when heated to a degree far beeither alone or in contact witb euch a highly
melting-point,
these conditions,
various
oxidizingagent as litharge
; whereas, under
metals are
quicklyconverted into oxides which dissolve in molten
oxide of lead. Hence, it is obvious, that lead may
not
only be
from
silver
the
action
of
air
and
heat,
separated
atmospheric
joint
by
its

but

also be need as a
may
The operation
silver.
above
tion.

What

equallywell

ie thus
done

done
on

of

means

described
on

other
separating

metals from

is technically
termed scorifica-

diminutive

scale may

be

and

is

a
reverberatory
great scale,substituting

"

Ch.

Ti. V.

29, 30.

178

ENGLISH

CTTPEL^ATION.

furnace

shallow bed of eoitable lefraotory

material
havinga concave
and oontinuooB blast producedby machinery for the
capflule,
blowpipe; bat, as on the groat aoale it ia necessary to oxidize a Tery
largequantityof lead to obtain oomparatirelylittle silvw, a oontrivaDce mnst
he adaptedfor allowing
the molten lithargs
to flow off
the
instead of aoonmulatingon
fiimaoe-bottom, and for anpplying
pari
for the

patmL fresh lead for oxidation.

Instead of heatinglead before the blowpipein a fire-clay

oapenle,
which is practically
non-abaorbent
be somewhat
to, though it may
let the experimentbe made with a little
by,molten litharge,
shallow cup-shaped vessel, called a cupel,composed of the white
powder of calcined bones, commonly termed bone-ash, duly tempered
with water, "8hioned
in a suitable mould by compression
so as to be
corroded

rendered
is not

it when

is left

of the
them

dried. A vessel of this kind

thoroughly
absorbs
hightemperature,but iuatantly
by litharge
melted, justas blottingpaper absorbs water.
Henoe, by performing
the experimentspreviously
reoorded in such vessels,the silver
and aflervrard
solid,

corroded

at

all the lead passinginto the snbstance

globulein the osvity,
and, in the event of the presence of other metals,carrying
cupel,
along with it after their conversion into oxides. It should,
as

however, be stated that the oxides of certain metals, such as tin and
nickel,need so niuoh molt"n oxide of lead for their completelique"csufficientoxide of
tion,that, in conaequence of its rapidinfiltration,
lead for that purpose can never
be accumulated on the cupol. In such
at least as a preliminary
it
would
be
to
resort,
cases,
step,to
necessary
the first-mentioned process of ecorifioatiou. Although on the email
total removal
scale,as in assaying,it is convenient to cause
of lead by abaorption,
the
it would
scale
yet on
great

oxide

of the

test bottom

the process of cupellation

this principle
on
on
bone-earth
that
would
of
be
and
largequantity
required;

of sufficient thickness to absorb all the

thick

be

it hot

enoughthroughoutto prevent the

aa

to make

it very difficult,
if not

would

so

be

conduct

possibleto
account

irffhe
not

substance, when

infiltrationwould

oxide

onlytake

of lead

can

litha?^ produced
to keep
impossible,

solidificationof the oxide in its

Absorptionof

immediatelyoease.

placealongthe walls of the cupel,and in the

like the test,the absorbii^surface would

be
of very largecupels,
to that of the bulk of lead.
However, there is
very small relatively
better material than biine-aeh fur a test^bottom, not, let it be
no
because
it rvsists
borne in mind, because it ia absorbent,but eolely
case

the corrosive
satis"ctorily

action of molten

Emqubh

i)e*crtp(ion
of {he Jumaee
the annexed
Bowen
Works

of
in

William
with the

litharge.

Cupbllatioh.

representedin
24 to 29, preparedfrom drawings by Mr.
woodcuts, figs.
the cupelling-fnmaoes
in operationat the LlanellyLead
1859, for which

Nevill.

body

The

and

am

and

Theao

"

indebted

it will
fire-place,

of the furnace, which

wall,a,
fire-bridge

(est.

to

are

Mr.

Charles and

be noted, is

is short.

The

Mr.

largecompared

space

the fiue-wall,h, is entirety

open

between

from

the

front to

180

CUPELLATION.

ENGLISH

providinga ooDtiaaoas supplyof fresh lead to the teet : these openinffs

in a plateof cast-iron,
the whole of the upper half
are
covers
n, which
of the back.
a

At

fire-door,
u, and

where

the molten

the "ont
a

is

door,

x,

similiar

plateof cast-iron,u, having

contiguousto the breast of the teat,

lithargeflows

Venial

KciloB

00

over

and

is a cross-bar of

tha Ui

which
wTOUght-iron,
y, termed skimming-bar,
tools.

below

Borvea

as

f^ilcrum for

The

dotted line above z, fig.

in a fiue
26, representsa steam-jet
which
the
fiune
the
from
to
leading a oondensing-chamber,
through
pass in its course

must
cnpellatiou-fumaces

Cnu

Fig.3).

The

KCtlon

od

Ibe line C

to the stack.

D. Kg. ts.

filledin with bone-ash.

test consists of a frame of wronght-iron,

27, d, e, e, in
longitudinalsection fig.
and
bottom
29. The
28,
upwards fig.
planfig.

It is shown

26, in
fig.

in

elliptical
ring;made
thick, having a bottom

of

flat

formed

wrought-ironbar, 4^"
of four trausverse

cross

section

frame
wide

is
and

bars of the

an

i"

same

THE

AND

POKNACE

Hoilionbd KcUmi

Fig,m.

lb* Um

TEST.

E F. Sg. H.

eized iron,placedflstwiBe parallel

to, and at equaldiatancoB from, each
ends
of
these bara are tnmed
other, fig.29, 1,1,1,1
; the
up at right

anglesand
bare

two

called

rivetted to the
of

ring,* There are also

wronght-iron2^" wide, fig.29, c, c,

rivetted
strap-bars,

bar and

on

the

of bones

The

ring.

calcined

passedthrough

the first tranitverse

on

material
filling

sists
con-

whiteness, pounded,

to

sieve of 26 holes to the linear

inch,and tempered or moistened

with

water

L_

con-

tainingpearl-ashdissolved tA the extent of 2^%

of the piepared
bone-ash. There should be just
enough water to make the mass cohere slightly
when
rammed

by

This
squeezed in the hand.
into the
evenly and solidly
of

means

an

iron

moulds
filling
to fill it and
pletflly
level. A cavity,
e,e,

use

'

with
leave

Bliould be riTetted

Kido ol tUo

ring, and

be

sand,
the

the
oa

enda
tUe

is

test-frame

as

so

upper

moulders
as

**iMTjS'^''iJ*I!"

surface
of the

shape and
edge of

of I level with

the

lower

that wlien

the

teBt-rrame

inner

exactly on

*^

com-

scoopedout,

is then

Accordingto Pultinson,

tlieBU ban

such

rammer,

in

mixture

|lie soUdlxon

the Soot.

depth

that ring,so

ia filled it may
"
-.

782

COPELLATION.

ENGLISH

BbowD

in tbe woodcuts, fi"rwhich

ployed.
pnrpoae k little trowel is emThe bottom should incline abont j" towards a pointexactly
between

midway

the

oppositesides

of the

lii^ ftnd

the

second

and

third GrosB-bars,
so that by drilling
a hole at that pointeveiy
metal
of
in
tbe
be
drawn off. It will be pertest
particle liquid
ceived
may
that between the flat end of the cavityin the test,and the ring
that end, the distance is 13" : this part, d, is called the breast of
end of the ringthe bone-earth was
At the same
formerlycut

at

the test.

thus

out,
entirely

the iron of the

earth ; but
S" wide at

leavinga

ring,and

on

hole

round

chanuel

narrow

the other

is

by

bounded
a

the inner end, 1" at the other, and ^"

of the breast extendingfrom the middle

the surface

mAb

one

channel

substituted,

now

on

by

vertical wall of boneabont

deep, ia cut
of the

in

cavity

the brfMt end to the hole throughthat end of the test, so that
molten lithai^may thereby
wards
flow over the breast and thence down-

at

into

cast-iron pot

placedunderneath

to

There

receive it.

ia

and the iron of the ring. In process

between the litharge
this
becomes
of working,
too deep on account
of oomwion, and
groove
then be stoppedby a plug of tempered bone-aah.
A second
must
contact

no

and

channel

similar

most

next

be made where indicated by dotted

has become too much
corroded down-

lines,and when this in its turn

when
wurds, it also mast be stopped,
dotted lines mnst
much

too

will

be

corroded, the
filledwith

cold
sufficiently
The

When

test

itselfwill be

silver which

no

longer serviceable,or

by
it

When
be left to solidify.
and the cake of silver detached.

must

the test is removed

test-frame must

The
quiteemptied preparatory to refilling.
being thus preparedis left slowlyand completelyto dry before
A test of the dimensions givenwill require
about 2^ cwts. of dry

test
nse.

bone-ash,and
In

burned

arched

about

8300

kiln,which

Works.
Llanelly

of sev^sl
to

be

will hold

an

at the
one

be made.

third groove also indicated

this groove becomes in like manner
a

tests which

ia

I have

I measured

of silver.

ozs.

The

bones

are

bricks
employed also for burningfireof
the
d
imensions
given
precise
at the Works

remark, that those dimensions

and the

necessary
of the oroBS-bars are

hardly
particular
ment
arrange;

but it is

adhered to. The use of strapnot rigidly

exceptional.
The
blast is producedby a steam-jet
at these works, but it
[i.e.
is usuallyproduced by a fan],
conveyed by a pipe j" in diameter
from a circular steam-chest,i, supplied
with steam at 26 lbs. preesure
inch
the
free
end
of this pipeis reduced to ^" in diameter
to the
;
in the dear.
The blast-pipe
is shown
at r, and is inclined so that

bars is

the blast may

in

tg.

thick.

strike the middle

In

the

considerable

throughwhich
I

is a

cross-bar

27 J it is of iron, circular,Ij" in internal

steam-pipeis
A

of the second

end

of the

upper
fixed axially
and

of steam

left,
i"

than

J" inwards.

not
projecting

*.
steam-chest,

diameter, and

end of the

water

more

the end

space
the external air rushes when

in the

the

the reduced
blast-pipe

is thus left round

for drawingoff the

stop-cock

on

of the

the steam

from
resulting

steam-pipe,

is Let

on.

At

the condensation

MODE

Tbe

test

OF

CONDUCTING

THE

183

PROCESS.

being thorougUy dry is 'broughtup close againstthe

of the hone-ash material
compastj-ring,
n, m, some
of paate havingbeen preTioualy
water to the conBistencj

under

side of the

mixed

with

plasteredronnd

its outer

border

the top side in order to act as

ia somewhat
luting; and as the test-ring
lai^erthan this ring,it is
the
latter.
In
this
overlapped
by
positionthe test is fixed firtoly
by
the insertion of four
between

iron

on

wedges,two

the bottonL of the test-frame and

the proeeat. A
ofcottdueiing
fixed in its placein the manner

Mode

been

new

"

of which

are

shown

the traueyerse

k,k,

at

bars,t,i.

dried
thoroughly

test

having

the fireis lighted,

and
described,

the heat very gradually

raised to brightredness
say, to a temperature
above the melting-poiut
of lithai^,but considerably
below that of
"

silver

when

"

molten

lead is introduced
cient

nearlyto
cavity. I'he
added
to

molten

fillthe
lead

is

in order

time

save

suffi-

and

not

cool the test; and

for this purpose there
should he a suitable castjron
to

attached
melting-pot

to the furnace.

As

the temperature has risen to the melting-point

the
of litharge
blast ia let on.
Oxidation proceedsregularlyand the molten litharge
soon

on

as

the surface of the lead is blown

througha
cut

in

it flows

previously
part and drops
shown
in fig.
30.
pot

constant

lead is

the breast where

that

into the
A

towards

channel

supply of

fresh

kept up by gradually

protrudingpigsthrough the
two openingso, o, at the back. ^*
As soon
the litharge-pot
is
as
full,it is wheeled
"When

away,

the

and

^'

another

in
litharge

is substituted,
and

so

it is turned
pot itiBolidified,
it cools it swells up, exfoliates,
and
falls

cake; and as
The process is thus carried

on

in

on

out
to

cession.
suc-

in

pieces.

until the lead in the teat has become

J
enriohed, say from 200 to 250 oas, of silver in the ton to 3000 c
in the ton, when
into the lai^e cast-iron pot
it is tapped out
in the bottom of the teat, where
statod
a hole
fig.31, by drilling
in the

of
foregoing
description

the test,and

cast

into

.Aner
pigs..After
.

"

184

ENGLISH

CUPBLLATION.

tapping,the hole is plugged up

the
hottom
ia compoaed of, and
he Ihue tappedabout once
every

with

the

procoss
hours.

niat"rial

same

Tesumod.

24

The

the

aa

test

may

drill is shown

in

32.
fig.

The

concentrated

lead is refined

the old refiner of the

the

not

2^

process the
be allowed

acoonnt

no

on

which

than

mora

of the
completion

the silver

stronglyurged,and

fireshould he

fresh test,on

insisted that

Towaids

off.

should he worked

tons

another

on

LlanellyWorks

until every trace of lead has been ramoved

solidify
by oxidation.
The litharge
also,which is producedfrom this highlyenriched lead,
to

should be
the

kept apart

lithargeproduced

of its containing
more

account

on

the

on

first test.

If

silver than

perature
loweringthe temnearly

on

the latter stage of the process, when the silver is

all the lead has been removed, the channel
wbcD
i.e.
fine,
at

graduallydeepened for

being
impuritiesshould be obeerved
skimmed
off,the beat
carefully

that purpose,

be
the surface,they must
continued
keptwell up, and the process
rise to

to

again,the surface

remains

until

loweringthe

on

perature
tem-

free from

impurities.From 2 to
which
the
silver
6 hours elapse,
during
graduallybeoomes tine. On
tion
I the largeectHe,the phenomenon of sudden brighteningat the separain cupellation
in
of the last traces of lead does not occur,
as
to the
muffle, notwithstandingthe glowing statcmcsts
an
assayer's
'

books.*

contrary in chemical
set, it is

the surface

After

has

become

more

or

suddenlythrown

less solid or
with the
up at various points,
several inches in
formation of little volcano-like craters, some
even
which
with
and
violence,
height,through
liquid
oiygen
escapes,
it may
be is spirted
This spirting
out.
may
surface is pricked from time to time to

metal
and

the

quietly.When

escape
silver weighing from
cleaned from

5000

to 7000

the

test

cause

loss,

the

gas

to

with

its cake

of

ia taken out, the cake

om.

of

allow

detached,

and then sold ; or it may be cut up,

impurities,
iron ingot-moulds,
into open-topped
previously

adherent

re-melted,and

oast

smeared
slightly
About

cold
sufficiently

be

over

10 cwts.

with oil and

of coal at

dusted

Llanellywere

with

charooal-powder.

to
required

refine 1 ton of

lead.
21 cwta.
Mr. Pattinson, 4 fodders of lead (1 fodder
in
si2352 lbs.)
may he converted into litharge from 16 to 18 hours on
4" deep,outside measure,
and containing
a test 4' long,2' 6" broad, and

Accordingto

about

1^ cwt.

oxidized in
easily

of bone-ash; and
one

furnace

by

24 fodders of lead

three

men

in

be

can

week,with

very

tion
consump-

of coal per fodder of lead.'

informs me, that " on a test,like that repreeentedin the
woodcuts, from 20 to 25 tons of lead may be refined per

of about 3 cwts.
Dick
annexed

week, though in
*

some

placosnot

MeVideRiTntfaPrincipeBGpnJraaz;

ntore

than

12

tons

are

; de la honille juaqu*^laGnde

refined

rop^tinn."
U'miorf
601 :"
L'eclair
uet i|ub ijbtu Societyof Northiimberluud,
Durhnm, aod
le8coQpelliitioiistermi[ie'".-iinubois:
ilpasae Nowuadtle-upon-Tyiie.2. part 1, p. 174
1S32.
acniTODt luaperfuquand on uhauffe ",\eo
tallurgiedu
"

Plomb

et do
nest bien

I'ArKBiit,
2, p. i

Tnnisai-tirinB of tbe

Natural

GERMAN

per week on
determined
in which

is that
wide

another

out.

shown

8"Lnch

able to

the oake

ample

is that 5

in

given

time is

by the size of the test,tiltepart

being small. The advantt^eof a
sUver

be made.

may

6 channels

or

evident,for

the sides and

out

wear

of silver will be

the writer

smaller,it

do

tage
advan-

one

as

breast

has

broad

so

always

after

found

as
an

but, except that

harm, there being

bottom

will

The

be cut

may
advantage,however, of

The

is not

that above
one

quantityrefined

reallyoxidizes
a large calce of

breast

wears

The

test.

the blast rather than

by

the blast

large test
of

each

185

CUPELLATION.

no

for oxidAtion."

room

cupelling or, as it is usuallytermed, refining

be usuallyestimated at about 5%.
by
may
In process of working, the teats become
partly saturated with
lithat^ by absorption. They are broken up and the saturated
otherwise.
or
Fluor-spar,it
portionis emelted in a slag-hearth
low of lead in

The

the

"

"

English method

will be remembei'ed, is an
used in smeltingmixtures

excellent

flux for

containingt"st-bottom8.
CupXLLATioir

Gbbkan

bone-earth,and is often

(Abtbeibbn).

that of the
of this process is exactlythe same
as
principle
the silver
and
the
lead
converted
into
being
lithai^,
Englishprocess,
The

left as

differ

cake.

The

furnaces,however, employed in the

front each
notflbly

other.

the German

In

the reverse
the roof ntoveable,whereas
The material of which
the bed
English famace.

fixed and
be

such

will neither

as

combine

For centuries this material

with
"

little slaked lime

lime-marl
used.

at

"

as

consisted
a

It

was

not

of lixiviated

bindingsubstance

is niucb
(Kalkmergel)

oxide

more

should
of lead.

wood-ashee,mixed

but what

suitable,and

that this marl

until 1815

is formed

reduce

nor

was

is

is termed
now

rally
gene-

firstintroduced

difficulties had to be encountered,'

then many
though
in
other
with
used many
success
some
years previously

and
Freiberg,

it had

been

localities. Marl

been

is stated to have

at the silver extraction works

so

with

two processes
the bed is
famace
is the case in the

at

first

appliedby

Tutschnack

Tajova,in the district of

long ago as 1796.'

Formerly wood, being abundant,

was

used

as

tichemnitz,

fuel,and there

was

of heat niust have

that great waste
not even
a roof to the furnace, so
With a view to lessen this waste
roof was added, and it
occurred.
a
men
in
order
to enable the workessential
that
it
should
be
moveable,
was
to get
conveniently

the furnace-bottom, which

lation.

out

properly
prepare
of every cupelbe quickly
furnace can

the cake of silver and

renewal
requires

at the end

Moreover, by removing the roof,the

"
Aichi*.
2. rar.
1B32.
0.
BMcbiufaungderFreibergerBchtiMls-1 ' Eanten'a
There ia a paper by Kersten on
iBballayuil
1837, p. 112.
hUttenpnraessa,
p. 422the inttodiKtion of the limit-ra"rlbottoma
myeelf ohiefi;of Wmkler'a book iti my
of the proce"", tranalatiEg
lite- at Freibergwliioh conlaiiu uoine interestdeecription
ing matler.
nlJj when neceeauj.
"

iBe

OERICAN

cooled

so

"8

AT

CDPBLLATION

to allow of the

FREIBBBO.

of die silver withoat

extntctaon

the intervals of time between

and, dbnseqaently,

anooeaaive

delay,

cnpella-

tioiu may be ehortened.

The fonuee
to be defloribed is designedfor
wood ae the fuel ; bat it may be easily
modified so as to be adapted
for coal,as will be atetad in the

sequel.
the
specialdescription

I have aeleoted for

with
rmibisij..

wood

as

conducted

as

prooesa

the fuel,and shall add such ootioea

neoeesary of the modifications of this process

localities.

QlUUK

CnPILLATIOX

AT

as

Chkr

0.

draiangeobumel.

b. Foundation

Inm

0.

d. Hmall

allyof

to

been

copied

41).
i

poanre to heaL
o.

etanip*.
dralna.

lead

ring-wsll;
rormeTl;itwaa
landBtone
ut in claj,but u

iminow

BMuJe of fire-brick.

/. SbH;-bottom. The

iltg li ftoa the

fumaoes.
lead-smelting
g, Brick-botiom.
mortar, but

33
(Figi.

protecttlie workman

mill.

Oreat

e.

WOODCUTS

be

FtMnXBO.

"

OF

may

adc^tedin other

are

The annexed woodcuts have

Dacription
ofthe Jilntaee.
from well-known
lithographs
published
by authority.

DESCRIPTION

as

at

It ii set

Charging-hole,thraogtiwhich
ia introduoed

aud

from

lb"

which

the

product* of oombuBtion eacape.

By tuore or leaa cloaingit with a aheetiron door,the draughtthroughthe flunaoe
be n"gnlated. At tbe bottom
it ia
may
covered with an iran-plala.
p. Fire-bridge.
above
the
fire-bridge,
q. Opening
gaaeoui

diy, i.e.
grouted wftli thin
marl in order to ilopup the jointa,
and bo
whieb the ttame paaiea from the
through
"" (nt aa
prevent,
may be, the percolationfire-place.
of metal.
lUa
bottom
1b oorered with a
r.
TwjBis. Aenading to Winkler the
of
lime-marl
6"
from
to 7" thick up
inner opening or mouth of each twjer ia
layer
to the topof tbe greatring-wall
a, forming proTJdedwiUi a haagiog aheet-iran valve
tbe uppermcat and truu working bottom
which ia raJBed bj tbe blast,so deflecting
viUunt

af

As

fiimaoe.

ia

It ia raiewed

at everj

lupelktina.
k. Iron oamp-iiiig.
i. Iron hoop.
i. Small ring-wall.
1. Fumace-breoat,over
molten

fMe.
".

vhldi

flow the

lead

of lithartie.
iron door wliich leta down
aa

(o

from

keep in hea^ ami, aa far aa

an

above,
may

bo

or

twyer-wall,
against which

t. Air-furaaue.
the

farnace

Tlie

into two

Oermuu

parta,one

diviile
of which

and
thej deBignale cnp4lation-(uniaoo
(Wiadofea).

tlie other air-fumaoa

V.

Litbarge-channcl,
providedwith

Back

side of the farnate is built

one

producta.
of iron, corered
witli
m.
Brea"t-plata
beaten down, ao aa to
lini"inarl miituK
form aflat ilupingchannel for the ontflow
n.

the latter upoa tlie surface of the Dalteu

lead Dudenieath
conaidenible
over
anra

u.
z.

Ash-liole.
Grate.

Fire-place.There

ia

no

ehimnojr.

be,

in every case be made for oonvojnng

away the leadof
condense
madi
it as possible,
view
to
fume produced,
with a
as
"om
its deleterious action.
and to protectthe workmen
Provision must

188

GERMAN

Preparatitm
of
of
tiallj

CUPELLATION

Ma

boUon.*

worhng

intimate mixture

FREIBEHG.

AT

"

Tb"

of carbonate

loarl used consiste

of lime

and

csxen

and

if

clay;
supplyof such a mixture is not at hand, it may be prepared
According to Eersten,the best kind of marl for a cupelartificially.
lation -furnace bottom is composed of 82% of carbonate of lime and 16%
of clay,
togetherwith a littleoxide of iron ; and, as a rale, ite goodneen
of quality
is indicated by a dark-blueish colour and strongfattylustre.
At the Altenau Smelting
Works, in the Harz, a mixture is made of
marl and clay-slate,
of which
the composition,
well as
a natural
as
that of the mixture,ie given in the following
table :*
a

an

natural

"

CoMPOsiTioM

I. Natural
T.

marl.

Uabl, Clat-blati,akd

or

Tt

often

which
fossils,
temighbota

oontelns

Terebratvla

chalk-marl

in the

occur

Mixtubx.

as

and
btpUeala,

well

II. Clay-slate.IIL
formation.
contiguousu;"per frreen-foiuf
The mixture consists of 30 cubic feet (Hanoverian
; 1 c
0-9377

English)and

cubic feet of

6^
powder.
The following
analysesof suitable
CoitPostnoK

or

other

iron

marls may
kinds

I. It is celebrated

BUf den

n.

Habl.
m.

IV.

2-22
100-03

komnen

or

be instructive.

66-14

CarbooBleotmagneaa

*
See
entitled

about

4' 01

CHTboiuUc of lime

inte nnall

6'41

Beaquioiideof

on

21-22

Aliuulns

fumaoes:

"lixture.

both in the Btat" of

clay-slate,

Silica

in the

as

exposure

as

to

marl
the

99-50

suitable

99-23

100-00

for German

atmosphereit

cupcllationand falls
disintegrates

sharp-angled
parallelopipedons,
acquiringa

dark

snper-

hj Eerl and Wimaer. I Tieibuergel. Berg- Q- hiitteDm. Zeil.

paper
Ucber das geognootiaohaVor18fi3.p. 'HI.
*
and die ZuBtunraenKtzuDg der '
Berg- u. hiitteom. ZeiL loco cil.
HaraerSilbetMtten
augewaadten j
a

"

'

THE

FURNACE.

Right Me

Fnnt

Tertldl

iHtntioa.

itecitlon el

KcUon

on

Bre-plmx

the line A

190

CUPELLATION

GERMAN

AT

FREIBEHQ.

to the touch and adhesive

ficial oolouringiit is soinewh"t nnotuons
and in
to the tongae; ila fracture in Urge piecesia conchoi'dal,

am"ll

; it contains 28-6%of
splintery

ones

acid; it is used

SmeltingWorks
the

without

11. and

at Clansthal.

proportionof

of the mixture

and

which

SmeltingWorks,

to 2.

measurea

IL

of

insoluble in

matter

admixture
111. are

IV.

the

at

chloric
hydro-

Frankensuham
in

used in admixture

Representsthe composition

III.; it is employed at the I.autanthal

also in the Harz.*

are

data,it appears that good material

foregoinganalytical
of
German
should have
bottom
a
cupellation-fumaoe
working
Too mudi clayis injurious,
as
tending
pretty constant composition.
From

the

for the
a

and render
to retard desiccation,
cracks in the bottom, greatly
the bottom too littleabsorbent*
The bottom shotild absorb as much

to cause

will

lithaigeas
A

and

Silesia,
conoemingwhich

clay is used

will
particulars

of the process
description
as the fuel.

of

should

which
iron-pyrites,

infiltrating.
Tamowitz, in Upper

at

be

given in

there
cupellation

states that the marl

Winkler

the fine silver from

eventuallyprevent
dolomite

of

mixture

subsequent

with
practised

often contains scattered

carefully
separated,

be

the

as

ooal

of
particles

should

also any
for the lead

if directed downwards,
and wood, especially
follows their track,gets underneath, and heaves up the bottom.
The
sifted
the
and
of
to
marl is stamped or ground,
degree fineness of
bits of straw

moderatelyfine castingsand, moistened

several hours, and
into

in

squeezedin

when

lump

marl

bottom

need

again,just as

been

first

hand,

and

about

6"

thick

so

to

follow

as

underneath

coveringis
by

in the

and

the

The

it

have

Germans

the easier is
and

the

easier

readilyescape along

Berg- u. bQtlenm.

Winkler, p. 122.

bed

more

the

with

Zelt

Ja muliiigCTder Herd
I"iclitetcs gUttet und uin

the

blow

k"

first with

immediately

solid

or

loose.

too

the touch

and

by

with the fistshould

the hand
more

thumb.

and

the bed

concave

more

difficultis

flat beds

lithargifica-

the lead
may

can

more

consequentlybe

bottom is finished,
a shallow circular

I ei

loco cit.

irt, "m

the circumference.

difficult brightening
; on

which
litharge,

the marl

having

spread over

bottom

right by
A

is

at
solidly,

brick

it is

brightening. In

richer in silver* When

'

at

the

and the
lithargificstion

bottom

be

instrument, until it is
the circumference, and

(?),but not the pressure of

the following
proverb':~the

the other hand, the flatter the

tion

down

producedon beatingit down.

stronglyindent

half of the

9" at

it either too

when

know

and

centre

7"

make

possibleto

brick

prepared marl

suitable

of

curvature

Experiencedworkmen
the sound

centre

only abont

The

beaten

afterwards

it is

water, the
of about
8" in the

water, left at rest for

it should justcohere

As

English

an

lead,the other half may

teat.

sprinkledwith

it to the thickness
marl
The
the

the hand.

soaked with

becomes
in

with

thoroughlykneaded

then

bliclit,
diie;e|^n
je
Ut, uro "" acbwerei ea

bo

"chverut

dw

glulut

Itiibler ta blickt

bo

flscher

Winkler,op. oit. p. 12i.

and

Herd
nm

THE

Venial

FDRNACB.

MCUoa

OB

1^

Uk

C D.

Top of Uio fomkc^ vben traoorvtd,

D,j,i,i.aL,

GERMAN

CUPELLATION

SaOt,

F1f,11.

If

AT

FHEIBERG.

BmyUARtt.

HorlHntitHdliinodalprtlii'llta

tlHbotUimorilKlwrfn.

cavity\" deep and

from 24" to 30" wide is ciit out from about the

middle of it,but a little nearer
the twj'crsand the fire-place,
and in
thio it is intended all the silver leftby cupellation
should be oollecled.
The

surface of ihe

hammer.
Mode
been

cavityis

beaten

down
solidly

the proeegt.*
As
of conducting

preparedin

the

about

manner

100

and the remainder

first,

at

'

I shall

fotloiT Winkler's

lea"l
from

afterwards

the marl-bottom

has

usuallycupelledat

were

05 to 80 were

introdnced

at successive intervala

The

is mainlydfrivci],
1 otr. 'miner's
vtighti= 114 Ibe. 1 lb. = 7193 grains
lb. EngEnijlish.1 lb. Saion = 10275

I accniint
description

I Ihink desimblo,
as
clnt"ly
"
The VGight of tlm centner
the
IS59.
At
niici"
rhnn^
Si

Winlcler'i book, in 1837, from

as

it is ready for immediate

deserilied,
ctrs,' of

Formerly
of which
Freibergin one operation,
use.

soon

"

by a largeflat-fac"l

has hpen
diile
vhicb
this

of]lish.
i

5 tons.

100

ctrs.

somewbat

more

tlutn

MODE

CONDUCTING

OF

PROCESS.

THE

193

homispheTical
pigs of lead,the convex
not to injurethe
Kurfaceisbeingplaceddownwards, and so carefully
as
the
central
charcoal
is
bottom.'
pigswith billets
put upon
Ignited
bottom

of wood
it8

it, aft"r which

over

placeand
at

small

is ooTered with

fire made

hood

or

roof

is

in

dropped

it*

clay,the

edges with
let

blast is then

the

all round

luted

'and

on,

the grate with

From
3 to 5

on

billet wood.

elapsebefore the lead

is completely
melted down,
hours

accoidingto the nature and

quantity of foreignmatter
contained in it,and the time
during which the fumaco
has

been

the last

left to cool after

It will
cupellatioD.

bo noted that the marl bottom

nary
prelimi-

undergoes no
desiccation
reason

the

; and

assigned by Wink-

ler 18, ihat if previously

n i. m.^,
on".
""., "h1 "
weighted with its charge "tih prcj"UM booit-tbiipstptw
of lead, it is less liable to ["
'

crack in
On
molten

""

"

"""-"""

drying.

the

surface of the

lead there collects a

heterogeneous,imperfectly
melted, pasty, and

often fie."3

sand-like

ed
term-

slaggymass,

Ahzug by
for which

probablythe
is

English word
of

consists

Germans,

the

scum

best
it

mixture

of

oxide of load,sulphuretted
and
arseniu retted metallio

eubstanoes,and
bottom.

The

however, vary
to

the

of the marl

characters,
much, according
quality of

the lead under treatment.

The temperatureis raised
"

but not too quicklylest the

bottom should be heaved up

y^

^y

StcUm

line c

d, flg.*o.

from the escape of vapour"

as
in order to render the Abzug as liquid
and so "cUitate its removal by skimming. It is drawn off
poBsible,
*
It is an old pnictioeto cover
the bottom with straw bcforo
lunen the rtek ttf its I"eiDg
dmuiged dotingthe ptoc""a.

VOL.

m.

in
chaiging,
**

order to

,^--

19*

GEEMAN

CDPELUTION

AT

FEEIBEBG.

and any metallic

throughtlie litharge-channel,
it will rapidly
and
should
be put back
liquate,
The

lead intermixed

with

to that in the furnace.

laate about

Bkimming

an

hour, fresh impurity all

while

ridng

the lead

the

to

but

it

surface

of

need
scarcel;

that the

be added

the

duration of

this stage will depend mainly

the impurityin the lead.
on

Sring is pushedstrongly,
the bath of lead gradually
circular
acquiresa gentle

The
and

The

movement.

sur"tce of the

bright,
again covered with
t"rmed AMrieh,
a pasty coating
which is only impure litharge.
tion
At the periodof the formabath becomes

clear and

hut is soon

the ence
circumferof Abttiich,
of the bath of lead gradually
contracts, leavinga portionof tho
bottom

all round

uncovered, termed

evolvesbubblcsof
fire is well keptup, and
several

inches

beyond

"Gl"ttrand"

or

litharge-border,

carbonic acid,and absorbs oxide of load. The

of lithai^has extended
when the permeation

which

and

round

is cut with

the surface of the load,a furrow oi'

for
in the bed of the lithargc-channcI

a kind of saw
groove
the ontflo^vof the Ahttrich. This furrow is at firstmade

fire-place
as

because
possible,

there the

there,consequently,
is the position
most
the

After
litharge.
and

groove

of

case

make

about

continues

about

it may

be nocessary

even
second, occasionally

on
cupellation

commences

time

some

of the

hour after the removal

as

1^
long,sometimes

stop up this first

third,just as in the
to

flow of Abtlrieh

The

Englishtest

an

close to the

as

temperature is highest,and
of
favourable to the liquidity

longer. If, in

usually
and
Absntg,
of
spite
strong
last

billetsof wood
the Ai""trichshould still be too thick to run off^
firing,
but
it
there
loft
and
bum
to
usuallyit iu
placedupon
;
away
BufGciently
liquidwholly to run over the breast down to the ground.
As soon
the stream
as
begins to stick to the breast, the operationuf
are

withdrawingthe Abttrich may be considered

flow of litharge
as
beginning,when
(Glatte)
be

reduced

the

to

and
experience,
be varied

Henoe
kind

Winkler

states

that

at

be raised

first put

on

the

be

increase

learned

with

addition of fresh lead

into tho

hours,that is,until what

by

the

portion
pro-

iron.

of the

sanae

furnace,this lead giving rise to

formation of fresh Ahiirkh, which

of the litharge. Litharge continues
to 22

only

that degree : it must, however,

the nature
of the lead under

at

that it should

the

20

the temperature should

can

arsenic,antimony,and
impurities
present,especially

it should
as

be maintained

somewhat, accordingto

treatment, and
of

d^reo,

proper

should

which

that of the

ended, and

as

tends
to

be

to

lessen

the

liquidity

produced during

the Germans

term

the

"

from

Blick,'*

196

GERMAN

CUPELLATION

AT

FREIBERG,

increased in order to beep the gilvcr,then neAily

oonsiderablj'
the
of
lead,
du'prived
auffificntly
liquidand in motion, bo m to remoTe
The
last portionof lead.
becomes reduocd to
layerof molten lithai^e

he

is then

film, and

off the surface of the silver,towards

driven

its

While

this goes on fresh particles

rise to
circumference.
of litharge
of the silver in the form of "dark
flowers and clonds,
the snr"ce
which

between

\
"

the

silver, constantlyin

motion

constantly

and

until at last
changingits appearanoe, shines forth pure and bright,"
the litharge
and
the
metal
bt'comes
motionless.
completely
disappears,
Blick
This appearance
or
brighteningis termed
by the Genuanit,
Blicksilber."
and the cake of silver
Immediatelyafterwards the
blast is shut ofi',
the
Are as well as apon tho
and water
pouredupon
"

"

"

silver.
The

"Blicksilber" should have

and contain about

hackly fracture,
the remainder consiirtingof lead,with small
chiefly
84% of fine silver,
of
and
arsenic.* it in
ocoasionally
quantities copper, nickel,cobalt,
further in this funiacc,
not considered desirable to push the refining
which might easilybe done by continuingthe blast a little longer,
because in that
the metal

and

states

marl bottom

the

is
refining

by

the Germans

tho cake is

Harz,

by

that the silver may be more

easilyobtained
of wood-aslicH.
of
than on one
The completion

effected in another furnace, and

the

process

is termed

"

stillwarm.

specimen of
for which

It contains

object

escape from the surface of

it in fine particles
tance.
to a disprojecting

of gas would

to which
Feinbrcnnen,"or fine-burning,
previously
freed
from
adherent
and
broken
into
carefully
impurities

pieceswhile
A

loss

cause

Winkler
fine on

bubbles

case

"

Blicksilber
indebted

am

formed

underneath

molten

the

the upper

in my
to

collection from

Breymann, is

largo rounded

numerous

obviouslybeen

"

the

Lower

truly beautiful

cavities,which

have
.

by the escape of gaseous matter immediately

cated
indiof these cavities are
metal; and some

showing
by correspondingprotuberances,
extendingthroughtho substance of the metal. These protuberances
dilfcrent
the
from
the
crater-like
elevations
are
on
entirely
caused by the liberation of oxygen from the metal
of fine silver,
on

sur"ce

cracks

cake

itself in the act of solidification. In the

are

The

widest

at

whole

the bottom

"

blick-silver "

of the metal and there the

of the

the cavities

edges are rounded.

an
aggregationof

specimen is composedof
such as saldoubt skeleton octahedrotis,
no
crystals,
forms
in
such as
ammoniac
from an aqueous
or
solution,
crystallizing
bo seen
in lead or pig-ironwhich
has accidentally
occasionally
may
of a druay
solidified under favourable
tho
formation
e. g.,
conditions,
of the cells or cavities above
cavityand slow cooling. The parietes
mentioned
On the upper surstructure.
a
face
present fibro-crystalline
mass

visible
distinctly

"

of the

specimenthere

is a thin

layerof vitreous,greenishosido

of lead.
the lead finds its
Sometimes, though rarely,
*

lAmpodiuB, Qrundriss

einei

way

under

allgcm.HUttankaDile,1827,p.

the marl

240.

MODE

and raises it up, in which

iMttom
off as

CONDUCTING

OF

eiich

After

it must

case

197

PROCESS.

be

immediatelytapped

accident is irremediable.

an

marl

the
ciipcllatioQ

depth of

to the

lead,uBuaUj
of the

THE

fire-place
; and

freed from any

the

parts

middle

and

oxide

3" toward

impregnated,after

so

of

the aide

fully
being care-

smelted in the ore-furnace.

Herde," yieldfrom 58% to 65% of

"

loth

1^

average

an

with

impr^nated

are
particles,

termed

are

is

2" in the

metallic

bottoms,which
metallic lead,and on
Theee

bottom

(abontf oz.)of

silver per

centner.

The

actnal

productaof

of the accessory
quantity and relative proportions
to the nature
must
obviously
cupellation
vary according

of the lead treated,but

the average

on

of lead

follows from ] 0^ centners

WinUer

estimates them

Cntntn.

Atratrinh
Fumace-botkaoB
in the Utliaige-ohsnnel
Impnie litLargei"euiaining
\
mixed with orarl and potticle"
of lend,
}
Other litharge

Total

at

61

51
211

73

|o

"

6Q

89

these data the average loss of lead by

8% ; and when bottoms of ashes were
The

loss

CO,

ia estimated
cupellation

about

about

Irad.

Alaog

Frara

as

"

nacd,it

estimated

was

chiudy through volatUiEatiDn,and

takes placein the English process. If the lead
much
exceeds what
treated be very impure, the loss may
not
be ehiefty
caused by volatilization.

at

The

consumptionof
of lead.

centners

occurs

wood

Camot

ia from

states

that

220

coal and gas-genesucc"is.*

but without
Freiburg,
1
In the foregoing
have adhered closely
to
description,
publishedby Wintler, who was as competent to

studying the

wcU
as

that

as

on

process, and

the

add

now

long
the

as
any person now
the beet opportunities

publishedworks

accurate.

so

on

are

the

subjectas

still receivod

all that I find novel

respectto the German

in the lectures of

8 work
18(i0,

to the

At

which

berg
at Freicupellation
process as practised
edited by Kichter,and publishedin
Plattner,

of all others should be most

there carried
metallurgical
operations

presentfrom

same

in
cupelled
and

his

that

observe

saw

Freibergamalgamationprocess

authoritative because

with

the

cubic feet per 100

heatingwith

and to record what he

process of cupellation
at Freiberghe had
living.From his position
of

280

to

has been tried at

ralors

ago

14%.

as
one

when

350

to 370

Winkler

and
operation,

the rest after

has
litharge

"

correct

in what

relates

on.

kilogrammes,not
see
note, p. 192) of lead are
about
130 are added at the beginning
flow off. (Jnlycomparatively
to
begun
centners

(1 ctr.

18C4,G.

p. 09.

50

wrote:

Ana. des Uines, Gth.

aer.

198

GERMAN

CUPELLATION

AT

FREIBEHG.

"
"
of the
pure and what is called refined lead is treated. On aocoout
than from 4 to 6 ctra. of Abais are propurityof the lead,not more
duced
There is no Ab^rich or impurelitharge,
and the
at the moat

quantityof lithargeyielded

320
to 330 ctnt, of
amounts
to from
from ^ to i coQBiHts of red litharge,
which is sold as snch, and
contains from 0'5 to 0"7 Pfundthtilo j)or ctr. of silver,
t'.e.
from O'OOo";^

which

0007%. The formation of this varietyof lithargei" promoted by

from the furnace to accumulate in
allowingthe lithargeas it runs
of
and to cool graduallyafterwards.
the
15
to
ctrs.
massoB
weight
up
The other portionof the lithargecontaining0'000]% of silver is
A single
lasts about
revived and the lead Fattinsonizcd.
cupellation
of
38
to
From
hearth-bottom, yielding00% of lead
40 ctnt.
80 hours.
of silver,are
obtained
and go back to the ore*
O'0O02,')%
containing
to

The

furnace.

The

wood

consumed

loss of lead amounts

yieldof

"

Blick

"

kilf^ammes,

on

fuel is from

as

the aven^
about

silver is from

which

is refined

in

102

to 8%,aud

520

feet.

10%.

I'he

to

265

rcverberatoryfurnace.*

small

cubic

lbs.,i.e.260

530

to

1G5

to

is often

Ore very rich in silver is directly

to cupellation
subjected
by placing
it under the pigsof lead in the first chargingof tliofurnace.'
of this product have been published,
Abzag. Very few analyses
"

which
a

when wo
will not appear surprising,
consider that it is merely
variable in composition
ing
accordmixture, uecesAarily
heterogeneous
to the nature

of the

impuntiesin

dcgignatedas Abzarjin
Lower

Harz

differ

and

widely

or

operated
npon.

collection from

my
in external

characters

L
Oxide

4-8

O-S

46

11

6-4

6-4
4-6

OiideofiiDC

SO

SiUpliuf

e-8

aiica

S-8

Aluminn

0-8

Lime

II-7

I
72

CarboQ

56

Hetalliclead

Camot.

230

101-4

96-3

TI, From

ullgemeiaeHfit-

lenkunde, 1860. 2. p. 256.

I

324

Ponllaoucn,the silica,
alumina, and

derived from tho marl bottom.'

iiber

Add.

dca

aru

S-0

of copper
Oiidaofiron

Vorlemngen

verulent
pul-

53- 1

acid

Oiido

others

the

n.

351

antimony '

of

Arsenious

are

Abzdg.

or

Oxide ofletd

T. From

some

numerous

ConpoAiTioN

mens
Speci-

Freiberg and

hits of charcoal,while
less Btone-liko,
and very heavy.

contain

compact, more

the lead

Miuo, 6tb

'

lime

were

Pontgibaud,by

doubtless
Bivot.

BainmeltibiTgestimates this u
arid (Si"0*i.
Truite' dea EibbI^ 2. p.
Iterthier,

In

anti-

monious
nr.

1864,

"

712.

ABZtlQ"
the
It

199

ABSTRICH.

treatise the total is pnt as

original
that sulphur does
is a little siugular

98'3, whicli is
not

erroneous.

amongst the

appear

"

constituents.

stated,Ahtlrich is nothingbut impure

previously
and proportion
oC the impuritymay vary
external chantoters of Abstrich will also vary accordingly.

Abttriek. As
"

and
litharge,

the nature

as

much,

the

Some

specimens in

stallino
granular-cry

my
or

collection
somewhat

are

compact, dense, dark grey,

and notably
on
fracture,

stone-like

difierent in appearance from litharge

in
are
lightor
; other specimens
and
in
and
I
have
received
etructare
more
some
colour,
crystalline
;
from
specimens

German

works labelled Abzug and Abtlneh so

smelting
"om
theycannot be distinguished

similar in external characters that

each other.
GoHFOsinOH

Oxide

of Ifad

Oxide

uf

Oxide

of nreeuia

140

antimony

Oxidaof

coi^i
OsidBofinHi

Abbtbioh.'

OF

17

...

...

0-3

4-4

Oxide of Eiiio

Sulphur
8ilic"
Alntnlna

I.,IT. From
contained

1000

1000

04'5

100-0

Poullaoueu, first and last formed

littlesulphurof which

tho

quantity

was

99-7

as

not

formed
frtan Holzappel
the first formed
:
22^{of antimony. IV. Ordinary kind from

roastingit
the

reason

loses its black colour and

increases in

100-"

; both
respectively

III. Second
much

100-2

determined.
contained

as

Villefort:

on

weight,for wbidi

assignedis that

in it is converted

into

the greater part of the sulphurcontained

acid,which remains in oombination
sulphuric

with oxide of lead. V.

Fontgibaud,by Foumet : taken at the moment

sufficiently
liquidto flow over the breast. YL Also
from Fontgibaud,ordinary kind : the formation of Nos. V. and TT.
Vii.
was
accompaniedwith copiousevolution of arsenical vapours.
From HalsbrUcke, Freiberg,
KatsenFrom
IX.
by Lampadius. VIII.,
and arsenical ores:
thal,producedfrom lead extracted from phoephatic
and
No. VIII., formed
at the beginning,vesicular,
greenish-black,
somewhat
metallic in lustre ; in powder it bad a dirtyyellowcolour,
with a greenishdnge : No. IX. was
formed immediately before the
it
in
vesicular,
:
was
litharge
granular fracture,and greyish-yellow.
when

""

antea

it became

dea
Description
cit. p. 184.

Gltea

M^talliC^iea,1 Euais, 2. p. 742.

I ment

Bertbier,Sat le Tiaite-

mftollurgiqnade

la Oalfene.

Ann.

NoB.r, ir..m.,IV..VI.,VIL,Vm.,|deB
Mines, S mt. 1832,2. p. 121. Nu.V.
det i Bi?otandZeppeafG]d,ap.anteBciLp.lSl.
Tnite
IX., q,aot"dfrom Bettliiet,
"

200

GERMAN

CUPELLATION.

KammelBbcr^infers that the antimonyis

foregoinganalyses
of
in
the
antimonic
and the arsenic
aoid (SbO').
stato
presentwholly
the
of
in
arsenic
acid
but
this
is
state
an
inferenoe,eafewholly
(AsO^);
ciallywith respectto antimony, which cannot be acceptedwithout
further experimental
evidence ; and Itammelsberg's
examination
own
of two specimens
of Abilrich showa the necessity
of such cyidence.
In tbe

iNCOifPLETB Anai.tsib

Abbtrigh

OF

IUmmblsbkbg.

bi

Oxidaofletd

63'21

Antimonic

IS'Sl

acid (SbO*)
Protoxide of copper (CdO)

of
Seaqaioiide

0-41

iron

2'OS

Faraace-botlom

9-00
93-18

From
was

dansthal.

It

waa

brown

and Teeicular

its sp""iGc
gravity

6'86.

heated

Ksmmelaberg

specimensof

two

and estimated the loss in

hydrogen,
fonnd

they were

The

to be

as

oxygen,

composedas

Abtlrich from

weight which
follows

lees than 12-(i5of oxygen.

alluded to, which at least show the

of
necessity

inference that

These

Ahtirich as

antimony is present in
Abotbicb, avd

or

the

Lead

Anenio

not

further

antimonic
wbich

it

wab

previously
proofof the
acid.'
debived.

Atatrlch.

5910
trRce

Silica

2-80

Lime

4-50

OoppiT

I'STO

HagueBia

Iron

0-021

Araenic

Bilvor

0-26SI

Antimonic

Gold

00029

Lead

92'82S
(by difference)

0-C8

acid

2-15

ncid

39'45

Protoxide of Imd
.

loo-oooo

Protoxide

of copper
Sceqnioiideof ir

49-52

^CuUj

Silver

O-O.t

U-U5US

Gold

0-0039

Sulphur

0-06
99-7947

'

Lebrbuch

tierchemiecb.

nearly

the results

are

pbom

OrifiaaliMd.

Antimony

oxygen

antimony,Ko. I. requiringlG-85, and

No. II. not

OF

as

"

remarks, docs
Rammelsberg correctly

suffice to oxidize all the lead and

CoxFOBmoN

Siegcn in

occurred

2nd ed, 1665, p.

Metallurgie,

375.

AB3TRICH
These

of
proportion

The

from the

productswere
analyseswere

the

and

made

by

201

LITHARGE.

"

at Eapnik ;
Smelting'WorkB
Imperial

M.

Lill and

von

A.

Eachka,'

The

noticed.
particularly
instructive
a
nd
as
bearing
interesting

acid should be

antimonic

foregoingresults

are

"
the process of
lead, which consists in exposing
softenifig
upon
sphere.
the metal, at not less than a red-heat,to the action of the atmoof
the
view
of
chemical
In a
formingimpure
process
point
"

Mttrich

or
litharge

to which

reference

is
was

that of scorification,
the same
as
substantially
remarks on cupelmade in the introductory

lation.
Dark-ooloored

Abatrich has received the

of this colour

caoeo

seems

name

of i^k

The
liSiarge.
the state

in
sulphurexisting

be

mainlyto

recorded under the heading

it has been previously
black and
Silicates of Lead," that these ailicatcs are rendered
The subject
of certain sulphides.*
or
opaque by the addition of sulphur,
when present in
of the black colouration producedby sulphurin slags,
of

sulphide;and

of

"

the state of

in the two

been examined

has
sulphide,

precedingvolumes

the loss of
explained
Viltefort
"om
black colour in the Aiitrieh
by
consequent on roasting,
into sulphuric
acid,
the conversion of sulphnrin the state of Kulphide
of lead,
of snlpl^to
and the formation of an equivalentproportion
witli of course
correspondingincrease of weight Now, in a paper by
from
him which was
publishedlong before his treatise on assaying,
colour
the
black
ascribed
ho
is quoted,
-which the foregoing
statement

of this work.

Berthier,it will be remembered,

the presence of sulphideof antimony,which, he writes,

dull yellow,
and becomes
loses
ita black colour in roasting,
promptly
be lose of
but wilhoui any tewtbte changein weight."'But there must

of Abrineh

to

"

weight, euppoeiug the sulphide of antimony to be

antimonious
acid, as will be evident on comparing

converted
the

sulphurand oxygen in the formuhe SbS" and SbO'.

Idlharge.The external characters of lithargehave
"

well

considered,as
formation

of the commercial

the

as

conditions which

into

weights of
been

determine
The

varieties of this sul"tanoe.

previously
the
tallic
me-

in sensible quantityare most

occurringin litharge
impurities
and
and
zinc, arsenic,and
occasionally
antimony
frequently
copper;

bismuth.

I believe

Silver, and

proportionin
lithargederived from
minute

ores

boen

themselves

the metal

detected.
directly

lithai^e.Bismuth
ores

of the

is in such

in the last

portionof

Upper

be detected
has

been

in very

found

that it has not

proportion
of the
oupellation
before
oxidized until shortly
thus becomingconcentrated

It ia stated that in the

lead removed, it may

ing
be detected in the result-

litharge.
*

in

llarz, though in the

small

is not
these ores, the bismuth
of
and
that
the
"Blick;"
occurrence

lead from
the

all
lead

gold also,may

is very grmL
Berg-a. hOtlenm. Johrbuch,18C4, 13. blftcken litharfire
t
I
Ann. ileaMines, 1 ser. 1823,8. p. 9
p. SO.
* Dick
ii inclined b" attribute the Uack
Snr I'Abstricb o" LithargeNuire.
colour cbieAy to eoppor, as ita power
to |

CUPELLATION.

GERMAN

CoKPOsmoN

Lautenthal.

I. From

TVorkB,Goslar.
in lead

during the

By

process

Bumdtbio

Pranke.*

Ulrich.'

By

with the statement

or

of

Lithargb.

II. From

the Okor

Smelting
concentration
of bismuth,
alleged
reconciled
bo easily
cannot
cupellation
The

bismuth, with the aid of heat,

lead,'fur such reduction ludicateB

of Bcithior, that

at least reduces
partially

oxide

of

that the

and probably
of bismuth for oxygen
equals,
affinity
certainty
lead
conditions
in the cupellaunder the
exceeds, that of
tion
prevailing

It is stated that bisiuuth

furnace.
concentrated

in the

"

acid
hydrochloric
from

salt,and
down

the

then

by

in

certain

degree
separatedin the
it passes along with the laet
it is dissolved out by
test
or

when
subsequentprocoss of refining,
"rfthe
lead
into
the
bottom
portions
cold

becomes

from ivhieh
blick-eilver,"

it is

diluted with half its weightof water, and precipitated

dilution
with
baaio
water
ae
a
by

solution first

what

remains

supernatant liquoris thrown

in the

lime.*

"Ii'niina/u")of anfimony, copper, and iron during the proeeu.

-Tlie
and instructive observations on
this subject
followinginteresting
"

made

were

Stnrm

at

and

German

the

Mr^ek.'

method

of

ImperialSmeltingWorks at Kapnik in 1861

conducted
Hefining was
according to

by
the

cupellation.
Inn.

AnilriHti]'. Coppn.

Hftrd le"d before rcflnbg

Abstrich Ihnn the funiuu
Black lithaigefiom the furnace
Do.
Mfltnllic lead after

0-375
1200

do.

tipping off

into

lead after iHt polihg

PoUitbarRB nfter 2nd poling
Metallic

MelaUioleadufler2nd

trace

3'54

U'16

7-08

0-56

0-21

1-80

0-20

012

ft..",

"

trace

1-42

0-51

tnice

1-02

092

0'4T3

Iroco

0' 15

0'42

0-518'

0-012

tliel

lead-pot
before po]mf|;i6oU"n)?.
Pot-litbtfge
Do.
from iHt poll
11 1;

l)'931

"

"

poling[F"-"c;iIe.MlieO
"

are
[The substances above designatedas litharge
in England.]
regardedas litharge

"

Berg- and

too

bilUeDm.

impureto

he

Jthrbnch, 1861,

GERMAN

THK

COHTEMT
DUBIHO

The
found

iiHmber

CUPELLATIOS

Ot
AH

SlLVaR

INTIBK

of

Troy onnces
the amount
by multiplying

IN

LUD

TBI

LlTHABGES

AMD

CVPKLLATIOtT.

of silver in 100

kilogrftmmes
may

bo

in grammee

by 0-03208, say 0-0321,

approximatelyby multiplyingby 0"321, tbe grammo
t
aken
as equal to 15'4 Troy grains.
bciiig
The proportionof silver in tho litharge
depends in a certain
the
and
of
rate
degreeupon
highest
refining,
bisiiig
tcm[ierature
duringquick and hot work.
and

in tho ton

Gebhak
Tho

fnmaee

Cupellation

Coal

with

ab

trk

selected for jnustration is that in

Government

Fuel,

operationat

tho

at TarSmeltingWorks, designated Friedrifhishiitte,"

in the annexed wiioilwhich
in represented
nowitz, in I'pperSilesia,
from the engravingsaccompanying the
47, 48, 40, 50, copied
cuts, figs.
of those works
by Tcichraanri, the
recentlypublisheddescription
"

The

director.

from the

same

the

as

same

will be
without

information
following
source.'

Tho

that of which

an

on

tho

subjectis

also derivcil

construction of the furnace is cswntially

account

has been

understood from an
sufficiently
detailed
explanation.Tho
any

previously
given,anil
inspectionof the woodcut"
interior of the fire-place,
the

"^TH

anil the
fire-bri"lgo
is of
above

the

iron armatures
This

has

usuallyto

from

900

to

be

1000

bevilled off

whollyrenewed once a
8 thalere
bricks,costing

shillings)

24

The

l"er 1000.

needed

are

205

FUEL.

1' long,
wedge-shaped,and

are

ring-wuU

year, for which

THE

AS

of fire-brick,
while tho rest of the brickwork
The bricks used in the up|ier ring-wall

are

brick.

common

iiiwarvls.

(about

flue

COAL

lower

part of the furnace

the contrary is

on

not

posed
ex-

rent
injury. Curquently
repairsare conseto

limited

the

to

fire-place,
fire-bridge,
and

flue, and

cause

proportionately
very
small
ia

There

expense.

with

onlyone twyer
semicircular

ing
opencoal
"When
eye.
the
hood
is used
or

or

moveable
used.

bo

flue may

ciition with

tunnel

must

cover

The

higherthan
of

when

other fuel less rich in gas is

damper be put either in communi-

by
chimney contiguous

the

leading

to

means

it,or

to

high stack.

In the first stage during the

of lead when

no

lead-fume

is

to

the latter closed

case.

The

fume

but when

which

escapes

carried into the condensation-chambers

The

nnderground
of the

to the former

with

charge
is oix.'n

lllUHlllHAB.fltM

and that

shown

an

connected

meltingdown

evolved,the passage

Fig..8

is the

with

series of condensation- chambers

in the

cupellation
beginstlie reverse
from

the

througha

is
litharge-channel
sheet-iron, pipe,as

49.
woodcut, fig.

hearth-bottom

consists

of dolomite,from

the

Upper

Silesian

iCQyCoOJ^I

208

UuBchclkalk
is made
in

CUPELLATION

GERMAN

nae

in the
were

-with from

formfition,mixed

and
16% to 20% of fire-clay,

described.
previoualy

manner

found to have the

Two

kinds of dolomite

;
following
composition
"

Carbonate of lime (CqO,CO")

Carbonate of inaKiie8ui(MgO,CO"i

II.

M%5

4n-6n

38-00

37-20

8-25
HydrBtedte"quioxiaa(,firon(Fe'0",3M0)...

2-.S3

Alamiaa

1-59

200

Silica

5-67

7-85

D9*2

No. I, has been found very

less silica.
of its containing
The

is made

hearth-bottom

good and

99-18

better than No. II. on

shallower

deeperor

account

as
according

intended for what is termed

orrich

it is
poor

its capacupcllation.and
city

varies from

23 to 19 culjic

feet for respectivechaisesof

105 ctra. of poor and about 130
of rich load.
tlie

In poor cupcllation
is
object the productionof

enriched

lead

containingabout

10%of silver;and in rich cupcllation

the objectis the production
of
'

Tirtiod Kctioii on

after-charge
; and

(bt iiim fo,

the

reason

longerexposure

Blieksilber."

smeltingworks
in both

Fis, t".

"

cases

and there is no

tg. M.

At

the whole
is added

charge
at

once,

duction
subsequentintro-

of lead,"Nachsotzcn"
or
is that the latter practice
necessitates
assigned

of enriched

load

to

high temperature

and with respectto poor

an increased loss of silver;
consequently,

HorUonui

theso

McUon

"

Uw

Uh

n, ig. is.

with,

cuiwl-

WITH

latioa there is the additional

be

the

as

kept as

pure

underneath

litharge
producedfrom
possible. The blast-

as

dish-shaped,
having the

cast

are

same

that of the furnace-bottom, in order that in

as

be

charging theymay

the

likelyto injuretbe bottom. The

and the rest in
fire-bridge

least

placedcrosswise,part in front of the

lead is
channel

this

by

placein

should bo introduced

be

line from

the twyer

width

5 hours.

or

From
The

per minute.

100 to 120 cubic feet of blast

depth of

the end

fire-bars are
water,

dish-shaped
ingotsabove

that

so

enough to

admit

process not
and the

pulledout

in the

'"

referred to, which

concentrated

lead."

only is the hood lifted

of the

also

the gutter cut for the

the blast is stopped

the residual lead when sufficiently

cupellation,
u
nder
the
througha tap-hole
litharge-

with the letter C to indicate

marked

litharge-

2^',and, it is

off

is drawn

cast into the

channel,and
At

In pooi

ceases.

enriched

the

more

outflow of the lithargeshould be such that when

the outflow

to

of about

that
easilydried. It is enjoined
raised and the bottom be dried as
bo carefully
the meltingdown of the lead beginsand ends,

means

the temperature should

much as possible
before
takes

is left free to the

the bottom

stated,it may

nearlyin

that

front of the flue,so

are

207

to

per square inch from

of lead
The ingots
per minute.

which

FUEL.

l^" 2" wide ; and under a pressure of ^ lb.

about 200 to 260 cubit feet of air are delivered

is from

pipeat the mouth

curvature

THE

that

reason

for sale it muat

it is intended

AS

COAL

of 5

glowing
6 hours

cinders

but the
ofl^,

quenched with

the bottom

be cool
may
of the removal of the cake of silver in the presence
At tie longest,
20 hours after the conclusion of a
course

of the manager.
the bottom
cupellation,

may

or

be renewed

and the furnace

made

ready

for another

operation.
'ITielithai^e
producedin

of Friedrichspoor and rich cupellation

to contain the following
foreignmatters :

htittehas been found

"

FoUtlQN

The

resnlta of

MaTTXBS

in

LriHABGE

lead and

the

silver cupelled,
the

the loss of lead and

three

off-gone.

Germans
mean

in 1864, 1865, are

have three good words,

the weight of
respectively

weight of lead and

and which
silver,

equallyshort and
and

CBBT.

at FriedrichaLutte
cupellation

followingtable. The
EingangtAuigaag,and Abgang,which

given in

FEB

silver obtained,and

I will venture

characteristic

to translate

Englishwords"

by

outgone
in-gone,

GEBMAS

CUPELLATIO^J.

tS I

ill
111
Ip
"ill
E " S

Va-

il
it

,j,i,i.=L,

OF

REFINING

the cost of

In 1864
of the

"

of
production

of 1 ctr.
capacity

was

as

tmder

209

BLICKSILBER"

1 ctr. of

Uthai^epackedin

caslc

Bgr.

Wagea

Pt

548

Fuel

7-11

Uuterinl for famaoe-bottom

0'37

OontingencieB
of fum"cee
Blast,mainteoanee
ABBorting(iiMAoUen) liUiatge
Litliargfr":a8k
anil repair of|
CloBin);up {Zatcliiagea)
I
litharge-caah
lAihBXgB-esxkafi^Bl^GUlttonJiamdgd)

3-93

7 '87

4-00

6'60
5-50

...

6-l"

10

Abont

REFINING

OF

U.

Euglbb.

"BLICKSILBER."

This

Feiabrenaen
operation,which is termed by the Germans
be
in several
conducted
or
(fine-bnming), Ba"iniren(refining),
may
of
purities
the residual imprinciple separating
ways, all founded on the same
by oxidation at a temperature somewhat
exceedingthe meltingof
silver.
The
ancient
method
is
point
exceedinglysimple and has
been well described and illustrated in the treatise of Agrieolapublished
than three centuries ago.* It is a method which
would not be
uioro
in
the
circumstances ; but
adopted
presentday except under particular
it is possible
world
that in some
of
the
as
a
knowledgeof it
parts
be
rather
detailed
of
it
is
here presented.
a
useful,
might
description
and instructiTe to study the metalBesides,it is always interesting
of
and the changes which
times,
lui^icalprocesses
early
they have
shall
I
avail
the
of
of
treatise
Winkler in
undergone.
myself chiefly
account
following

the

of this ancient

ButinHa

"

AH

oraa

method.'
Tkst

with

Blast.

itwill be remembered, contains a sensible proportion

Blickgilber,"
metals,10% or lees;and the problem is the removal of those
foreign
metals. Now, althoughit would be practicable
to obtain the silver
in the first
fine,or as the Germans
Brandsilber,"
it,
designate
do
to
it
be
economical
because it
would
not
so;
cupellation,
yet
"

of

"

would

in

fnmace

that

case

be

prettyhigh for

necessary to keep up the temperature of the

hours longer
of the
some
; and, as the capacity

furnace is very largecompared with the bulk of silver to be refined,

much
fuel would
than were
the refining
be consumed
more
formed
perin

smaller furnace.

a second
Accordingly,

or

after-cupella-

tion is resorted to.

The apparatusrequiredisextremely
and eonsiats essentially
simple,
of what is called the test,which is onlya largecupel,
and of double

detail of the prooesa.

de
Rs
Hetallica. I shoiring;
ereiv
'
1561. pp. 385-492.
BeaohraibungderFreibergf^-"-'-five largeiUudtcsBve voodcuts,|hOttenpiozene.1837.p- 143.

GeorgiiAgricdn
ri ilL
There

ar"

Baailera.

igitizeQQyGo

210

REFINING

bellowB

other machiuo

or

"

OF

for

BLICKSILBEH.'

prodncinga

blaet

oonatant

lined with
vessel of iron,solidly
bowl-shaped

is a

The

substaDce

test

capable

absorbingmolten litharge and of resistingits corrosive actionFormerly that substance was a mixture of J of lixiviated wood-aabcs
and J of bone ash properly
tempered with water ; and for a long
of sulphate
of barytaand bono-ash was
used ; but in
time a mixture
of

later times the

clayand
that
solidly
of

BO

made

liningwas

of the

itself. The

the fumacc-buttom

and about 3"

somewhat
with

The

the rim.

clay and
smoothed
finally

as

with

that of
a

it with the thumb.

upon

knife,from 0"

Ij" at

of about

to 1 1" wide

the bottom

of the hollow ia b^l^hed

surface

ture
mix-

preparedmart, stamped in

and
over

with bone-a"h

water, then dusted over

with a brass ball. The

of

mixture

curved

thickness

deep,leavinga

less at

of marl

is first ooated

water, and then filledwith

bo made
can
no
impression

A hollow is cut out in the marl with

kind

same

iron bowl

takes
operation
powder,and
in which is a
placeon a flat brick hearth like that of a smith's forge,
that
the
rim
of
the
latter
be on a
the
receive
to
so
test,
cavity
may

level with

the surface of the hearth.

The

in

is bedded

test

tho

cavityupon a layer of old marl mixed with ashes. In the twyerwall, 1 J" above the level of the hearth, is a blast-pipe
J" in diameter
4"
of water, and
The blast has a pressure equal to
at the mouth.
inches
but some
ia directiidnot towards the centre of the test-hollow,
tho
noarer
blast-pipe.
freed from sharpangles,
The chargeof lilieksilbcr in pieces,
ib
and
air-dried
the
which
is
into
test,
carefullyput
only
previously,
bo well permeatedby the
so that it may
piledup as high as possible,
blast,
none
being allowed to overhung the edge of the test. Ignited
charcoal is placedin front of the blast and the test is surrounded with
"

"

hoop,which

sheet-iron

and

the heat

usual motion
lation has

urged

is filled with

in somewhat

less than

the

begun

half

would

the
wood
wood

the

surface

hour.

an

As

blast is let

is in the

soon

as

cnpel-

The

iron

hoop is taken

of the silver, as

away,
if left there it

and thin dry piecesof wood are laid between

refining,
charcoal
twyor-walland the test, some
being thrown upon the
in order sufiicicntly
to keep up the temperature. As fast as the
bums
they
away and embers fall upon the surface of the silver,

From

time

supplied.

and fresh wood

to

time,

at

least

every quarter of an
iren rod bent round at the end so
once

hour, the

silver is stirred up with an

as not
t
he
with
view
tlie
raise
the
bottom
to
at
a
test,
injure
impurities
the bath and

designated
"

only molten
from

on

and

retard

be removed

must

from

down

be moderated, for otherwise

must

temperature
great volatilization of silver would occur.
tho charcoal removed

The

charcoal.

the silver is melted

that

so

the

"

to the action of the blast.

expose them
fat spots " appear

lithai^

on

impregnated with

Blicksilber,"and

which

the

of

an

iron rod

are

graduallyduring the
they are

wanned
previously

is

of

well
are

foreignmetals derived

find their way to the circumference where

refining
^^ hen these spotshave
the
substance
of the test.
by

the end

What

the surface of the silver,which

to

course

of

absorbed

whollyvanished,
the silver.

dipiiedinto

212

as

REPININO

is necessaiy

but in most

proofsof the metal

srriTed at the desired

two

ntUeca

100

BLICKSILBEB."
four times

tnstanoes
are,

the

When

the aidea.

toiah*. The

required. Tbe

brightneM thereof,and its

flamo

fineness;and

degree of

tire

it is hardened

water, when, it

will bo lost half

in

"

being pure

beginningto harden on
it with
they sprinkle

again,there

OP

if

imucs

in the middle
from

they melt

it, it is
this

mass

rvttyin every loUA, or six mofhoA* and

ooppelbecomes

kind

of

which, in the Ilindostany

language,theycall ktkrd,and

litharge,

in Persian,

kenneh."*
BKranta
Tbe

in

Tut

heading indicates

method.

It is well

undkr

the difforcnco between

illustrated

Accordingto

Kerl

Harz, and

the Clausthal Mint

at

Blast

with

this method

in

of

one

is in

Muitlx.

this and

the last

Agricola's
quaintwoodcata.

at Okcr
o]H'ratiun
Ilarz.
Upper

in the Ixiwer

in the

Kefiningis also effected on a taooea!U bone-ash teat in the manner

and
explainedunder the headingEnglishCupellation,
previously
will
the
bod
of
furnace,
test
a fixed
a rcverberatory
as
forming
silver
bcreaftAT described under ZierTogel'B
uf
extractii^
process
ia
solution
from
other
or
reguluses.
sulpfaatfi
copper

on

bo
as

"
For the fuUnwinK note t am indebted ' divided into 1! mdAm*
(of15|7.% aud the
IViend, Ur. Kdirerd Tbomss, to : mdihaiBequiralentto tjratulof I'STSgr ).
ta R"
well Known
for hig knowledge of Indian | Hence
the loea (p.143. per loJoA of 180 gr.
coins:" "Tbe
ofliciiil
mint WoA
and on
the 100
of Alfber's ia 0'93T5 "or balf a rali),
ndikiuand 2 ratii
times wai
eieeptionBlly
lieavy,
niigiii^
up , lolahi BS'TS gr. (or 6
.

See
grains. But the acuJe oT umporFriiuep'ii
Kaeaji' ^Htuny, IS58,,
maj be equallyworked ant by the ; vol.ii.
onliiauyIndiua lUalt of 180 gi., vliich i"
to 1X6' 0
tiona

'

213

LEAD-SMELTING.

HiSTOBicAL

Notices

Lead-Sugltiho

ih

Gbeat

written records exist of the mode

Although no
extracted from

on

its

inferred that it

ores

in which

load

action of heat and

the combined

was

be
reasonably

in the earliest times,yet it may

solely
by

was

Britain.

spheric
atmo-

is for the most

a.e the metal
principle
of
A
obtained
the
at
lump
galena might attract
part
present day.
the eye of a savage by its glitter,
bnt it would be utterlyworthless

air,exactlyon

the

same

it
to throw
If,however, he were
practical
purpose.
his blazingwood fire,even
he could hardlyfail to observe the
on
remarkable changeit might therebyundergo. The hard brittle ore
might in a greateror less degreebe transformed, as thoughby m^c,
to him

for any

into soft malleable

lead

those conditions oxide and

for under

phate
sul-

which, acting upon

unchanged
produced,
would
reduction of the metal as previously
set forth.'
cause
sulphide,
Poets have suggestedthat the accidental conflagration
of a forest
where a vein of galena might have been exjKwedat the surface, was
the means
of this kind
whereby lead was discovered. Speculations
be
but
will
remain.
ever
amusing,
speculations
they
may
The natives of certain districts in India smelt galenaon a small
is probablynearlythe same
scale,and their simplemethod
as, if it
be not identical with, that of ancient times, except that they use an
of lead would

be

artificialblast,whereas
in

fires may

the

there is

for

reason

localitieshave been

some

that
believing

urged by

the wind

the

smelting

alone.

occupationof Great Britain lead was produced

districts,as is proved hy the discoveryof numerous
pigs
bearingLatin inscriptions.
Many of these are in the British

During

the Roman

in various
of lead
Museum.

Englisharcheologists,
amongst

mentioned

Mr.

Professor

Franks, Mr.

Albert

of Oxford,have
Phillips,

directed

Dr.

nstiTe

of the United

some

may

Mr, Thomas

Way,

An interesting
auhjoct.*
pointis that

'

whom

be

specially

Wright, and

their attention

of the Roman

to

this

pigspresent

a
aimplele-smeltingto bo
Trcaready for carting,""A ItadimeDtary
iinnlcr and aettier in |tise on the M.tallurgyofSiWerand Laid,
emelting: "The
Mi.-si"ri,intheUnitcdStat":fl,earlyltBnied
jby Dr. Robert H. Lambom, London, Igtjl,
to procure the lead necessary
for making ' p. 132.
' Sco
their shot nnd bulleta by buildinga fire I
Professor Phillips*
'Tlioughteon
in the hollow of a fallen (n" or in an old
Ancient
Metallurgy and Mining amon^
the piecesof galena the Briganlcsand in some
other pnrta of
Ktnmp, and raneltins
'
that they picked up on tiic surfnie.
The
Britain,gn^estedby a pagu of Pliny a
dceited mttal coUecled in the aahes,and I Natural UiBloij,'
and Mi. Albert Way's

LAmbnm,

States,givesthe followingnotice of lead"

jleqniredonly

214

LEAD.SMELTING.

the letters

piga

which

mean
ex
AROFJirro, free of silver or
clearly
the
liat of names
Roman
on
following
Way gives
lead found in England. Britannicua
(aboutA.D. 44-48^ ;
(a.d.41-54);Kero (a.d.60-68); Vespasian (a.d.
74-76);
Hadrian
Antoninus
and
Veras
(a.d.
Bl);
(a.d.
1IT-1;J8);
ex.

arq.,

desilTenswd.
of

Mr.

Clandius
DomitiAU

(a.d.
163-169),
Mr. rhillips
notices
these

the

of load, aro

masses

the inscriptions
on
tact,that
singular
in the same
form
marks
of
the
as
general
"

the different mines

iu work, and which, no doubt, are
their
now
literal and lineal dcNcendanta,
Thus tho Aid or Auld Gang mine of

Swaledale,old

in tto

days of

the Saions

the mines of Greenhow

which suppliedsheet- and
Itiding,

Hill,in the

parishof Kipon,West
for the Koman
baths and cuffinH,at York, as well as tribute
pipe-lead
to the imperialtreasury; tho mines
of Middleton and Yonlgreave
in
(Aldgroove), Derbyshire,from which the I.utud.e sent not only
lead from which tho silver had been removed
lead, but cxargentate'
to this day the pig of the same
use
weight of IJ cwt., of similar
shape,and similar mark to that of eighteenhundred years of an*
tiquity.And, just as at the present day, tho countryman whose
gallowayis tired,dropsthe leaden load by the way side, for another
day'swork, so in the days of Home, the Brigantianlead was thrown
down from the tired eabaUttiby the side of the ancient mining road
'

"

and Dacro Pasture in Yorkshire."

Dorbyshiro,
Britain yieldeda large
Accordingto I'liny,
supplyof load,for the
his
Natural
in
occurs
following
History:"Sigro plumbo ad
passage
on

Matlock

Moor

in

fistulaslamnasque utimur, laboriosius in

Galliae sed in Britannia

Hispaniaeruto

totasque per

largeut lex ultro

dicatur,no pluscerto modo fiat." (We use lead for pipesand sheets,
more
laboriously
dug up in Spain and throughtho whole of Gaul,
hut in Britain so abundantly
in the upper crust of the earth that the
Jaw forbade more
than a certain quantity
should be made.) Aiclueowhether
lead
smelted in Britain
not agreedas to
are
was
logists
tcrne

summo

corio adco

'

before

the Boman

that it

was

the minei,but

Professor

miles

some

away

Phillipshas

lead has been

from them

on

the conviction

discovered

track

not

ai

leadingtoward*

pre-Roman station. That conviction,however,

evidence.
to
seems
as
hardly yet rest on indisputable
and lucidlycomposed Chemical
BishopWatson in his elegantly
has
take up but with increasingpleasure,
Essays,which I never
in Derbyshire."
treated
Of the Smelting of Lead Ore, as practised
called Bolet by the
Ho says
tbore are several placesin Derbyihire
a

Roman

invasion.

from the fact that Roman

or

rather

"

"

where
inhabitants,
of

moving

lead has been

bellows

by

water.

tion
smelted,before the invenanciently
These places
discovered
are
by the

'

rcfcreTiocs to other
of Blocks or Fi^ of Lead
mproni
publiabed
and Tin, relicsof Bumiin HeluUncgy din- I noticps on the BubJecL
covered in Grent Brituin,' Both papers I ' Sillii^'a
edition,1651. 5. p. 192, Lib.
'
in tho JuurniJ
of tlie A rcliran
are
logical iiiiv. Cup. xvii. Sect. 49.
Society,aiid in tiiem vill be found nu- \
"

Enninmitinn

Blagaof lead,which
concerning the

found

are

them

near

in which

manner

2IJ

NOTICES.

HISTORICAL

the

there ifino certain tradition

ore

smelted

was

these boles,

at

it waa, probably,
as simpleas that of the Paruviaru, for in Derbyihire,
well as in Peru, they seem
to have relied upon the strength
aa
chiefly
of tho wind
situated
"which

operation
; the
high grounds,and mostly upon

for the

upon

faces the

twice

as

situation

blows

in

not

was

England, in

the

boles
that

being always
side

of

fiscd upon
course

of

that quarter as from any other,"

author bf the 17th century, Joshua

bill

without
year,

near

days from

many

\N'atsan quotes
D.D., to show that
rude

This

west.

the wind

design,since

of the

success

an

Childrey,

conducted in this
in Derbyshire
was
lead-smelting
late as that period. The lead-atones in the Peak,"
so
Doctor, lye but justwithin the ground next to the upper
"

way

writes the

"

They melt the load upon the top of tihehille that

as the
lye open
; making their fires to melt it as soon
wind beginsto blow ; which wind by longesperienoe
west
theyfind
I know
holds longest
But for what reason
of all others.
not, since I
should think lead the easiest of all metals to melt, theymake their
fires extraordinary
great."*Tho languageof the first sentence is
much
like that of Pliny previously
terrsa
cited,namely, "summo
crust

of the earth.
the

to

The

west

for
authority

of the Peruvians

the

statement
concerningthe practice
foregoing
Barba, a Spanish priestand eminent

is Alonzo

natives of Peru," he says,

of the ITth oentnry. "The
metallurgist
which
not yet havingbellows to use, employedfurnaces in smelting,
called
which
still
These
employ.
they
guairas
they
guairas,and
roscmblo Caetilian furnaces.
They only differ from them in being
"

Britannia

Baconica:

or,

the

Natuni]

Bxrltiea of EngluDd, Bcotland,KudWiileB.

I have
Luiidon, 161"1. 12mo. p. 112.
tofi^red to the originalwork, and foand
tliQ quotutionr'orrtict. It ha*
remarked
that tliU Tolume
is "

I
'

Holy-i
po1".

"r

Top, N.E.

of Harwood

Ca-

.tlwk.

S.
Blag-Hills,

of

Bntterlj,aeai

Doway-

holo Lane, in Aabover.

maoifeiitly BtantoD in the Peak.
been

well

tuo minll for the psrTorniance."

* The
fullowiiiglist uf the sites of

Threebirches,at Pnilding-pieHill.W.
of Bniniptim.

UnUiauk, J m. W., in DronBeld.

Agriculture
Tho
ailes of these ancient Boles or
and Mincrali of Derbjehire,'
IStl.
wind amelting plaeca are
easilyfound,
it ii jast possiblethat
1. p. K62 : and
of the sputu,and the
from the sterility
ai^umnlationa of akg ricli in l("ad ma;
of any bKrhege c^iovpta few minute
want
of
o( some
BlilieilBt at or in the vicinity
tiieancient slag and
weeds
apan

anient
book

Boles

j^veo bj Farey

was

entitltd, General
'

view

in his

of the

these localiliea;

aahcs : but

"

Bank,

near

HolmsfleM, Im.

"

H.W.

m;

,,

Im. KW,ofUppeTHar"it.in
Hathersnge,
B.W. of.Wiiigerworth.

N.W. of Wirksworth.
as.
Chatsffortl) Old-Park Plaulation,
ofBualow.
in Lea.
Ciild-lierbour,
Crumford Huor, 8. of tlie Bridge.

hen-,as well

us

an

the ancient

tuine-hilloeks.the Campanula ro(vndifoUa

will be found,a dimiontive
plant,whtcli

worthy patron Sir Joseph

Banks

has

observed to be prcnlierto spots where

lead abounds in tlie soil,and which
not
canin any
other
be made
to Uve, pcrliaps,
tiiis campanula u very
throughoutEngland, so that Sir
Joseiih must either have been igaotaatof
ingly
British botany,or lead 'must be exceedpreyotentin British soil,where it
flituatioD." Now
common

bos not

even

to this day

been detected.

2ia

LEAD-SMELTING.

filled on all sides with holes throughwhich the air enters when the
wind
blows, which is the only time that metal can be smelted. It
out

oomes

where

part from each of these holes,like littleears,

the lower

at

there is charcoal on
These furnaces

hot.

enter

the outside,in order that the air may

placedin high situations,and where

are

there is most air."* At the present day furnaces constructed

similar principle
in the south of
in operation
have been recently
for the

smeltingof certain kinds of poo;' load

draughthas boen producedby a chimney.
Boles, alao termed

Cumberland,

and

in the

occur

Durham,

mining

well

as

the

ore, but in which

stated to

Bayle Hills,are'

distriots of Korthumberland,

on

Spain

as

in

Derbyshire. According to Forstor, thoy were simplypilesof stones

the western
brow of an
on
eminence, as near as
placedrouQd a fire,
and
t
he
mouth
of
the
so
possible
nune,
arrangedas to leave openings
which

for the admission

served

productsof combustion.
woods, which
In

the
for

on

Fuel

that account
of time

course

suppliedfrom the neighbouring

or
Mag-hill
Hag-bavkJ

were

resorted

was

of air, and

currents

the Ore-Hearth, was

in the nortlicm
operation

still in

the escape of the gaseous

called

artificialblast

an

natural
capricious

furnace,termed

of air and
was

introduced.

to

as

stitute
sub-

the effective little

This

furnace

is

is well

and
districts,
lead-yielding

smeltingof rich ores, in localities whore coal is dear

peat cheap. My friend, the late Mr. Hugh Lee Pattinson, of

fitted for the

aud

world-wide

the

as

renown

inventor

of the

desilverization process

expressedto me his opinion

it is superiorto the most
that for pure
rich sulphurettedores
furnaces
of
the
present day. Formerly it
approvedreverboratory
the only furnace employed in Derbyshire,
but that was
about
v?as
ing,
17U0 ; and when
Bishop Watson publishedhis essay on lead-smeltwhich

everywherebears

there

"

whole

not

were

his

name,

above

one

often

or

two

of those ore-htariki in the

county of Derby."'

The
be

revorbcratoryfui-nacBwas
on
anticipated

account

the lastintroduced,
as
ably
might reasonand
of the scarcity
increasingcost of

supplyof comparatively
cheap pit-coal.
Schliitcr,
was
as
Derbyshire Cupola.
accordingto
furnaces in use in Flintshire
BishopWatson, states that the reverberatory
invented
for smelting lead ore were
towards the year ] ti98 by
work by that
named Wright. On referring
to the original
a physician
celebrated old metallurgist,
I find the followingpassage:
Dieser
wood

as

It

fuel and the abundant

known

the

"

"

on
Metallargte,

I'Art de Tirer et de | Imperialde

Fotod, de

{B. Bemnrdo.
PuiiflorlesMetaui;tradiiitedel'EBiM)(nol
A
la Have, 1T50,
d'AlpboDse Barba.
Livre qnatri^me,chap. C. tome I.p. 272.
Arte

dc

verdodero

loe Mi-talca
benelicio

en

do

Tliia
for

an

the

la

PnTtMjniade

Madrid, 1610, p. 79, 80.

best edition.

See

Appendix

of lend-smeltiug
account
lu
in the 17th century,

quo ao ensefia ol land

' A Tnatias
loa de oro, j plata
on
a spction of the
fnndir lostodos, from Nevi^stle-upoii-Tyiie
to the

El modode
por aijogne.
han de reflnar,
ae
y como
y opartai onus

EagStrata,
mouti-

Fi-lL
in

lain of Cross
remarksoiiMlncml

Ciunberland
; with
Veins in General. Bj

da otros. CompVieEto por el licenciodo

Albnro AloDiO Borba. natural de laville I WpBteartli Forater. 2nd ed. 1821. p. 3tH.
do Lepe, en
la Aodaluzia, Ouni en
la | ' Chemical
Esiaya.1782. 3. p. 273.

HISTOBICAL
Scliueltz-Ofe worin

die

217

NOTICES.

Stein-Kolileii

Bley-Ertzein Eogellandmit

werden, ist in dem iFrusteiithum Wallia oder Wales

geachmoltzeii
Flintshire obsendret

worden.

Es dnd

in
auch dergleichen

verarbeitet werden,
BriBtoU,worin Kupfer-Ertee
Wind-Ofe
und hat kein Oebl"ee,darin die Feuning
Kohlen
unterhalten
wird, soil ohngefehr Anno
curieusen

Lenten

Whrigt,

ein Doctor

schmidt, und
viel Geld
lead
the
in

Medioiiue

und

Zeit

und

England

aeyn,

England

There

wind-furnace,without
about

any

are
copper ores
blast and heated with

drey

von

andere

ein Gold-

welche

daran
in which

furnace
smelting-

Wales,
Bristol,in which

at

1698

gewesen,

Flintshire.

iat ein

lauter Stein-

einer, Namens

gewandt"' (This
emelted with pit-coa},
has
are
in

mit

woven

Uhymicus, der

"

of
principality

invented

worden

der dritte ein ourieueer Mann

in

ores

inventirt

Engelland

Solcher

zu

zu

been
are

obeorved
also the

treated.

in
like

Suoh

alone,was
pit-coal

by three ingenious
one, of the
persons, of whom
for Wright),doctor of medicine
of Whrigt (a misspelling
and
name
and the third an
who
chemist, another a goldsmith,
ingeniousman,
and
time
to it.) Schlater then goes on
to
applied much
money
1698

describe the details of construction.

Farey

naces
FurCapdator low-arched Eeverberatory
used for the smelting of lead ore in
(1811)exclusively

states

now

Derbyshire,were
about

that

"

the

introduced

from

Wales

by

of Quakers,

company

the year 1747, the first of which was

erected at Kelstedge,
in
disused and pulleddown." "
He published
; bnt this is now

Ashover

good

of the mode
that
"

of the moat

account

in

now

of

of
approved cupola-fnraace

smelting. The

furnace

was

his

the
essentially

day
same

and
as

use.

Griiudlicber

(George Barker and Co.).

*
Stanage, in Ashover (Sjkes,MilucB,
Schlater.
and Co.).
Folio,1738, p. 110.
"
Ditto
ditto
Op. cit.1. p. 385. He giresthe fol(George Barker
and Co.).
lawing listof locnlitiea of cupoka iu Der"ToUi7 (George B. Breavea}.
Vm-Uellia, m Bonsai Dale (Saxleby
in Dronfield (fannGrly).
Barber-fields,
anil Co.).
in
John
Baalov
and
'Barbrook,
(Thomoa
Wirkswortb, E. of tbe Town
(Cbarles
Barker).
Hurt).
"Bonsai Dale (Evans and Co.).
A
termed.
Btadwell (Benjamin Barbcrl.
Sine-hearth,or, aa it was
attac)ied to tlie fnruaceB
Brettoo.in Eram 'Samuel White).
Sing Mill, was
kte Wdindicate)) by an aaturuk,
Calow, E. of Hatlienage (tlie
liam Longadon),
"\in!ytidds. several of the ameltera In
and
Coppy-nouk,in Stanton-Harold, Leices- tbe above list are doing but little,
ally,
teTihire fEarl Ferrers).
have their vorks shnt up occasionenme
Cromford Moor, Bteeple
Honse
oving to the supply of ore being
(Cbacles
now
10
greatlyinferior to nhat it was
Hurt).
about 1790). At MiilDevil's Bowling-alley,
in Aldcrwaaley 20 years ago {i.e.
dletoQ Dale, ore is ignclte'lTor the miners
(Fnmcia Hurl).
'Ecton, in Warslow, Staffordabire (Duke and buddleiB at 1 j". for a charge of ore,
of Deronsliire).
uraallyabout 18 cwt., and 1B". for aoharge
Harwood-Moor
Loads
near
or
dust-ore, usoally about
(George of befland,
Werken,

etc.

Unterricht

Von

von

HQtte-

Andreas
OliriBtopb.

'

"

Barker and

Co.,.

12

cvt.

and

in

these

coiea

the miiten

in Aehover (two formerly). Hell their piecesof lead,instead of tlieir

Kelated);!?,
of the emeltcrs,who
"Lea, near Cromford (Shore and Co.).
ore, lo Bome
arc, I
believe,the only lead-dealers in tiie disLumsdale, in Matlock (formerly
Middklon
Dale, in fitoueyMiddleton
.

iCQyCoOJ^Ic

218

OBSERVATIONS

ON

LEAD-SMELTING.

miner and
Bishop WatsoQ thought that Bcccher, tbo Oennan
author
of
the
and
Subterranea,'
mctallargiet,
Physica
might probably
have a prior
claim to its invention or introduction fiom Germany."
Indeed Bcccher asserted that he first appliedpit-coal
in
Cornwall to the smeltingof tin ore.
Thus in the dedication of bis
to Robert
tract, entitled
Alphabethum Miaerale,'written at 'I'ruro,
he
flammarum
litbontracum
stannnm
;
Boyle, says
Ignisneus, ope
'

"

'

"

mineratia

et

duetm."'

fundendi, OomulsiEe hactenne

(The

"

fire,by

of

use

smeltingtin and

aed
incognitns,

of

means

the

flame

of

ores,

have

may

irUro-

me

in
pit-coal
me
by

hitherto unknown

Whoever
introduced.)

in Coi'Dwall,but
first appliedthe flame of

pit'Coal

to
purposes, there is not, so far as I know, any evidence
in
where
fiivonr the notion that the application
originated Germany,

Huoh

to

long after it had become too scarce and

conducted in
metallurgical
operationsto bo profitably
which in this country led to the adoption
Britain. It was
necessity
of pit-coal
furnace
substitute for wood, and the reverberatory
as
a
the
Who
have
the
result.
doctor-chemist,may
been,
was
Wright,
wood

abundant

continued

costly for

I know

such

Ko

not.

of the 17th

end
with

century, though other

in close

Grandiaon,

coal,"etc.' H is worthy of
in

term

very

Spanishof

melt

and

fur

homos

refine

or

lead

oare

coale,"etc

sea

patent
way for melting
furnaces
with pitt
reverberatory

de

"

in 1C40

the fuel for

as
"

to

that Barba

note

wood

furnace with

"

with pitt coale

furnaces
reverberatory

or

1690, John Hodges obtained

refineinglead ore in close or

and

the patentees of the

in connection

occur

of the reverberatoryfurnace, especially

for
In 1078 the patent-right
was
pit-coal.
granted

Viscount

George Lord

and

names

the introduction

load-moltingwith
to

is recorded amongst

name

described

roasting. He

beratory
rever-

uses

the

reborberacion," furnaces of

reverberation.
of two

are

used for

furnaces
reverberatory

The

^e

kinds,

Flintshire

In the Flintshire furnace,

in Great
lead-smelting

furnace

properly

so

and

the

Britain

flowing-fiimace.

called,the slagis drawn

out

localities thoroughlymelted and then

in pasty lumps, or in some
when
termtd
it is technically
"run
out"
through the tap-hole,
T
he
is
Flintshire
and
furnace
nm-"lag respectively.
draien-slag
fitted for
that

calciningas
impure ores

but

it is not

furnace

some

of lead.

the metal
with
"

'

Wntaon'i
3. p, 274.

"

lead

Any

so.

as

in

The

is combined

oxygen
Chemical

only

can

he

has

been

smelted

asserted
in blastfurnaces

beratory
may be smelted in the reverthe blast-furnace,though less

ore

cases.

0USERVATI0N8

INTBODUCTOEY

Ore"

smelting. It

as

of

well

as

advantageouslyin

Bnd

well

certain

of lead

ores

ON
are

LEAD-SMELTING.

of two

kinds,those

in which

with
the

bined
sulphur,and those in which it is comformer is representedby galena,which

Eeeaye, 1. p. S3, I rclutiugto

Uctels

uid

AIIotb,ISCl, m).

6, 7.

Bee Abridgmenlaof the 6pcc:"(i(ilioiu

[ * Op. oit Lib. 4. Cap. 4.

220

SMELTING

Deotidatjok

of

oxidized

OF

ores

GALENA

of

lead.

carbon,or iron,or both,are resorted

ores,

Bnlphideof

oxido,
sulphide,

or

beratoiyof

snch

agents of reduction.

to be operatedupon is pure
suppose that the mbstance
fine
in
a
lead,
comparfttively state of diTision,and that

the material of the furnace

ie

absolutely
proofagainstcorrosion bj

suitable construction.
consist of

productmay

let the fhmace

sulphateof lead ; and

with free
galena,

of tho

of
smeltiui;

EE00E88.

AIH-REDUCnON

Lefns

Tn the

"

to as

be

revcr-

Kow, the first stepis the roasting

of air, so that it may not clot,

and the
mixture ol protoxido,
a
nd
sulphate,
sulphide

access

shall contain oxygen and sulphur in tho same

ratio as
in sulphurous
acid. The next step is to raise tho temperature sufficiently

of

lead,which
to

BO

the reaction,between

cause

generatedand the

be

due

to

compoundsof

tho

lead

whole

state, while the whole of

sulphurousacid. In this case reduction
tho

metallic

jointaction

of heat

of the lead may be reduced

the sulphuris evolved as
would

the oxidized

unchanged sulphideof lead, wheruby tho

to

and

atmosphericoxygen.

Bnt it is hardly necessary

to remark, that the precisetheoretical
however
conditions here supposedcould not bo fuIBlled in practice,
be

carefullymanipulationmight
that, while
.

consequence
to approximate
to thjue

be made

effort may

every

in

there will remain

The

conducted.

of the process
of protoxide
and sulphate
; and

sulphideof lead or a mixture

practicethe latter mixture is always in
quantity of lead is always left unreduced.
in

should be most

intimate,much

to

unreduced

an

In order

that

subjectthat

the lead from

oxidized

notable

perfect

it; and,

adopted for that

furnace
reverberatory
be

perseveringrabbling.

necessary
in
order
to
extract
deoxidizingprocess

reduction

purpose,
in

or

two
ceivable
con-

is formed, it becomes

above stated,carbon

as

of the

indeed than it is

active and

residue

residue to

that the mixture

intimate

more

should result from the most

As

and

excess,

should occur, it would be necessary not only that the unchanged

and
the
of
oxidization
should
be
the
in
sulphide
products

proportionindicated by theory,but

exact
'

ditions,
con-

at the conclusion

excess

either

reduction

is

or

being

iron,or both, might

effected either in

Thus, in order

blast-furnace.

to separate

the lead in the air-reduction process, two distinct operations

are
of oxidation,and the other of deoxidation.
No account
one
required,
is here

which

taken

by

of that
of

means

portionof the lead "which is volatilized,and

arrangements may be in great
proper condensing

part recovered.
A

furnace
reverberatory
which

and

worked

in this
furnace
furnace

case

may
as

to

cause

oxidation

it is not
to

is not

bo conducted
active
and

in

essential to the air-reduction cess,

prosmall blast-furnace co constructed

oxidation of the

reduction

take

practicable
any

prevent the formation

of

more

sulphideof lead,and
In such a
placepari pawn.
than

residual

in tho

reverberatory
productrich in oxidized

iCQyCoO^Ic

BY

Hitherto

tte

AIR-REDUCTION

THE

221

PROCESS.

inTolved in
principles
have
with sulphur

state of combination

the reduction of lead fnnn

considered with

teen

its

respect

of pure sulphideof lead

of the treatment
phide
in furnaces absolutely
proofagaiuatthe corroslTe action of the sulwhich
conditions
its
of
can
oxidation,
and of the products
to

imaginary case

the

practice.Pure sulphideof lead is never the subject

treatment, and furnaces incapableof corrosion by
of motallui^cal
sulphideof lead or by the pioductsof its oxidation are unknown.
Various so-called foreign
ifctters, such as those with which
galena
which
have
been
enumerated
in
and
is aasociated
satvis,
previously
in the
in this volume, are alwaysfound in greater or less proportion
lead-smelter.
Some
of
miner
the
delivered
the
to
ore
by
galeniferous
mixed with the galena,
and others,
those matters
may be eo intimately
have
with
a
m
ixed
it,
not
so
high
specific
intimately
though
may
practicable
their approximately
to render
as
completeseparationimgravity,
even
by the most efBoient and most carefully-conducted
In such cases efforts
of
operations dressingon the part of the miner.
"f the galenabeyond a certain pointwould
to carry the purification
that the pecuniaryloss arising
necessitate the loss of so much galena,
in

occur

never

that

from

and
those

in

the

caused

of expense

by

the inconvenience

the presence of
of
case

smelting. Moreover, in the

of

process

oounterbalance

than

more

increase

attendant

matters

far

wonld

source

considerable loss of silver would inevitably

galena,
highlyargentiferous
result from efforts pushed too "r
in that direction. The purer
the

galena,the

cheaply may

more

when

to contain
ores
galeniferous
o
f
and one
lead,
proportion

silver.
be

The

elimination

carried to
profitably

notwithstandinga
the

of

it he

smelted.

raised from

be poor

to

the mines

while

foreignmatter

two

suppose
the

same

the other is rich in

from

the former

might

than from the latter,

greater
notable corresponding
loss of lead. With respect
a

much

But

extent

of all

argentiferous
galena, properlyso called,
lead-smelter
of
the
is as much
the
a practical
object
sense,
extraction of silver as of lead ; and accordingto the proportions
in
which these metals are associated in any particular
it
is
for
the
ore,
miner to determine experimentally
how iar the dressingof such ore
be profitably
carried. Much
will depend upon the nature of
may

to

treatment

in

the

the

matter
foreign
adopted,as will

in

be the process of smelting

hereafter be particularly
demonstrated.
The
ceding
pre-

observations
process, and

mixed

galeniferous
smeltingof these
ores.

an

ore,

whatever

apply with
air- and
The

ores

equal

force to

iron-reduction

influence of
will

may

the

iron-reduction

processes

of

matters
particular
foreign

be considered

and

smelting
on

exemplifiedin

the
the

of
description

the various proceeses in the sequel;for,in my judgment,

it is not possible
and rightlyto apto understand
properly
preciate
that influence without firstacquiring
a detailed knowledgeof

the processes themselves.

In the air-reduction process both kinds of furnaces are
in use,
reverberatoryand blast : they will be described in the following
order.

222

IN

LEAD^MELTING

RErERBERATOKY

FCRNACE.1.

1. Flintihii-e
furnace. The

load is allowed to accumiiUte in the furnace

residue
The
is
raked
in
out
out.
tapped
paafy

"

and

2.
3.

4.

is

or
lumps,and is called grey-t-lag
drawn-slag,or in cei tain cubch
is tappedout in a molten Htate, when
it is cnlled rtm-slag.
The
remarks
the Flintshire furnace
on
Spaniik
furnace(BiAieke).
apply equallyto the Spanish.
Flomng-fumaee, I'he ore i^ calcined in a separate famace ; the
reduced lead is allowed to acoumnlato in the furnace and tapped
"

"

out

I'he residue is

called

run-slag.

BUibergfamace.
"

is reduced.

ITie lead
The

is extracted from

in the molten

tappedout

out of the furnace

runs

as

state, and

is

quicklyas

it

roiiiduois pasty,and the lead contained

it in ihe

same

B l.AST-FU

farnaoo.

RS ACES.

5. Ore-Jtearih. The
"

jiowu, and

calcination and reduction of the ore

the residae is raked out in pasty lumps.

SMELTING

IN

THE

in it

FLIKTSHTRE

occur

jwrt

FURNACE.

(f the furnace. An arched vault,called the air-Tanlt,

Deteription
under the bed, and at the fire-bridge
end it
longitudinally
communicates
with the CKtomal air (figs.
Til,fj2,
53,64, 56). On
freely
the crown
of this arch,extending
of bricka level course
rightand left,
"

extends

work, called the cramp-course, is laid

54, 56);
(figs.

and

on

this

are

placediron cramps which hold the lower ends of vertical wrought-iion

standards (figs.
51, 52, 53, 50, 6W). Upon the crampKxiursc
a concave
bed of common
with
is
raised
brickwork, gi-outed
lime-mortar,
solid,
in
slopingfrom the back as well as from each end to the tap-bole

THE

FLINTSHIRE

223

FURNACE.

The

left sharp,
are
edgCBof the briclcHtowards the concavity
the bricks being set graduallyback in each saccessiye course, thu.i
it ware, a series of steps (figs.
54, 5ti).At the front and
as
forming,
front

back

openingaat eqnaldistances

three

are

and of the

same

dimeu-

ElontlaiiorthtbKt.

Biona

51, 62, 54, 56, 57). These openingsare formed by strong

(figs.
cast-iron door-frames,of which the tops are bovilled off towards
the
interior of the furnace, and the bottoms bevillcd so that the frames
with a slight
inwards (figs.
54, 61 a, a').
inclination
may stand firmly
]n front of

both

series

of door-frames, and on
a level with the bottom
of the

frames, extends
iron

in these
openings

plate

cast-

about

10'

long, V" wide, and

2"

thick, set flatwise and

51
{ figs.
horizontally

."i
2,

66,57).Onthebevilled
(ops of each
door-fttimes
a

of

series of
rests

clined
in-

strongflatplate

to support
cast-iron,

the roof of the furnace

on

each

In

front of each

of

side

("g.56).
series Fig.bs

Ebntimi

gf Uh

Aim toi.

door-frames,
or
plates

jambs

of cast-iron

about |" thick are

There are
placedvertically.
for
each
those
at
the
and
series,
castings
ends,Hgbt
left,
being
different from those on each side of the middle door (figs.
61, b,e, d).
On the slopingedgesof these jambs at the top rests inclined the castfour

iron

plateabove

mentioned

51, 52, 56).

(figs.

Thns

each door-frame is

224

IN

LEAD-SMELTING

rcocBBed

56, 57). At the front of the furnace below the mi")dle

(figs.
is a hirgeplateof cast-iron,called the tap-hote
plate,
rib at the top and bottom.
strengthenedby a longitudinal
projecting
In the middle of the tap-hole
vertical openii^,
fitted
plateis a narrow
door-frame

Tertol

with
hole

hinged door

61, 56).
(figs.

and

trelkm

below

wi

Uw

the

Um

A B, ll(.tl.

bottom

Immediatelyunder

the

of this door

Is the taptap-holo
plateand lacing

much
is a circular pot of cast-iron,
tap-hole
lead-k*ttlo.
called the load-pot,
or
lead-p^,

thicker at the

the

In the

to the

The

is a
tap-holo

bed

above
arch

bottom,
edgecontigiioue
notch.

is covered

with

in

low

flat

firmlysupportedon

either aide, aa
and
from

above

scribed,
de-

extending

the end wall of the

to the opposite
fire-place
or

flue end of the furnace.

Immediatelyabove
drawn

line

the

middle

of the door-frame

nearest

the

from

at the
firB'place

to the

middle

poaitodoor-frame
bock, the arch

front

of the opat

the

presents a

the importance
of which
bnildera
From
furnaces.
the
of
these
the
middle
of
by
the
arch vertically
this line to the lower surface of
above, the distance
should be 17" ; from the middle of a similar line drawn from the doorframe
stress

is laid

nearest

tJie flue to the

door-frame, the
opposite

above
top of the arch vertically

distance to the
should bel3"; and from the middle of

FLINTSHIRE

THE

to the top of
fire-bridge

the top of tho

distance

which

the

The

56).

be 19"

should
but

ueareat

furnace

is

door-frames,

is

clinier

or

the front
Above

and

at

^e

md^is

the
a

bin

or

roof

facingthe middle
an
opening,tlirough
54,
hopper above (figs.

the
the

cleaned

at

51,55).
(figs.
in. front of

ash-pit

is

short flue for carrying

the front
that

vapour

proceedtherefrom.

may

An

that

above it.the
vertically

from

freed

at

off any

64, 36). 1"

(figs.

chargedfrom

the
a

the arch

223

fire-hole for

chargingcoal is at
back (fig.
52),and
grate

FURNACE.

space is left for

open

the free circulation of

wall
fire-place

and

adiacent end-wall
"i
bed.

1.

the

the

of the
_,..
*^"-

m..

Ihe

upper

latter wjl

part

T
of

",,^,
Th. Btfrbrkl.
Vf"il"l"(ll0Ilonlli6|[M,CD,llg.Bl.
..,.".".

b"r""

w.r

".-""-"""".

mder

.".._,.

the Br"-lirUjieire sbowu

^i.
"""
".

left br U"

builder.

^"b."

the

is supportedby a strong cast-iron plate,

called, as
fire-bridge
the
At
the
end
of
the
furnace
usaal,
bridge-plate
54.)
opposito
(fig.
two rectangular
are
flues,that nearest the back largerthan the other
The
53,
54,
{figs.
objectof this difference is,it is stated, to cause
57).
flame to pass
largerflue. Both

more

the

highestpart of the bed contiguoua to the

with a common
flue conopeningscommunicate

over

"iiJ I ?

Hi)timtalMCticinwitlnliaeaH,Bi.It.
VOL.

ni.

'i" I

"

TUiKilcnftnloflii.

'r^

Sl-SOIndinlTe.

226

LBAD-SHELTIKG

nected with
of which

much

the fine-end
to

high stack

"

on

the two

and

the fnmace

the outside there

recessed

aro

flues,throughwhich

Plan bT ttw topoC tht ftmet,

53, 67). They

(figs.
middle

that Sue is provided

vith

when

use

is mad"

IS

of each

recess

furnace is stiffly
braced

ibinrlDgunnimwnt

little space

togetherby

hole

platein

front is a cast-iron

is

cast-iron

plate,4' x

to
ont

through that opening;

and

On

each

plate(fig.
51).

At

side of the tap-

the hack

there

the middle opening,

in order
the pasty grey-slag
which
is raked
and on the floorunderneath there is also a

2'

brickwork

Tht^
is left in the biickwork.
and
ties
tandards
wrought-iron

61, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 68).

(figs.

protect the

of

fire-brick. In the bottom

roda

duuper,'

operation.At
openings,
ing
correspondto them
may be gained

access

closed with

are

is in

3", under

from

_"y

228

LEAD-SHELTING

Common

brick

IK

other aaitable material may

or

ench.
parts of the fumaoe
etc.
of the air-vault,
crown
"

the

as

which

"

be used io all tboftO

fonnclatione,exterior of tbe walls,

to be

not

are

exposedto

high

lead-smelting
temperature; but in all other parts the reverberatory
built throughoutof fire-bricks,
made at
furnaces of North Wales
are
and
Buckleyin Flintshire,
for tbe manufacture
than,
refractory
and

even

are

others

true

of the

material

adapted for the purpose,

lead-smeltingfurnaces than

road

the

shape,and

About

ia

to

5 tons

itself. The

furnace

about

the

into

the

size

same

fumaoe

as

viously
pre-

brick

the brick foundation, worked

over

afterwards

in the

usuallymade

foundation,and then
into the lower part or well of tbe
oool until it becomes
pasfy,in which

runs

it is allowed

readyfor use.

is
tbe

making, is thrown

it is spreadby rakes

bottom

the furnace

grey-slagsuppliedby
up into pieoesof

liquidit

furnace,where

good

lesB

well

are

these

red-hot,spreadover

When

desired

bricks,though much

broken

for

made

state

in

working-bottomof

slag,having been

melted.

durable

more

followingway
the

other kinds,

many

ground clayas employed

same

These

infusible.

more

The

set with the

of the bricks.

left to

solidify
by

into the

cooling. It is then

of

importantfor

slagare requiredfor one bottom. A

the proper manipulationof tho charge.

HZU

a.SMkt.

irDiUactlH FMnlAln

IrxtiHcdta

Fig, "3.

BWeitew.

tquui-.

Io the

W10I11-.

Tb"

bwl,)""^^

HaiwUepatt l"lndl"Bi*l",aiid
lni|!Uiof V. tha otker
flatianed tttS U

g.'sktniB"r.
Koiliid,1"

Io Jiaamer

wn

uperfd oB

ot wroiiBlit-tmi.

inii n.lt"ui"l

on

il**
th"l"p-liole

^l il""e ""^ "" 'he oi-ptwlle.ideof tha

Imtnon'llitnl(Ledo"iioiii"dUieiinci
loni.ncijit
tiM

! which

In Hi wholo

or

v\A
U

ohlch

raUwr

Iho rmkcn

; Kidc.

above
,

if dwR
dticnbtd

ba

longer:

inedmnha

In IL

ue

I "*""!

l" I Hit
Io

l"nhtoUiHl^tlPnf4^)u^pa^t,^tblchUaa^c
JjolaponcMil

TbB p"lill"

put I'ln dl4ii"l"r.I

'llMicnper part,or

*.'lWili'.
Plan.
round

lUmHe

All tliiM toali

Ibnion.

dravi
Ibe hEid

bKk

oui

Lhc

lUg.

and

of Ujla r"li*lar"

aral'
ottos
fumara
Bi-sWai
tb" tocla

and
)" ihJM.
uhlcl] are
the

prfiicUal,that*

an

matenal; hideed,acarctljlao louli are Mantkal In

Uw
farm. Tilt tool! are
gnierallj round nben
workman
bundle*
them, but kqiinra "bere tbey raat
inh
the hole m the up-hule plilefor cleaning ilie |on the Iidh plnleforming tlia bolUjm of tba worUnj
doonortba
lurnncr.
inrl"iilbi||duplicat".e*difar"""rB"o(
ibe melal
"n Ike up-hole afLar -"ella pnjvldcdnlib alwui iliij uwla.
; uice
I op,"and bcfon
lappiug.
oU

ck-

__.

ud^Hof

._

FUNTSeiRE

THE

and

FDBNACE

AT

229

BAGILLT.

defects in it,after eadi tappingof ibe fnmace, are

portionsof slagfrom the precedingcharge. This true

repaired
working

any

vith

slagbottom varies in thickness from 6 to 12 iochea,being thickest

towards the tap-hole
and thinnest on the higher
or well of the furnace
had
the
I
at
opportunity Bagilltof examining the bed of
portions.
or

furnace in proceBe of being broken

struck with its
up, and I was
shown
under
the
Mr.
Keates
that in
slates
as
pick-axe.

hardness

"rnace

one

none

are

orefamace

copper

aubstitufe.
so

In the
more

alagwill

Any

aa a
slaghas been found to answer
well
after
but
a
while,
equally

good for firststartingas gregslagt.'

of smelting,
after a year or two, the furnace
course
less
distorted
in
modified
form, and consequently
or

dimensions

yet it may

There

is

do its woik

doubt

no

over-refinement, 1 may

in

manner

that there has

been

add, afiectation,
as

even

every
in muny

over-estimate

sometimes

not

endeavoured
I have

and

virtues

whit

to

seen

elsewhere

their

the wiser

than

precisemeasare-

to

in such

the smelters
those

apt
are

I have

of what
descriptions

lous
that 1 believe in the miracu-

not

fiimacea

same

themselves

However,

men.

delineations and

examined,
carefully

as

those used

in Flintshire

or

smeltinglead.

LKAn-HBHBLTIHO

IN

FlIKTBHIBB

TBB

FcBNAOB

AT

BaOILLT,

HoLiwELL, Fluttsbibb, 1659.

NEAB

For the

importance;

present accurate

of inches

for

and

in

instances

Furnace -builders,like many

other men
of the
rules as
to construction, are
inherited certain

type, having

comes
be-

factory.
satis-

way

of furnaces.

ment

to

answer

of
following
generaldescription

the process of lead-smeltto Mr, Keates,formerly

of the
one

ii^ in North Wales, I am indebted

of smelting
works at Bagillt,
near
proprietors

Holywell,Flintshire,

Henry, the manager.

The usual charge for a furnace,such as has been described and
is 21 cwts. of ore, with draughtage calculated to cover
the
illustrated,
The furnace being barelyred-hot after working
moisture in the ore.
is let fell from the hopper or bin
off the previouscharge,the ore
and to Mr. John

throughthe
the bed"

care

hole in the arch

being

taken

to

underneath, spreadpretty evenlyover

prevent any of it from droppinginto

stirred and
frequently
t
he
over
During
operation temperature
in the furnace is regulated
by the damper,and the doors are left
closed,in order to admit the requisite
quantity
open, or onlypartially
and the highesttemperature compatible
of air. Constant
stirring,
with the absence of pastinessor clotting,
the essential conditions
are
the

deepestpart

turned

'

It

or

for two

hours.

Id

"

and

this

Birelywith e, lnjeiof braaque 0'25 metre

{9'81"),a layer of b)a"t-funiace
well.
On
liave answered
tlie top of the
and
(Iron)akg 0 IS metro thick (S'Sl"),
thin layerof grey-stngcontaining
a very
arch, uniler tlie bottom, a second inserted
arch
it built,having nourly the same
20"^of lead. Calteo,Revue UniTeradle,
'
concavityis the bed,and coverad nieces1863,13. p. 13.
IB

reported thnt

well of the furnace

Belgium

Aii- 1

nace-liottoina of tliefollowingcouBtruMion

Ithick

230

LEAD-SMELTING

IN

of thia stage. If the temperature falU too low the calcinaUon

delayed,and if it riaeB too high the charge is melted too soon.
the end
with

of the

coal,and

At
the grate ia freed from cliokera and filled
the fire urged until the charge becomes semi-liquid
;
hours

two

of it which
portion

and

any
is raked

is

up to that which

run

on

down

towards

the

tap-hole

the upper part of the fumaoethe temperature lowered until

opened,and
of stiffpaste, when
the chargeacquiresthe consistency
the whole of
the bridge and back part of the furnace,ie.,
it is pushed towards
side. This done the flre-door is closed,and the
oppositethe tap-hole
down
is
melted
as
quickly as possibleinto the well, slaked
charge
in and well raked over
the surface of
lime in powder is then thrown
the melted mass.
The slag and unreduced
portionof ore beingthus
rendered sufficiently
stiff,
are
again thrown up, or, as it is termed.
sides of the bed, there left to cool a littleand
the sloping
on
set-up,"
Lime is againadded, the slagis pushedback
afterwards re-melted.
bed.

The

fire-door ia

have

may

remained

now

"

the surface of the

from

termed

lead, and

slagis then

tapped,and the

raked

left to drain

the lead is
little,

of the furnace in pasty

out

lumps,

grey-slag."

"

Buch is the process followed

as

the rule

but

variations of rature
tempeThe
ores.
particular

manipulation
usuallyoccupiedin. working ofl'a chargeis five hours ; but it
of the fuel,or
vaiy with the draught of the furnace,the quality
and

timo

requiredto

are

may
the nature

of the

it may be
Bapidfusion

of the

hence
a

and

these circumstances

chargelessens

or

the

to

able,
unfavour-

tilization;
by volaquick,livelycoal in pretty largolumps is
of buch size and shape as to admit of its
the
rapidlyheated. The more satisfactorily

first stage of the process

will be the yieldof the furnace, and the
slaked

are

six hours.

set-up

furnace

beingrapidlycooled
calcination

and when

to
protracted

and
and
preferred,

oree

suit

the loss of lead

is conducted, the greater

more
nearlywill it approximate

of tlio crucible. The haidening effect of

assay-produce
due
of
partially to coolingcaused by the evaporation

lime is

its water.
The

quantityof

with

vary
and the
at

Two

many
and

men

in

time

the various
not

required lo
A

14^

chargeof
cwts.

ore.

of

fewer
work

75%

to

ores

minimum

at

16 cwts.

about 2 1

lead;
treated

80% of lead.

attendant
than

off two

and

obtained direct from the

The

The

the maximum

of coal may

be estimated

smelters,one subordinate to the other,are constantly

working a furnace; and the assistance of a labourer is

work,

at

aie

the

working off a chargeof ore will

principalbeingits quality

two

or

requiredin
needed

in

circumstances, the

qualityof

12 cwts.

fuel consumed

are

20

operations.Thus
labourers will

chargesis

if 40

smelters

be necessary.

The

shift.

about
good Flintshire lead ore yields
the
lead
of this quantity about
of
is
91%
furnace, and 11%from the slagand fume.

cwts.

of

of

high produce,
yielding
by dry assay

from

THE

Ahoteeb

Dbsobiption

The

PLIKTSHIBE

PDBNACE.

Lbad-bmbltihg

or

is
generaldescription

next

'ITiechargeconsists of 2 1 cwts.

furnace, and

tarned

over

Flintbhibe

thc

the pen
in the science of his art.

smelter well informed

of the

in

calcined

from

It is

for about

of

Fdkhace.

leadpractical

the bed

spreadevenlyover
an

hour

and

half,being

frequently.

very

grate is then cleared from clinker formed whilst meltingthe

coal is thrown on the fire,
and the damper openeda
previouschaise,
the
BO as to expose
little,
heat,for about
charge to a highercalcining
The

hour.

an

More

coal is then

furnace

closed tillthe

are

the fire,and

upon

chaise has

melted,

the doors

of

the

lliis takes about half

hour.

an

The

doors

the

upon

much
The

to cool

calcined for about

arc

quarter of

It is

hour.

an

worked, cooled,and calcined

fire is

again made

doors of the furnace

are

with

been

chaise is at

next

placedwhilst

onlyabout

half

an

added.)
opened,the slag again thickened
tapped. The slagsare raked over the
then

let

once

working

drop
hopper where it had
formly
previouscharge. It is spread uni-

the

calcination

lead forms

the metal

on

intermixed,which
mechanically
The

workman

in the pot.

throws

is

rich in

scum

It contains

much

lead

following
stirs the

coal-slack info the pot,and

some

tinued
con-

littlefiiel remains

chiefly
got rid of by the
paddle into the lead and

is

plunges a

then
vigorously,

whole

and

commences

removing the slagand spreadingthe charge,a

sulphideof
method.

away.

from the

by the heat of the furnace walls, and what

in the grate : if neceexary a littlemore
is added.
Whilst

hour.

little coal-slack is sometimes

the ftirnace bed, when

over

lime and setup,

beibre,but this time, as the charge

as

lime, and the furnace

liack of the furnace, quenched with water, and wheeled
with

The

divide it

to

as

up and the doors closed,till the whole

this takes about half an hour or rather

is thoroughly
melted ;
.charge
this
more.
firinga
(During

The

so

is then

hour.

an

again thickened

is less in bulk, the calcination lasts

The

thrown

are

portion,which

again charged,the damper rained,and the doors of

closedtillthe charge has againmelted, which roquireH

fire is

shovelfuls of lime

unreduced

well worked,
considerably,

and
possible,

as

few

the

thicken

chargeto

the furnace
about

opened,and

are

set-up, allowed
as

thrown

again

volume of gas, which he ignites

ing
stirs. This generates a large
by throwinto it a shovelful of hot cinders.
The surfece is thus thoroughly

heated,and he
the lead into
has

run

out

at

once

returns

the

pigs,
again taps the
from the

chargeis let into it

skimmings
The

furnace and
to

the furnace, lades

allows the lead which

skimmingsinto
remain

in the

pot till the

next

is then
tap-hole

stoppedup.
chargesof ore producedin a trial11 tons S cwts. of lead
and 2 tons exactlyof slag,containing
about 55% of lead. About
10 cwts,
of ftiel were
employedper charge. The total loss may be
taken at "% on the leed,as shown
by our method of assayingin the
Sixteen

L,j"zec,;vG0

232

LEAD-SHELTINO

which, when
iroa-dish,

openttingon such rich

those of the other

near

methods,in

loss includes the loss in

lead which

IN

which

givesreeults veiy
employed. This

ores,

fluxes

and
smeltingthe slags,

are

does not include the

the flues. This,however, is but a

than a fraction of a per
more

will be recovered from

small item,and will not affect the loss

oeuL, unless a goodcondenser is used.
The

have been
of grey-slag
proportion
of
smelter.
The
by practical
average content
lead in 13H tons of slag(1 ton
in
the
2240 lbs.)found by assay
with the addition of black-flux,was
iron-crucible,
o5^%; and the
of
week's
work
2 cwts.
was
quantity slagper chargeon a
average
^ qrs.
The
average quantity of grey-slagfrom the smeltingof
galena,yieldingby assay in the iron-dish 7Tj%,was 2 cwt". 3 qre.
21 lbs. per chai^ which
slagby assay in the iron-crucible,with
the addition of fluxes,gave
5;f|%of lead. About 3 owts. 3 qra.
16 lbs, of grey-slag
were
producedper chargeof 21 cwts. in the
smeltingof an ore yielding
77% of lead,by assay in the iron-dish.
The
load from the grey-slag
was
formerlyextracted by smelting
in small Uaat-fumaccs, called slag-hearths,
but the reverberatoiy
is now
flowing-furnace
commonly substituted for that purpose, and

followingresults

communicated

to me

to

as

the

the process will be hereafter described.

DcaCUtPTRIM

AUTHOH

TBK

BT

FUBNICI

By
what

IK

FuKTSHIBK

THE

FUHTBHIBB,

HOLTWELL,

narrative
of
specialillustration I give the fullowing
done in the working of a furnace at one
of the largest

of

way

LlAD-SHKLTINO

OF

MRAB

saw

works
in North
timelting
i41%produce by dry assay

Wales.

mixture

in the iron-dish

was

of the

the

best

ores

of
subject

of

ment.
treat-

The

chargewas 21 cwts. (1 cwt.= 112 lbs.)dry,or 21 J cwts. in

reality,
i cwt, being allowed for moisture. Two men were
engaged
at

furnace,one

in

full

working

smeltingof

the last

At ^ h. 40

PH.

m.

each side,ie. back and front. The furnace

and much
cooled down, as usual after

on

order

charge.
the cbai^

was

the upper part of the bed.

the fire-door,
were
open.
6 h. 1 0 m.
The firststage or calcinaiion
was
now

well

the whole
two

while
made

All the side-doors,

as

completed
; during
kept down considerably.

"

The

the

let fall throughthe roof from the

hopperand spreadover
as

was

of this stage the

doors

on

up

6 h. 35

was

each side furthest from

the other two

and

damper

side-doors

were

the fire-door closed.

the

left open.
Lead

was

fire were
The

closed,

now

fire

observed

well

was

to

trickle

The fire was

m.
kept well np ; the two doors nearest the
still left open.
first
was
liabbling
occasionally
practised,
Lead
trickled down
throughone door and then through another.

fire

"

were

pretty freelysoon
7 b. 8

m."

after the

All the doors

beginningof
on

each

this stage.

side

were

the
closed,

fire

was

iCQyCoOJ^Ic

THE

Well made

233

PTJRNACE.

the

damper raised fixlly.VigoroQBeffervesceuce

sound, and lead flowed freelyfrom the
frizzling

up, and

occurred,with

FLTNTSmRE

charge.
7 h. 50 m.

the

the flue

near

All the doors

"

opened,and

chai^
closed.

was

each

on

were
side,as also the fire-door,

The

well rahbled.

waa

The

door

on

wholl;melted

chargewas

each

side

down

into

the well of the furnace.

7 h. 54
on

the

shovelful and

m."

half of slaked lime

side and well mixed with the molten mass

tap-hole
by rabbling
throughthe tap-holedoor,which
Matter

the sides of the bed

adheringto

the

on

the lead
closed.

introduced

was

detached

waa

and raked up toward* the fire-bridge

paddle,
by the man
side of the furnace.
The flue-door on each side

top of

afterwards

wan

by

the

the site
oppostill kept

on
was

closed,the fire-door remained open, and the damper fullyup.

8 h.
the
A paddlewas
put in through the working side (i.e.
"

back),and

used

detach

to

the bed

the less fused and

the

on

man

time

as

welt

charge; and
part
the opposite
side (i.e.
the front),
at the same
or tap-hole
well

more

that thickened

as

lead

in the well,was
raked
or
the
After
bod,near
fire-bridge.
8 h. 18

door

on

m.

The

"

each side

8 h. 47
and

"

set-up
this

"

"

all the doors

the

slopingpart of

setting-npthe door

on

the

each

left open.

lowered,the

damper was

fire-door closed,
and the

the fire left open.

near

The

m."

on

"

the fire and the fire-door were

near

uf the

bis rake for the like purpose.

The matter
so
the
with
lime on the sur"ce of

used
constantly

detached,as

side

the sides of

from
practicable

as

adherent

damper

raised,the fire was

was

well made

up,

closed.

were

On looking
8 h. 54 m.
door vigorous
through the narrow
tap-hole
observed.
to
cfFervBBcence,
was
amounting ebullition,
"

9 b. 12 m.

The

"

the fire were

fire-door and

opened.

The

the two

chargewas

doors

Two

the middle

door

of slaked lime

were

hole

side,and

well rabbled into the molten

lead

was

the

cleared

paddlefrom

above the

thrown

in

each side

on

well melted.

through

by pushing the thickened

the tap-hole,
well as
as

mass.

matter

The
on

nearest

shovelfuls

the tapsurface of the

on

its surface with

through the

narrow

door

tap-bole.

9 h. 17

The

opened,and after the lead had

into the pot the thickened matter
run
or
"grey-slag"was raked
out throughthe middle
door and fell on an iron plateon the floor
below.
The damper was
still np, and the furnace cooling
tory
preparam.

to the next

d h. 25

"

tap-holewas

charge.

charge was let down and spreadover the

bed by the man
the tapthe working side,or side opposite
on
hole. The damper was
then lowered.
should
have
been
lowered
[It
but the workmen
find it cooler to keep It up a while.
This
sooner,
is contrary to orders.
SlimcKtre is carried away
practice
by the
draught.]
skimmed
9 h, 29 m.
The lead tappedoff in the pot wag
by perforated
flat iron shovels.
Coal-slack and ignitedcoal from the
Another

m."

"

234

LEAD-SMELTING

fnrnace

were

9 h. 32

thrown

m.

The

"

tappedoff in

throwingin

and

tte

on

FLINTSHIRE

THE

FURNACK
lead and

top of tite Bkimmed

skimmed

ooal-Black,
"c., was

into the furnace.

put back

door

IN

Some

off,and

sweated

lead

well

the skimmings

out

and

was

The

was
tap-hole
stoppedby
thick
of
lime-mortar
the
narrow
through
tap-hole
lump
done by a
ramming from the inside,which was easily

few minutes

then

afterwards.

bent tool.
It must
with

understood that the manipulation,

"c.,varies
clearly
I observed at
I simplyrecorded minutely what

be

different ores.

the time

under

A-SALYTICAL

the circamstances.

DatA

LEAD-SMtLTlSG

CONCEttSINQ

IS

TKB

FLINTSHIRE

FORSACK.
The

smelter

ohiipng

has
description

whose

himself

as

to

for

procure
I have

heen

given at

samples of

mo

p. 231. was
charges of ore

so
"

ment
justpresentedan account of the treatfrom my own
each charge at different stages
observation^from
of the process in the same
furnace worked
off every day consecutively
during one week, as he could not trust the men to take samples in
his absence during the night. Thuse samplesmay, therefore,he regarded
the
of
the mean
as
chai^eH
accurately
representing
composition

similar

that of which

to

at diU'erent

stages of the process.

GCII|IIM"IT1CU(
OP

Bulphideof
Sulphide of

THX

OtX.

lead

89-96

zinc

0-99

Prutuxide of le"ul

5-15

Limo;

O'fiS
'

Spsquioiideof iron

0-29

Alumina

0.13
1*62

Carbonic acid
B"8idue

iiuoluble in

uciil
hjdrocbluric

0-89

...

Metallic lead

Tlif iTon

The

wu

procst Id the

chteS;u

ore

inBolublo residue consisted

sought for
laboratoryby Mr.

Fluorine
in my

was

and

the

and

the latter 0-Jl

The

lime

to

exist

as

but
C,

is within
a

not

of
chiefly
detected.

Tiwkey,

of carbonic

panlf

acid.

error

dkUI. dcrtrid from ItH

silica in the
The

Total

stato

of sand.

made

analysiswas

Supposingthe

acid found'=

the limit of

of
proportion

wd
tHnilphldt,

of
protonide

would

carbunates, the former

quantity of carbonic

which
small

82-71

carbonic

lead

require1*02
acid

l'fi3.

Difference
0'09,
whore
tolerated in analysis,
so
1("2,

carbonic acid is present.

236

LEA"-SMELTINQ

IN

FLINTSHIRE

THE

FURNACE.

meltingor firingdown the chai^ and before the first setting-up,

but it takes placemost
activelyduring the fint firingdown of the
a
nd
after
that
charge,
periodtowaida the completionof the proceos.
Such

the observed

are

arrived at
metallic
the

facto,and they agree with the conclusioTw

the total
comparingthe quantitativerelation between

on

lead and

one

of the

fixed and

charge,
say

the oxide of iron

What

remarkable

seems

been calcined at

uf

conatituenls

alumina.

or

productNo. II.,which

is,that in the

highertemperature

invariable

roasted for

or

had

time after the

some

ofthe firststage (to

which the term calcinationis restricted)
completion
and had been subsequently
of sulphide
melted down, so largea proportion
and oxidized

compounds of

lead should

may in part be explainedby the solution or

lead by the reduced
lead with which
it comes
be

may

more

or

less

Probably thiti
of sulphideof
absorption
in contact, whereby it
co-exist.

withdrawn
protectedor
temporarily

from the reducing

action of the supernatant oxidised compounds of lead.' 'llielimoiti

added in the state of hydrate,and tends to thicken
the molten
mass.

the coolingeffect consequent on

the evaporationof its
and
its
infusible ingredient.
intermixture
as
an
water,
partlyby
'^\'hcnthus thickened the mass
may be raked up on the higherpart of

partly by

the bed

there present an extensive surface for

is afforded for
time opportunity
oxidation,while at the same

of the furnace, and

renewed

the

of
drainingofi'or liquation
as

But

it were,

may
It

high
much

the metallic lead which

it may

tain,
con-

entangled.

not

the action of the lime be chemical

exerts
certainly

of lead ; for when

temperature in a

sensible

no

with

mixed

as

well

reducing action

that

brasqued crucible

"

nical?
mecha-

as

the sulphide

on

sulphideand exposedto
that is,under

conditions

calcium,and, oonsulphideof calcium,than exist in the

favourable to the reduction of oxide

more

of

of
to the formation
aoquently,
furnace
of the Flint-Rhirereverberatory
highlyoxidizing
atmosphere
ing
accordthe sulphide
is very imperfectly
reduced witli the production,
to Borthier,of double
sulphideof calcium and lead. And it is
the calcium of the lime with the sulphur
of
to the combination
clearly
of the sulphide
of lead that any reduction of the latter by the former
"

be effected.*

can

It is
not

serve

that the action of the lime is

conjectured
to displace
protoxideof lead from its

acid and
sulphuric

so

chemicaL
combination

May

it

with

phate
facilitate the reduction of the lead of the sul-

of lead is more
of lead,as the reduction of the sulphide
readily
reference
the
fortto
effected by free,than by combined, oxide?
By
much
less
a
dd
in
sulphuric
going 'I'ableit will be seen that there is

Dirk

states that

tlie melted

afUr

ohHrjio rannot

firing"1nim. nrevent the dcttractioa of the fumaccsbe left long i bottom.

complete r"- 1 " y/hea a mixture orenlenn and limo

tnnugh Id Ibe tap-bolefur

becaune ttiu fumacc-bottom
actions,

'

vould

to tbii^kto
it is neceanary
the remaining axides and Biilpliidca
with

melt.

Hence

lime,and

act up

tiie

chargi;in

order

to

\
,

in heated

to redness with
lime is stated

suIpbRteof

Boh p. 55 antea.

of nir,
to be formed.
ai'cesi

CONCtTISIONS
the

tkan

No. T.,
grey-slag.

ANALYTICAL

in the

productNo. IV.,from

In this cxtnsideration

slagis derived.

lead

oxide

or

have

silica present

combined

evolution

the

for silica at

the

as

protoxideof
been

in the passage of
supposedthat the

high temperature

formation
But

sulphuricacid.

of

towardi"

If it had

both.

for,anlees it be

decomposes sulphateof lime with

and

the furnace

either with

partiallywith

into action

came

that

recorded
snlphnricacid,therefore,

No. V, is Bot accounted

No.

which

may ignorethe presence of

for sulphates
of those metals

of lime, its decrease

snlphate

the state of

wholly in
iV. to

heen

calcium, or

of

DATA.

io
prevailing

exist at the temperature

the conclnsion of the process. The
not

in Nos. IV., v., mast

we

aluminiam

the oxides of zinc,iron,and

could

237

PROM

of silicate of lime

there

was

present

of lead,which bo rapidly
the strong base,protoxide
be inferred that
silica at a brightred-heat,it cannot

of
iargeproportion

with

combines

the loss of

sulphuricacid

acoonnted

in

questionis due

to the

of
decomposition

silica; and

if this be admitted, that loss may be

by
sulfor by the reducingaction of the residual unchanged phide

sulphateof lime

of lead upon

present. Now,

sulphateof

the

deducting 0-9

by
from
grey-slag

of

lead which

is

enlphideof lead

supposed to
computed to

be
be

in No. IV., the quantity

sulphide
of
4-4
sulphateof lead for ittt
quantity requires
is
if nothingmore,
a singular
coincidence,
; and it
phate
of sulthis is very nearly the difference between the quantities
exist
in
IV.
and
No.
the
No.
to
lead
of
V.,
grey-slag.
computed

present in the

43

of

is 3-49; and this

completereduction
that

which however
on
This ai^nment, founded to a certain extent
assumption,
chemical
it
to
seems
on
grounds
probable,
points a n^ativct
priori

namely,whether
questionproposed,

to the

answer

of lead from
protoxide
displacing

noted
particularly
Further and not
qualified.

to obtain such

In the

answer

an

as

No.

in

the

same

is
silica,

ratio between

nearlyas

is not

as

under

5.

molten

V.

silica appears in sensible

the silica has relatively

in combination.

The

in the Table,and

oxygen in the
that of the combined

of the silica and

that of the bases

"

the oxygen
But

of
simpleinspection

homc^eneons; and when

rabbling the

No.

tuents,
cent, and another of the fixed constiratio ; and in No. V., the grey-"lag,

nearlythe whole of the silica is

unoombined
as
bases represented

is

by

sulphuricacid.

that the

I. to

eightfoldper

about

alumina,

The

act

productsNos. III.,IV., V., combined

proportion.From
increased

the lime may

with

languagehere used is guarded

is requiredin order
easy investigation
not to admit of dispute.

It should be

and

its combination

mass

we

grey-slagshows

reflect that

it is the

that it

productof

in the furnace with lime not followed

by

238

LEAD-SMELTINO

least in
whole
the
Supposing

mechanical

mixture,

at

oxygen
the ratio of 3

nearlyin

much

But

basic would
if it

FURNACE.
be other than

"

3, i.e.the

of the oxide

same

exists in tribasic silicates.

as

of lead in silicate of lead

of lead
sulphide

act upon

uncombined.

nearly,if not

so

highly

quite, easilyatt
as

addition of lime, therefore,is not needed

free oxide of lead from its combination with silica in order that

were

to set

it may

The

sulphideof

reduce

liow, if lime does

it exert

chemical

lead.

oxide of lead "om combination

by displacing
a
cid
with
how
otherwise
or
silioa,
sulphuric
can

either with

not

act

action ?

unable

am

to

suggest

an

answer

and

data in the Table are acceptedas suflicient

analytical
this
the action of the lime would
on
interesting
subject,
reasoning

"r

BO

PUNT8HIBB

great d^ree,bo far as the lime ia

of the lime to be free in the
greyof the silicaand that of the remainingbases would

concerned.
be

THE

is inconceivftble tlut it should

completeAiaion,it

ali^,the

IN

for

as

the

to be mechanicaL

By the addition of that substance,the molten

It should be remembered
in the furnace, floating
the liquid
on
"
is
thickened
that
it
lead alreadyreduced,
be
so
can
drained
set-up,"
mem

mass

it may
contain entangled,
and exposed oTer
a
laige
"
But in this operation
to oxidation.
of setting-up

of lead which

of surfece

extent

"

lead becomes

the bulk of reduced

likewise

the

exposed to

oxidizing

be freed in a greater or less degree

influence of the air, and may
so
lead
with
from sulphide
of
towards the upper part,
which, especially
The largeexcess
of residual oxidised oomit may be contaminated.

ponnds of lead is
sulphidedissolved
which
and

Lead

Obserrations
the

that the

view

informs

to

intermixed

or

flow

with

out

saturated with

set like solder

appearedin

in

would

otherwise

hole.

desirable in order

sulphideof
cooling.

on

of my

that he has

with

the

of the

lead would

of this work,

lime

is

quantityof

the

reduced

lead, a"d
the latter through the tap-

friend,Mr. Dick, whose

volumes
preceding
action

lessen the

form

pasty

has

name

masa

often

so

opposed to

seem

mechanicaL
exclusively

the
He

ooticed that
repeatedly

after the
immediately
the furnace, preparatory to the firgt
setting-up,
which
it intermingles
with
the mass
appears, as it were, to bum
like tinder, beginningat one
part and quicklyextendingthence
lime

me

into

is thrown

He has never
noticed any signof chemical
addition
of lime preparatory to the Becond settingactiou after the
the
in
which
of
stage
process he considers its action to be wholly
up,
has during many years been
As Mr. Dick
mechanical or nearlyso.
of the largest
attached to some
works in the kingdom,
lead-smelting
as

and

surface.

the whole

over

be

assures

I know

as

he has

me

him

indicate,but do
at

The
action

to

results of hie

theHe

present

not
to

this

seen

be

most

phenomenonwhen
careful and

deserve
experience
demonstrate,

much

he looked fur it,

trustworthyobserver,
consideration.

chemical action.

am

They

ever,
unable,how-

their meaning.
interpret

questionmay be put, Why use lime in this process if iti

Let any one
be wholly mechanical?
stitute
try to suggest a subwhich would answer
equallyfor this purpose, and if I mistake

ADDITIONAL

not, he will he not

239

DATA.

little puzzled.MoreoTer, it may be valuable

ingredientin tke eabaeqaentextraction of lead
Blag-formiiig

ae

ANALYTICAL

from tlie grey-el^,'whicli is attended

It will be

remarked

migbt have

that sine
been

proceea, as
The entire process may
L

Calcination

perfectfusion.

sennbly reduced

ia not

in

tbia

anticipated.

be divided into four

as follow :
operations

"

comparativelylow temperature.

Baisingthe temperature so as to melt the calcined product,

whereby considerable reduction of lead occurs by the reaction

II.

between

unchangedsulphideand oxidized compoundsof

lead in the calcined product.
with lime and completionof the reduction of the
Setting-up
residual salphidewith the generation
of a muoh
greater
quantityof oxidized oomponnda of lead than eutGce for the
reduction of that sulphide.
Tapping ont the reduced lead,and afterwards drawing out
the grey-ul^in pasty lumps.

III.

IV.

In

at a

with

the

books
metallurgical

which

treat

of the process of

lead-amelting

and
in the reverberatoryfnmace, oxyenlpbide
made
to play an
are
important part. I have
I have

because
Buch

not

compound

the formation of
and

of lead
subeulphide

been, its reduction

if it had

lead would

as

eubsulphideof lead
ignored both, first,
with satisfactory
met
proofof the generationof
of lead in the furnace ; and secondly,
oxyeulphide

be

by

to
exactlyanalc^ous

Akalitic"I:

AonmonAL

Data

MADK

AT

or
THB

the

LEAD

PBoncns
WoBKS

op
OF

means

SnLrnra

establish^,
certainly

of oxidized

that of the

ooycEBNiNa

FUHTSHUtE
CoMFoernoK

has not been

compounds
monosulphide.

LEAi"'BiiELTiNa

the

FUBNACE.
Galena

ni

tbe

MEaBB8. NeWTDN, EEATm

AuTSOH
TO
TBE
B"

HoLTWELL, FlINTSHISB,FCBNISHED
Ms. JOHN HEMRT, 1859.
NAKAOKB

in

of

Rbtksbera'tort
AND

Alo.

For-

Co.,BaQILLT,NEAB
KeATES, ASD
TBE

240

The"e
Mr. W.
Table.
Table

precedingTable, and No. III. to

in oompoaition
is striking
similarity
; but

probablythe

ore

that referred to in the

as

same

No. V. in that
the

operated
preceding;

at p. 234.

FiiIXTSHIKI Fitknagk

LiAs-Birai/ruta itl thk

The

works
lead-smelting

Bose, to

whom

am

yields.The

and

Uetallurgioal
Laboratory
hy
under
the
products

in the

The
was

upon

in the

to the
Noa. I..II.,correspond

Weston.

Nos.

same

made

analyseswere

'

IK

tEAD-SMELTIHG

at

indebted

Alport, Dxbbybsibk.

at

Alportbelongto

for the information

is similar in constmction

furnace

Messrs. Barker

and

concerningchaiges
to the furnaces

at

for lead and the

one
Holywell,but is smaller,and has two tap-holes,
other for slag. The lengthof the bed from the fire-bridge
to the
at
the doorway near the fire-bridge
oppositeend is 10' ; the breadth
the flues 7' 5" ; tiie grate is 4' 3" long
is 8',and at the doorway near
is 2' 6" wide ; the distance from the top
and 2' wide ; the fire-bridge

of the
are

to the
fire-bridge

of the

arch

above

siee,11'' wide

same

diameter, inside

by

chargeis

16 cwts.

assoy
of

7''high; the

doorways

is 1' 10" in
lead-pot

avenge

71% to 72%. The slag is lapptd

of lead which
Sj
per charge; the proportion
it
the
from 6%
it contains is variable,but
by assay on
yields
averi^
of dravm-dagis occasionally
to 8% of lead : a small quantity
produced.
lead
Lime
is employedin
The
is
after the
out
tapped
eetting-np."
is added as a flux in the smeltingof ores
slaghas run out. Flnor-apar
m
uch
o
f
containing
sulphate baryta. Tha loss of lead is variable,but
is stated to be 5% as comparedwith the produce by assay.
(March,
1868.) The slagis treated in a SpanishSl^-Hearth,and the fume
is collected in a special
condensingarrangement, both of which will
5 hours..

The

and amounts
off,

yieldof lead

The

six side

produce of the ores, ad

is from 76% to 77%. The
in the iron-crucible,
each
and
ore,
chai^ is worked off in from 4} to

measure.

determined

it is 1' 5"; the

and

to

is from

cwts.

"

be described in due
The

manner

of

course.

(Seep,

condactingthe

418

and

process

438.)
the same
as
essentially
the slag at Alport is

p.
is

Holywell,with the exceptionthat

out in
and run out of the furnace, instead of being drawn
liquefied
the
is
due
of
the
matrix
nature
to
This
difference
or
pasty lumps.
of
vein-stutf of the Derbyshireores, which
usuallycontains sulphate
in
and
these
substances
two
considerable
or
quantity;
baryta fluor-spar
intermixed
when
readilymelt into a thinlyliquidproductat the
in the furnace.
(SeeFirst Fart of this -work.)
temperature prevailing
or
in
is
fracture, and yellowish
Kun-slag
compact, opaque, earthy
and thrown
brownish-grey.It was formerlytermed "macaroni-sit^,"
that at

used in road-mending.'
the record of analyeeeof such
with
I have not met
recent than the followingof Beitbier.' He operated
upon
away

or

sIe^smore
specimens

THE

from tte Lea

FUEKACE

FLINTSHIEB

SmeltingWorks

AT

Matlock,

near

The

kinds,pure galena and galena mixed

sulphateof baryta. A speoimeaof the

241

AUORT.
is described

ore

of two

with

and

latter was

follows

carbonate

composed as

"

Galena

9S

Caibonata of lead

23

of barftn
Snlptutto

19

Clay

The two

kiiide"^

ore

of each, the
of

aa

of lead

charge being16 cwts.

and 25%
fluor-spar

remained

on

run

carbonate

not be

Two

was

drawn

As Berthier

out.

separatethe latter "om

galenaby dressing

the former.
or

Bmi-SLAa.
I.

of calcium

n.

16-9

13-6

Sulphate at baryta

25-0

800

Sulfhateof lime

22-.^

Balphatoof lead

220

Oxide

of iron

j"

QildeofzinE
lime

Caibonic

acid and Urns

*'"

380

....'.

9-0

2'0

20

80

88

2'0

1'6

lOO-O

were
slags

slagwere

of barytaare present,
sulphate

of lead and

CoMFosiTioN
FlDorids

kinds of

the other less fusible,which

out, and

possible
sensible loss of
ritiTriTig

without

to

tc^therin equalproportions
of
ooneistiug 75%

A flux

added.

was
calc-spar

was

the bed of the furnace and

when
suggested,
it would

of

which

produced,one

smelted

and

miied

were

1000

compact, very lightgrey with

a slightly
yellowish
tinge,
shiningin the interior of cavitiee,
granularand dull in fracture :
mixed with small portions
of regulns.
theywere occasionally

These

CoMFoaiTiotJ
irinoride of caloinm

7*2

8'5

22'0

2*-4

Oxideofinm

lB-4

Oiideof

oadminm

numerous

72

S-6
800
5-6
8-0
tniae

Lime

U-0

14-7

Galena

17-6

2-0

30

12

1000

lOO'O

homc^neous. The predominantsubstance

dull like runshg ; but it was
sensibly
porous and
with white,dull, earthyparticles,
resemblinglime, and with
brilliant lamellar portions,
resembliug
galena.

slagswere
and
light-grey

mixed

1-6
120

tnce

Carbonic acid and Ion

was

Deawh-Slao.

Sulphateof baryta
Bulphateof lime
Sulphateof lead
Oxide of zino

These

OF

not

TOL.nL
_y

242

IK

LEAD-SMELTING

LrAD-SUELTIHO

FLtHTaHIRE

IM the

Tanuneilt,UpperSiUtia.

The

"

FtlRNAOE

LoCALtTIES.

IV OTBES

Flintshire furaace

introduced

was

into FriedriohehUtte (i^.the Frederick SmeltingWorkB).at Tamowitz

The history
of those works will be given further on in this
in 1862.
volume

in

article headed. Iron-reduction

an

Process,

to

which

the

reader is advised to refer for information concerningthe nature of the

there treated. The ores, which will he found to consist of galena
ores
associated with carbonate and

passedthrough rolls and

are

to the square

inch.

The

of lead in notable proportion,

sulphate
then throughsieves with 2o holes

fomace

is

below
tap-hole
in

to the

manner

as

self-education of the workmen,

otrs. in 1862

from 20

the process is carried on

in this country. It is reported
that,

the flue;and

the door nearest

the same
essentially

thanks

to

40

ctrs.

in 1865.

King'sMine)is the fuel used.

(i.e.
hours, and is conducted
in order to
lead

and

amounts

follows

that of
the same
as
essentially
well
and
the
having

the latter in

Flintshire,and differs only ^m

The

fix)m 4

with the usual

to

ctrs.,and

raised

chargewas

Coal "om

Konig^rube

calcination lasts from

as
precautions

preventclotting.A charge is
is tapped off several times.

to

the

smelted

to

is stated

temperature
7 hours,

in about

drawn-out

The

3 to 4

to

be

grey-slag
composed as

"

CuHPOfiTiONOF Grey-Slao, Tarhowitz.

Protoxide or lead

24-975

Sulphate of lead (PbO.BO')

Silicate of lad (PbO,SiO')

18-269

Oxideofsino

22-857

12-37"

Protoxide of iron

Bolphideof

iroo

8-9S7
1-823

(FeS)

11-190

Ume
Carbon

4-821

Jiraoea

Protoxide of manganeae

Silver

The

is passedthrougha
grey-slag

The
from

0-015

blast-furnace.

proportionof silver in the lead

charge

are

In the

as

of 40 ctrs.

under

of

ore

has been

obtained

at each

determined,and

tapping
the

sults
re-

"

Table
following

are

three years 18Ga, 1864, 1865

given details of
:"

the

smeltingduringthe

IN

LEAD-SMELTING

244

THE

BBITTANY

FURNACE.

Tbe ameltitig
of galenain the Flintshire
ClnustJud, Upper Hart,
furnace has bo^ tried at the Clausthal Silver Works, but without
"

succesB

and

the failure is ascribed to the

and

aliuuisa

in

even

dressed

the

ore,

of silica
hkrgeproportion
often amounting to 17%.

calcination,the silica-entered into combination,

During
down
firing
of

of the lead
the separation

"stony

mass,"

or

that in

so

attended with the formation

which
lead could not be

was

slag,from

The presence of sulphide

increased
ever,
howthe
iron ore
of antimony and spathic
evil,which,
with lime, llie
lessened
the
in some
ore
was
by
mixing
degree

extracted in the usual

yieldof

lead from

anbeeqaenttreatment.

rich in silica was

ores

reduced

to

20%

In the Flintshire furnaces

Aim, South of Spain."
bole in the arch for

no

the side doors, and the

charging,
is drawn
grey-slag

the

at

Adra, there is

is thrown

out at the

"proc4d6breton," French

of

name

ore

under.*
in

throngh
tap-hole.*

Fdrhace,

BKnTAMT
Under

that the

so

or

writers describe

lead-smelting
formerlycarried on in the old provinceof
Poollaouen
in the Department of Finist6re, and at
Bretagne
in
Albertville
Savoy. I'he smelting works, however, in both those
still
localities are closed ; but accordingto Gruner, certain ores
are
Marseilles, at Nantes, and at
treated by the Brittany process near
in the duchy of Nassau
The mode of proceeding
is nearly
Holzappel,

process of

at

'

the

in the Flintshire furnace,and reduction is effected on

The
furnace at PouUaouen
differed mainly
principle.'

as

same

the
from

same

that of Flintshire in the

doors

on

side,and

one

none

following
reepects:^'l'here
the

other

; the bed
the
three
doors
at

on

t(l'i'
11") and abont 1" (li'
3") wide
which
slopedgraduallytowards the tap-hole,
door, as usual
and

dried

; it

very

made

was

slowly;

of

was

three

were

long
; it
respectively
was

below

^~

3:{

middle

the

well boaton
griu"c),
clay(argils

it became

down

pretty quicklyimpregnatedwith

ness,
matters, and in a few days acquiredconsiderable hardplnmbifcrons
renewal
The
kil.
1300
needing
only once a year.
charge was
of ore, which consisted of galenaassociated with from
(about25 cwts.)
to
of
and blende,
"A% 4%
quartz, and from 12% to 13% of iron-pyrites
and

it

heated

was

lapseof

used

fuel.

as

so^n,
a

hours

temperature was

only dull

doors

red-hot after the

beingleft open

then raised until the

and

ore

wood

began to

it was
rabbled,
llien followed
immediately
vigorously
for 2 hours, at a highertemperature,and rabbling,
roasting

after which
was

to be

the
thebeginning,

when

second

and

The

graduallyas

so

from

the lead

was

tapped off.

What

remained

in the furnace

to alternate ruastings
and rabblingsfor shorter periods,
subjected
at increasing
each rabbling,
the furnace
After
temperatures.

*
Keri'B
1863.

HuDdbuch, 2ad.

ed.

2, p. 77. I

"

BiTiit,PrincipeiG^^ram,

p. 616.

flee dlso di'BiTiptiuTis

ol tlie smeltJcg
*
9. p. |worka at Albertvillo bj M. Replat,Ann.
Petitgand,BeTue Universelle,
362.
I d. Mines, 3. b(t. 18.
p. 161,1640 ; and 4.
'
Ann. d. Mines, 6 s". 13. p. 335, 1868. IBer. i.p. 331, 1843.

iCQyCoOJ^Ic

BELGIAN

tapped. Up

waa

FLINTSHIRE

245

FUBNACE.

of the first tapping wood

to the time

used

was

as

13 hours after obarging,the fumaoe

fuel,but afterwards coal. About

nearlymelted,piecesof
thrown in,and the rabble againenergetically
wood and coal-slack were
More
lead
was
applied.
therebyreduced and tappedoff. When the
fuel added for the purpose of reduction was
consumed, air
entirely
being then brightred-hot

was

admitted

for

was

another

and

drawn
time
was

few

its contents

through the doors,after

minutes

side-doon

two

and

the
for smelting
required

skimmed,

vhich

there

The slagswere
rabblingat bright-redness.

last

through the

out

and

cooled with water.

16 hours.

The

The

lead

chargewas
poled,"skimmed again,and laded into pig-moulds.
Bivot. the productsobtained in smelting100 parts by
about

"

According to
weight of ore, containing66% of lead by assay, were
47% of fnmace
lead (tA 71% of the lead in the ore) and 32-4%of grey-slag,
yielding
of
The
loss
lead
amounted
to
to about
lead.
of
by assay "om 38%
39%
10% of the lead in the ore. The lead remainingin the slagswas chiefly
in the state of sulphateand silicate. The cost of smelting
1000 kil.
at Ponllaouen
Aimace
was
(say I ton) of ore in the reverberatory
estimated

at lH-6

14". IQd,

francs,or about

Uivot admitted

Flintshire furnace less fuel is

exclusive

FiJNTBHlRE

This furnace with two

but filledin at the

slopedin
0-2

FdRNACE

the

(7-87")per

(15'5-04")and

29

the

three doors

were

door

ou

side.

one

the
tap-hole,

(3'3-37");it

metre

on

each

The

bed

inclination
47

was

(9'6-17").Each

wide

metres

as

There

middle

all directions towards

metre

each end,was rectangular,

in the Flintshire furnace,

at
one
fire-plaoea,

angleswirh short bidos

tap-holeunder

loss

FlBB-PLACBS,

TWO

WITH

respectsit reNCmbled.

in other

side and

the

great.

so

BbLQIAN

which

to
owing,as
required,
supposed,
and the
furnace ; the yieldis larger,

of coal in that

use

of lead not

that in the

he

beinglong

metres

was
fire-place

long (li'
6'74")and 0-6 metre wide (I'7'69").
Comparutivetrialswith the same kind of galenahave been made in
i.e.the
Belgium between this furnace and what is termed the English,
Flintshire,furnace, and tinder varying conditions in the process,
metres

cination.
of the firat stage of calresults of those trialshave been reported
by BL Cahen

in the temperature
especially

The
in

Prize

entitled the

Essay

yielded73% of lead
of the

English

and

by

employed,which

in relative dimensions,

the bed

was

and

2-7 metres

heightfrom

from

(8'

the grate

the bed 0-3 metre

was

0-3 metre
-

show

Lead.^

metres

of the
was

galena

thai it diffei-edconsiderably

from that
form,and other particulars

10'3")iand

2'0

The

Drawings are given

illustrated in this volume.

(9'6'17")ithe grate was

(I'7-69")wide ; the width
its

Metallurgy of

assay in the iron-crucible.

furnace

described
previously

duration

its

mean

the
{!1'81");
(11-81").

width

2-9 metres

(6'6-74")long and

0-5 metre

(I'II-(12"),
and its height
(!'1'78"),
bridge
heightof the roof from the fire-

was
fire-bridge

0-35

length of

The

0'6 metie

metre

livvoe Vulvenelle,1S63,13. pp. l.etteq.

^

UigitizeQ.yGo

LEAD-SMELTING

IN

THE

T]ie results of the above-mentioned

I'able,
abridged"om
following

the Table

SPANISH
tri"ls are

in
presented

givenby Gabon

the

:-"

The most favourable result recorded in the Table in declared to be

that in column No. Vlll., in which the direct yieldof loti from ore

containing79% is 51-8%.with the productionof 37-7% of grey-slag,

containing62% of lend,the loss being5*2% of lead,inclusive of what
is estimated to be recovered
from the grey-sl^. Now, the results
obtained in i"melting
galenain this country in the Flintnhire furnace,
about 81% of lead by assay in the iron-dish,
which have been
yielding
the
witb
follow
direct
at
:
232,
are
as
reported p.
yieldwas 6l)-il%.
the productionof 11'!"%of grey-slag,
containingabout 65% of lead,
the loss inclusive of what occurs
in smeltingthe slagbeing5%. The
consumptionof coal, however, was much less in the trial reportedin
column
No. Vill. than in the English trials; but then it must be
borne in mind that the direct yieldof lead was
much smaller,and the
of
much
in
the
former
than in the latter.
production grey-slag
greater
From
the precedingconsiderations it will be perceivedthat the
Belgiantrials in the to-called English furnace could not have been
to faulty
conduu ted,owing to deficient skill,
construction
satiafactotily
of the furnace, or, as is possible,
to both causes.
The difference
between
be ascribed to
the Relgian and
English results cannot
difference in the qualityof the galena treated in the two rases ; for
infonued that the ores of Belgium,when well diessed,
are
we
are
and
the oie
ca"ilysniclted {amt iTun traitemenl m"allurgique
facile),
it is certain,
reducible.
was
operatedupon in t]ieEnglishtrials,
easily
"

SMELTING

IN

THE

SPANISH

BEVEEBEIUTOEY

FUHNACE.

of the construction and mode of working

description
been publishedby M. Petitgand from personal
observation, of which I shall freelyavail mj'sclfin the following
when
literally
necessary.'I may add that I have
pages, translating
An

excellent

this furnace

has

author
bnd ])r"vnouBly
ExpInilationetTraiteineiiideKPtoniba
pabliahod in the
de In Society ilm In^c^nieurs
le midi de I'Ki-pagiie.
Par M, Petit- i Memoin!ii
Sur la ooncivil dea Min^B.
Seme
Kuud. Iiigeuieur
Civils,tor 1^52, a paper
'Hie aume
"tnictioa dee fours )itniter le min^rei Ue
IBtil, pp. Ill,
Univeraelle,
1

dans

'

**

icQyCoOJ^Ic

BEVEHBERATOBY

with
corresponded

Thomas,

who

the Linares
Messrs.

M.

FURNACE

Feti^and

officiated for
lead-mines

Taylor,has

at

these furnaces,which

the

on

time

some

and

AT

as

Bubject,Mr. Joseph Lee

local mining engineerat

request furnished

my

the

smelting-worksunder

I shall

givewith

but

247

LINABES.

with

me

direction of

an

been

and with

drawings from which the accompanying woodcuts have

prepared.I have the pleasureof numbering Mr, Thomas amongst
who

have attended
The

tho

at the School

course
metallurgical

of Mines.

form

of

has nearly
reverbero,'
though it
rectangularprism,and the interior,

the
somewhat, is alwayssubstantially

may vary
It is called boliiAe

by

the

a
Spaniards,

term

in the many
dimensions,but M. Fetitgand,
was

those

Spanish reverberatoryfurnace, homo

always the

able

never

another

of

account

alteration in exfenso
slight

detect any

to

except the

vegetablesoil or
angleswith

to

surmoimted
unfrequently

are

which

one

of thick

made

are

They

clayfor mortar.

solid buttresses

furnaces

difference between

They

name.

in construction.

same

indicative of smaller
he saw,
and

furnace
rubble

with

at the
usuallysupported

prevent outward

thrust, and these

are

carrying the roof which

pillars
them.
have
a liningof thick bricks made,
as
covers
Internally
they
is also the bottom, of refraototy
and resulting
claj,called Uijaor laguena,

not

from

with

decomposedtalcose

schists:

in proximityto all the

green, and occurs
south.
is as follows :
Its composition

it is

whitishvariegated
mining localities in tJhe

"

SUica.

89-88

Alumina

15-22

"

OxtdeofiiOD

25JS3

l^me

-...

_..-

Wuler

aud UlumioouE

3-61
15-17

DukUera.

S9'71

In

spiteof the lai^ quantityof oxide of iron,bricks made from Uya

highlyrefractory.
of the furnaces at Linares
I now
give Mr. Thomas's description
of the most
in the provinceof Jaen, is Spain,one
importantleaddistricts
in
the
world.'
producing
are

The

ore

graniteand

galena and is raised from

yieldannually about 20,01)0

is

all the
recently,
first used

the mines

from

of the
(WteAes)

smelte"1 in furnaces
were

extracted

ores

and

traverse

tho

upwards.

Until

of tho

district were

and
followingdescription,
establishment

the Government

at

lodes which
tons

of

which

Arrayanez.*

'

'
reverAccording to Dick, " Horno
P- 20ix au interaBtiug
'I'Leia
the
ject
subb"ro
Ib need to deaigniiito
modia slight
on
paper
by M. Adrian
Paillette,ingenieur fication of the Flintsbiro furnace,which
civil,in the Ana. dea Minea, 1S41, 3. a. ia biuplojrd"t Adra Bud Berjn,sod occo19. p. 239 1 itH title is. Sot le gisement, ijonaily
elBewlierc. The'boliilie' iB,howlevetWatory in principle.
evei, eHseutiiilly
.

"

de

plomb
d'Adia

dsn"j

lea

envirans

d Almeria

Dick

iuforuia

ma

tliatwhen

hevieited

thia lijcalitj
ha oiw
a boliche in operation.
(AndalDuaieV Eea also,Die
Bleigewinnung im aildUcLen gpanien Im ' which hud h"en bo modified
Jahie
1S2B.
des
lion as to bum
coal.
Haiigmaun, Studien
I ' The followinginforoiation haa been
GiJCting'BcbenTereins
BergniiiaQiscLer
Tha.isctt)aiw
Fteandc^ 1S19,5. p. 221.
I supplied bj Mi. Tbomaa:"

et

^yt^iOOgli

348

THE

IN

LEAD-SMELTING

SPANISH

Until very lately,

the onlyftielavailable for smelting
purpoeea was
underwood out in the vicinity
of the mines,and which oonsists principally
of ilei and

of
gum-cistos

at the works

of it is

The

about

in its green

90% of the weight of ^e

four

yearn'growth.

state, and the

reduced.

ore

plan,
63, 64, 65, 66, 67,
figs.

furnace is represented
in front and left"sideelevation,
in

in

sections
and transverse
longitudinal
It consists essentially
of two
respective!)'.

and

in

arched

reduction chamber, and B, a second chamber, the

stated,is to moderate the draught of the furnace
are

It is delivered

quantitycwisnmed

in
separated
by a bridge,

which

two

are

chambers

A,

of which, it is
object
the
chamberH
two
;

or
openings

paseagea, b,b.

R
FnM

Fl(.".

By

of the

means

aperturesa

(lantloo.

a, this second chamber

be entered

may

it is necessary to clean it out, or to repair

the flues 6,b. C is
the chimney,which is usuallyabout 30 ft.in height
ever,
how; latterly,
when

have
long condensing-flues
and

these

short

the

fire-place
proper,

chimneys

2' 2" wide

introduced

been

each

to

in this district,
with ; D is
dispensed

furnace

and

5' 6" in

length; there

are

no

and the air requiredfor supportingcombuBtion

is supplied
fire-bars,
the
the
latter
this
the air
d,
office,
by
specially
performs
aperturesc,

enteringby the aperture d shown in the front elevation (fig.

63);
this
the
embers
also
raked
The
fuel
is
out.
are
through
aperture
plied
supto the furnace throughthe door c, formed
by an iron casting
scale in fig.
68. The furnace is onlyfurnished with
shown to a larger
of
one
working door,/,which is placedin front of it ; the position
thnt hti

Uken
to
place dnrine the lEistfew Tho ' Beviata ' says, there ii reason
in
tLe
of Icacj
nie
qiutntily
(galena) believe tlmt the quanUty for I86(i is
yuan
unilcrstateil, Tiie number
of hands
misod in tbc district of LinurrB is very
ployed
emin the mines
of Limmta
remarhflblDj^inthe yaar 1861 the proyielding
diu^on
of tlie dlBtrittwni
is given ia the
mint's,
180,061 metii- ore. I.e. produelive
cnl quiiitiita.
Itevibta' HB 4'211,
but from this number
or, eaj, 18,006 tnns," in
bo deducted ITS nlio are occupied
1862 it WBS
must
or
250,901 metrical quintnls,
29 0eOtoiis,-in 1863 it tbb
ill eitractingslags from
the sites of
270397 niiv
tricul qotnlala,
or
27,039 tons,"and in ancii^nt smeltingo|"cmtiond leaving4066
in mining
1SH6 it liod rciichtd
38S,539 metrical : at the nuiulwr uctnally
etij^aged
The
and wlio,in 1866. t"iaed
totig.
quintals,or .t8,3S.'l
figures
nperallons,
at the rate of ^
Hre
38,^53 tuDB of or.\ bein^^
given above, up lo 1863 inclusive,
'

"

'

taken

from

Btstietics

Spaoish Govemintnt,
from

the

pablishcd by

iind tboie for 18f)6

'Keviatik Minera.' uud

opproiiaiate
very

the

vluielj

to

the

tons
"

iliould in
tiuUi.

marly

for e"t-h individual

result,he
any

other

engaged
belitves,nnprecedenled
lend-minlng district iu

\Europe,aud pnfaeblyin

the world.

iCQyCoOJ^Ic

REVEHBEBATOBY

FURNACE

AT

249

LINABES.

this door, bowever, enables the Trorkmaa

to have most
perfectand
Gommattd
of
the
the
reductioti.
Details
of
charge
during
easy
process
of the

castingspertainingto thia door are shown in fig.60, /.

In fig.
69 is a round bar of iron or steel dropped loose into grooves in
the side castings,
it is "ee to revolve,as the tools
g. g, in which
used in rabblingor setting-up
the charge are
drawn
backwards

and

forwards

over

it

which the slag

over
plateof cast-iron,
The
reducingchamber,
throughthe door /.
6 is

passes when it is raked

A, rises graduallyfrom front to baok, and at the lowest part, i.e.
in front and immediatelyunder the working door,/, is a
directly

cavity,
j,1' 2" in diameter, in which the fused
is connected with a reservoir,
E, by means
receptacle

cireular
This

metal collects.
of

_y

an

arched

250

LEAD-SMELTING

F, shown

IN

THE

SPANISH

in

64, into which the metal is tapped,

and from
fig.
which it flows througha pieceof iron bent V shapeinto the moulds
placedfor its reception.
recess,

HoriKHiulHetlDDBbciTC

Fig.g*.

The

(he Ud.

furnace above described ie built

quarriedin the

vicinityof

of
entirely

the mines

stone,
sandrefractory
fire-bricks

no

used

in its construction ;
select blocks of sandstone

care

is taken

are

to

of some
length
Tlie
ext"rior of the furnace.
stanchions I I, are uf iron 2" square, and
tied togetherby tie-bars of I" round
are
iron ; in some
instances where great economy
for

the

is the

are

these iron stanchions

object,
timber
The bed of
ones.
replacedby

the furnace is formed of

*

ontteUreTii
fiiM

clay,with
of

that of
is about 451.,

an

Englishone

which

is mixed

galena.The

refractoryred

a
a

certain quantity

of the furnace
in this dititiict
beingabout 2401.
cost

;yGoOJ^Ic

252

IN

LEAI"^UELTINa

improved by loweringthe
will

stone

any

furnace

thus

La

rock,fiimacee
prevailing

coOBtmcted

are

Dick has communicated

vations

smeltingin

on

1. Caldeo

me

is the
clay-"late

of it.

followinglesnlts

the

boliche at La

divided into three

was

to

part of this

of the main

LinareB, where

Carolina,near

Almost

it flatter.

making

roof and

for the constniction

serre

at

SPANISH

THE

of his obnerThe

Fortuna, Linaree,

prooeM

operations
:

"

to heat). It
(fromeaJdtar,
I to 1^ hour.

is

analogousto

ealantUum,

onr

and lasted from

(from bhndaar, to soften).It is analt^us to our

and lasted from 4^ to fi honrs.
sweatingor roasting,
3. Corrida (running,
race). It is analogousto our mnnisfl' down,
2. Blandeo

and

occupiedthe
Before

with

remainder

Mhes, and

after intermixture
In

with

as
places,

some

arrobaa,which

equal weight of
was
53^ arrobas

40%

of lead.

was

kept full of

was

grey-slagwas

lie

work

was

cleaned
carefully
eventuallyset up
well done.

charge is

Arrayanez,for example,the

at

in 6 hours with

is smelted

worked

the

these ashes,

Boliche wiih bruahwood

each, were

S-honrs' shift.

an

the Burfaoe of the lead

running down,

carbonaceous

of

fad.

a*

It

brushwood.

fuel.

as

of 86 arrobas

ore,

consumption of about an
that the yieldof lead
was
reported
that the slagcontained (by assay)

hours,with

off in 24

brushwood

chargesof

Three

"

60

and
charge,
had
fire-place no fire-bars, and the hole
burningbrushwood duringthe corrida.
per

The

in front

of ore of 90 arrobas each,

char"^e8
with
a
hours,
consumptionof about 46

Boliche with coal a"/u"I."lliree

worked

were

arrobas of
about

40%

off in about

good

oool.

24

It

reportedthat

was

the

yieldof

per charge,and that the slagcontained

'ITio fire-place
hwd fire-bars,and a door was

of lead.

front

during the corrida

Englithfurnacewith

brushwood

: no

coal

100 arrobas

each,were

of about

arrobas of coal.

50

about

was

65

arrobas

accurate.

There

latter

to an

Much

one

that the
Dick

statement

consumption
yieldof

lead

slag contained (by

did not

smeltingin the

three stages,as
1 to Ij hour ; Uandso,

believe to be
viz. :
biiidie,

lastingabout 5 hours ; and

Importancewas attached
no
saw
advantage of such a

of the shift.

S-hours' shift,but Dick

over

put up in

ore, of about

reportedthat the

in

corrida,
lastingthe remainder
shift

was

charges of

hours, with

off in 24

It

was

used.

was

I'hree

charge,and

per

assay) 25%

from
ealdeo,lasting

"

worked

of lead, which
are

fuel.

a"

lead

(by assay)

S8 arrobas

says he

of 6-hour8,

importanceseoms

stack and to the

to

bridgewhich

be attached

to

the chamber

near

the

separatesit from the working chamber.

lator
bridge as a sort of soul {"me)or reguof the apparatus. The draughtof the furnace might be regulated
by varying the size of the passages in the bridge,or by a damper in
in any degreebe
how that objectcan
or at the top of the stack ; but
without such an arrangement, or by means
of the second
attained

M.

this
Petitganddesignates

accessory

chamber,

I do not

understand, unless air be let into

it from

BEVBRBERATORT
time
iH

to time as occaeion may

253

PtJRNACE.

to
which,accordiog
reqalie,

Ur. Thomas,

done.

never

The

and
openingsin the furnace, namely of the fire-place
with
fnel
are
never
closed,
lead-pot,
except temporarily
it ia necessary to moderate the draught.
two

that above the

-when
The

of the first chamber

bed

for about

less circular,when

Barface is more
or
in a diagonalline,abuttingon

each

two-thirds of its entire

it loees that form, terminating

side of the working door. In

of this

the temto M. Fetitgand,

perature
arrangement, according
consequence
is always higherin the upper part of the furnace ; and as
the

be reflected downwards
gases cannot
do
volatilizethe
not
metal which
is
they

with

much

intensity,
in
constantly
accumulating
as

the

cavityintended for its reception.

Fetitgandexpresses as follows what he conceives to be the
furnace.
The
specialadvantagesof the Spanish reverberatory
feature of this furnace, he says, not onlydependson
interesting
the absence of a grate in the fire-place,
which is easilyexplained
M.

by

the nature

beds and

of the fuel used, but also upon the structure

of the
the construction
at their line of junction.[Ithas been

stated
previously

provided

with

attention upon
or

that

modified

fire-bars
been

of combustion

produceno

condense

hardly

in order

"r

so

would

formed

they were

as

use,

is

which

proper

are

fix
little

to

he knows,

Spanishauthors, and yet

merit

the whole

useful effect,
if

in

are

coal.] It

said, except by

in these artifices resides

and

boUchet

bum

these details,
of which,

nothing has

gases

and

of

the apparatus. The

escape instantaneously
sort to
obligedin some
That
is
what
intensity.

not

to attain their maximum

happenshere ; they undergo a periodof check, or rather a kind of

continuous eddyingaction (remotu)
by the constriction of the opening
intercalated between
the two beds, which forces them to lick (lieher)
all the internal surface (jiaroii)
of the furnace in developingtheir
colorificpower upon the part which requires,
for the reduction of the
matters under treatment, a constant
and more
energetic
temperature:
in passingover
the second bed, the flames,in scattering
themselves

about, suffer new

retardation,which re-acts afresh upon their course

the
reduced
This
action.
permite
gases to exert their oxidizing
second bed r^pilates
the playof the firstand tends to maintain the
and

for the re-actions.

It has still other advantages,
that of aidingto retain the metallic dust and the oxides carried

temperature necessary
over

arch

by the
the
(i.e.

These matters
at the

air may
famaoe

current
arc

of air

producedby

of intersection between
can

be removed

as
angles,

shown

when

the contraction of the small

the roofs of the

oonveuient

two

chambers).

throughthe

two

ings
open-

throughwhich also
draught. [When the

in the woodcuts, and

be admitted

when needful to promote the

is in full operation
air admitted throughthese

openingswould
cessive
check,not promote,draughtthroughthe firstor workingchamber. Exof
the
and
furnace,
draughtthrough
consequent loweiing the
temperature,
might thus bo checked, and the temperaturetherebyin-

creased.]
They serve

besides for removingmatter

which may

have

accu-

DigitizecQyGo

254

IN

LEAD-SMELTING

mnlated

in the

THE

and might tend

interior,

SPANISH

derangethe workingof the

to

alwaysvery careful to keep these

; the smelters therefore are
the
furnace
clean
and
free
of
obstruction. In all other kinds
of
parte
furnace

of

famoces, oontinues
reverberatory

Hr.

the
Petitgand,

gases of oombns-

tion escape rapidlythroughthe flue connecting

the bed with the stack ;
has
calorific
which
feeds
them
but the fuel
a
intensity
power and an
to the expedient
such as to render it useless to have recouree
ployed
emin the bolielteM.In

fumacoH
reverberatory
is rectangular,
or
octagonal,
elliptical
; several

sides,either

without 1 but
one
might wish

the

draw

thither
in the Spanish boUehe so

to

Same

doors

are

to introduce

or

rudimentary,even

the bod

use

in the

made

from
oxygen
imde
so
as

it has been seen

that two openings
supposed,
its working,that the gases spread themselTes

it to be

sufBce

perfectlyfor
uniformlythrough it,acquiringin
nowhere

which

itall their force and action,

thanks

else ;

divides the apparatus. This arrangement

to be dethe Carinthian
furnaces (presently
scribed)

have

in

to the constriction

exists

in

most

which

respectto

mode

of

working

pointsof

some

resemblance,only very imperfectly

representthe boliehet.
both with
Mr. Fetitgand,it thus appears, is much impressed

ingenuityof construction

and

the

fumaoe.

not

convinced

However, I

of the second
far

so

the

in their

assuming it to be
have

or
velocity

to

course

working of the

by his reasoningof

while the fiimace

chamber
elliptical

or

concerns

as

combustion

am

advantagein

direction

the stock.

is in

the

Spanish

the value

operation,

of the gaseons productsof

The action of that chamber,

closed,is constant
kept perfectly

therefore

and

can

effectin

modifyingthe draughtas occasion may require.There

is a good groundfor it,seeingthat it has long
probably
may
in
its
fevour,but what that ground is I have yet to learn.
experience
the other hand It should never
On
be forgottenthat although
what is called experience
be a very safe guide,yet in
may generally
in the metallnrgio
some
arts, it has undoubtedly
cases, especially
and powerfully
obstructive to improvement.
one
proved a most erring
The practical
smelter is not seldom prejudiced,
and strongly
obstinate,
impressedwith the notion of his own
self-importance.
By these
let it not be imagined that I specially
remarks
refer to Spanishloadno

be and

sraelters,
who,
business

as

am

well

as

assured
any

oppositeevil should also be

in the
dc^matically
error
an
experience,

of

on

understand
high authority,

of their brethren

in Great

Britain."

their
The

guardedagainst,
namely,that of pronouncing
in opposition
to, the teachings

absence of,or
which
men

of science

are

predisposedto

commit.
M.
to be

Fetil^nd
from

890

states

to

620

the cost

francs, or

of

bolielie,
completelyfinished,

even

less

from
(t.e.

and inclusive of tools and other necessary

201. 16".),
total outlaywould not exceed IbOO francs (601.).

'

Dick

Flintahira

than

informi
(amace

at Adra

and

me

tliatTunrheie ia the I there in

better at work
Beija. TUe fuinaoes
seen

Ibl. 12*. to
tlie
articles,

use
are
largerthon thnse in this
ronDtrj; the chnrgo is also larger,and

|the

vork

ii veil done.

REVBRBEBATOBl
The

of Linarea

Aimaces

255

F0RNACE.

and

Carolina

La

Bomewhat

are

larger

arch is more
than those used elsewhere, the oonstricting
open (Tareeau
almost
the
firstbed
is
and
the second
egt jibu
c
ircolar,
entirely
omeri),
is elliptical
For

charge of

airobas

60

(ia

little more

than

13

cwt.),the

quantitystated

by Mr. Thomas, isclusiTe of some rich slagimpr^metallic

lead and of lead-skimmiogH
"om
nated with
preyioua
opera'
tween
tioQa,of which the aven^
produce ia from 72% to 75% of lead,beand 800

of fuel
kilogrammes
(1343and 1764 lbs. aToLrd.)
to the observations of M. Petitgand.
requiredaccording
M. Petitgand
of the smeltingstatement
presents the following
TOO

are

cofits at furnaces in the

For 100 ka. of

of Almeria
vicinity

fr.1-24

Fr. 2-lM.
0-715|

Iron and miiceUaiieoiu

0'19

ForlOOkU.

tun of

ore

fr.S 1 05
-

Bboat

1 6*. lOd.

fr.2-6241

1-Wol Fr. 4*28.

Labour
Iron aod

44-26=BlKiDtU

estimated

was

0'812|

miioellADeonB

Permetrimltonofleadfr.

lead

oflesd"

Fuel

in the

Laboar

Pel metri("l

yieldof

"

ore-

Fuel

The

at

from

which
grey-slag
(crowet
Hamcku),

lit. id.

46% to 48%,eiolusive of that

is extracted by subsequent
22%. The lead obtained by

to from 18% to
treatment, and amounts
this process has a reputation
for softness and

purity.

Accordingto M. Petit^nd,in Andalusia, in the district of Linares,

the ores yieldby the same
method
of smelting
50% of lead with the
cost

same

fuel

for labour and

e. fuel composed of shrubs,etc).

(t.
the smel ting-costs
in the Flintshire
Alquira,
:
are givenas follow by M. Petitgand

At
use

greatercost of

of tools,
but per contra

wear

fiimace there in

"

For

100 UL

of

ore-

Fuel

(EnglishcoiJ)
Labour,etc
Per

metrical

ton of ore

(t.l-826i"

"

",
0-869r'-^^^-

". 27="boat

II, It. 3A

ForlOOldLoflcsd"
Fuel

f*.8-00 1

(Englwhooal)

Laboor,eto

1*0

Per metrical Ion of lead fr.44

M.

Petitgandasserts that
furnace in Spain is less pure

^'' *....""

Bbont IE.I5t. 2d

producedin the Flintshire

that producedin the Spanish

the lead

than
is
the reason, I am
informed,is,that when brushwood
ence
differused as fuel iht^d is lees reduction of lead from the slag. The
is,however, too slightto merit attention,though smelters try

boUchs;and

to obtain a somewhat

higherpricefor bolickelead.

256

SPANISH
It is added

BEVBRBERATOBT

FUKNACE.

tliatthe
hj M. Petitgand

smelters

that

consume
the7 r^pilarly
^ ton of ooal for 1
his
to
aooordii^
oompntationit is f ton of ooal

would

on

the coast

pretend

of lead,but that
for 1 ton of lead. It
ton

that in

regardto economy, the Flintshire fanutce has not

advantageover the SpaiUshfurnace; but lead-smelting
like
all others,would
clear a largespace grown over
fumaoes,
soon
seem

decided

with such shrubs

broom, rosemary, juniper.

as
Lavender,cUtus,etc.,*
and the cost of fuel,owing to the necessity
of fetching
itfrom longdistances,
be

must
BO

great as

what

and
continually
augmenting,

to render

is known

not

at lengthmightbecome
unless we assume,
profitable
smelting
impoeaible,
is sufficiently
to be true, that the growthof those plants

rapid to prevent any

account

on

of the

considerable addition to the cost of fuel

item
constantly
increasiDg

of

carriage.With ooal,

however, substituted for shrubs, and the seaboard as the site of

smeltingworks, the cost of fuel may be reckoned to be constant, or
is a decided advantagein an
prettynearlyso ; and that assuredly
economical

pointof view,

and such

of
points

view

are

paramount in

importance.
After what

hag been advanced

the

on

of
subject

the reactions in

tte Flintshire reverberatory

furnace, onlya few words need be added
to

as

those which

occur

in the

oalcination with
preliminary

Spanishfurnace.

free

of

access

There

is firstthe

air,by which
atmospheric

of the chargeof galena is changed into sulphate

and protportion
oxide
of lead ; secondly,
the usual mutually-reducing
action between
those oxidized compoundsof lead and the unchangedgalenaconsequent
elevation
within
the
the
of
furnace ; thirdly,
on
temperature
and kneading,
it were, of embers,or ignited
carbonaceous
as
intermingling
from which lead has freely
matter with the residual mass
and run into the well of the fumace-^-whercbyprotoxideof
liquated
of lead also,partlyto sulphide
lead may
be reduced and sulphate
then any sulphide
suffer
to metal, and
and partly
so formed would
with
of lead. As the
reduction by contact
any remainingprotoxide
a

"

admixture

ignitedcarbonaceous

of

in

far from intimate

of lead both

chemical
snd

in kind

matter

sense,

and

be otherwise than
the reduction of sulphate
have seen, with the
we

cannot
as

degreevaries,as

the temperature,it is onlypossible

function of the carbon
to express
a general
reducing
way
added in the last or third stage of the process. This carbon, with
like lime in the Flintshire
much intermixed ash, also acts mechanically,
the
it
and
so
furnace, by "drying"
charge,
enabling to be
of
proportion

carbon

as

well

as

with

the

in

"

with
set-up,"

the

objectpreviously
explained.

and contraatfn^
A ftftsb
remarkabljwith the
crop of fuel from these plants tic,
" raukeat
four
of villstnoui iiDelli"
about
be
obtaineo
oorapound
jea".
eveiy
may
in an
Engliah aueltingirork in which
The odoui of Ihew
Spuniah Boieltiiig
lued lu
coal ia the fueL
ue
worki, where fragranta^rubfl
"

is described
fiuj.

as

delioions uid aToina-

_y

IN

LEA1"MELT1NQ
Bt

Tiere
the

FLOWING

THE

-FDBN

ACE,

C0B.NISB Pboobss.

TBS

at Par and

works, one
smelting

two

are

Truro

257

the other

at

Point,

at
the process is almost exactlythe same
on
both ; and when
carried on at Falmouth, the same
was
lead-stnelting
thore
also
followed.
Impure galena is the ore treated
process was
phide
(seep. 101). Keduction is effected partlyby the reaction between sul-

river,and

of lead and

by

metallic iron and

in the form

carbon

of

for which
(i.e.
melting),

two

for
is

ners

chargeof

21

HoriiDDliil KcIJoD

elevation

justabove

IfTel with

two

vault

indicated

in

underneath,

from
fire-bridge
the rightof this
The

internal

vol.

"g. Tl,

are

Ui.

are

partly

third at

line bisecting

in horizontal section

adjacentto
ore

There

the

on

three doors,one on each

the end near
the stack.

in elevation

dotted lines.

it is shown

is

the two
1"

side doors

laked

may
in fig.
71, and

into the
in

fig.70

passage through the

cirenlation of air,and on

side to side for the "ee

of castpassage is the usual supportingbridge-plate

furnace is charged through a hole in the roof. The

liningof the
casingis

the external
doors

There

the calcined

seen

charge of I;^ton

bbttom of the flre-door.

Be. )i.

holes in the bed

square

plan by

the

able
suit-

smaller of these calci-

or

respectively,
through which

iron.

Uk

the level of the bed.

are

arched

In

71.

and

facingeach other, and

There

and

last

partlyin vertical section

and thebed; and. in fig.
70,
fire-place

the
side

HI

"

"

one
employed,

are

the other for a

lbs.).The

in figs.
TO
represented

Flg.t"

in

of ore, and

2 tons

of ]1"2

cwts,

The

"

sizes

"

f"n

partly

culm, i.e.Anthracite.

"

the calciner,
and the other
of two
Calciner. Caloining-furnaces

(1

its -calcination,
and

flowing
calcining and
for
furnaces are required,
calcination,
one
for fusion,the flowingor melting-furnace.

termed
operations

eonsists of two

process

productsof

the oxidised

formed

calciner

of

common

of cast-iron

is of fire-brick 9"

rubble

in

thickness,and

the sides of the

working

blocks.
or granite
plates
8

,--

258

IN

LEAD-SMELTING

THE

FLOWIKG-FDRNACE,

Flowingor mdimg-fimaee.Tig. 72
"

hole

aide

or

front.

Fig.

73

is

is

only

modification

of the

described
previously

on

the line E P
A B

fig.73.

Flintshire

ud

been

elevation

vertical section

fig.74 ; fig.75, a Tertical croHs-section on

the line
74, a horizontal section on
fig.
is

aa

in detail,all that

of the

tap-

the line C D

fig.74
As

and

the furnace

furnace, -which

has

p*rt In tleviilMi.

need

bo here

given in

the way of descriptioD

the chief pointsof difference. There are
are
at
doors instead of three on each side,i.e. in technical language,
the back and front. The bottom is carried on iron bars,wliich are

two

laid

so

as

roughlyto

of the finished bottom.

form the contour

ElsntloB

oTUm

There

Mt.
ttfi-bolt

74, intended to receive the reguluswhich overflows

fig.
the lead-pot
by a lip;and outside the smel ting-houseis a large
74, to receive the slagwhich flows alonga gutter from the
pith, fig.
the edge of which is surmounted
lead-pot,
by a ringopen onlytowards
is

that

The

little pit,
a,

gutter. The furnace

and
9" in thickness,
upper

or

true

is formed

brick
of a liningof fireinternally
blocks.
of
a
casing granite
is made of furnace-slag.

of
externally

working bottom

260

LEAD^MELTING

melling. The

Flowing or
introduced
which
2

"

throughthe back
the doors

done

3 hours, and

to

IN

the reduced

load is

charge is

2 tons

doore

spread

luted

are

when

the bed.

spreadover
1 to 2 cwts.

The

doors

furnace

iron

It is

ore.

slopingbed,

It melts in from

being treated,

this stage. The molten charge ia

dried up,"and then
as it is termed,
"

or.

thrown

the

over

from

and
charge,'

placed in the furnace at the tap-hole.

the charge re-melted, after which tiio

are

again luted and

are

the

over

raised.

the heat

is
Fluor-spar

of scrap

of calcined

liighproduceare

of

off at

mi.'cedwith lime and culm.

now

and

and

ores

tapped

FLOWING-FURIfACr:.

THE

flows into
of a thin iron bar. Lead
tapped by meanit
the
reduction
of
from
by reguluHresultingchiefly
sulphideof lead by iron in the second fusion. This regulusoverflows
the p"itby a lip into the small pit in front,and on slagbeginning to
the tap-hole
is much
run
enlarged,and the lipof the pot stoppedup
with ashes. The slagthen rune
along the gutter into the pitoutside.
The whole operationis usuallycompleted in about
The
8 hours.
is
with
worked
in
each
two
one
men
ehift,
flowing-furnace
by
in
coal
attendant
the day shift ; and it consumes
from 8 to 9 cwts. of
is

the pot,followed

The
per ton of ore.
so
slag is generally
clean

"

"

mit
ad-

to

as

of being thrown
contains

and

away,

of lead

1%
by dry assay.

The

greaterpart

only

i%

from

to

of the copper in the

the
ore
passes into
Fit

v"tic.i

".

c"""u"

which
regulus,

K F, B" u.

u,. ito.

on

and
in order

producedwhich

sampled for
The

by

the lead and

to extract

regulusis

in it,when

silver contained

contains

8%

from

to

15%

is calcined

re-smcltcd
second

and

of copper,

is

sale to the

copper-smelter.
produced is generallyso hard

lead

calcination

at

red-heat, with

free

as

access

to

requiresoftening

of air,* before

it is

but
process; it contains a little co])pcr,
in
tho
used
furnace
The
of its hardness.
antimony is the cause
is slag-bottomed
and similar to the flowing
operationof softening
is
the softening
It is charged with 4 tons of load, and
furnace.
desilverized

by

Pattinson's

commoidy completedin
of

mixture

as
facility

am

prill

and

those

"

hours.
Falmouth

to

in

that

at tUcse works

ore,

mix

the

and

ia
flunr-Bpni
',1870).

ores

the

as

no

to

was

smelt

1V% produce,alone in
slag thus obtained with
It

was

found

anything like
produce of a mixture
with

Thia

jafter,
p.

tho

of

the blast-furnace.

the rich Cornish

of Wales

"

sieve beds

furnace, and

smelt

informed

longerused

"

for treatment

ores,
to

"

"

Fiintahire

poor

adoptcilat
plan originally

Tho
tho

about

provcas
138.

will be

the
of

dfvcribed

possible
imsame

slag
here-

LlJNZeC.vGOOJ^

H5eH9fl!^iH55=^PWi^!";^"

LEAD-SMELTIXG

and poor ores was

from
for the treatment
of such

AT

BLEIBERG.

2C1

50% to 55%.it was

considered far too high

mixture in the blaBt-furnaoe and too low
for advantageous
-furnace,
The
working in the flowing
plan was
therefore abandoned, and the Cornish one adoptedwith very satisa

results
JJEictory

far as smelting
concerned.
so
was
that for the iUustrative drawingsand
in stating,
pleasure
the details of the foregoing
I am
indebted to Mr. Thomas
description,
at the Boyal School of Mines, and afterwards
Gibb, formerly
a Htudent
ComwalL
in
at
works
engaged lead-smelting
The flowingis in use in
furnace,as well as the Flintshire furnace,
I have

and is known
North Wales and elsewhere,
under that name.
and-the mode of workingit are essentially
the

same

Its construction
as in

Cornwall.
It is employedfor the treatment
of the rich,
drawn, greylead
slagof the Flintshire furnace,the
beingreduced by iron and
for the most part
culm, with the formation of a clean slag,
consisting
of iron and lime,with other bases which may
of silicateof protoxide
or, in B6me cases, with fluorideof calcium and
happen to be present,
Lead
residues of various kinds,South-American
of
sulphate baryta.
and silversmiths' " sweep,"
i". the sweepsilver ores, and jewellers'
ings
of their shopscontaining
of those precious
metals,are
particles
with the addition of rich lead-slag
treated in the flowing-furnace,
and reducing
iron
and
culm,
agents,
necessary to set free metallic
and
of
iron and fluor-spar,
with
such
oxide
as
lead,
fluxes,
adaptedto
render the slagliquid.
The composition
of the charges
must obviously
of the matters
to the nature
to be operat"d
vary according
npon.
The silver and gold will,if the process be skilfully
conducted,be
whollyconcentrated in the reduced lead.
LKAD-SMELTINO

There

are

some

AT

BLEXBEBQ.

of interestin
points

to the construction of the furnace

as

this process,as well in respect

the method of treatment.
The

is galena,
and reduction is eflectcd by the usual reactionsbetween
in a
and oxidized compoundsof lead generated
unchanged sulphide
of
that
The
consists
preliminary
roasting
essentially
sulphide.
process
of three stages,
which are analogous
to those of the Cornish process.
For the followingdescription,
the drawings from which the
and
ore

annexed woodcuts have been

Uirector of the MiningSchool

I am
prepared,

indebted to Tunncr,
whose high repuStyria,
tation
is an ampleguaranteefor their accuracy.
as
a metallui^ist
The galenaoccurs
in Jurassic Limestone: it is accompaniedby
which after separation
zinc-blende,
by hand and partlyby wet
partly
is
sold
zinc
works
lead ore or molybdateof
to
dressing,
j by yellow
and sold to
if
in
i
lead,which, present large quantity,s separated
chemical manufactories for the production
of molybdioacid ; and by
white-lead ore or carbonate of lead,sulphateof lead or angleeite,
willemite. The veinor
calamine,and silicateof zinc (yZnO,2SiO*)
stuflfis chiefly
carbonate of lime : fluor-spar,
"c.,occur also,
asbestos,
but seldom. The ore is delivered at the smelting
works partly
in the
at

Leoben,in

AT

LEAD-SMEI.TIN'G
form

of

coanic

oro

BLEIBERO.

(Kemachlieg),contaiaingon

an

from

average

""6%to 70^iof lead, and partlyin the form of slime oro

achlieg),
containingfrom 60% to 70% of lead.
and has
of the fttnace. It is reverboratory,
Dftcriplum
and
each
from
f
rom
end
the
to
other,
one
slopes
regularly

(Schlamm-

the median

bed which

"

aide towards
It is

line.

rc-

Annexed

in the
pre8cnt"d

woodcuta, figB.
76, 77. 78,
have been
79, 80, which

preparedfrom drawings of
No.

in the

3 furnace

talerhbttc

Company

Ebner's
at

Spi-

bastian
belongingto Se-

erected in 1859
Bleiberg,

and

still

(IBiJB)working
tliesame

well with

used

fuel

this furnace, eX'

few instances.

in

copt in

sions.
dimen-

is the

Wood

The

fire-placo
(a) is
the
long axis of
parallel
the bed (b). The grate is
transverse
openings(cccc)
to

f"..i."u".

yi-Tfc
*

of stone, and

has

generallyfrom

each2|"wide, for the admission

4 to 5

of air: it is 1' 3" wide in front,

and is
The actual area of this grate is from

contracted to 1' 2" at the back.

122 to 183 square inches. The rise in the whole

lengthofthe fire-place
i8 2'6j".It is onlythe up-

jwr

or

back part of the fireplace

that recuivcB fuel,the

lower

firontpart

or

serving

passage for it"

iutnidtiction.

merely as
The

flame

passes from
the fire"plaae
into the body
of the

furnace

narrow

channel

measured

through a
which,
(lie),

according to tho

rise,is 3' 6'' long and

high.
of

The

tbe

1L3

"

'*"

stone

and

".

n"i"ui

"u".

"*

is

1' 2" above

grate. The

*''" ""'''

73, 79, 81.

Fi^

CJ''

surface

fii-e-bridge
(/)

5^" broad
tho

npi"r

rise

^"*
*^i"'
^S^
working
accordingto

The

^^_ measured
its rise,is 10' 4" long,and from tbe back end, C D fig.
77, to the front
lower end (e)of tho flame channel (d e) has the same
width, which,
or
amounts
inclusive of the fire-bridge,
narrowed
graduallyon each side

to 4' 10"
to

the

but

from

this end it is

which
workingdoor (i),

is 1'

DESCRIPTION
The

Bqnare.

bed

ilimenaionB
in detail

given

are

several inches less than

or
charge,
bo that
gutt"r-fashioned

is

liquidmatter
the working

The

any

the aich

it should

not the

down, but
of the

spanningthe

rise of the bed is generally

fire-place
; and

easilyrun

constituents of the

263

FURNACE.

heightof

fig.81.

that of the

lead may

that the molten

to the

as

in

THE

OP

be such

pa"ty, earthy

sulphideof lead.

The

bed

flow to

must

door.

flame escapes from

The

the

body
throughan

of the furnace

square, in
of
the
crown
arch,and
thence proceeds
to the stack

opening (k),9"
the

(m) throughthe
wide

1' 3"

and

chimney
inside

flue

(/)1'
The

high.

is 1' 6"

square,

and

meaanrc,

1' 9"

tho flue

(/):it
generallyprovidedwith
damper for the regulation

high from
is
a

In

of the draught.
e

A.I.

of the
fiue

"

working

front
Fig. le.

"

door

is

(it)
communicating with
off the fume

to carry
action.

and

furnaces

The

VeiUcal

Kctlon

Uu Une C D, Be.
*^ II.

on

the main

flue

the object
of
(l),

protectthe workman

so

from

which

is

its deleterious

constructed

but chiefly
partlyof fire-brick,
Bleibcrg; the working bottom is 6'' thick,
and
is usually made
of a mixture
of clay,poor slimes,and dressed
ftufbereitetom
slag {mit
Gokratze),
stamped down and "itted by

of the

rod

are

sandstono

heating into

of

coherent

of the farModification
nace.

At

"

works

the

lead smelting

at

Knappueehe

in Camiolft, the main

(i)iscarried

flue

round
entirely

lize
the furnace in order to uti-

the heat of the

far

as

as

possibleof

coolingof the
furnace.
is used

When
as

for
a

small

on

the

brown

coal

^^

^^

vera"!

iBciiaa

on

ihe line a

B, flu

ii

fuel instead of wood, a grate of iron bars must be substituted

theii'
in
and
is
of
the
back-wall
there
atone
one
frequently
;

opening for

account

the

body of

the other,were
long time in use

over
a

escaping

bustion
productsof comand the prevention

gaseous

the admission

by
at

the

partly of the

partlybecause they did

reason

of air.

Double

of their less

ImperialLead

furnaces,i.e.one
consumptionof fuel,for

Works

frequentrepairswhich
not

admit

of tho work

Bleiberg;but
they needed, and
at

being carried
UigitizeQ.y

on

in

264

LEAD-SMELTING

them

with

the

AT

aa
precision

same

in

BLEIBEBG.

been

furnaces,they have
singlo

abandoned.
Kivot eipreMes
hia surprise
at this course, after such
of the double furnaces,
and doubte the truth of the roaaous
their discontinuance ; and

1844, "the

he waa
ho says, that when
fnmacos were
regardedas

double-bedded
'

is the groatand only test

improvement." Experience

and if the

at firstformed
anticipations

at

long trial
allegedfor
Bleibergin

a
very happy
in such matters
;

superiority

with respect to the

of these furnaces

over

the

firmed
singleones had bocn conthey
by experience,

have
unquestionably

would

continued to be used
that

furnaces

the

I have

for

Uk

L[m

E F, Be. ^i.

not.

of

abandonment

furnaces
on

the

doubting,
Eivot does,the validity
the caUKes
aasigncdfor

the
wcUoD

this

to be no

seems

good reason

Ludgitudlul

of

will it be

nor

last. There

of

shiiwD in

first volume

work,

as

constructed

have
principle

similar

failed,as

m.

this

day.
on

Fig

to

It is not the firsttime

only

the

in ouestion; for
"

is

.iT

there

"

nience
inconve-

in

in such fumai-es,
practisingthe necessary manipulations
been
demonsbatcd,considerable expense is
practically
necessitated for repairs,
Mode of condxtcling
the proeeu.
After the bottom of the furnace has
been preparedand heated to dull redncHs,a chargeof 300 lbs. of ore'
is shovelled in throughthe working door (i)and sjiread
evenlyover
the whole of the working bottom, the temperature being kept bo low
by sufficientadmisHion of air,that
.^
....^--%-%-rJT^,
roastingmay only graduallypro'm \
cced without
the oro becomingsoft
V-.
5 1 i
and adheringto the stirring-rake.
',._j,._"i.Y--,i'/^The roastingis usuallycompleted
_"7_
]"""
'" from3 to ai hours,the ore having
lotihiuih.
been raked over 8 or St times during
that period.Thus
ends the firet
has for its objectthe
stage,which
partial conversion of the sulphideof load into oxide and sulphutoof
but

has

as

"

lead.
The

temperature is

raised

the usual
to cause
siifficiently
the unchanged sulphideof lead and the oxiiind- the gectmd gtage (Bleicompounds generatedin roasting,
now

reactions between
dized

DigitizecDy

MODE

in

ueed

of the

front

in this

well

aa

as

door

working

(i)aa

in the firststage.

whereby
compounds

The

the inclined

down

Sj to

bar

(o)is

heavy

tools

rabble is worked

duously,
assi-

of
particles

the

of lead is effected and

flows all the while

from

workmen, the
rest for the

thoroughinterminglingof

oxidized

265

PROCESS.

to lessen the labour of the

In order

4 hours.

THE

CONDUCTING

rabblingb^jina,-which generallyla"te

that of

rUhren)or
fixed

OF

and
sulphide
metallic lead
resulting

bed of the fumaco

into

cast-

This

iron pot set on the platform

lead,by reason, it is alleged,
(p).
of its great purity,
and was
merly
foris termed virgm lead (Jungfemblei),
Bold in the state in which it droppedfrom the furnace,i.e.in
of its production
irregular
;
lumps, in order to indicate the source

whereas, at present both it

the lead

and

generally
liquatedtogetherand
aeeottd ttage, the

flow

of

From

into

cast

the

ceases,

the residual

and
entirely
disappeared,
to the

lead

of
grey-iiag

reduced are
subsequently
pigs. At the end of this
sulphideof lead having
which is precisely
alogous
an-

mass

"

the Flintshire furnace, and

ingly,
which, accord-

I will call

jp-eyrioj"
containinglead

only in

100 to 130

lbs. of lead have

collected.

The

been

now

oxidized state.

an

immediatelyfollow,for
English word, and which

ihird itage(Bleipressen)
might

there is

correspondingtechnical
designate
slag-redueium
stage. But,
no

in this

as

stage

increase of temperature is required,and as the bulk of

small compared with tho capacity
of the furnace,it is
with

respect

grey-staguntil
and

small

to fuel not

proceedwith

to

its quantityhas been

charcoal which

into the furnace

and

raked

out

of

is introduced

has

rabbled

doubled.

dropped
with

from

grey-slagis
more

mixture

mical
econo-

of tho
of ashes

is thrown
flre-placo

is
slag,which, thus stiffened,

the

laid aside.
provisionally

and

The

I will

considerable

the treatment

tho

which

Another

charge of

300

lbs.

and treated exactlylike the first,

ore
the consumption
of time and the yieldof lead beingtho same.
At the

completionof

into the fnmaoe

stage, tho grey-slagis mixed with small

charcoal and that resultingfrom the preceding charge of ore ia put
back into the furnace,which
contains tho grey-slagproduced
now
from

the second

chargesof ore in from 14 to 16 houis. The fuel

burned during this periodis very small,and when
the operationis
carried on at the lowest practicable
only to from
temperature, amounts
consumed
of
i to i of the total quantity
during the entire treatment
those two chargesof ore.
The temperature is raised,the flame made as reducingas possible,
and small charcoal added
when
necessary, and thoroughly rabbled
with
the grey-slagin order to reduce the oxide and sulphateof lead
contained in it. This slag-reduction
from 7 to 8 hours,
stage requires
which
from
lbs.
of
lead
120
180
to
are
during
period
produced,bo
that the time needed for completely
working ofi'two chargestogether
weighing 600 lbs. is from 21 to 23 hours,'the yield of load amount*

600

lbs. or two

For each charge,roaating,3-3i

hours; I Add

tabbliug,
3)-l ;
7^.

For

two

total for cocli

6icliarge,

charges^tbccGlbre,13-15.

7-S

for

tvo
tlioBlag-reducIionoftbe

oUargcs,and the

sum

is 21-S3.

2C6

LEAD-SHELTING

BLEIBEBO.

AT

ing to from 370 to 380 lbs. There are also formed from 90 to 100 Ibe.
Hlagorleeidue (Gekratze),
containing3% of lead,which la stamped
and waalicd. whereby a productig got c-ontniniDg
from 50% to 60%
of lead. This concentrated productia generally
added in small portions
to a chargein proceee of xmeltiiig
treated
; but it is occaHionally
of

by itaolCin
The
and

18

of

chargohas

the

works
from

omitl"d.

stage'sare

mechanical

of its

been

system.

An

is

at each

are

chargesof

two

to

the foremost

introduced,upon

expresslykept
pigs.

end

free "om

of tJie
there

ore,

afterwards cast into

rule there

off
21

23

ore,

furna"-e

has to be

imMrtg. At
reeults were
following

Sebastian

"

supportedby
Ebner'a

at the furnace

the

paid on
a

works

pieceworkman.

lead works

during 5 weeks, May

obtained

piecework

fui-nuco,who
the

each

of whom

workmen,

engagedat

assistant is sometimes

Begulti of

two

remains
therefore,

and

they are
consecutively:

hount

duringa12-hour shift and

tho

second

from
chiefly

furnace, which

and
liquated,
As

the fint and

produced is

admixture,
impure
out of the furnace its
slowly trickling
it is placedat the beginningof a smcl ting-operation,
irregular,

after tho
bed

caao

in eonsequenco

as

form

which

lead

in

Blciberg,

in the
ISfifi,

furnace

in the annexed
These results may be
woodcuts.
represented
regardedas about the best obtained at Bleiberg.
The following
is given as received with the local
statement
German
of the particular
smcUcd in admixture :
names
ores
"

On

Weiuer

Eem

Erabillen

tiHlnL

id.

Voniclit"

Erabillen Sclminnd
WuiHaer

1U.

**

BO

50

id.

18

(Blimc)id.

45

50

id.

id.

FBschcr id.

Zi^ttwcrk

Cin.*

ftom KreutU
(,coai"e ore),
id.
id.

id,

id.
id.
Hugerthaler
Kcruschlieg(cnaT"oore),Bleiberg
Kascbet Schmund
(alimi;)id.
Bcbmoud
;,lead-qwr
Blime)id
Bleinpatli

17

85

60

2^

tt

28

231

The
and

content
of lead,as found by wet
assay, was
67'401%,
average
after subtraction of tolerated (passbarj
loss,04'08%. Tho quantity,

therefore,of

ex

tractable

amounted

lead

obtained amounted
quantityactually

consequently,
producedan
The consumption
of wood

to 148 ctrs.

2 lbs.

The

ctrs. 77 lbs.

There

was,

of lead

amounting to 1 ctr. 75 lbs.

at 162
4^'long was 10'2 klafters,
pieces

excess

in

to 149

cubic feet.
cubic feet per klafter,
or a total of 1647
The yield of lead was, consequently,
64'84%,and
was

2-561%of the ore, or 3-7P%of the lead.

10-9 cubic
The consumption of wood was

extracted,7'1 per

1 ctr.=

ctr, of ore,

or

100 llw. Austri"a

21'4

ctrs.

133'ICO

per

tho actual loss

feet per

ctr, of lead

charge.

lbs. EngUih

svoirdupoiB.

268

LEAD-SMELTING

ASALTSU

AT

BLEIBEBG.

GBn-SlAG

OP

BT

FlBtENTSK.

Lead

69-6

llBgncuB

6*3

Protoxide of coppot

9-5

Sulpkut

lei
99-0

It

with

whollyin combination
of

lO'TS

in this

indicated
clearly

form

sulphur to

that the lead and iron are

analTsis
Now, 69-6 partsof lead require
Bitlphur.
sulphideof load ; and, aBsuming what is

incredible with rcBpcct to the iron, namely, that it is present "a iron1'7I of sulphur. The
total sulphur,
1'5 part of iron requires
pyrites,

therefore, in

combination

sulphurin the

is 161.
analysis

is

10-7"+1-71
Hence

12-46.

the

total

) 3-64 parts of
produced at
and
lose
than bb%
not
a comparatively
high temperature
containing
of protoxideof cop]"er ! Yeiilyit is time that a thoroughweeding
xbould take placeof the mass
of so-called analysesof metallurgical
which
have
been
not
but seemingly
products,
published,
only
accepted,
without hesitation in quarters whore they ought to have been instantly

sulphurwere

in

]2'4fi =

"

that

free state, and

(16-1

But

too

in

aubstance

worthless.
as
rejected
In 1)4:15 m. Boulangerpublishedthe results of an
analytical
himself
the
of
in
the
investigation
by
productsoccurring
Bleiberg
process

of

method

of

smeltinglead;' but
analysisand to the

reference to his labours

conclusions at which

It is stated that treble furnaces, i.e.built

with a view to cany
tried at Bleibei^,
at the

inequalityin

the

in the

time

same

he

to

his

arrived,this

one

the other,have

over

the three

on

operations
respectively;

three furnaces

be

of the great
account
on
satisfactory
for
and
the
roasting
required
subeequcnt

found

not

taken

will sufSce.

been

of the process
but they were

bo

exceptionmay

as

to

times

operations.*
smallneas of the

The

lead'Smelter

the charge,and
precision

and

accuracy

strike the British

It is insisted that in order

remarkable.

as

with

the work

charge,only 300 lbs.,will

to conduct

consequently

is facilitated though
the furnaces,
bo small, whereby supervision
must
the consumption of fuel and wages are incroEisod. The temperature

should

never

would

be allowed

in that

case

allegedthat the
to the purityof

down

run

low

to rise so

high as

the inclined

temperature

to melt

bed

maintained

'

Aon.

dcg
A

^167.
mace

In
s"t.

vat

reduced

HincB, Sni

ier,

of
dcscriptioD

publLilitd
bj

the

E. M.

1835.

7. I le

double

chaise,which

contributes

lead, as it is too low

of other metals; but what, it may
be asked, are
tho

the

of the furnace.

to

It is

essentially
separation

cause

the metals

which

giscment,rcxpknlation,la pr^iwration

Ic tniilement
m^aniqueut
mrlnllurgique

dcs
Pliillipn,

mliiGraiB

da

des Winas, 4t)i ' Carinthia.

paper in t)ie Aon.
'
I
Ann.
1815. 8. p. 239, entitled,Memuiie
but
Phillips,

plomb

de

eD
Bli:iberg

des Mines, ut eupia.

269

OBSERVATIONS.

would

be reduced

If the

ores

are

and

at

poor,

the

highertemperatare and

residual

little influence ; and

great quantity,has

too

added

in order

blende

hinder

the process

Quartz

chargeporous.

the

keep

to

pass into tKe lead ?

tion
temperature is too low for completereducrich.
if
is
too
not
Lime,
elag
preeent in

the

expressly
and
zincIron-pyrites

increase the loss of lead from

and

slaggingof

the

causes

it is often

tilization.
vola-

large quantityof

the

oxide of lead formed.

Karsten

long i^o pronouncedthe followingjudgment

Bleibergprocess, which

on

the

applicablo

as

To conduct the process successfully

eiact
an
the
of
the
furnace
and
of
the
of
knowledge
heatingpower
degreeof
now

as

when

well founded, and

appears to me

he wrote.

of the ore are required;and that knowledgeis readily

fusibility
of the ore is affected by the quangainedby practice.The fusibility
tity
of foreignmatter
and
increases in proportion
to its
present,
purity,so that an impureore may be treated at a highertemperaturo
As the prooees requiresmuch
than a pure one.
time, and is consequently
expensivewith regard to labour, it can only be profitably
adoptedin the smeltingof rich ores.'
method
the Bleiherg
the Carinthian
[i.e.
According to Kivot
conditions : the ore must
is only applicable
under special
be
process],
of
with
of
blende
a
limestone,sulphate barytaor
nearlypure,
;
gangue
its content of silver should not be worth consideration,
vegetablefuel
is almost indispensable,
the cost of wood and labour should be very
"

low.*

It is

...

of which

he adda,
onlypoBsiblo,"

the gauguea

have

with oxide of lead.

As

great,because the
;
specialtreatment

crosses

them

treat

in

of

content

67 J% ; and such

rich,much

as

less

58%

than

more

with

be necessary to

as

which

would
British

rich,'
by

ven/
in the

of lead.'

The

the

by

foregoing
description

not
certainly

be

lead-smelters

Bleibergfurnaces

ore

SyBtem

in that

der

v.

p.

but

it has

containingnot
with

the

likewise
reduction

oxidized
is not

compounds
singular.It

and, cooBequendy, the ore irill baSuch

an
relativel;richer.
oti,
I though poomidirespecttoaaiay-proilactf,
reguitledu ticb hj the
may be virtual!;
nes"

' come

103.
p. 314,
riclieBse du miae'nti doit dtre trieIf murh
c"rbonnto
of
)^ih1c. Rivot.
'

PrindpeB Gen^DX,

l"

1^

sulphideand

respectthe Bleibei^method

Hebdlurgje,1S32.

designated

which interfere
impurities
would act
method,
Bleiberg

is efiected by the reaction between

; so

assay, in

wet

process of lead -smeltingin the

in the Flintshire,
other reverberatory
furnace, where
or any

of lead

compounds

argentiferous
ores,

it would

lead,as determined

ores

customary to smelt

been

to ores

blast-furnace."

waa
proceeded,

fusible

permittedto neglectthem only because

treated at the works, from

ores

form

the richness of the ore, it ought to be very

[theresidual slag]are not submitted to any

it la not

Kow, the average

the

tendency to

no

very small quantity:

and
always contain silver,

would

crosses

applythis method

to

producedin

theyare
the

to

"

is

presentin the

carbcuio acid

evea

on,

it will lose iU

before reachiug red-

Bmetter.

"

KaTsteu, Syttem der Metalloigto,

5.

p. 101.

270

LEAD-ASSAYING

AT

BLEIBEKG.

which
mightbe suppoaedthat Tein-atiiff,

tends to form

with
compoiindB

be moru
loss fiiBiblethan the oxide per m, would
thau auch as tends simplyto form fusible compounda with
injurious
I refer to the rcBults prcTiously
it ; and in aid of tliat supposition,
of the different silicates of lead.
the reducibility
recorded,concerning
oxide of lead much

This

does not
which Rivot urges on the ground of fusibility,
objection,
that ground ; for the temperatureneeded to melt those fusible
from eomiiination of the vein-stuflfwith oxide of
compounds, resulting
rest on

lead,would

suffice to melt that oxide in. a state of isolation.

assignedfor the uneiuitahlenCBS of the

reason

emeltingof argentiferous
galena,it may
to the
inapplicable

furnace is
reverberatory

stated,that it is

in the
no

more

any other in which

residual slag to
the
Suppose

of such

treatment

be

As to the

Bleibcrgmethod

ores

employed.

than

the
tain
con-

silver enoughto pay the cout of its extraction,and therefore to

would applyto
treatment, that objection
requirefurther metaUnrgical
all other methods of smelting
furnace, in which
in the reverberatory

reducingagent ; and such a eonquestionof the character of the

called.
But, accordingto Karsten,* the
so
Bleibergprocess strictly
residual
of load,were
in
whith contain from S% to '.'%
cranes
or
slags,
the usual course
stamped and ground;the ground stuff was mixed
furnace ; and the
with carbon and treated alone in a reverberatory
lead obtained was
the foregoing
termed Kratzhlei. Moreover, from
it appears that the residual slagfrom the Bleiberg
furnace
description,
is not thrown away, but is subjected
with
to special
a view
treatment,
iron is

in any stage used as

eidcration is wholly beside the
not

the lead which

to extract

Lead

it contains.'

Ataayingat BUibertj.^As the

too much

in their results from

usual

methods

drj-assay

difler

each other, during about the last

has been practised.
assay method

three years the following

wet
Two
of
the
ore
a"
finely
powderedas
grammes
with

and
are

concentrated
red

vapour
added
and

product when
washed

ceases

the

cold is diluted with

not

and
filter,

passes tlmmgh free from acid reaction.

it is better after the treatment
with nitric

caleiferous ores

to carry

too fer,and
evaporation

acid to dilute with

diluted

water, put upon

until the wash-water

"With poor

acid

hcaf^
are
possible
nearlywhite,
A few drops of sulphuric
acid
to be evolved.
to
mixture
The
nearly
dryness.
evaporated

nitric acid until the residue becomes

i of

sulphuricacid, as
which

litre of water.
in that

cose

before

adding sulphuric

It is also better to
less

sulphateof lime

use

cipitates,
pre-

only be separatedfrom the sulphateof lead

with great diSGeuUy and by long-continued
washing. Upon the
filterremain sulphateof lead,silica,
some
and, accordingto
sulphur,
the chemical nature
of the ore, sulphate
of barj'ta.
some
sulphateof
can

lime,and rarelysome
nitrate

or

carbon

while

the filtratecontains in solution

oxide
sulphateof lime, magnesia,

of

of
zinc,sesquioxido

5. n. 100.
I Dnvos, in Saitiptlnnd.
ItcTue UnivcrSystem dpr MctflUurp-ip,
See description
of moliHed
vol. 1*.,18(il,
Uleiberg Belle,
p. 300. A drawing
furnace b; PetitgaDd,
wliii:h he used at {of it is giren.
'

iCQyCoOJ^Ic

LEAT"-SMELTIKG

iron,eto.
with

with

IN

is washed
precipitate

The

solution of nentral

271

PERU.

off the filterinto

of eoda and

carbonate

beakei^laes

for an
digested

hour
concentrated solution of that salt In less time than that,one
be certain that the whole of the sulphateof load has been converted
into carbonate of lead,with the formation of sulphateof soda.

cannot

Sulphateof baryta undei^oes no

this treatmont

change by

with

carbonate of soda. The mixture is filteredand the filterwashed with

hot wafer until a drop of the filtratecauses
in a solution
no
turbidity
The

of chloride of barium.

in diluted nitric acid

until the wash-water

water

is thrown

down

insoluble

residue

to have

ceases

the filtratewith

from

the filteris boiled

upon

and washed
in acetic acid,filtered,

or

an

tho

least

been

in order to

thrown

view

dropof sulphuric

be certain that the whole

of the lead has

should

prevent any of the lime present from being

to

in the state of

down

lead

acid than is actually

needed
sulphuric

More
precipitated.

be avoided with

boiling

The

possible
quantityof

is left to subside,and
acid,the precipitate
sulphuric

acid is added

with

acid reaction.

of sulphate
of
sulphate. The precipitate

lead is filtered,
washed with hot water, dried,heated to
very carefully
of lead computed. If tho process
redness,weighed,and the proportion
is properly
performedthe assay aod counter
than 0'1%,and in many cases less.

LEAD-SMELTING

indebted

am

for the

IN

assay do

differ

not

more

PEHU.

from personal
following
description
(1867),

who
observation, to Mr. B"tcliffe,

has been

engaged as

an

assayer

in

studied in the Metallurgical

previously
of
Laboratory
the EoyalSchool of Mines.
The locality
is the provinceof Conchucoa
Altos.

Peru, and

had

"rnace

The

the side of

sun-dried

is

in figs,
82, 83. It is placedagainst
represented
slopingbank, and is built of adobes,"or bricks of clay,
"

but not burnt.

The

"

"

clay; the grate is of bricks,and

being admitted and regulatedby
roof is made
be

in the form of

the

hole at bottom.

The

arch (ifsuch
triangular

dome

or

term

may
the interstices filled up with mud
and ashes.
and it is said that considerable judgsloping,
ment

used)of adobes, and

chimney is

The

is

cord-wood
The

made

requiredto proportionthe heightand slopeof

with

accordance

the kind of

to

ores

be smelted.

The

the

flue,in

fnel used is

and brush-wood.

ore

was

of lead and 444

243

plaza or bed, is made of ashes and

the ash-pit
is about 7' deep,the air

galena,which, assayedby

Mr.

Ratcliffe,
yielded56%

of silver per ton.

The charge of
lliis
had
lbs.,Spanish,
ore
undergoneno other
ozs.

ore

smelted

was

preparationthan

that of
round

being crushed to lumps about the

shown
as
edge of the plaza,"

the

of the furnace
it and the bed

"

was

made

this dome

of the furnace

are

is

size of eggs.
It was
placed
in fig.
before
83,
the dome

only temporary, and

constructed

both

afresh before every

smelting.
The

was
operation

conducted

as

follows

"

the fire was

at
lighted

272

IN

LEAD-SMELTING

keptup

the

ore

when

a.m.,

door, which

about

was

___^_^

-\X

T^r^J

[
L

'"

T1

"

'I"

^l.-"

''-

slag was
by means

more

"""'"

F'M^f'

J^

maintained
Thie temperature was
half of the slag was
tappedoff by the
fuel
and
mud, more
afterwarde clofiedwith bricks
beingadded. At 4-;i0
ebullition.

in active

fluid metal
till 4

then
6 p.m. ; a strong fire was
contained
furnace
a quantityof

began to melt at
tillftt midnight the bed of the

3 p.m., and

PEKU.

extracted

"

of

""'
-

J-r?lm^'

iron rod, inaertway,

through the door-

an

^^

which
onuD

g.

left to oool.

througha
When
lead

Kci

It,ng.

on

the

During

again

was

closed and the furnace

lallwas frequently
added

smeltingcommon

hole left in the top of the furnace for that purpose.

and the reduced
cold,the dome of the furnace waa pulledoff,
found

was

in

buttons, dispersedthrougha

small

large and

of lithargequantity-

like

slag.

was

broken

,_

much

as

as

The

bed
and

up,

possible

lead collected ;

of the

althougha

able
consider-

portionwas lost,
minated
beingtoo finelydissethrough the

lithargeto

allow

of

itscollection.I'hebed
itselfwas

found

to be

discomposed of two tinct

layers; the upper
had absorbed

one

Vtnirtl

Pig.83.

fused

it contained

seemed

to

the

be

and contained

no

Of tho lead

in

Krtlui

tbe line A B, tg. Ba.

on

semislag,and waa
The
lower
0"28!l%.
layer
altered by load-fumes,
bed, onlyslightly
original
silver to the amount

having a

silver.

just0

lbs. Spanishwere

collected. This

but
same
shapeas tho first,
chimney only about a' high. The bed

of thin adobes, and

down
pressed
condensed
so

then

with

formed

the former

a
was

cupelled

smaller,and

was

formed

the hands, then with the feet,

and afterwards
mallet,and smoothed off with a trowel. U))onthe

placedthe lead,on
The

case.

melted.

was

firstwith

wool uppermost,after which

metal

much

by first
few inches thick,upon this a layer
bed of bono and wood-ash.
This was

placing layerof wood-ashes,

a

bed

of

furnace,of the

\"r^equantityof the

firewas

the

furnace

lightedat

with
sit'n,
pieceof theep't
was

then covered

now

1 \-.iQ a.m.

as

in

and at 3 p.m. the

A littletoda
taken out for assay.
the top of the molten metal ; the

sample
wrapped up in paper was placedon
operationwas watched througha small hole,and
was

in

the

the fireregulated
as

iCQyCoOJ^Ic

LEAD-SMELTING

At

IN

273

PEBU.

the
very intense, and
p.nu the action became
and
the
fire
the
cate
of
was
now
:
extin^iehed,
brightened

necessary.

silver

5-30

ailver removed

with

tonga and cooled in

water

it weighed 36

ounces

the bed of this furnace, it was

found to be
with
oxide of lead, and to
very hard and dense,highlyimpregnated
contain 0-052%of sUver.

Spanish. On

The

breakingout

results of this

smeltingwere

follow

as

"

";;;;;;48V^1^
Chargeof2431b8.ofore,"mtainmg||^;-;;";
-61ba.of lend.yieldiDgby
iVoduwo/mnriiinjf."
asaay \t,
**
45'91%of ailver,and therefore coiitaimng
/
4-16
LoM of HJIver in unelting

"^

48-16

Trodaee

of eupeDat^oR."36

Lews oTflilTerin cupelling

beinga

ou.

silver.

oT

ou.

S'6%

ozs.or

8 ora.,

or

16'6%

total loss of silver of 12-16 ozs,, or 25% of the entire quantity

in the ore.
To this most
be added the whole of the lead,

contained

of which

none

is recovered.

this grand result,the smelter,an Indian,receives as

effecting
of the hacienda
of
the
silver produced
payment 25%
; the owner
ing
payall expenses.
It may be imaginedthat ores ought to bo rich to
For

bear suoh costs for extraction.

There is no doubt that there

country,
towards

yet untouched

as

them

making
of

means

the

transportto

at

one

by

up

the formation

will

the coast.

to the

When,

be done

can

of
impossibility
moreover,

we

curing
pro-

consider

of

state

to

wonder

of

railwaysand roads, or perhapshy

becomingdominant,

Peru

nothing at present

that the riches of the country are

be opened
ever
unproductive. Should its reBOurces

cease

may

allowed to remain

race

metallic riches in this

insecurityand uncertaintyin this

and the supine
of politics,
ceaseless ferment
the population
which does not offer a
to any proposal
venture, but requirespatienceand time for development,

indifference of

we

but

immente

available,owing

existingchronic
country, owing to the
fortune

are

be found

be

to

one

another

probable,there is littledoubt

seems

as

of the

richest,if not

that

the
absolutely

richest,country in the world,

Mr. Jtatcliffestates
and
silver,

as

that the

examplesof

which
following,

galenaof Fera is often very rich in

rich kinds he mentions the
exceptionally

he himself

assayed:

"

HimirofttiglliiK.

Silnr

170

Chnquiral

laViigen

277

La

Concepcion

444

L"

Fortuna

507

le. Frovidencia

The

samplesof

and had not

been

La Providencia
"""""""

pw Era of l"d.

1138

as
they came
assayed were
to dressingof any kind.
subjected

ores

contained

i^oz.

of

from

the mines,

The

lead from

goldper ton.
D,z.!,

LEAD-SMELTING

274

IN

PERU.

at great eleralioHttn Peru.

UnKUxetifvl
aiten^ at Uad-ttnelting
received the followinginformation concerning
nnsnccesBfal
"

1 have

that of the reverberattempts to introduce other methods, especially

cuts
atory furnace. At Mr. K"tcliffe'srequest I supplieda series of woodof the Flintshire furnace
Mr. H
lead-smelter,

in this volume

contained

who

desired to make

in Pern, and who

ia reported
to have
Andalusia.
The
furnace
in
smelting
have been favoured

bad

much

English

to an

trial of such

furnace

experiencein lead-

accordinglyerected,and

was

(December,1869) with

of its working

account

an

from that smelter,which I now

presentnearlyeerbaHm.
"
After many
difficulties
I got my fumaco lit,
and found that it did
draw

not

I built another

well.

that with

fuel

chimney,lit up again,and then found'

the fire-bridga
a longerentrance
over

sheep's
dung as
required. I altered that and set the furnace to
of good pnre galena; but
chargeof 35 arrobas (9 cwts.)

work

was

of 2 hours there

was

signof

no

I heated

oxidation.

with

after the

lapse
longer,

hours

then
a

labour managed to get

raised the heat, etc., and after much
I cooled down
littlelead in the basin.
the furnace and repeated

the

roastingfor 4

hours

then increased the fire with

more,

view

to

I got down
effect reduction,adding charcoal and lime.
a littlemore
and
I
lead,
being dissatisfied with the result, fired hard for 4 hours

and succeeded

more

with lime and

which
I had

was

in

drew

melting the

whole of the

off about 6 arrobas

charge.

I dried up

of lead.
(1^cwte.)

abundant, yieldedby assay 68%

slag,
that
Believing

of lead.

The

and that want

of oxygen
was
insightinto my difficulty,
with
arrobas
cause,
chargedagain
only20
(5cwt.)of galena,eo
that by using a smaller quantitya largersurface might be exposed
now

the
to

an

oxidation. The

chargeremained in the furnace for 24 hours, and

in my
the same
quantityof lead as previously
; but

I obtained about

I had got
desperation

had

settled.

up

Having

an

been

intense fire and

2

days and

found

that the furnace

furnace, I

at the
3 nights

was

used up, and my poor Indians were

also worn
out ; and
completely
I threw myselfdown
with
in
the
of
what
bed
on
hope sleeping,
my
rest, I determined
feelings
you may imagine. After havinghad EOme
on
making further alterations and ajiother trial. I raised the chimney,
widened
the openings,
and lowered the hearth,so as to cause
more
air to pass throughthe furnace.
The result was
better, though still
for I only obtained about 30% of lead from pure
very unsatisfactory;
and almost ruined,
galena. Thoroughlydisgustedwith everything
I decided on clearing
in
the
same
styleas poor Dr.
out, prettynearly
did : it was
in feot but his game
tained
over
again. I have since ascerthat Richard
the
knew

people for
no

better.

fact,that it ia

Spry,at Ayrish,did no
time in those days with
I

am

convinced

now

better

his small

that it may

to smelt lead in
impossible

only he satisfied
produce,as they
be

regardedas

furnace
reverberafory

elevation of 12,000 feet ; and I feel certain that even

elevation difficulty
the same
from
would bo experienced
an

think

that Br.

onlyto prevent

Percy might
others from

make

some

remarks

as
wastingcapital

on

too many

half that

at

this

at

cause.

if
subject,
of

ub

have

27"

LEAD-SMELTING

small in

Teiy

IN

the

to
proportion

PERU.

treated,beingabont from 3%

ore

to

easilyreduced than the lead,the yield

of the former is proportionally
larger,tho loss of silver in sraeltinj;
But
this process
being only 8% or 10% of that contained in the ore.
is only applicable
and is places
^here the supply
to the small scale,
5%

but

of wood

the silver ia more

as

is abundant."

was
"Lead-smelting

operationuntil

in

few months

back

(i.e.

before March, IStiT),

but as the man,
at Hoari, in the Andes;
a
who
had
the
the
himself
conduct
of
to
Uexican,
work, managed
poison
with the fumes, the business is now
He had a small
abandoned.
furnace somewhat
resemblingthe Krummo/en of the Lower Harz,
bellows worked

urged by

When

hand.

by

the furnace

'

gobbed up,'

the obstruction with

the top of it,and poke down
He was
seldom
of lead all the while.
a bar, exposed to the fumes
free from lead-oolic,
and at last died of it. He had also a small cnpelhe used to stand

lation-furaace

on

but

the

as

was
litharge

reduced,all the lead

never

lost,the silver onlybeingobtained."

was

With

whether
I have

's attemptsto smelt

in the Andes, the first

consulted
;

the Flintshire

failures. On

itself is.

this

as
question
lead-smelter of much experiencein this
practical
opinionis that a yieldof 30% of lead at the second

his

and

chargefrom

galenain

questionthat suggests

hia results should be considered

country
The

Mr, H

regardlo

furnace

with perhaps
a porous bottom,was
furnace,

new

very

good.

trial

ought to have been continued for a month consecutively,

under the supervision,
one
f^meltors,
attending
say, of two experienced
factory
by day and the other by night,in order lo have arrived at a satisconclusion.
bottom
it may

It is not

stated of what

material

the furnace-

was
made, nor
was
manipulated; but, in whatever way
have been prepared,
it is certain that it would at first have

how

absorbed

it

uf
large quantity

lead

furnace, which

occurred, would

stmcfion

use

or

the

products. The

seem

"

"

of
i^ettling

to indicate either

ihe

faullycon-

of bad materials.

the alleged
of oxidizing
want
Notwithstanding
power in the air at
in
it is not reported
that there was
high elevations,
any difficulty

oxidizingeven

such fuel as sheep'sdung ; and from the foregoing

reoord of the trialsof smelting
fumaoea, it is
galena in reverberatory
clear that oxidized productsof lead were
formed ; that a
pretty easily

temperature

was

reaction between
far in

excess

attained

galenaand
of what

more

the

than

sufficient to

productsof

is needed

ibe usual

cause

itiioxidation

fore,
and, there-

ordinaryconditions of
the seaoxidation
of galena. At
Welsh lead-smelter to
experienced
under

atmosphericpressure to effect the

level it would probablypnzzle an
smelt galenain a Fintshire furnace satisfactorily
with dried sheep's
instead
uf
to hare
dung,
good coal,as fuel. It would be interesting
such a trial made and watch the smelter during its pn^resa.
But

Batclifle asserts

that at great altitudes in the Andes he found

much
assayingby cupellation
prolonged,even lo the extent of thrice
the time at Ihe sea-level,
and that the consumption
of fuel was
mous
enorfrom
which
he
inferred
that
in
the
deficient
air is
;
oxidizing

SMELTING

AT

at such altitudes.

power

277

ELEVATIONS.

It is obTious that the

of air in thoBe k^alities is

volume

^tven

HIGH

"

weightof

notablyleas

oxygen in a
th.in at the sea-

that iu the combustion of a givenweight,

level ; and, consequently,
largervolume of air will be required.
say, of carbon, a correapondingly

the combustion

of heat,however, developedon
quantity

The

by atmuspberiooxygen

will

be the

of carbon

at high elevationB

Bame

as

at tha

whether the energy of combustion

arises,
queittioii
the same
under thoee
the temperature producedwill be praotically
considerable variations in atmoapheric
pressure? To this question
aea-level ; but the

and

founded on the resulta of ezpariments

answer,
may he givena positive
of Mont Blanc.
made by I'yndall,
in August, 1859, at the aummit
He
ascertained that,on burningBt"ariDe candles at that altitude,
the contime
almost
of
in
the
steai'ine
a
was
preciHely same as
Kumption
given
"
far below,
at Chamouni
thoughthe light-giving
power of the flame
diminished

was

ascribes

this

rarefied

as

in

degreeby
extraordinary

an

mainly to

that at

the elevation ;" and he

of air so
particles

in the
augmentedmobility

the top of Mont

Blauo.

He

conceives

that the

'"
of this increased molijlity,
of ox3'gen may, by reason
panicles
trate
penethe flame with comparativefreedom,thus destroyingits light,

and

making

HmallneeB

fur the

atonement

of

their number

by

the

their action;" and he finds that, by inducing the

promptness
air to one-half,
the mobilityof its
densityof ordinaryatmospheric
of

is nearly
doubled.'

atoms

this

am

able

now

furnish the

lo

followingadditional

information

oq

I have received from my friend Mr, David Forbes,

engaged in smeltingarsenical ores of cobalt in rever-

which
subject,

who

has

been

beratoryfurnaces

San

at

Baldomero,

14,400 feet above the sea-level. There

such

ores

difficultto

stallswith

producea

ia believed

serious

Bolivia, at

altitude of

an

he says, in roasting
no
dif"ciilty,
for fuel ; but it was
found most
fumaoe with
meltingheat in the reverberatory

in open

wood, which, however,

which

in

was

wood

it is added,

of bad

was

"

quality. At Undnavi,

the sea-level,
no
11,000
in smeltingsilver lead ores in reverberatory
experienced
be

to

was
difBeulty

furnaces.

under

feet above

At Corocoro and

of Bolivia,at altitudes

ranging from

elsewhere,on the high plateau

11,000 to 13,000 feet,copper ores

in reverberatory
furnaces, having
difficulty
with
for
fuel, llie stepchimneys
only llama-dung
has
been
with
grate
appliedto these furnaces
great advantage, Ur.
Porbes never
found any difficulty
in cupelling
at gieataltitudes.

smelted without

are

any
each, and

two

After

coreful

review

furnaces
reverberatory

at

adduced

of the evidence

on

smelting in

high elevations,and

of the
a consideration
in rarefied air,I venture
the subject.It is possible
to use the

facts established with respect to combustioQ

givethe following
opinionon
furnace for smeltingin
reverberatory
to

fuel

but whether

another
data.

it would

for
question,

be

sucb localities,
even

possibleto

(he solution of which

However, it will probablybe found

'

Heat

vonridered

Mode

do

so

with inferior

economicallyis

I do not post-ess
most

convenient

of UotioD, 16S3,p. 50.

adequate

as

well

as

278

LEAD-SMBLTINO

economical,tinder

most

the

IN

circnmBtancea,to emelt

in conHtructiun
bluBt-fiimaces,
8im|jle

tliisview the ore-hearth,

in

to be

now

and

in small
{rftlena

eHBilv managed ; and

in which
desnrilieil,

with

i"eatia uaod

with
conjunction

be recuin
mended
fur triul.
coal, ehuuld oertuiiily
order
that
But, in
any auch trial should be ouncluiiiTe,it is essential
that the person making it should be practically
skilled in smelting

that process. This id a qualification

which I hold to be indisand
be
unless much time
expendedin the purchast'
pc-nsable,
money
of the neccaaary experience.

by

SMELTIXQ

The

ore-hcartb is

composedof various

IN

small

chamber

OBE-HEAnTU.

blast-furnac"
rectangular

set
partsof cast-iron,

material, which
within

THE

need

not

open in front

and connected above with

condensation of lead-fume,

bo

from

flue

or

Kuch

an

tn

briekwork

or

or

hearth

other

venient
con-

refractory.It is containod

the groundto a certain height,

other apparatus suitable for the
for
arrangement in iudlHpenaable

workmen
from the injurious
action of lead vapour and
acid which ascend copiously
from the hearth ; for the presulphurous
vention
of injuryto crops and cattle; and for the collection of a
largequantityof lead, which otherwise would be wastcfullydiesipated.Both elements of the sulphideof lead arc oxidized by the
with the evolution of sulphurous
acid ; but there immediately
blast,
the
protecting

follows the well-known

of the lead and the

is

the

reaction between

oxidized
resulting

duct
pro-

underlying
iiul[]hide,
wherebymetallic lead

oxidation and reduction may be said

so that practically
separated,
proceed^ri-pagw.
In the early
in Derbyshire
part of the 18th century lead-smelting

to

conducted

was

wood, termed
moved

by

Chemical

in the orc-heartb

Essaysin

1 782, there were

ore-heaTthiin the whole

The

use

informs

or

dried

"

not

above

one

or

two

of these

county of Derby."

In the United

confined to the north of

States,my

England

Professor G. J. Brush,
friend.

part conducted in the same

that to be hereafter described. Ilowever, at
Point, Wisconsin,revorboratoi y fumacea are also used. The

mo.

lead -a melting
is for the most

of ore-hoarth

Mineral

charcoal

'

of the ore-hearth is now

and Scotland.
kind

with
excltisively,

white coal,as the fuel,and with the blast of bellows

water-wheel ; but when
BishopWatson publishedhis

as

is a very fine galena,

associated with magnesianlimestone, and
reduced
iu the ore-hearth in the raw
state,i.e.without
frequently
been
calcined.*
having
ore

is

The

84, 85, 8C,

accompanyingwoodcuts, figs.

representan

ore-hearth at the Keld Head

87, 88, 89, 90, ni.

MiningCompany'sSmelt-

V. 8. p. 273.
Iof courtly oompriBineIbe ncrtliern iwMoat
of the lead product^in the
tlon of Illinois,
the siiithem jwrtuf WU,
ITniled States is ia what is "mllod tlio oomiii, and tlio eastern porhoDSof Iowa
'
Lead Begion,a diatricl and Hiwouri." (G. J. ll.j
Upper MiasiiBippl
'

'

THE

279

ORE-HEARTH.

The originaldrawings
Korth. Yorkshire.
Worka, Wensleyilale,
mg
and suppliedby my
have been made
friend,former student, and
friend I am
indebted
assistant,Mr. William 'Weston ; and to the same
for the eubetanco

preparedat my

of the

of the
followingdescription
observation.
personal

process which

he

requestfrom

Deicription
of ike ore-hearlh.
a.

The hearth-bottom

6. The

or

hearth-box,of cast-iron.

plateof cast-iron connected with the

front edge of the hearth-bottom,
from which it slopesdownwards
;
the sides and lower edge it has a raised border ; and from the
un
middle of the upper edge to the middle of the lower edge is a groove,
shown
between
h and b "g. 90.
as
Various component parts of the
work-stone,a

flat

ore-hearth,thoughmade

of cast-iron,are

bottom

are

and

work-stone

cast

in

one

termed

slonet.

piece;

but

in

The

hearth-

ore-hearths

in other
to

localities,
they are separatacastings.T"ho groove is intended
conduct the lead into an iron pot.A,in front as it overflows from

the hearth-bottom

during reduction of the ore.

similar rectangular
e, e. Two
prismsof cast-iron,termed bearers,
and somewhat
the hearth-bottom, one on each
on
Testing
overlapping,
two
blocks of cast-iron,termed key-stones,
d, d. Rectangular
each bearer. The two
at the back as shown
in front are ehaiiod

91, so
fig.
e.

The

/.

The

as

in

the ends of the fore-stone.

to form ledgesfor receiving

back-stone

the hearth.

on

upper

or

pipe-stone.

back-stone.

Through

stones, e and/, form the back of

e, passes the
part of the back-stone,

These

the lower

twyer.
g. The

fore-stone of cast-iron,
which
ends resting
between
the
respectively

the hearth,with its

key-stones.It can be moved
lies across

280
towards
the

IN

LEAD-SMELTING

the front

back

or

or it may
key-etones,

of
hy chan^ng accordinglytlie position

be raised

by placingfire-bricksunderneath

it at each end.

FIf.91.

l"ft ilileeknUcm.

it.The

feed-door,

before the nozzle and

through
detaches

which

any

the

adherent

RJgbl aide FlmUna.

workman

placesa peat

slag,

the pot. In recently-erected

hearths, it has been found better to take this flue direct under the
hearth-bottom and curve
it to one comer.
The space between
it and
m.

The

Fig. ST.

flue of the

under
fire-place

the work-stone should be filledin solid with

Tcitkal

tKUon

go

Hit Uu

CD. tig."

brickwork.

THE
The dotted space behind
"with half-brickB and clay.
1' 11"

Searlh-bottom.
"

inside

measure.

border is l"

from

3' 2" wide

"

and

high

the

front, 1' V" wide, and 1' deep,

are
1^" thick,and the back 2^".

2' from

front

slopeforwards

back.

to

raised

The

is 5" in ita

downward

and

7" square.
2' 6" broad and
pipe-gtcme.
8"

lomg,5" wide,
the hack

at

"

Fore-^one."lta

dimensions

and

may

III.? 1

9" to 12"

piecesfrom

The

long by

England,and

of

blast is varied

supposedto

the

Kef-iU

men

be in

the hearth -hot torn,and

are
pieces

peats, which
thrown

placedbefore
well

are

in without

Lead

broiue

is termed

ore

of

tho

brotcte. The

or

ixMue

formed

ore

ore

previouslycalcined.

not

tho nature

of the

workingorder,and
A

up

order behind.

in
A

ore

at

The
rated
ope-

the bottom

left

quantity of coal is

small

remainingcavityof

well walled

the hearth is

front, while
few

the nozzle,and the blast islet on.

a littlemore
ignited,

required,

are

agglomeratedmasses

nearlyfull of lead, after the last shift.

filledwith

"8,

fuel is coal and peat cut in prismatic

Such a pieceof peat is
2^" square.

considerably
accordingto

upon.
The hearth is

g.

in the process of smeltingare termed

the Eeld Head
is
Company's Works

peatsare

dil.

peats,is used.
peat,and tho plural,

in the North

on

91
fig.

"

shift lasta 8 hours.

in

iheproeets of amdting, Two

of conducting

Mode

called

high.
deep.

XDrliiialilKcU"iDaDUicU"EF,Bg

Fig.91.

AB,llg. M.

FIe.S". V"nialKC((oaoaUiellH

2"

cubes of 10".

are

be found

1' 2"

"

Upperback-"lone.^2'
The two
Key-"tone".-

next

"

2' long and

"

Sack-slojteor

laid

length.

Bearer*.

and

follow

as

to

front

and

hearth is filledin solid

of the

are

back

1'he aides and

Work-"lone.

whole

the back

dimension!) of the ore-hearth

The

281

OEE-HEARTH.

coal isadded,and

smaller

ignitedpeats are
As

soon

as

allthe

afterwards
shortly

iCQyCoOJ^Ic

282

LEAD-SHELTIKG

IN

littleof the bronse from the last shift is thrown on behind the fore\\ hen about half of the bronse is worked in,lead begins
Rtone.
to flow ;
and then one of the workmen
stirsup the contents of the hearth with
a

poker,
throwingthtm
the work-stone.

on

forward

At this moment

the blast,a

from

away

the other workman

portionfailing
introduces

his

scraper throughthe feed-door and removes

any slagfrom before the
the blast
blast,throwingin front of the nozzle a peat,which disperses
and keepsopen the fire. Both men
then atop to the front with their
and put back into the hearth what had fallen on the
brousc-^ovela,

work-stone,setting
up the

contents

throughout.Load

now

that the blast shall be well distributed

so

freely.Ore

flows

in small

is added where

the fireseems

hottest.

of the hearth

i^

intervals of about 5 minutes

at
TO["oated

quantities

Thoatirringupofthecontents
where

the

to bum
seen
badly on account of iniperfectdiSusion of the blast. At eaeh
I stirring
a fresh peat is placedin front of

fire is

^"ovu"

uwn

"I

'

"

the nozzle ; and

the

from

which
portions,

during this manipulationfall

tmnu

oM-

--^

out

and

in the
are

laid aside for

after which

fresh

is
receiving-pot
skimmed
ic"*pta

shift these

workmen.

Towards

brouse

full of load, the latter is

pig-moulda.
During

of stirring,
lading,
operations

Ihus, the

man

usingthe poker,lades

out

the other skims it \ and the latter attends

the

picked

the hearth,
When
the

performed alternately by

etc., are

uses

to

is added.

ore

and laded into

"v-b"Rii.

returned

up and

the

subsequent treatment

The pieces
of
slag-hearth.

broken

^^""
'

former

upon

work-stone, lumps of grey-^oQare

at

who

the
has

two

been

the metal, while

the feed-door while the

poker.
of the shift

the end

no

more

ore

is

charged;

but the

up two or three times,

the brouse ie taken out, thrown
Lead is
from the intermingled
side,and separated
on
one
grey-slag.
laded from the receiving-pot
back into the hearth-bottom, bo as to fill
of the hearth

contents

after which

it ready for the next

afterwards worked

are

the blast is

stopped.All

shift.

COMPOSITIOS
The
carbon

slagis
and

OF

THK

SlaO.

mixture,
hetero^eneouB

metallic lead

and

contains

of
paitjclca

difi'iised.It lias been

iriegulaily

examined

in my laboratory
triturated and sifted,
Itwas
by Ward.
whereby 8%
of lead was
which contained 0-fi%of sulphur. After this
separated,
of lime (existing
treotment
the slagwas
found to contain .S4']2%
of sulphate
of baryta,
magnesia,
calcium),
"i'2y%
oxide of zinc,alumina, oxide of iron,tilica,
and 23'74%of lead,existing
and
hnt
as
a
s
chiefly
tulphide
sulphalo."Yha
protoxide, partly
total sulphur
amounted to 2'44%.

partlyas

fluoride of

_yGoo"^lc

284

LEAD-SMELTING
readlt from
Comparatire

which
and

by

yiddedihe retuhi

table
foregoing

itnd of galena
at (hoi

the reverheralory
furnace,
been commnnicated
to ma
tn

the ore-hearth. 'i'heseresults have

Mr. W. Weston, and were
obtained at the Greenside
in

"

'Westmoreland,before

priceof

the

coal in that

coal had

by

the ttadling
of Ihe $ame

Ihe

in

IN

be carted

to

which

the

railwaywas
ranged from

town

14",

Penrith, when

to

17".

Beterbekatory

qnantityof

ore

the

The

per ton.

distance of 17 miles to the

smeltingworks,
The presentprice

raised to 21g, 4ed.per ton.

is 13". 9d. (March,1866).

Head

in

Mines

to

pricewas

of coal at Keld

The

made

worked

Furnace.

tons, which

3C

was

yielded24

tons

0 qra. IT lbs. oflead.

13 cwts.

Coal,27

tons 1)! cvta. at 2U. id. per loD

Bil amellen at 20". pt-r wick euch
Til rts

roaster* at 20..

I'acb

perwefk

Ttitee laboiuurB at I5i. per week

each

"

I.

29

IS

"11

d.

Oee-Heahth,
The
3 cwts.

quantityof

oro

worked

tons, which

12

was

yielded8

tons

2 qrs. 8 lbs. oflead.

".

".

d.

Coal. 2 tons 12 cuts. ! qrs. 011"s. at 2lt. 4f(.per too

" 16

BousUng 12 tons of ore

SiQeltiug8 tons 3 cwU.

18

Coitof

at Is.

llfd,per

2 qrs. S Iba.of lend at 9". per ton

nnelting36 tonsoforein
Do.

too

01

19

8|

41
thereverberatoijfumace...

do.

ore-hearth

23

17
Yield of lead firan 36 ttmsl
of

ore

in the

do.

nn

21
13
reverWr-^

17

in ore-he"rtli 21

10

24

2],st20bpercwt...

results

8|

"11

These

lbs.

eww.

atoryfurnace
Do.

"""

17 lOJ

are

donbtless,made with

interesting
up
a

to

certain

definite object,
which

IS

61*

point. They were,

is not stated. That

they

ing
do not present a fair comparisonbetween the two
systems of smeltwill be evident to any one who has givenattention to the subject,
and

who

knows

the

of
position

the two

works

and

their relative

Tbis ii eiulusive of the coat of briclu.

D,j,i,i.=L,

coal.

to peat and
praximiti"a

muHt

the Bysteme foirly,

wo
compare
coal neceasary
for the Ore-Hearth,
for the KovorboratoryFurnace, can be supplied

and the coal neceasary

that

In

of labour.

36

tons

of

would

of whidi

requirethe

consumptionof from

for 5 or 6 hours, and a

moderate quality,
costing,
say, 9
would

by

exceed

not
a

authoritythat
practical

oould be smelted

for that

sum

which
reducingslags,

of
ore,

be

other expenses, such

many
wear-and-tear,ic, for which
needed.
These
do not
expenses

would

34

seen

form

about

ameltere

cwts. of coal of
I'he cost, therefore,

to 13
ton.

2d.);and
charges of Keld

be small

am

sured
as-

Head
ore
neither include the cost

of
a quantity
trifling
nance,
maintegeneral
management,

as

nor

have

we

4ll. 0".

but it would

would

the utmost

labour of two
11

shillings
per

of
(instead

Ibl.

with

managed

are

part of this volume

former

(thequantityoperatedupon)

ore

each
ohargee,

34

that both

and
equal facility,

economy

To

that the peat and

aBSume

-with

285

ORE-HEARTH.

THE

on

so

further considerable

to have

seem

been

would

sum

taken

into

foregoing
comparisonunder either system ; and in so
far the comparisonholda good. The wear-and-tear in ore-heartha is
in the

account

leas
certainly
to
we

furnaces
reverberatory

but

cient
probablyinsuffi-

the considerable balance

cover

expect

may

in

than
to

localitieswhere

the former

see

be got at

coal cannot

TABIATlOtra

so
againstore-heartha,
the latter in all but
displace

IK

COHSTBUOTIOX

THK

fevv

price.

moderate

DimNBIOKS

iVD

that

0?

THS

Ose-Hkabth,
admirable

of the oredescription
hearth and the mode of working it,from which the following
culars
partiThe
the
woodcut
extracted.*
has
been
on
are
followiug
page
preparedfrom the engravingsaccompanying Mr. Fattiuson's description.

Mr.

Fattinson

It is
The

publishedan

vertical section from

hearth Ib

composed of twelve

front to back

the median

on

; the bottom
g. Hearth-bottom, 22" square, inside measure
and the sides 3" thick and 4^" deep; it is open in front.

the hearth-bottom

and

the brick

a layerof
usuallyintorpoeed

atone

1"

bed

stone

or

sand

few

on

which

3" thick ;

Between

it rests, is
The work-

inches thick.

sloping3" or 4" from the front edge of the hearth3' long,l}j"

broad, and 2J" thick,having a raised border

is shown

bottom
1"

line.

of cast-iron.
pieces

it is

high on its two sides and in front, with a channel 2" wide and
it. The space between the under
across
deep running diagonally
and

surface of the work-stone

up with

or with
fire-clay,

temperedwith

the brick

mixture

bed is generally
filled

dnly

water,

b. Bearer, a square

prism 6"

'

of the Method
An Account
nf gmeltLead Ore and Reflning Lend, pmotised in the Mining DiutncU
of North-

umberland,Cumberland,
tbe year

stone

or

of slime-ore and boue-aahee

IS31, b; Hr.

and
H.

DuibHoi, in
L. Pattiniion.

on

the side and

of the Nat

I Trans,

|umbcrland.
Tvne,

26"

y.

tUii is

2.
one

HisL

or

28"

8oc

long:

of Northing

Durhain.andNewcitstle-nponpnrt I. p.
of the

132.
In my opinion
beat metallurgical
de-

| Bciiptonain the EngMi

language.

28"

LEAD-SMELTING

there ia

one

each

on

the hearth-bottom,
an

side.

and

ao

They oTerhang somewhat

the sides of
it
firm
in
ite
keep
place.There is
then
be turned when
long,as theycan

tend to

advantagein making them

at one

worn

end.

Back-stone,

a.

IN

prism 28" long,6J" high,and

rests upon
bellows-pipe

5"

broad.

The

this stone.

a prism 10"
/. Pipe-stone,

long,with an opening
bellows-pipe.
4" high,
and 5" wide, which
e. Upper back-stone,a prism 28" long,
the bock of the hearth.
completes
26" long,
d. Foro-etone,
a piiitm
dj"high,and b" broad.
on

the under side

each side.
to

as

The

two

cubes

them

in front

fore-stone,
d, and they are

10"

on

tlie back

nearest

be level with

apart ; but the two

and

square,

on
arc

the side. There

the inside,and
made
to lie

two

are

on

the bearers,6,
therefore 22"

placedupon

are

theyare
againstthe

ends of the

theiefore 26" apart.

i. Pot of cast-iron to receive the lead

in the work-stone.
The

28"

receive the

exact
Key-stones,

c, c.

BO

to

fore-stone is moveable

to

as

the channel

ittricklesdown

certain extent.

It

be

can

placed

with

10" from the back-stone, by

the two keystones
the bock ; and, if necessary, it cin be mised by the
nearest
insertion of a fire-brick at each end between it and the bearer : its

being put in contact

usual
The

is
position

various

11"

or

12"

almve

partsof the hearth

are

the upper
secured

edgeof the work-stone.

work
placesby brick-

in their

and at the top it is finished level wi(h masonry

to receive any
of ore, called hearth-end",
which may
be expelled
by the blast
particles
;

or

Each
by decrepitation.
projected

as

in the woodcuts

The

of the Keld Head

hearth is placed
under

chimney,

MiningCompany'sore-hearth.

is shown entering
the
hollows-pipe

hearth

above
t"^"

the level

THB

ORE-HEiBTH.

287

of the upper edgeof the work-etone ; tut more

account
on
generally,
of a little sinkingof the bearers and hearth-bottom poBteriorly,
it is
not

than

more

3"

4" above

or

the surface of the lead.

The

blast,

to the
accordingto Mt, Pattinson, is always directed downwards
of
the
indicated
the
lower
work-stone,
dotted
line
as
by
upper edge
(fig.
93), Anotier modification of the hearth adopted by some
smelters (suchas has been previously
is making
intelligent
described),
"

the bottom, instead of 4J",10" or 12" deep,by this means

increasiug
the quantityof lead retained in the hearth,and proportionally
letieninrj
its tendency
to get too hot,during the process of smelting."The
italics
A very obvious plan of beepii^down
mine.
the temperature of
arc

the hearth-bottom,would

through,or

iron

an

circulate.

should

its sides hollow

and

blow

pipe might traverse it,through which cold

it by the
simple expedientof coiiling

The

of air round

exterior has

the

been

adoptedat

certain

air

water

lation
circulead

regardedas an improvementtoo novel and important

be divulged
for the benefit of lead-"sineltersin general!
The duration of the smeltingshift is stated by Mr. Fattinson fo

works, and
to

bo to make

12 to 15 hours.

be from

the

ia

same

as

The

of

method

doscribwi.
previously

commencing

The

having been previously

ore

calcined, is pat upon the surface of the fire between

and

10

pipe-stoneby

that
fire is usually

lbs. at

12

or

being mado
fiame and

up

blast

of ore
stjsne,a stratum
the whole
of about

space

The

the fore-stone

of the
the upper dotted line in the woodcut,
drawn
forward and raised to the degree
contour

being
it. "The
fire
by placinga fire-brick underneath
into shape representedby the dotted line,
with the
principally
issuingbetween the foro-stonc and workis

spreadupon

snSered

(route,and
the

time.

represented
by

the foie-etone,d,
indicated

shift is much

minutes.

the horizontal surface of the

remain

to

At

exposed to

the end

of that

the blast for

time, one

man

plunges poker into the fluid lead, in the hearth-bottom below the
brovee,and raises the whole up, at difierent places,
so as to loosen and
the
and
in
of
it forwards
to
bronse,
a
doing
so,
pull
part
open
upon
the work-stone,allowingthe reoently-addod
to
sink down
ore
into
the body of the bearth.
The poker is now
exchangedfor a Bhovel,
a

with

head 6'' square, with which the hroate is examined

work-stone,and any lumps that may have been too much
a

broken
to be

to

pieces
; those

quitebard, and

are

slags,being pickedout
in the

which

are

far

so

further known
and

thrown

A little slaked
slag-hearth.

upon the
fused are

agglutinated
by the heat as
their
the greyby
brightness,

aside to be afterwards

lime, in

powder,is then

smelted

spread

upon the broKie, which has been drawn forward upon the work-stone,
if it exhibit a pasty appearance
a
portionof coal is added to
; and
if
the hearth,
the workman
knows
by experience.
necessary, which
In

the

mean

time, his fellow workman,

or

clears the
tkotiider-feBow,

which

opening,through
a
shovel,and places

the blast passes into the hearth, with a

above it,which he holds in its
peat immediately

proper situation,until it is fixed,by the return of all the brmue, from

The fireis mado up again into the
the work-stone into the hearth."

288

Bhape before dcRcribcd,fttidthe

which

divides llie blast, and

hearth

and

it burns

as

purpose

but, in

lightasbes,an ojwning is loft for

body of the broute. The soft and
peat mosa, rendersit very suitable for this
a
instances, where
deficiencyof peats has

of dried

nature

porous

repeated.

into
away
into
the
freely

blast to issue

the

are
manipulations

aamo

ie put above tho nozzle of the bollowB,

it to be distributt'd all over
the
causes

a fresh peat
stirring

At every

"

IN

LEAD-SMELTINO

some

occurred,blocks of wood

of the

size have

same

been used with little

disadvantage."
Mr. Pattinson states that the
the

to are

"

the

the hearth

be

can

kind

fur every

of

hearth

Both
In

the

made

lo

no

should

case

2. The

ore.

blast is not

same

through every

pass

be

no

equallysuitable

the blast bo

blast should

of

as

than

more

much

divided

part of the"nww.

\i. llie

should

bo vigorouslystirred at intervals,and a portionof ite

the partially-melted
expoi^cdu{)on tho work-stone, when

contents

lumps should

be well

broken

lliis

and
breaking to pieces,

upon

the work-stone
Mr.

accordingto

to the

4. The

out.
grey-slag))ickcd

oxidizingaction

beneficial effect in

most

lead

promoting the
abundantly out of

flows most

always

the return

quantity of
the broute

to thicken

the

of the hotter part of the braute

of the atmosphere,has,

exposure

hearth, immediatelyon

needed

piecesand

to

Pattinson, a

of lead ; and

reduction
the

the

given,as

ore.

sufficient to reduce
and
poKijible

if too strong the contents

these evils should be avoided ; but

is not reduced, and

ore

melted.

are

specialrules

as

The

following:' 1.

If too weak

to be attended
principal
particulars
blast should be careftilly
regulated.

of the brouie,after that treatment.

used should not exceed wbat
is

lime

tho proper degree,"as it does not, in

the least,contribute to reduce tho oro by any chemieal eSect ; its use
is merely to render the broute less pasty, if from the heat being too

When

of the

5. Coal should

soft."

very

tho nature

from

great,or

the

is

ore

to

it has

ore,

to
disposition

supplied
judiciously.
readilysmcltable, and the hearth

mantled,

there is formed

dry when

stirred,and the

beo^ne

bo

but

small

is

skilfnllj

quantityot broute,which

of the hearth

feels

easily
keptopen
permeableto tho blast. Eeduction proceedsquickly with a
moderate degreeof heat,and the slagproducedis inconsiderable. AU
the so-called earthymatter
in the ore impedes the smelting process,
contents

are

and

and

the

increases

in
from

ore

quantityof slag.

dressed
perfectly

ditterent veins, or

frequentlyfound
the
of

ore

for

answer

At

and

for this

which

ore

the end of

ai
liBTS,

far

as

very

slightdifference
leducibility
; and

of

position
com-

hence

vein in different strata, is

when
smelted singlyin
differently
same

the best workmen, therefore,some

varieties
coal and lime, and a higher temperature, than

requiremore
;

from the
very

affects its

With

oro-bearth.

others

work

to

oro

the fore-stone is made

reason

works

with

large or

moveable,
small

shift of from 12 to 15 hours, the

I cooiidered

used tbe ptecisewords

doiinkble,

so

as

to

quaniityof

hearth,in spite
of Mr. Psttimoii.

THE

is apt to
preoaution,

of every
for some

In the

time.

become

bing

hot, and mnatlw

4^ to

From

ore
aToirdupoi8)of

8cwts.

9 to 10 fodders

too

left to cool

of 12-hour shifts,smelting
is neuallysuspended

oaae

5 hours after eaoh shifL

from

289

OHE-HEABTH.

smelted

are

(1 fodder=21

fi bings(36 to 40 owts^

duringa shift,
yielding

of 112 lbs. to the owt) of

the
hearth work four shifts a
and
two
who
the
men.
lead,
manage
each. At almost every
week
smeltingwork a different mode of
cwts.

is pursued. In some
-working,with respect to time and quantity,
the quantityof ore smelted in one hearth,in a week, by four men,
cases
is 40 bings; but a "ir rate of working is from 30 to 35 bingsa week.
With ore of moderato goodness,
of coal snfHce
6 cwts. (avoirdupois)
to smelt from 18 to 20 bingsof ore ; but with refractory
ore muoh
more
is usually
at the rato of fiom Ij to
is required.The coal consumed
2 owts. per fodder of lead ; the quantityof peato used in the same
time is about four small cart-loads,or

less than

somewhat

per fodder of lead ; and the quantityof lime

bushels per fodder of lead.
be asked
It may
why should the contents
melted

on
kept floating

formed

were

of brick

lead?

The

other solid

or

of the

is that

answer

cart-load

is somewhat

below

ore-hearth be
if the

bottom

material, inconvenience
refractory

might be caused by corrosion or the accretion of sl^gy

whereby the level would be changed and the workingof the
bottom

mattor,
furnace

acted upon.
Let the
be rapidly
reader try to sud^^est
and usual hearth-box
a substitute fur the simple
filledwith molten lead,and he will probably
be puzzled.

deranged. A

of iron would

Tbbatkbnt

The

Kbabth-xnds.

or

hearth-ends

producedin smeltingin the ore-hearth consist of

from the hearth partlyby the action of the
ore, projected
of fuel
of the ore, and of particles
chiefly
by decrepitation

of
particles

blast,but
and

lime.

them

They

are

in order to

time to time, washed

collected from

a
matter,
strong heat
until theysoften and cohere into lumps,and in this state smelted in
The
the ore-hearih precisely
in the same
the original
as
ore.
manner

free

hearth-ends

from

non-metalliferous

obteined
315

treatment

quantityof

same

in
of

cwts.

I'he

47

being at the rate

sources

bings of

smelting9751
common

yieldedby

ore

described
subsequently

roasted at

cwts.

yieldedby

this

from
grey-slaga

the

ore,

lead; and

the

reduction

in the

of

sl^-lead,the

of 3 cwts.

to be
slag-hearth

lead from

lbs. per 100

2 qrs. 23

these two

bings of ore,

extracted
slag-lead

from the fume, collected in smelting

the same
to 500 cwts., being at the rato of 6 cwts.
0 qrs. 14 lbs. of lead
per 100 bingsof ore.'
of ore,
quantity

amounted

Ahirioan
It

on

was

firstintroduced

"

Pattiiuoii,
op.

'

The
that

at Bossie

dt. p. 165.

a
fullowing
doaoription

in the Ameriain

Journal

Obx-Hsabth.'
in the State of New

I ence
fnanded

and

naied

of 6ci- [ the

A-rta,1843, p. 169.

woodcut

Bune

York, wood

ii also

Toluiiie.

The anthut in

copiedfrom

2oa
the
txiing

LEAD-SMELTING

fuel.

am

that the lead mines

informed
in that

IN

by

THE

friend,Profeasor G. J. Bmi-h,

my

have
locality

ceased

to

be worked

long

have conaequeotly
been abandoned.
ago, and the famaces
in figs.
94, 95. A. The
Deteripiion
of (kt lear(k."li is represented
hearth-bottom
hearth-box
of
24"
cast-iron,
or
square, 12" deep,and

2" thick,

B. The

front to back
downwards

wort-stoBe

of cast-iron,
32" wide
at the edgesor

it has raised borders

about

1" in 12", and

has

euriace for the flow of lead from

and

slopes
flanges,

diagonalgroove

the hearth-bottom

22" from

on

into

its npper
the

caat-

-".i~:Vj
1

,.3'

Side elmUun

iron pot C, which

of cast-iron,14"

the hearth

is set

over

high,which

^i^ys"^rJ-y.J^
y.*.",;::--J'
"

of Anaricui

small

forms

OR-Hunh.

D is
fire-place.

wall

it is 6" wide, outride measure,

on

an

the sides and

and

air-chesf
bock

of

the tbiokness of tfap

292

AHERTCAN

ORE-HGARTH

AT

BLEIBERO.

of producingblast,etc,,is as
plant,of wiperinteiidcnice,

interest on
follows :"

TwoMneltenattl-SOperdajsach
Two

fttf 1-0

MoiUDti

tS'OO

do.

2-00

do.

JeoTdofpiepuodwoodat92-00

ISO

96-50
Or, per ton of lead,"bout

BetulU

in
ofMmdiing

Uie AmerietM

1-7S

ort'hearlhat

or

EngLUh.

7".

Cariutkia.
in
BUSieirff
"

ore-hearth on the American

in operawag
experimental
principle
tion
in 1 84tf ; and was
in
at Bleiberg
erected
of
specially
consequence
and
of
with
cost
to ascertain whether,
a view
fuel,
high
increasing

An

the

with

respectto fuel,this

well-known

method

The

extent.

1850, and

of

economical

more

smeltingin that

are
following

1851

was

process

and
locality,

the resulta obtained

than the other

if

so

to what

in the years

1849.

:"

LMt of iMd

hbL.

Mr

In
"xclnilva of k^
thfi iUg. flc. uf
wUcfa Dmch
mnid

1849

71

1S50

71-70

1851

70 87

1 Vienna

10-12

52

centaei

4'8e
S'SS

100 Vieniut Ibi.

do.

(mbic

foot

The

item

wood

includes

The

S-08

31*
irss

123-46 EngUah Ibi. aioinliipois.

=
Bnglialicubic foot.

1'073

oorre^wndingto

that

observations by
following

quently to

3-21

the paper

from

Plattner
the

which

tbe ohateool whicb

irai

uted.

publishedsaboe-

were

precedingresults

have

been

extracted.
In the American
on

hearth at

the average

from

Bleibei^25

70%

to

71%

ctrs. of mixed

of lead

raw

taining
ore, con-

(by dry away), were

61% to C2% of pure lead,and some

largerand purer ore (Kernschlicli},
from 72% to 7b% of lead (by dry assay),

smelted in 12 hours, yieldingfrom

slagpretty rich
containingon an
from

80

to

in lead.

Of tbe
of

average

32 ctrs.

were

smelted in 12 hours,yielding
from

of lead, exclusive of what

the purest pre,
assay-lead,
smelted

to

the amount

In

in the

63% to 64%

the

slag.
preparationof
was
contaiaing74% of lead (by dry assay),
of 45 ctrs. in 12 hours,with a yieldof from
was

67% of

load,and

the

fonuation

of

rich

sumption
slag. The conof billet-wood,inclusive of some
charcoal,was from 3^ to 4^
The
cubic feet per centner
of lead reduced.
was
slag(Gekriitz)
to it the following
analysedby Plattner,who assigned
composition.*

66%

to

some

nordamericanischGn

Sohmeltofea

U?

LBAD-SMELOTNa

CoHFonnON

INDIA.

Slm.

or

Bilic*

5260

SulphuricMid

S'(B8

Protoxide

of le*d

S7'710

Ja of iron
Setqaioxi

19-300

Glide of zinc

19'V00

Holybdioadd

0-460

Lime

8-856

HagneiiB
AIuminB,

and

I'417
protoiidaor mBogaiieBe
with traces of pobah, Bodu, and prot-\
i-yi^Q

oxide of copper

Setult$ o/mtdUng m
Theee

"

reenlts

were

the Ameriemt

ore-hemlh at FrxSircan

published
by

The

Roller in 1856."

t"

Bohemia.

air-chest in

in parts,each baling a twyer, 2f" wide and 2" high. The

hearth-bottom
is of cast-irOD,
If" thick, 24" from front to back, 20"
wide, and 10" deep. The work-stone is of cast-iron,
|" thick, 25" bom
made

front to back, and 34" wide.

The shift lasts 12 hours,daring which
five men
who
work in alternation,bo that two work at
are
employed,
a time with a third who
suppliesore and fuel. The ore is added by
S and

12 lbs. at

time,accordingto

the blast is equal to a colnmn

24 hours from 60 to T4 centners
of 50'1 cubic

of fiom

of water

of

ore

feet of wood-charcoal

The

pressure of
15" to 22" high. In

circumstances.

smelted,with

are

and

consumption

53'4 cubic feet of wood.

The

contained 74-88 lbs. of lead per centner (t.e.

74'88%)and an average
centner
of
loths
silver.
The
of
direct yieldwas
16
1
per
60-68%
quint
of lead, i.e.eiclueive of what
would be subsequently
extracted from
the slag. This slagamounted
to 45-94%of the ore.
ore

LEAD-SMELTINQ

The

IN

INDIA

IN

SMALL

BLAST-FUKNACES.

as conducted
lead-smelting
by the natives of India
and on a very small
anticipated,
simple,primitive,
the
of
The
is galeuaand the
ore
scale,representing infancy the art.
furnace is urged by bellows.
The
is founded
followingdescription
information
the
lery,
of
publishedby CaptainDixon,
Bengal Artilupon

is,as

process of

might

be

in 18ai.'
a

range

The

mines

of hills in the

occur

at elevations from

the

of
vicinity

miles 8. W.
mines

of Delhi,and 230 W. of
had been worked
during many
vein of

100

to 350

cityof Ajmlr,which

Agra.

It

was

centuries.

feet in
is 220

inferred that these

excavation

The

in

a
ore
a man
following
largeenough
and
known,
adits,if not quiteunmoving on his bands. Shafts, galleries,
The
in
is
found
continuous
are
a
ore
altogether
neglected.
vein averagingfrom 8" to 6" in thickness,the bearing being gene-

"

is

to admit

only made

!No. iiS,April,1831, p.
OesterreichintheZeitubriflfllrBerg-

und HUttenw^Ben, I@56. p. Ml.

'
Some account of thu Lead

Ihave

Mince

nf

adhered, ai far

language of

AJmir (Ajmeei). Gleaningsin Bcieoue,|

as

the author,

lU.

Oalcatta.

lo the
piacticalile,

294

LEAI"-SMELTIKQ

N.B. and

rallyN.E.,or. rather,between
the innumerable

IS

INDIA

E.

It ia

which

of
ahiningparticles

easU; traced "oiu

is composed. Sometimes,

it

it is black, porous or spongy ; and at others deep red ; but the

This variation in colour in
colour is yellowor ochreous.
prevailing
ascribed

the nature

to

author

mentions

imbedded

occurrence

the

natives

2 to :f lbs. have

weighingfrom
purposes,
author was

in

by
antimony ;

as

explainhow

and

turma,

sold,as taken

and. it is added, " Inmpa of this ore,

been used as antimony,for laboratory

Ajmir magazine,in their

evidentlyno mineralogist
; but
he here

crystals

beautiful

in

ore

Hie

is imbedded.

ore

the

Bubetance to which

puzzlingto

the

of

in quarts, called

fi-om the mines,

for

of the soil in which

also the

refers is

natural

^lena, though

galenashould

have

state."

served

the

be very

it may
as

'I'he

that

it is clear

subetitnte

sulphideof antimony in the Ajmir magazine. The strata

sandxtone, free and alaty;
by the veins are described as

traverxcd
chalk

"

(?)and

defines chalk

Immediatelyafterwards

quartz rock."

the

author

beautifully
saponaceous earth, sometimes
of
and
little
white,
perfectly
density."*
with gunpowder, and the hard quartz ore
blasting

aa

greasy

streaked,at others
There

is

no

rock is excavated

by

the old method

lighting

fireof wood

cracked

the
i^jainst

oi

eonaista of

which
fire-ietting,

workinglace, whereby the rock is

depth and fragmentsof it are splitoff.

The mining tools are
few and simple in construction.
They
consist of two or three hammers
of different weights,of iron chisels
or
wedges edged with steel,and of a few one-handed picks. The
miners begin work about sunrise,and enter the mine stark naked,
each man
carryinga small lamp in one hand. The ore is broken as it
is gotten into small pieces,
and put into
for convenience of carriage,
small bamboo baskets. As the gallery
is not highenough to allow the
miners to stand upright,
they sit on their haunches in a row and pass
to

certain

the baskets

on

from

the foremost man,

a

row

means

When

upwards

until
repeated

carried
chiefly

Mining
from
hereditarily
in their

another.

to

they move

and this is
is

one

on

and

the mouth

by

has reached

whole

again seat

themselves

of the mine

in

is reached.

it has descended

persons to whom

time immemorial.

being very limited

to money-lendetsin

I'he miners

formerlyobligedto

were

the

resort

order to get the funds needful to enable them to carry on their operations
of
moet
exorbitant, and absorbed most
; but the interest was
the
advances
their profits.
Vixon
visited
But, when
mines,
Captain
were

made

were

wholly
"

without
and

interest by the
emancipated from the
"

the

government, and

"

the miners

rapaciousgrasp of the moneylenders

the
has fully
justified

result," says the author,

"

received a share
expedient."The government as lord of the manor
of the metal and purchasedthe balance "at an assignedand rather
about S.'iOcwts. of lead.
favourable price."The annual producewas
The

'

The

ore

is spreadout

rfflor of the

question*the
properly

"

on

the

few

square

yards

yerj I ing-thalk,and nijwatB that the author

coufbuadtsd it "ith potdOiw,
respect-|most likelj
"

Gleoninf^
itatement

hill,levelled for

IN

SMALL

of the mine, and

at the entrance

there left,
if wet, until it becoinoB
bars of wood, from 3"
oylindrical

Jt is then beaten with

quitedry.

295

BLAST-PUBNACES.

in diameter, and about

2^'long,one end being thinned and
curved for convenience of grasping. Holding the handle with both
to 4"

bands, the workmen

metallic

continue

have
particles

collected "om

time

to

the

until the whole

ore

and

thrown

which
pulverization,
complete
imaginedfrom the rude maimer

down

After

is effected much

be

of execution,
and

than would

sooner

after

separation
levigation

to
of the matrix,the ore is put into baskets and subjected
In the sbseuoe of running streams
in water.
pitsfrom

square,

made, and filledwith

3' to 4' deepare

and

is usual in

land.
as
irrigating
power
of a cone,
tub shaped like the frustrum

Each

ore-'washcr

the bottom, and 1' G" deep. The

the edge of the pit and floats his tub

10' to 12'
bullock

by

"water

has

3' in diameter

r at

of the

the matrix, which is

the face of the hill.

Beparatedfrom

been
time

to

beat

wooden

at the

top and

washer

placeshimself on
containiiig
pounded ore and
The contents
stirrod
of the tub are
water.
violently
up with the
while
the
its
ia
tub, owing to
hands,"
eSiape, kept floatingall the
ore-

"

After

time.

this

the
stirring,

tub

'drawn
gradually

is

backwards

liferous
the surface of the water, ythen the heavier or metalsubside quickly to the bottom, leavingthe speciparticles

and forwards

on

sand
fically
lighter

skimmed

and

other

at
impurities

off by hand.

This

operationis

the

until

is

ore

in the

the

pitsis
mil

it

left

The
10"
or

washed

ore

with
intimately

roll the mixture

are

week,

once

The

its

own

the

exposed

furnace is

sediment,

removed, and

oftener, wh^n

is delivered to

into balls of about

to

or

top,which

repeated^0

The

is from time to time

pits,

renewed

considerable.
who

completelycleansed.

the

the size of

30

which

times
mulates
accu-

the water

in

evaporationis

people,

of

cow-dung and

pigeon's
^gg,

which

until

perfectly
dry.
1"
1
nearlycylindrical, in diameter
sun

or

separateset

weight of fresh

easily

are

at the

top and

the bottom, and b' high. Three somewhat

angularclaypipes
nozzles are luted to the circumference (i.e.
I presume, at or near
at

the bottom
and

the furnace.

circumfereach third of the ence),

the blast from as many
bellows, made of

level,and

convey

one

at

each
goat-skin,

bellows requiringthe labour of one

man.
hole is left for cleansing
the end or stirring
up the
also for enabling
the smelters to observe the interior of
At the bottom is a tap-hole,
side 3"
and on the opposite

nozzle

ore,
ignited

same

to

serve

half-dreesed
In each

the

on

as

higheris a

hole for the outflow of slag. The author states that the
three bellows are worked simultaneously,
and " the blast is so disposed
doubtless
as to fall in the centre
of the base ; " but the bellows were
worked

in alternation,so as
to produce an
unintermittingblast.
Charcoal ia the fuel,
of which i to ^ of the yieldof lead is required.
After first lighting
the furnace,which
with balls
is fed alternately
and charcoal,tapping takes place in about 3 or 4 hours, the slt^;

being drawn

off before the lead,which runs

The subsequent
into moulds.
tappingswhen the famace is in full working condition recur

about every

l^hoar.

The

of lead
quantity

smelted in such

furnace in

296

IN SWEDEN

LEAD^UELTINO

is
onedayofabontOhonn,aTeragMfrom2to3cirta.
Thelotreatj^eld
about ai% of lead,the average 40%.and the highest
from 50% to 58%.
It is evident that CaptainDixon was
neither a mineralt^ist^
his deocriptiou
miner, nor metallurgist
geologist,
; for otherwise
would

have

is another

differed much

from
desorlbing

what

from

illustration of the

he has oommnnicated.

not to say
difficulty,

This

of
impossibility,

ol^ervatioD
personal

a
simplemetallurgical
prooeBS
detail and aocoracy in the absence of previous
special
education on the part of the observer. In this Indian prooeas, tlie
galena would quicklymelt and accumulate at the bottom of the

with

necessary

fomaoe, where it would be OKpo^edto the three oxidising

jeta of
but not without much loae
air,and so be desulphurized,
atmospheric
of lead

by volatilisation.
ROASTING

AND

DEOXIDIZING

LEAD-SMELTING

For

AT

PROCESa

8ALA

IN

SWEDEN,

the

I am
indebted to P. M.
following
description
the
the
Sala
of
(Berghauptmann), manager
SmeltingWorks.
but rarely
either in the
In the mines of Sala,silver occurs
or

combination

with

native

metallic elements,as with

in
the
form
of
antimonlal
native
as
or with mercury
silver,
antimony
the
latter
is
said
have
been
there
to
Kjund
about
amalgam ; although
state

in

Sewen

other

hundred years ago.' Usuallythe silver occurs

in a
condition associated with sulphide
of lead in the form of
two

galena. This

mineral

is sometimes

either in cubes

in

or

tolerably
pure,

sulphuretted
argentiferous

and

dodecahedra.

rhombic

occurs

tallized
crys-

When

not

itsstructure may be granular,

micaceous ;
or finely
foliated,
eryatallized
the
be
and
with
break
or
ore
(tltj/ggmalm)
extremelyfine-grained,
may
a steel-likefracture. The
argentiferous
galenais commonlyassociated
to

greater or less extent

with

other metallic

such
sulphides,

zinc-

as

and
blende,iron-pyrites,
geokrouite,
boulangerite,
magnetiopyrites,
Ac
rarelywith antimony-glance,
mispickel,
These ores oceur
in irregular
veins (Qangar)
coursingthrough
limestone
less
with
and
more
or
are
granular
{Urkalk),
intermingled
more

the minerals of which the vein-stone

chlorite,and

and
talo,salite,epidote,

aflsociatedwith

layersof

and with
^ of quartz),
spar, and other minerals are

are
present. As the ore-deposits

well-defined walls from

disseminated

throughthe

in
1

^ orthoclase

; occasionally
quartz, heavy
serpentine

separated
by

rocks,the ores
enclosing
limestone,
or, as it were,
surrounding

into its fissures,

to
swnetisies on one

mass,

on

carbonate of lime,
actinolite. They are also
as

hallofiinta (composed
of about

and

nain

such
consists,

the

distance of several fiithoms from

not
are

filtrated
in-

the

the other,and occasionally

on
As the disseminated ore decreases
the groundat
the principal
deposit,

side,sometimes

both sides of the vein.

quantity in passingfiom
Native anudKum

was

found

at Sala in the ;ean

1660, 1689,and 1G96.

Ad

lit

DieitizecDyGoO^I

IN

297

BLAST-FOBNACES.

lengthbecomes too poor ibr working,and fiimlly

passes
Trhite or greyish-blue
limestone entirely
de"titute of ore*

into

pure

of the manner
in 'which the ore is thoa associated
In ooDsequence
it is necessaiy to explainthe mechanical
ment
treatwith the vein-stuff,

pteparedfor smelting.The dressingconsists

viz. :
of the following
operations,
1. HattdMJcradmng
(breaking
by hand). The ore ia broken by hand
the
size
hering
of
of
the
into pieces
fist,and is freed from mnch of its adTein-stuff; but with the poorer ores this operationrequires
and judgment The cobbed ore in divided into
great oare, practice
by

it is

which

"

"

sorts :"

two

or
Stuff,
(tt)

the rich

which, beingfree

ore

from vein-stuff,
may

be

smelted without

Airther treatment.
Btsmp-ore. This ia the poorer ore more or less inter
to slimes by stampwith vein-stuff,
and must
be concentrated
ing

(b) Watt
mixed

or

"

washing. In this way most of the ore is treated.

is applied
to
or
Traltaing
Sioljnmg(washing).This operation
and the small mine
ore
producedduring breaking,
fine-powdered
of the Germans.
the so-called Qn^tyllauor OnAeutUm
These

and
2.

the
ore

"

ores

"

separated
by washinginto "stuff" and "wask."
By these two operations
(breakingand washing)there are produced
of
the
stuff and the wask.
ITie former is
two
qualities ore
are

"

divided into two

or
viz.,Hdtiuff,

silver and

kinds
"

34%

whole

accordingto

of lead ; and

or
Halfilnff,

0-132%ofsilver and 14% of lead,

0-0168%of silver.

of

These

the

metal present,
0*279%of
average

half

stu^" containing

of
proportion

the

stuff,"containingon
"

The"wask"

has
cited

are
proportions

an
an

as

yield
example from
average

from year
to year.
the year 18tiC,but they vary somewhat
The
stuff-ore goes direct to the lead-smelling
furnace, but the wask-ore
to be firstconoentrated by stamping and washing,
requires
and washing). The
Bokningoch Wtukning(stamping

3.
or
are

reduced

by

be smelted

to

poorer ores,
"
the so-called " Wasken
"

those associated with much

these

with

vein-stnff

"

operationsto

"

the condition of slimes,in order

the stuff-ores. The

crushing is performedby

cast-iron bed laid

lloor.
stone
a
on
ordinarystamps working on a
The stamped ore
is assorted into three qualities,
viz.: Qrofmjol
and
Slamn
(coarsemeal),^tnn^ (finemeal),
(slime).The laetness,
mentioned
productis further assorted into several degrees of fineof which
the "toughest" cannot
be advantageously
trated
concen"

and

is therefore at

furnace,while

the

other

once

transferred to the

sorts

of

washing (Wtukning).lliis
table (Siosthiird),
the
and yields
"

The

old nuDe

of Btit,i" Temukable

beea viougbt to the gKfitdepth

haTiofc
vithoat the
aTlfiSfhthom^almoM eatirely

an

we

ot

of

the primitiTe
metbod
guii|iowder;

flie^ettingbeing stilloontinned, i^.

the look bj making a Ore

down
liieakiDg

raw-smeltingor

ore-

to the further operation

subjected
is
performedon the shakingprocess
viz. :
following
products,

are

"

of wood

againit the wortdDg face. In

are
very loige

tlieexcBTatioDS
coDsequenae
Hitd inegnlttr,
but
stand

tiuvdlingia
of ladder*.

done

upon

well, and

the

atalruiuet instead

298

LEAD-SMELTING

SWEDEN

IN

Grn/n^iU iig (ooane dicM], with

of

content

avenge

an

0*205%of

rilTei,and

23'l%oflead.
with 0-22% of aWer.aud 2S-e%oFlead.
FinmjeliA'g (fineilime),
Slamm
with 0-2S2%of bUTer, and 31-2%of lead.
tUg .mud-aliinti).

varieties of alime

TKeae

smelted

are

the atuff-ore,in the

with

famaoe.
lead-smelting

The

resolves itselfproperly
speaking,
and
distiai:t operations,
viz.,Satmalimngfor raw-amelting,

smeltingprooess

into two

at

Sala

lead.

for
or
Fiirblyningutaaitning,
smelting

(Baui-imdiing).

1. BAsMALTNiHO

"

"
toughest
process the charge cooaists partlyof the
slimes from the stamps mentioned ahove, and partlyof the Afirca;
or
of
the
in
the finely-divided
which
settles
the further portions
ore

this

In

washing,and

Iauiidei-sduring the
the cost of

to repay

under

raw-smelting,pass
these

the

there is introduced

ores

quartz, and

which

smelting. These

broken

slag from

contains

of

admixture

an

therefore hold

more

of

lead-smelting
process, together
and the
immediatelybefore tapping,

these retain

the

the leadand
portionof the regulus,

mixed

in each

Kaw

and

raw-

less silver and lead.

or

shows
Calculation,verified by experience,
are

iron-pyrites,

raw

the

with the impure slag formed

furnace-residua from the cleaningof both

smeltingfurnaces,since

chargein

the

that these substances

:
following
proportions
"

Btuff(rigDda)

0-60

Baw

iron-pyrites
Quartt
Furnace pradnctefhm the IBWSlag frron lead-mneltiiig

O-60
0-30

and

Icod-smeltiiiga

the

which
stuff,

raw

there is obtained

by this

containingsulphideof
of

0114%

introduced
made
The

from

350

centncn.'

the average

of silver,
0'029fl%
smeltingprocess a regulus(SkanUn)
and havingan average conand
silver,
tent
on

first

lead

of silver,part of which

from

'llie fuel

contains

1-20
O'BO

Total oharge

From

galena

chargein the
Ragodi (raw goods). With

ores,

name

snfBcient

forming the

is derived from

the residues

the

lead-smelting.
is charcoal
employed in both the smeltingoperations,

either the

slag from

the

oxide of iron,and

the
or
pine(Pimm tgloeitiit)

raw-smeltingconsists of

is of

no

fir (Abieg
excdaa).

basic silicateof prot*

value whatever.

The

in a blast-furnace (Hdrjugn
is conducted
or
raw-smelting
furnished with one
Sckaehlu^),
twyer (Oga)and a fore-hearth (Fram-

tuvtp).This

furnace

furnace in the

'

1 centner

is similar

in construction to

accompanying woodcut, but

6veduh

0-S37

owt

the

is somewhat

lead-smelting

larger.

of 112 lbs. avitlrd.,

i.e.21 centncn^abont

1 toD

300

an

LEAD^HELTINa
kiliL

open

the
Formerljr

calcination,but

aa

also

area

to
subjected

were

this bas been found to entail an

to be attended

and

SWEDEN

IN

by loaa of metal,the

state. It ia from these aubetanoes

ores

are

"

previons

unneceaaary expeuae
smelted in a nw

now

stuff,
slime,and regulna that the
"

"

in this proceea, is derived ; other ingredients

and partly
to produce
a good fusible slag,
partljr

lead obtained
argentiferous

beingintroduced
freeingthe metals from their oumbination with sulphur,
it
or
as
was
precipitatethe lead. For the
formerlytermed, to
of which
firstpurpose, namely the formation of a sl^ (theproportion
of metal and r^ulns).
must bear a proper relation to the production
there is add^ some
slf^
containinglees lime and more
easily-fusible
such a slagas that obtained from the leadof iron u bases
protoxide
and that it
that it flow easily,
smelting. The chief pointsare
contain sufficient protoxide
of iron : hence it should be composedof
because the presence of a greater proaingulo-ailicBtes
("'.".
tribasio)
portion
of silica in the slagincreases the loss both of the silver and
dition,
conthe lead. To assist in reducingthe lead from its sulphuretted
to assist in

"

"

"

"

metallic iron
the

that

of it may

use

of

admixture

was

to

the

the raw-smelting
; both

the

in addition
iron-pyrites,

from the lead- and

found

formerlyemployed ; but it has been

be dispensedwith, by introducing
a

calcined.
having been previously

The

amount

Skaraten," or

"

proper

xegnlus.

pyritesand the Skartiat

of protoxideof iron

these contain appears to be sufficient to assist the reduction,

and to induce the formation of a good slag.
which

lliese substances

are

chargedin

to 0

Uie mwhing, oontBlnins

-23%of

and ftom
silver,

"

From

Stuff-ore,contaiuingi"n an avemge
sUver,and 14% to 34% of lead
Slime* from

:
followingproportions

the

an

0-13% to

an

23% to 81%

avm^
of lead

reguliu(Skarsten)
boDtoiaug about
iton-pyritei
Slag from previooalead-smelting

0'

Boated

0*28%
from

125% of

of I
J

0*2%

,,",

*""

.qe

'^

silver

18

BoHSted

In addition

during

to

the substances

this process, the

750

mentioned

above, there

are

duced,
intro-

rived
followinglead-bearingproductsde-

viz. ;
cupelling-fumaoe,
the
which
is removed from the surface
or
scum
?)
contaiujs
to its oxidation,and which
of the melted lead previously
metallic
lead
which
with
of
a
tt^ther
(Quantity
any impurities
may
from the

"

Ab"irieh (Abzng

have been
Hard
a

mechanicallymixed

the

"

work-lead."

of the cupelling-fumace
tains
which, as it consilver
in
addition
should
be
to
of
lead,
quantity

the
(hearth),
notable

with

bed

treated in the process of lead-smelting.

This
is added
QleU (litharge).
occasion may
as
require.The
either
at the comused is generally
that which is produced
mencement
litharge
A
bstri".-li
its
at
of
account
or
entangled
?]
containing
[on
the termination

of

since
cupellation,

this contains

the greatestproportion

of silver.
lliese

argentiferous
productsare

added

duringthe lead-smelting

IN

301

BLAST-FtTRNACES.

of silyer in the ore-famaoe

the praportioii
to adjust
properly
if
lead
be
for
the
too
a greater
highly argentiferonn,
produced;
and
remains in the regulns,
therefore haa to
of siWer
proportion
he subaeqnentlyextracted,thus involvingDnnecesaary
operations.
IS
dwta.
to
to
277
8
About
oz8.
0-75% 0-86%(246 ozs.
grs. per ton)
considered a proper
lead ia generally
of silver in the ore-fnmaoe
when
the silver in the regnlusfrom the lead-smelting
proportion,
16 dwts. 16 grs. per ton),
amounts
to about 0*125%(40 ozs.
or ecaae-

in order
lead

what

more.

of the lead-smelting
products
process are
is concentrated
or ore-furnace lead, in which
WerM"tf(work-lead),
and which contains
of the silver in the galena,
the greater proportion
of silver.
annual average of 0-86%(280ozs. 18 dwts. 16 grs.)
an
the iron-pyrites
and
Skariten (regnlus),
derived partly from
blende which
from
the
the
and
sulphide of
ore,
partly
accompany
iron producedfrom the sulphurin the galena.In oonsequence
of the
silver
with
and
metallio
of
oomlnne
to
tendency
sulphur
snlphides,
the regulnsalways retains a small qoautlty
of silver,
usuallyabout
It
0'125%(40 ozs. 16 dwts. 16 grs. per ton),but sometimes more.
of
the
being dependent
always contains moreover
sulphide lead, amount
the quality
of the ore.
on
the bases
trihasio),
Sloifff
(slag),
(1.0.
composed of singnlo-silicatea
and alumina.
This slag is
being protoxideof iron,lime,magnesia,
used as a flux in both the lead- and the raw-smelting
processes.
In addition to the two
smeltingprooeeses above described,it is
:
operations
neoessary to notice the {bllowing
The
Wmebroiining
(calcination). regnlus,or Skarsten,"om both
the iron-pyrites
the rawand
and
the lead-smeltings,
required
The

"

"

in the latter process, must

undergo calcination in order to get rid of
of
their
a
portion,
sulphur. This roastingis commonly effected in

brick-lined kilns

and the heap is turned over

from
(muraderoitgropfir),
the
to
be
heat.
It
is
bo
as
completelypermeatedby
derives its name
Wandfrom this treatment
that the operation
of
rostning (tum-roaating).
the work-lead).The ore-furnace
Brifningaf WerWyet (cupelling
lead is cupelledby the German
method
with wood for fuel. The
bottom is made of a finely-pulverized
mixture of limestone and clay.
The chargeis 50 or 60 centners
of metaL
I'he Abstrich, which rarely
from the surface with a
to 1 otr. per charge,is removed
amounts
hook, and is usuallyaccompaniedby a small quantityof lead. The
time

ia

time

"

"

oxide

which

greater or

is first formed

is of

lesl'proportion
of

of the

This

black

antimony and

is called

colour,and

contains

zinc, accordingto the

antimonial

black

lithai^
carefully
preservedfor
reduction as subsequently
explained.[The blackness is probably
due to the presence of a little copper.]At a later stage of the
first formed
process yellow lithai^alone is produced; the portions

nature

(Antimofi- dier

contain but
but

ore.

and
Svart-OUte),

little silver,and
towards

should

or

be

ment,
may be reduced without further treatthe close of the operation
this yellowlitharge

302

IN

LEAD-SMELTING

SWEDEN.

and is then used in the leadof ailTer,

largerproportion
oxidea
there is producedred or flake
emelting.In addition to theae
which forma a reddish-yellow
litharge
scaly-cryBtalline
(^Bodglele),
substance,appearingbeneath the yellow oxide or coarse
lithar^
under the name
of SUfver^tt.
and passingin conuuerce
duringcooling,
contains

The silver is further refined by the German

method, as it retains lead
in small quantity,
of Uie cake.
and most, it is stated,at the bottom
The bottom is broken up and treated in the ore-furnace.
the silver from the cnpelIn this operation
Fiuering
(refining).
attain the d^ree of purity
is
to
refined so as
ling-fumace
(Bttetul/ver)
Hint.
For this parpo"e it
for delivery
at the Oovemment
prescribed
contain at least 15 loods 15 gran of pure silver to each so-called
to
l"digmark," or pound of bullion a proportioncorre^xoiding
96'95t)%.This operationis condncted [withthe aid of a blast]in
must
"

"

small

struction
reverberatorylumaces with hearths of a similar conbut containing
little
to that of the cupelling-fumace,
a
smoothnew
the
in
admixture
which
to
bone-ash
a
powdered
gives
facilit"te
A
small
of
lead
ia
in
order
to
surface.
added
quantity
of the baser metak.
After a few
the melting,and the oxidation
houi-s the refining
is complete,
and the ingotof fine silver (Frnj-lmt*)

two

is removed

whilst

standard
requisite
fine silver).

still

of

The

warm.

and
parity,

is

of
F^vkninga/ Qlete (reduction
"

or

metal

has

attained the

now

as
distinguished
Bergfint
(mine-

the

The yellowoxide,
litharge).'

"

Englishsmelters (so called not on account of

because it is in lumps), which
is obtained in the

lithargeof

coarse

but
impurities,

and
earlystages of cupellation,

which

contains

the

smallest

amount

of silver,
with the addition
is reduced in a blast-furnace (Schaahiugn)
of a small quantityof slagto act as a flux ; especially
the slagfrom
a

previousfusion

oxide of lead.
Most

of the

of

Skarsten," and

reservoir where

to

are

lead must

be'

tinuously
con-

it is keptheat"d by a coalhere removed, before the

cast-iron kettle

highly charged with

operationthe melted

for the
(Taekjenu-hilld')

being refined.

only just warm

certain

the

"

impuritiespresent

lead is transferred
purpose

from

During
off into

run

flre.

free

metallic

In this kettle the lead should be kept

enough to prevent solidification,
by which means
accumulate
the suriace of
on
impuritiespresent

the lead,and are from time to time skimmed

off the auiface, and the
is
it is a an/iload,
m
etal
into
In
this
condition
cast
purifiod
ingots.
and

passes

in

commerce

under

the

the reduction,the slagand other

in the smelting-funiace.
use
The

black

or

similar manner,
and sine,which

antimonial

name

of

At
FritlAljf.

lithai^ementioned

above

the end of

collected for

are
furnace-products

is reduced

in

but it yieldsa hard lead, containing

both antimony
is occaaionally
used as [inferior?]
type-metal l"he

"
Thi? redttction of lilhnrge"i]l be
in the sequel; but
aepatatcl;drwribed
iu arder to complcto tbe dESoriptiun
of

I the

operAtiongnt EaU,

jof the metlod

jthis place.

of rednctioD

Mef

account
in

is giTtn

LEAD-SMELTING

AT

FREIBERG.

303

its rednction have a peculiar

"om
and are
ijlags
resulting
character,
nace
keptapart from the others. The hard lead may be re"ned in the furused for cupelling
of
black
a
:
is produced,
largequantity
litharge
and the lead becomes mni^
softer. If it" yieldof eilyer be sufficiently
it may be cupelledin the ordinary
hut otherwise it is
large,
way,
sold

"

Friskbly."
argentiferous
galena of Sala is oomparativelyrich in silver,
of
silver
produce
varying between 0-6% and U-76% (163 oib.
as

The

its

6 dwts. 16 gra. and

vein-stufT.

245

ozs.

per

it has
Occasionally

ton)when the mineral ia free from

as high as 1% (326 ozs.
13 dwts.

risen

fallen as
grs. per ton),while on the contrary it has sometimes
low as 0-25%(81 ozs. 13 dwts. 8 gra per ton).
The total productionof silver and lead at Sala in the year 1866
was
as follows :
8

"

Lead

1D22 oentnen.
317

-flake lithorEe"
SilfTerglitt,

The

number

of workmen

employedat

Sala is upwards of 3O0.

Sala,lit Oct.,1867.

LEAD-SMELTma

The

blast-furnace

beratory fiimace

slagsof the

is

AT

employed

for certain

for others, which

blast-furnace.

is founded
description

has

The
been

FREIBERG.

are

information
derived

ores, and

the

rever-

smelted
on

along with the

which
the following

for the most

part from the

lectures of Plattner,

and
publishedposthumously,
ably edited by
who
from his positionshould be one
Professor Richter of Freiberg,
the subject.'As "ir as I have
of the best livingauthorities on
I have much
judgednecessary X have translated literally.
pleasure
to Bichter for havingexamined
in acknowledgingmy obligation
the
before publication,
and added importantnotes,
followingdescription
which will be found to be duly acknowledged. I have also availed
myself of the lucid and well-arrangedtreatise of Winkler on the
Freibergsmeltingprocesses,'The smeltingof lead is the chief
operationperformed at Freiberg;and it includes the
metallurgical

smeltingof silver ores, molten

silver is collected.'
separated

lead

beingthe

vehicle in which

the

Qber tllgemeineHStteu- 1 the procew

will be found in the ADnalea
VoTleBDiigeii
Friedrieh PlattEer.[(iesMinea.6
Vou
Carl
1864. 6. p. l.et seq.
kunde,
eer,
By
M. Ad. Ciiniot, ing^aieurdee mlnei, of
hinterlaggenen
HS.
Nsoh dam
heniuKeTbeodor I which deacriptioa
I have availed mjeelC
Kebeu and TervolU^ndlgt von
"
2 Tola.
8to.
The attention i^ lead-amelterB and the
Bichter.
Freibeix, li60.
*
Beechieibungder FieibeigerScbmelz- 1public ibould be itiiected to the ftKt that
feir jeara ago the Silxod Government
Kurt AlezandeiWiuhler.
i a
hiitteoproleBse.
the name
Freiberg,11^, Svo, One of the most 1 practiBedthe fraud of attaching
of'of a groat Engliahlead-ameltuig
Snn
recent and moat mtrthodic deeciiptiona
to
'

304

The
in

the furnaces
99 to 111 inoIiiBiTe)
representing
(figs.
well-known
"om
beaatiful
and
been
luive
Freiberg
prepared
lithographs.

woodcnta
at

use

FHEIBEBG,

AT

LEAD-BMELTING

Oerman
Mods

smelted at

cf the

flnd noiwe

of oecurrenee

Freibergare

formation,oouoeming

obtained

the

lodes

from

of which

age

the

Freiberg.The ores
in a schistose gneiss

at

orei

"

is

onlypointdetermined

that it is older than the carboniferous syiftem. According to Von

which
within the district,
Herder more
than 900 different lodes occur
relative
their
to
divided
into
the
following
groups sooording
may be
the
and which are characterized
with
most
ancient,
beginning
ages,

by

the presence of
L
IL

"

"PrecioTiB Quartz" group.

The
llie "PyriticLead"
gronp.

only
The

"

IV,

The

"

The

m.

from

minerals
particular

The

local modification of the

Precious Lead

BaryticLead

"

group.
group.
It includes about 150 lodes,varying

"

in width.

is

"

precicme
quartzgroup.

6" to T

"

Cupriferonsgroup
preceding
(II.).
"

The

vein-stuff consists almost

quartz,with included fragmentsof the rocks traversed

of

wholly

and

the

ores

distributed. The
drusy cavities very irregularly
metalliferous (so-called)
mineral species
are
argcntite,
pyrargyrite,

occur

in nests and

silver-^hlerz,miargyrite,
polybasite,
proustite,
stephanite,
argentifer"
arsenical
antimonite
and kermesite (Sb(^,2SbS*).
ous
pyrites,
(SbS'),
At Braunadorf,where the lodes of this formation
best developed,
are
in
black
well
bear
carbonaceous
schiijtand
become poor
a
they only
when they pass into the adjacent
mica-schist.
II. The pyritic
had groap.
It includes about 300 lodes,varying
"

from 2" to 3' in width, and mostly to the southeast

of Freiberg;and
amongst them are the lodes belongingto the Himntolfahrt Mine, one

important mines in Europe. The vein-staff

consists chiefly
of quartz,with spathiccarbonates,
sulphateof baryta,
The metalliferous mineral
and fluor-spar.
taining
speoiesare galena,conof the

and
largest

moat

of silver per ton of lead, zinc-blende,ironand most

of the silver ores
mispickel,
copper-pyrites,
pyrites,
viously
preThese lodes generally
enumerated.
carry a strong gozzan.
from 10 to 60

ozs.

localitiesof the
The principal
and Jungehohebirke
Mines.
stem

cupriferoua
group
The

at tiieHorgen*
are
vein-stuff is quartz, and the

metalliferouB mineral

ore,

vitreous

and

copper

are
species
copper-pyrites,
purplecopper
fahlerz,red and black oxides of copper,
(Cn'S),

blue and green carbonates of copper.

III. The precioue
lead group.
it includes 340
"

the

bags of

ibot

lodes,which
were

"ent

oat

occur

with

the

of Walker^ Parker and Co., Newname

H; frieud,Hr. Mtrod Walker,
member
of that Ann, baa Gommljaiciited
oaatle-on-Tyoe,printed on their bugs.
tlie followingstateTbiB
shot moou"ctory wai
to me, for pablication,
ment
under
Gotbe Bubject. "In the year 18A6
TerDinent
on
mamgemsut, as stiown by tlie
I was
the
and on
at Freiberg,
the door, ' Kouigliclie
over
visitin;;
inBCTJption
"
"hot manu"ctory I found that nearlyall Biclinscbe Sctuotgiessetei.'

CLASSIFICATION
in
principally

OEES.

OP

305

of Brand and Erbisdorf. The Teinneighbonrhood

spathiccarbonates,especially
brown-apar,

the

of
fltuff consititB chiefly
and quartz.
diallogite,
richer in silver than

The

metalliferous mineial species

are
galena,
had formation,
that of the pyritic
blende,and
oft"n

with
arranged in symmotrical layers,
in
amall quantity. The principal
native silver and silver ores
mines
these lodes are the Bescheert Gliick and the Himmolfiirat,
on
It includes 130 lodes,some
lead group.
IV, The fcorjrftc
of which
which
iron-pyrites,

are

"

of

are

great

famous

size and

the

for

parallelor banded
of
examples this occur in the
of
the
Spat
KnrprinzMine. The vein-stuff consists

Prinzen

Drei

remarkable

are

filling.Beautiful

of the

structure

of barytain layers
of sulphate
to the walls,
parallel
principally
of
blende,
subordinate
with
and
iron-pj-rites,
layers galena,
fluor-spar,
found,which contain
quartz; and largedrnsy cavities are occasionally

the

silver

with

minerals,

same

and

ores

is common
vein-fractures,

of the
re-openings

ofores.
Clainjieation
two

spathic carbonates,often

structure, due

A breociated
crystallized.
beautifully

The

"

I will

classes,which

divided

B, the former

into

(Qlanzeor

abundant, containing30% of lead

Erie
latter (bleiigche
The

successive

largerlodes.

Freibergare

at

ores

A and
designate

fer the most

brightores)by
upwards, and the
from 15% to 29%.

lead

in the

to

lead eiiste

and

leady ores),
containing
whollyas galena,associated with
or

zinc-blende and earthy matters

mispickel(FeS'-f-FeAs),
iron-pyrites,
chief
the
which
of
are
quartz, calc-spar,
brown-spar
(so-called)
and
of baryta.
or
beavy-spar
sulphate
(CaO,CO'+(MgFe)0,CO'),
lead
of
the
is
all
of
lead
and
ores
The averse
40%
yield
015%
in
the lead or 122 ozs. 10 dwts.
(49 ozH. per ton)of silver,i.e.0-375%
raised at Freiberg
Other argentiferous
ores
are divided into
per ton.
these
and
will
I
which
smelted
three classes,
are
designateC, D, E,
Class C ^D"rrerxe
consist occaor dry ores)
sionally
alongwith the lead ores.
but very often contain ironof vein-stuff,
entirely
o
f
small quantities galena
: the yieldof silver in these
6 dwts. 16 grs. per
from 0'05% (16 ozs
ton)to 0-1%;

almost

pyritesand
ores

and
are

ranges
it exceeds
when
in the

smelted

tbey
furnace.

are

0-10% (32

along with

or
(Kupferene

dwta.

when

but
blast-furnace,

smelted

Class D

13

ozs.

8 grs. per

ton),they

it is below

that percentage
"

in the
lead-slags

reverberwtory
ores)contain from 1% to 10%,
of these ores, on
largeportion

copper

the average
3%, of copper : a
smelted along with the
their
are
of
account
high content of silver,
of copper should not exceed
lead ores, but in that case the proportion
than 0-03%(9 ozs. 16 dwts.
less
E
contain
Class
(ZiueUaggerxe)
6%.
and

on

composed of iron-pyrites,
mispickel,
per ton) of silver,and are chiefly
with
zinc-blende often in considerable quantity,
quartz and calc-spar,
some

copper difibsed throughout.

JSixtttre
oforei. The quantityof ore mixed
lead and

"

without
(i.e.

fluxes,
"c.)usuallyamounts

to

at

from

time for
75 to 100

and 1 metrical ton =

tons (1 centner = 50 kilogrammes,
and is composedof about 00% of A, about 20% of B, and

smelting
metrical

20

centners),
20% of a mix-

iCQyCoOJ^I

306

LEAD-SMELTING

of C and D.

tur"

34%

between

Tho

and

and

01t*% (49 oza.

nccemarilyvaries

58

from

tho different kinds of

to time

in

per

the

at

wneltingworka.

Frribebo

the

raixtare rangen
between
0-15%

ton).Tho composition
accordingto the qnantitieaof

16 dwtB.

ozs.

proportionof eiKer

delivered

ore

lead in snch

Pbogess.

Freibergprocosfl

of lead-smeltingis somewhat
complicated
;
remarks
will, it is hoped,aasist the
followingintroductory

but the

reader in bis
The

given.
lead

the

time

Operatidxs
The

FREIBERG.

of
proportion

^8%. and

and

AT

and

study of

silver; and

Cojiperand
regardedas

the detailed

metaln, which

them

upon

little nickel

of it presently
to bo
description
of
objectB cxtraclion,are

the chief

are

attention should
also extracted

are

products. I'ho
operations,
namely ;
accessory

procesa

be concentrated.
these may
bo

but

consists of ihreo

cipal
prin-

"

I. Shkltiso
IL

Ores

ci^RTAiy

Smeltiko

Blast-Furnacics.

in

Blabt-Furkaces

IX

Bt:GULus

thb

pkoduced

that

is

opp"",oy(I.).
III. SiiGLTi.sa Slags, containikq
0XE3

TAIX

I.

Sm^ing

roasted with

RgVEBBERATORY

IN

certain

orei

of

access

from the

The
blatt-funtacet.

in

ealtined

with

cek-

not

is smelted

ore

is calcined

ore

"

more

than

5%

or

of

in blast-furnaces in

same

furnaces

in similar

obtained
slagspreviously
smelting
operations.The products

iiag.The rognlnswiU

: it is the Bleiitetnof the Germans.

regtdut

lead,10%

treatment

in

of copper,
OperationII.

be

designated
blast-furnace

It contains

the average
is the subject
of

and

on

0-2% of silver,and
Tb^alag contains a notable quantityof
in OperationIII.
lead,and is tho subjectof treatment
II. Smelling
Ihe regvlut
I. It is
in
blatt-funtacet
prodwed Operfdion
with certain oreM eanlaining
calcined and smelted in conjunction
copper
and silver,
fluor-spar,
slagsderived from previoussimilar Bmeltings
load. The products are Uad,
of this regulus,
and other slagsholding
and
This
contains
teamd
regulut, dag.
2b% of lead,and 36% of
regvlut
of protoxide
of lead. The regulusis calcined
copper, and the slag 2-,'j%
20%

of

conjunction

FuBHACI^.

with roatted regidtu,

derived from

lead,regului,
and

are

in

atmosphericair, until

sulphuris left in it. The

admixtuTe

Lead,

in

and

treated in the

same

and
lead,regtdus,

productsare
12% of lead,and 54%

of copper,

as

manner

alcuj.This
llie

"

blait-Jurnace
regului. lite
third

contains
regulug

is calcined
regulus

about

and smelted.

and
lead,regtdu*.
argentiferous

slag. This
products
and
is
to special
contains about 70% of copper,
regulus
subjected
fourth
treatment
by wet or drg methods, or by a combination of both,
The

are

rich

some

milh certain ores m

lead,in conjanclion
Smellingtlags,
eonlaining
reeerberaiorg
fwraaee*.The productsare regvlutand dag. The
will
be designatedreverberi^ry-fumafe
regulus: it is the
regulus

III.

"

Bohstein of the Germans.

copper, and is the same
slagis statod to contain

It contains

about

7%

of lead, and

I,
regulusas is smelted in Operation
thrown
and
is
of
lead,
1-34%
away.

4%

of

The

308

in

LEAI".SMELTING

chargesof

AT

FHEIBEBG.

each, firom the placeof

10 centners

its entrance

towards

graduallyincreasing
charge which has been longestin the furnace
being withdrawa, ite place is filled with, the charge sext in order,
Thus each charge
and HO in succeHsion throughthe entire fHimace.
undergoes calcination during 16 hours. The temperature should be
the chargesnear
the fire-bridge
to sinter
kcjithigh euough to cause
somewhat
which
in
state
anil become
theyare fitted
[^asty,
strongl}'
"^h
furnace
four men,
and confor the flnicltiug
sumes
requires
process.
that of its exit, whereby it is

temperature.

^8
to

The

centners

contain

snbjoct"dto

more

of coal per 24 hours.

than 3% of sulphur.

The

calcined

ore

ought not

roasted in the furnaces

to powder and
rogulus is stamptid
about as largoas the fist
nboYC described ; or, it is broken into pieces
three firings.Well-roasted
and roasted in kilns, undergoingtwo
or
dull aspect,and consists
budlike
(knotpig),
regulushas a grey-black,
chiefijof magneticoxide of iron, with oxides of lead,copper, and zinc.
at the most
The sulphur in it amounts
of it
to 1% or 2%,and much
acid in combination.
exists as sulphuric
Camot
in lumps and the
to
it is only the pyritic
ores
According
that
in
the
of
roasted in
are
smelting
lead-slags
rcgulusproduced
heapsor in kilns,' The heaps may be constructed justlike the open
The

with
coke-fires,

central brick

chimney,described

in the firstvolume

of this work.

of rootled ore. Mrtizek has publishedthe following

Compoiilion
analysismade by himself of a sample taken for the purpose of a
sulphurassay fi'om a melted portionof roasted ore from a double"

bedded

at Freibergin 1805 ; it resembled

ting-furnace
eiterually
of Iron.' This ore, judgingfrom the proportion
in protoxide

roas

slagrich

of lead'in it,must

hare

CoHPOirnox
Silk*

Class B.

belongedto

Boasted

or

Obb.
17-4

_._

Aluminit

I'S

Lime

2'0

Haipietia

05

Oxide oTLron*

83-8

Frotoilde

trace

of mangaBeae

Oiidoofziuc

16-0

Protoxide oT lead

22-0

Protoxide of oepper(CuO(
Aotimonic

Anenio

noid
aoid

O'S
traoe

I'l

SulpburicBcEd
Sntphuria aulphiJee
Silver

treoe
3'62

0'1398-15

"

Almnt

eucllj nugiMtlcoiJde of Inn (FcW).

'

Berg-

und

huttenm. Jahrbuch,1867,16, p. 397.

THK

BLAST-FURNACE.

fiMSLTDia

IH

BlAST-FoBNACE.

TBM

It
DeKriptim of the Bla"t-famaee.
"

woodcuts

99
(figs.

to 104

is

in the
represented

annexed

inclusive).

Principaldrain (^aupfonnieU).
t. Dam
(Damm).
t. Fore-hearth ( Vorherd).
(ilTreiuaniCcUe).
The foundation wall {Grandmauer),
e.
SUAu. Tap-hole (Stick,Stielikaiial,
d. Sock-wall
(J{raiiilniati"r).
loch).
Side piers(Saitenpfeiler).
",
T,
Tap-hed, or cavityfor tapping into
/. Be"BCtory lining(FiUlertnavtr).
{StiehlteTd).
Brout
u.
(Brud, Brattuiand).
g. Fore-wall {Stem- oder Voraoiui).
h. Shaft (SchnrAtrrfume).
Draw-holes
I.
(Zugl"cher),ihrongh
t'.Hearth
irliicb an iron bar may
be paesed nheu
iStiimeltTaxaa).
kk. Twyera (Formm).
The
detach
adherent
to
aies
AM
matter, kbneceesaiy
"oinewhat conTergent.
and incline a little giatthe descent of tba charge,etc. The
a.

bi. Croas-dniins

downwards.

tffo lower

I, Arch

the

over

twyer-holes(Form'

geicBlhe).
m.
Slag-gDticT
(Sdilackentrift).
n. Dam-plate i VorJuirdplaUe).
0.
Slag-bottom{Scldatken^nrnd],
p. CUy-bed {LeltmiohW).
(GfitiibttohU).
q. BrEH"|ue-l)ed
r. Hearth-bottom
{Spur).
The
moved

the

oaee

an

twyers,and

while

the

moTeable

on

Uie

remain

upper

ones

level

same

aa

constantly
open,
cloeed with

are

brii^ duringthe worldog of the

furnam.
y. Wall

or

tongue {Zangt),dividing

the ehaft
X.

Cliarging-bolcB
{Aafg^ttB^angai).

of which
some
are
prodncedby blowing cylinders,
steam
it
at
a
by
power ;
eecapes
pressure
of a column of mercury.
(1'03")

blast is

by

equalto

turbines and others

0" 026

These

furnaces

are

for the most

part built of gneiss.

Proceti of smelting.ITie roasted

from
of roasted rogulus(Eoi"(ein),

ore

"

is smelted with the addition

in the rsslag-and ore-smelting

or
fluor-spar,
slagsproducedin
this process, and lead products,
such as cu|ieUation-fumace
bottoms
"When
there is a deficiency
and litharge.
of pyritesin tho lead ores
is roasted under the former.
the stampedlead-regulns
The lime is
has ehowu
and experience
need caustic,
that when so rsed the yield
of
and the regulua
and slagare pooror in lead.
lead is larger

verberatoryfurnace

The

(see p.

319),lime

smel

successive

is made near
ting-mixture
the other,in
one
over
layers,

the mouth
the

of the furnace

order
following

in

roasted

roasted lead ores, the residual silver-rich ores

of Class C,
regulus,
and slags. The lead-regulus
from
lime or fluor-spar,
ranges generally
of
tho
As
for smelting
ore.
a rule the mixture
30% to 40% of the weight
is composedof IJO ctrs. of ore (I centner
60 kilogrammes,
say,
20 ctrs. oflead-r^ulua,2jctr8.
about I cwt. avoirdupois),
of fluor-spar
from 1} to Ij^
ctr. of slags
to 1 ctr. of ore, that
or lime,and constantly
=

is, the quantity sufficient to supply one

furnace

during

24

(BleiarheUtschieht).
The fuel used is exclusively
coke, ooutftining
about 22%
made

from

carboniferous

coal raised in the Flauensche

Grund

hours
of

ash,
near

Dresden.
The
the

smeltingis conducted

twyer)and

without

with

noae

flame at the mouth

of
a slagprolongation
(t.s.
(mildmtkler Gicht).The

810

LEAD-SMELTING

is

towards

the back-wall
of coke is

should be

and

long

is too

or

The
Claw

lead

C form

and

increased
relatiTclj
:

productnare

or

flux is thrown

the character

decreawd

The

^f the

as
according

it should be from 4" to C"

requiredwhen
specially

portion
pronose,

the

noso

long.
rich silver ores

of

charge,and are only thrown in at the angles

b
shortlyefore tiipping.Each furnace reoeiyca in 24
or
litharge

4 ctre, of hearth-bottoms.

Flg."I

When

Fig. 1(

charge is

omitted

ctrs. of

in silver the addition of these

advantage.
aro
dailysmelted on
and
lead-rcgiiluB,from 90 to
a

furnace, with
Three men
a

poor

productamay

be

with

In "uch

and

by

and

ore

the fore-wall.

part of the

hours about 3 ctrs. of

20

of

the fuel towards

mainly determined

too short

of the back- wall

the

FREIBERG.

that the mixture

chargedso

furnace

AT

furnace

consumptionof

requiredat

are

labourer.

from
a

24

the average
100

ctrs.

of

fiO ctre, of ore,

Klagsfrom

to 27 ctrs. of coke.

furnace, a smelter and

shift lasts 12

this

hours.

There

arc

an

assistant,

UBually four
olay. A little

in 24 hours.
The tap-hole
is stopped with
tappings
is
left
behind
in
the
bottom
of the hearth
alwaj-s
Tcgulus

in order to

311

BLAST-FURNACE.

THE

prevent the accretion of other mattere, such

The

slagis not allowed

Duration

during a

to run

as
alag,etc. upon it.
but
is
constantly,
frequentlytapped.

The smeliingproceedsunin temptedly

of the BTuelling.
c
alled
which lasts on an average
a campaign,
period,
"

limited

HoriionUl

wcllon

onlho

line E F 3 a,

Fig. ID*.

HorLionlil iMlloii

on

UK

line O H,

"

LEAD-SMELTING

812

then

AT

foUowg

FREIBERG.

the trefttment

of the

Tegnlnsprofrom it
campaign,mainly with the objectof extntcting
the
off
and
lead,
iron,
ai^ntiferouB
elagging
concentrating copper in
a fre"h regulue.
The products
of tapping
Produfb.
are blast-fiinuce lead ( Weriblei
which, in order to distin^iiii'Ii
work-lead
or
(Bleutein),
J, lead-rc-giiliw
in the reverbcratoryfiimace f^ee p. 323).
it from ihe rcgulnsprwlnced
asd not mrely speise
will be dehign^Ied
bla*t-/arnare
reyidiu,-'
(wiith
and
iron
arwriic
will
hereafter be described i,
cunsiBtA
of
and
chiefly
abont

10 weeks

dnced

in that

kdA

"

"

and

nlag;

the

reguluBeolidifioHon

the lead,and is taken off in

which
have Bolidificd upon the
the ii1a"^
may
The lead ia laded into mouldi in the usual
removed.
but

cake,

regainsis firet
manner.

Bkut-fumace lead. The average yieldat each tappingia 4 ctrs_

containing from y5*C to 0'iO% (163 o/A 6 dwt*. 16 grs. to 196 oza
"

per ton) of silver. The mean

the two Government
from

determined

by

I'rofeMHor

of
composition

Smelting Works

and
liiohtcr,

blast'furnace lead is softened

the blast-furnace lead

at

Freibei^ has

is stated underneath

been

"

refined

in a revcr(rafftniri)
bcratoryfurnace. I'attinsonized so as to giveenriched lead containing
double' the percentage of silver,and then cupelled. A specimenof
refined lead (suftencd
and not Fattinsonizcd)
from the Mulde Works
has been found by llicliter
to have the following
:
composition

The

or

"

CoMPOaiTION

OF

Lead

BOFTENEO

Bl-AST-FcilSAC" LeAD.
98-46

Bil"er

0-6i

Copper

0-22

Iron

005

Anenic

0-11

Antimony

0-30
99 -SI

of regnlusat each
BUul-furnace
regains.The average production
tapping is 2 ctrs, ; it contains on the average 20% of lead, 10% of
6 dwts. 16 grs. per ton) of silver. Tho
copper, and 0'20% (65 ozb.
of this regulus
have been made
following
analyses
by Flattner :
"

"

BLAST-PURNACE

CovFoamoM

or

RE0ULD3.

Blavt-Fubbicx

KmcLim.

Solphni

21-314

19-852

22-847

17-S5

Lead

20250

23-288

21-816

31-10

Iron

27'051

36017

37202

3747

Coppet

27-61*

15-277

12-944

1-010

2-329

O'M*

Nickel

"

iDclnMn

4'81

i-96*

of coMt.

reguluere-smelted, from the MuMe

to
regulus,presently
reverberatory-fumace

I. BlaBt-furaaoo
Ee-wnelted
from

Mulde

the

jfrom the Halsbriicke

The

combined

above
re-smclting

in the

it is

regulus,

obtained
directly
ores

at

in the

the Halsbriicko

was
conjectured,

chemically

mentioned

under

Xoa. I.,II.,III.,
is termed

chargein this process consists usuallyof 20 ctrs.

roasted blaflt-furnace regulus,
80 ctra. of slagsproduced

The

tappings

are

containinglead,
process, and of various matters
"c.
but
not
accretions.
{GetehuT).
lithargeor hearth-

same

furnace

as

bottoms.

cobaltiferoue
IV.

described,

blast-furnace

Tbe

stamped and

such

Kegulus

II.

iron.

Verandem."

of

in No.

carbon

with

The
"

IV.

Works.

nickeliferous and

amoltingof
Worka.

III. Ee-amelted

Works.

Works.
be

smeltingis
made

in

eHVcted

24

in the blast-furnace,
and

hours.

ft"m 7 to

The

productsare argentiferous
slags.The treatment of this
By comparing the compositionof the

lead, such regulusns Xos. !.,IL, III.,and

regulusis described
rej;ulusNo.

at

IV. witb

p. 316.
that of Koa. I.,II.,HI., it will bo

scon

that the

of argentiferous
lead
the process in questionis the separation
and the formation of regulusless rich in lead nnd silver,
but richer in

objectof
copper.

SpeUe. A speiseoften
"

occnre

as

thin crust

between

the

regnlus

the lead; it is

crystalline,
largelyfoliated,very brittle,and
of arsenide of iron,but contains
yellowish-white
; it consist* chiefly
nickel
and
cobalt
and
is
mixed
with
of iron,copper, lead
some
sulphides
and completely
and zinc ; it is also argentiferous,
and may
be easily
detached from the regulus. It is collected,
roasted,andsmelted with
lead products in order to extract
its silver ; and in this process a
richer in nickel and cobalt,
and lead are obtained.
speise,
lead-regulus,
The last two of these productsgo back to the blast-furnace,
whilo
the speiseis treated for nickel and cobalt.
materials,
Slagt. Of the total chargeof lead and silver-yielding
inclusive of flux,about 73% of slagare produced,
containingIrom 5%

and

"

to

6%

of lead and

about

002% (6

ozs.

10 dwts. 16

grs. per

ton)of

314

LEAD^HBLTING

AT

FREIBERG.

slagBare black and have a feeblymetallic lustre,

of pig-iron
in the cliarthoBc prodaoedin the treatment
rtntembling
Their
and pndd ling-fa
mace.
epecifio
gravityvaries fn"m
coal-finery
oilvcr.

These

3-8 to 41.
CoMFOsrnon

3516

Silica

.,

3B-2S

Probtiideofiron...

..

i-96'

Lime

Slaos.

.,

I'Ofl

Aluminft

Blut-Flkcice

or

Baiyta
Magnerf.
PnloutleoriiMd...

7-11

Oxide

806

of dnc

ProtuiiJo

0'73

uf copper

3-30'

Sulphur

..

99-63

I. II.

By

analysisof
HalBbriicko

samjileof

Taking

Plattner from the Mulde

the

By Kichter,in an
an
a largequantityof slag from tho
sample
average
Works.
IV. By Kichter, in an analysisof an average
largequantityof slagfrom tho Halsbrucko \Vork8.
No.

IV.

as

of tho bases

The

fair

sum

IW)*

sample

with

in combinBtion

base of tho

14-05.

of the HO

of the oxygen

silii;atein which
as

alumina

the
as

be

III.

of the

calcium,

type

as

amounts

slag,and asBUmingthe
the
prctoeulphiile
(CaSj,
to ll'To, while

that of

type, i.e.alumina, is 3'20. and that of the silica

of both

slag,therefore, has nearly the

and

Works.

of

sulphurto be
oxygen

..

the oxygon
of the
oxygen

formula

tyjKs of
of

bases is 14'95.

tribasic

'I'he

silicate,i.e.

of

of tho silicais equalto that of the bases

bases of tho liO type is to that of the

3 20, tho constitution of this slag may
mately
approxi-

11"5:

by
represented

the formula

Al'0',SiO'-f-4
(31{0,SiO"}.

The

slag,it need hardlybe .remarked,is seldom quite free from

the zinc, it is suggested,
rcgulua
; and
mechanicallyintermingled
in part bo presentas oxide 8*Ld in part as sulpliide.
may
Oilier kind* of blait-fwnace
in use
NoU
at Freiberg,18G8.
note
is
BiV7iter."The
of
the
roasted
lead
at present
ores
hy
smelting
conducted
not
only in the furnaces above described, but also in
the Slolberg
(rSiefcenfurnace and in tho
seven-twyer furnace
used
be exclusively
furmiger0/en): the latter will in all probability
"

"

in future.

SloJberg
furnace. The
"

like that of the furnace

the

twyers the back-wall

in horizontal section,
trapezoidal
dcscnbed (seefig.
1"13)
; at the level of

hearth
last

is

is 4' 8"

wide, and the front-wall

2'

3", in-

DigitizecQyGoO^

316

SMELTING

OF

CoMMnnoii

BEGULUS.

Sua.

or

Buio.

sa-ao

Alomin*

2-19

Protoxide of irm

M'OO

of msngiuieao

ProtoiUe

3 'SI

Lime

4-95

Hajtn^BU
Bifjta

4-46

of lead

Protoxide
Dioxide

0-97

erfcopper

OSSt
-

"

0'22

Oiiileof lino

S'SO

Bnlphur.-

2-18
100-41

to the nilphnr*
OxTgBD equirtleDt

1'09
99-32

"

Iww the

It I) not kaawn

Lead-"m^tingm

Hlplmr fi dbtritnlfd,ud
a

'been

by

Von

Redcn

and was
rectangular,
was
nearlysquare

hearth
7' by

6j'. 'ITierewere

air,in its course

ui

o[ ai/gro
siilTiiIeQl

mul

in tJie Harz.
Kven-tui^eTliaat-fitniare

historical fact that

iatereeting
the Harz

(benOm

to the

seven

furnace of this kind

nearlya txintiiry
ago.
36' high and 14' wide

"

was

It appears

be dedndad.

It is
erected
to

an

in

have

at the boBhes; the

in horizontal section,its dimensions being
twyers and four bellows, from which tho

furnace,passedintjj a largerbellows weighted

the tup,and thus actingas

on
have been very satisfactory
: the

I'ho result is stated to

regulator.
dailyyieldwas IGO centners of lead ;

much
smaller than previously,
quantityof rcgulusformed was
from
lead
and
of
the slag contained from
to
:
(-ontaining
only
6%
8%
of
]J% to 2% tif lead free from silver. But, owing to the difficulty
the
hearth
and
tory,
refracblast,
making
sufficiently
producingadequate
in this furnace was
abandoned.'
lead-smelting
the

Sheltino
Firtt

twyera
of

imelting.The
"

in this

smel

case

are

of

Hboblcb.

kind

of blast-furnace is used, but the

horizontal. The proportions
perfectly
plac!;d
same

are
ting-charge

stated

to

be

as

follow*

"

roasted

blaet-

regiilus100, roasted ores (copperores)of Class D 20, slags

obtained in the reduction or revivification of litharge24, fluor-spar
fnmace

slagsfrom the same

operationfrom 50 to 00. AlH"ut 110
are
regulue
passedthroughthe furnace in 24 hours,with a
of which 1
2-89 Eugliuh
consumptionof 35 butihels of coke (Dresden,
the production
being about 18 or 20 ctrs. of coppery lead,
bushelBj,
ozs.
containing0-75%(245
per ton)of silver,and 30 etrs. of coppercontainingon an average 30% of copper and 0'18%(58 ozs.
regulus,
is altioa little speiseconsiBting
Iti dwte. per ton) of silver. There
with
nickel and cobalt : it occura
arsenide
of
of
iron,
some
chiefly
4, and

ctra. of

between

the

and
regulus

the load.

"

BergmiinnLBchet
Jnumal, Freiberg,17S8,pp. 775 "Dd 842.

"

Coraot. up. cit p. 65.

SECOND

Coxrotrnos

317

SMELTING,

or

rnt

CoppEB-BBatrLca.
2] -00

Bnlphnr

24-80

LMd

Iron

1520

..-

Copper

36-20

eiWer

0-16

Nictol,zino,aatimOD;,iiidiuive of loai

2-G4
100-00

From

the HBlsbriicke Works.

An"ljsisbj Ihle.

CoHPMITIOH

Ca

SuO.

ACCOUFAJItlNO

THE

28-05

Silica

1*33

Alaminii
Pratoiide oFiroa

6108

Lime

3'02

Magnesia

fSS

Frotozi Je of lead with traces of copper

2-67

not detemiited
Snlpliiii

100-00

This agreti irith the formula

Secimd

fmelting."The

re-smelted under

"

last

conditions

ia stamped,roasted,and
copper-regnlus

nearlyidentical with

those of blast-furnace

xegitlus.This operationgenerallyends the campaignof regulueThe roasted repnlusis

which
lasts from ] 2 to 14 weeks.
amelting,
smelted along wiih a small quantityof coppery ores of Class E, fluorspar,
centration
slagsfrom the reviTification of lithai^eor those from the conof
in
the
furnace.
smelting coppery regnlus
rcTerberatory
The productB
are
impure lead,rich regnlus(Sparatein),
black-copper
rich in lead, coppery speise,
and slag. The lead is softened and then
desilverized.
CoMFoamoH

of

the

Bbjclc*.

Solphui

18-01

Laud

12-32

Iron

10-99

Copper
"ino
Nirkel,coball,
Arsenic,antiiDODy

.^3-88
1-18
1-53
"7'S1

Analysishy Beich.

regulnais givenin the sequel,

p. 333.
is
towards the
smelting repassed,
coppery
end of the campaign,through the same
furnaces alpugwith reguluses and coppery pyrites,
slagsfrom the revivification of lithai^e,
The
The

"

treatment

of this

lead of this second

Lehib. der oh"ni. MetaUnrg,2ad ed. 1865,p. 217.

'"

Oanot. op. cit p. 67,

DigitizecQyGo

318

SMELTING

OF

BEGULCS.
in this way

and .'1%
of milpbste
of baiyta; and
1% of fluor-spar,
u obtained.'
oopper-regulus
The

epeiseia rich

it may be, 40%,with

in copper, containing,
of lead, 2-5%of nicke! and cobalt,and 0'.i%of silver or ahont 1 63
It ia smelted with

rich

10%
ozs.

of the

50% of hearth -bottoms

cupellation'
formed in the aMeenlraiio* of copperbaryticslags,
furnace
by fusion with sulphate of
regaluBin the reverboratory
and
and
of
silica,'
whereby are probaryta
lO^J sulphateof barj-ta,
duced
Bpcisecontaining12% of nickel and cobalt,regulusrich ia
lead. This epeioe
and others of about the
copper, and argentiferous
richness
smelted
from precedingoperations,
same
are
altogether
and 300^;^
of slags
in a blast-furnace with about 400^^of litharge
from
the reTiTification of lithai^,and 10^^of sulphate
of baryta; and
per too.

fnmace, 150%

procuredwhich is again smelted in the same

alongwith 1 0% of sulphateof barytaand 300% of rich slags
in thissccond
verized
treatment
of 8peis" Ihe final productisa desilof nickel,1'84%of
speisecontaining18% of copper, 12-6.5%

second

furnace
formed

of

spciseis

cobalt,and

003%

thus

of silver

about

or

9^ oza.

of silver per ton.

Each

smeltingoperationyieldslead,which
copper-regulus.
The speise
is further enriched by smeltingit in a small reverberatory
fumaoe
with 50% or 60% of sulphateof baryta and 20% or 25% of
it contains from 40% to 44% of nickel
quartz. After this treatment
and cobalt.'
The
explanationof this process of concentrating
nickel and cobalt in the speise
will be givenhereafter in the metallui^ of those metals. Suffice it here to remark that the action is
in cop["cr-smelting.
mulalix mutaitdit,
areenic
to what
occurs
analc^ous
substituted
nickel
cobalt
fur sulphur,
and
and
for copper.
being
is refined,and

No distinction
^agifromregidtu-tmelling.
"

of the first and

second

of Class E in the
those

as
a

from

smcltingg. They

are

is made
treated

in the blast-furoaco.
ore-smelting
such

slagsis as

CoHFuemoM

or

The

follows

"

BsotLca.
2181

Bnlphnr
t"id

5ti9

Iron

5133

Oopp"

11-33

Zinc*

2- 14

Anenii?',
atitJmuny

0'7!t

Oz;g(^Dsod

6'97

loH

100-00

'

Camot

alongwith

in the
rcverberatoryfurnace, precisely

reguluBproducedfrom

AnalfMi by

between

Rlcbter.

op. cit. p. 66.

same

tho"e
ores

way*

of
compositi"m

SMELTING

REYEBBEEATOKT

Shkltiko

-FURNACE.

Leaii-Slags.

of

The
This process is in fact alagand ore-emelting
combined.
with all the
treated are those of the Claseea C and E, together

producedin the

deBoribed,
operations
previously

smelt

to
possible

by
profitably

themselvea

such

It would

be

considerable

ores

Blags
scarcely
ties
quanti-

delivered
of these ores, which are frequently
as are
very siliceouB,
with highlybasic leadat the Freiberg
Works; but by admixture
sufficient base is supplied
by the latter to flux the silica of
slags,
the former, and a regulusis obtained,which oonatitutee the moet
importantaddition to the ore in the smeltingin the blast-furnace.
The smelting
is now
conducted in reverberatory
furnaces, and not as
the
end
at
of
of
furnace,
a
smeltingore in the blastformerly,
campaign
in the

blast-furnace

same

objectin roastinga portionof

the

in that

used

as

treated

ores

in

campaign.

The

lead-slag-smelting

is to prevent the formation of too much, and consequently

too poor,
of too re^ctory slags
to avoid the production
from
as well as
regulus,
of zinc in the

high content

the

of the Classes

ores

not roasted.
of Class G poor in pyrites
are
Soatting.This operation
may be conducted
"

ordinaryWelsh

copper

ore

in

C and

E.

Ures

furnace like

an

calciner.

105
Detcriplioit
tmeliing-fvimaee
of the rmerberalory
(figs.
;
inclusive)

to

111

"

Foundation

a.

waits ( Grtmdmaner).

quartz and

b b. Caat-itoD platescairyingtliebed of
tha (iinuice.
"" e.

PItlare

d d. Outer

on

vhEdi

walla

oi

the

plateb

caavg

b leeta.

at baid

burnt

bri":k.
ee.
Fire-place.
/. Grute.

able doors.

g. EVe-hole.
of fire-brick.
hh. Fire-briilge

a.

0|ieiimg8fur the circulation of air

iu otder to keep it
throagh the flr"-bndge
i.

k.

Refractoryllninfr,
composed of an
of calcined quutz and
mixture

ft.

X.

Layer, composed of

miiture

furnace, fia well

tie-rods,over
wrought-iron
honse

the

working

is covered

Tnp-hola.
Charging.holein the roof.
Iron bar far resting
tbe workingtools
Iron

with

as

bar

for

Bupporting the toots

CliimneyofhBrd'bomtbrickB,Bolidly

lined witb

Brii-k bottom,

The
On

u.

V.

It Boor of fire-brick.
m.

(.

uied in dinketiog.

intimate

fire-clay
immediately'under
wliieli is fonned
bo called,
bed,atrictly
by meltingover the layerm m a mixture
of quartzand bLast-funiace fllfig.
a.
Openiun^ for tlie admiesion of air.
the
p. Working door, througliwhich
slog ia Bkimmed off.
q, T. Side openioggprovidedwith moTatbe

mixtnn

of quartzand

day.

of

the

chimney,is stronglybraced with

plates.
the floor of the smeltingfurnace

cast-iron

side of the
coarse

cavities for the

hemispherical

moist sand, in which are

receptionof the slag.

made

several

there
I'sually
also several ingot-moulds
of iron,formed of two rectangular
are
parts,
the
the
and
closed
bottom
sand
the
which
at
at
on
by
top,
they
open
stand ; and into these the slagwhich is intended for building
poses
puris allowed to flow. The maaaee
of alagthus obtained are 2' long.

320

OF

SMELTING

1' broad, and

I'

high.In

LEAD-SLAGS.

front of the

of iron, of the form

ingot-moulda

of

are
tap-hole

several

rectan^lar

invertai truncated pyramid,

in which the regulusis received. These are placed
in a row, side
of notches the molten mass
overflow
can
by aide, and by means
mould
and
from one
into the adjoining
in
so
succession
into the
one,
others. Hooka of iron are put into the rcguluawhile liquidand left
an

lifted out when eolid.

therebybe conveniently
of smelting
of"meUing."A singlechargefor one operation

in,BO that it may

Procew

is 30 ctrs.,and
5 ctra. of

is

composedof

20 ctrs, of

5 ctrs.
lead-Blags,

roasted,ores of Classes C and E.

the Mt

obtained
pjTites,

from
quartz in the latter,

The
ore

burnt

the (Ap-holc
oppotLb"

of

in the manufacture

Bubatituto for roasted ore.

into the furnace,and the

The

of raw, and
residue of iron-

slagsare

afterwards.

1 to 2 ctrs.

acid,ig
sulphuric

good

firstlet fallfrom the

On account

of

hopper
of
deficiency

of quartz are, it is stated,added

to each
charge is spread so that moat of it may lie
to protect the latter.
in order as far as possible
tho fire-bridge,
near
The working door is closed, and all openingsthroughwhich air

charge.'The

might

enter

in the

body of the

furnace

are

stoppedwith

wet

sand

BEVERBERATORT
the grate is freed from
the

lapseof

and

ahouid

be

strong firing
given
skimmed

clinker and

the fire well

2^ hours, the chargewith

then

well

rabbled.

for about

off; it flows first into

thence into moulds

of iron.

321

SMELTING-PURNACE.

of
a

proper

The

an

door

hour, after which

gand-bed

In order to draw

ilmwing

kept up; and after

firingwill be melted
is again closed,and a

as

slagis

the door and

nndemeath
out

the

much

Blagas

pos-

11" lle-tuili.

Digitizedly

322

SMELTING

OF

sible,a Bmall qaantityof the

next

LEAD-SLAGS.

chargeis let fall from

into the furnace, whereby the level of the

vhat

higherthe latter will be forced towards

to admit

of its

completewithdrawal.

more

the rest of the next

in the

of the

introduced

As

described.

manner

the end

chargeis

smeltingof

every

the

rule

third

the

hopper

raised

aomeelagbeing
the akimming-door,
bo aa
After skimming is ended

and

the process repeated

regnlusis tapped off at

charge into

moulds

of iron.

In

the course
of 24 hours there are
to three
from two
tappinga.
When
cold the regulus
is broken up into piecesabout as largeas the
fist and

roasted

either in

Venial

Flf.IN.

After each

on

Ibe lint A

by plastering

and

maces.
cslcining-fu

B, llg.ids.

sary
repairedwhere necesfireclay
finely-pounded
parts
coarsely-pounded
quartz duly tempered

mixture

and 2 partsof burnt

bed

of 5

are

of

water.

The

consumptionof

60 bushels, or about

Ij

wcUon

in suitable

and
tappingthe fire-bridge
on

with

heaps or

114

fuel in 24 hours amounts

ctrs; of

furnace roof under the most

to

2 years.

lasts,which

on

non-cakingbituminous

the average
coal.

favourable circumstances

smeltingcampaign continues

the average

on

is about

year.

as

to

lasts from

long as

the bed

324

OF

SMELTING

liquidlesB cohesive,and

LEAD-SLAGS.

of
difficultto roast, becauBO sulphide
oiidizea more
zinc
slowly
than sulphide
of iron in the

more

phide
process of roasting. Sulof zinc is occasionally
presentin very considerable

quantity,and may often be

recognized in translucent
the aid
particles
; and with
of

lens,magneticoxide of

iron may
not unfrequently
be perceived
in brightblaok
octahedral
tiea

be obserred in the regnlus,and to such slagis to be

ascribed the silica fonnd

may

Fi(,111.

crystalsin caviof slag

Often particles

of this
rfrikaiiKii(nHitbeUiHOB.iigi.ioauiioUHr". analyses
CoMFOsrnoN

Kbtbkbkutobi

op

Fchhacb

Bulphqr

regulus.

Rmclcb.
23-43

Le"d

7-3S

Iron

S3-81

Copper

8-87

Zino

Areenio

in

7-6S
I

-,^

Antimonj' 1
Bilka

2-Jl

in tke reverberaton/
Slag*fron ^ag-and or^-"melting
furnace. They
and in colour vary from greenish
are
luatroiis,
mostlyerrstallino,
feebly
to brownish -black. Their specific
gravityranges from 3-70 to 3'86.
contain
of
on
an
1-0% lead and 0002% (13 dwts. 2 grs.
They
average
used for building
thrown
or
per ton)of silver. They are
purposes
thtme
drawn
towards
the
the
out
of
skimming
completion
away, only
being eiamined for regulus.
"

CoXPOSTnON

OP

RaVEBBEBATOHT

FtltHACB

Silica

360*

Alumina

5- 38

Protoxido of iron

42-60

Lime

Hagneua

SLAO.

6-29
i

j.,jj

Protoxide of manganeBet
Dioxide of copper

0 24

Protuiideoflead

1-34

Oxide of zino

*-66

Sulphur

1-47
99-73

From

furnace

working well.

AnaljrsJB
by Bichter.
aeHibbfUckeWorki.

TIh

lulphnrin the iln

l"

IN

EXPERIMENTS

with
Experimenii

VOLATILIZING

view to volaiSize the xine

325

ZIKC.

and orS'tTnelliag
tn
tlagconducted at Freibei^
addition of Beequioxide
of iron
tn

the reverberaioni
were
/umaee."Snciiexperitnenta
ia 1854.

It

conceived that

was

the

bj

"om
and carLon, the metallic iron set free would abstract the snlphar
the snlphide
of zinc, with the fonnation of sulphideof iron and the
Tolatilization of zinc.
and

for convenience

between
24
(2fl)
same

brackets;

omission

followingmixture gave the beat

the usual proportions
are
comparison,

results,
stated

in the blast-fumace
ore-smelting

fiom
Lead-slags

"

(b)4 ctrs.,unroosted ores of the

^ ctr. In
1^ ctr.,and fluor-spar
faruace the same
chaigowtis smelted with the
reTerberatary
of the coke-dust and fluoi^"psx.

otrs.,roasted

class

another

The
of

ores

of Class E

(5)2 ctrs.,fine coke-dust

The

Beoclcr

vofiTAtSKB

fkk

nilbmlnkt-diut.

Iron

SS-5t

ZiDo

13-10

curt.
Wllh

o.k^diuC.
46M
4-65

Copper

S-21

670

Lead

932

7-98

perceivedthat the addition

the zinc from passinginto the regnlus;
contained a largequanti^ of oxide
cases
the following
analysesby Sichter :
It will be

of carbon
but

the

much
prevented

slagsformed

of zinc,as will be

of

in both

seen

from

"

woriu, mlh

The

experimentsin questionwere unsuccessful ; for,althoughthe

regnlusproduced contained less zinc, j'etthe smeltingwas grently
impeded; the cousnmptionof fuel was considerablyincreased; the

slagwas

thicker and

more

difficultof

from
separation

the

and
regulus,

requiredto be re-smelted ; and the loss of lead and silver,especially

the latter,
obtained in
was
sensibly
greater. Far better results were
the
ores

furnace by more
reverberatory
roastingthe
completely
constituting
partof the charge.

AOCBBSOBT

PaODnOTB,

Interesting
cTystallized
compoundshave
up
and

the worn-out
have

been

sand beds of the

zindferons

been

found

in

furnaces
reverberatory

examined
particularly

by

Scheerer

at

and

breaking
Freiberg,
Flattner.

326

ACCESSORY

PBODUCTS.

tbrongh the bed, and as it remaina there

is presented
for its slowlyciystalliziiig
under
a
Jong time opportunity
favourable conditions;and it is sabjected
in a greateror loss
most
action of the free oxygen and aqueous vapour
degreeto the oxidising
in the gaseous products
of the combustion of the fuel passing
through
Begulua is

infiltrated

the furnace.
from i" to ^" broad, is
Uagnetiooxide of iron in small crystals,
the
c
aTities
in
infiltrated
lining
regains,
mostlyin the form of

found

the octahedron

compoeingthe

and

rhombiu

thicker

dodecahedron

The

combined.

oryBtalB

homogeneousthroughout,
while those of tliothinner crust occasionally
contain rounded keruels,
and
sometimes
the average
resemblingordinary
copper-pyrites,
regulus
of regulusin such crusts amounting to 22-9%. Occasionally
proportion
minute isolated brass-yellow
the
trated
infilfound
in
are
ciystals
the

liningor

crusts

which for the most

reguluB,
aid of a lens theyhave been
:

are

part
found

can

detected with

only be

to have

the

craufollowing

83-88

Snlphur
Iron....

41-65

Cupper

20-36

L"*d

1-71

Nickel

1-18

AntimoD^

O'Ofi

SiWer

0-09
99'23

to the formula Cu*S,FcS+Fe'S',FoS,

or
Cu^.Fe'S'
corresponds
or Cu'S-i-3FcS+FeS'.
The formation of the crystals
of magneticoxide of iron,is,as suggested

Tbis

+2rcS,

by Scheerer

ond Plattiier,
due to the action of aqueous
probably

the infiltratedrcgulus
; and Scheerer makes

upon
remark that chloriticslate at Fahlun

vapour

megucticoxide

of

of iion. which

enclose

oftener of coppor-py rites.'

silver has been
White
capillary

of

one

of these furnaces

justas
drusy cavities,
smelters.

In other

in

crack

moss-copper

parts of the

small cubes
silver,
capillaiy
without
the
were
entirely

about
a

attached

i" long;

same

by Scheerer

the

near

octahedral

in the bottom

well
as
fire-bridge,

in the Uue-meUd

crack, where

sulphideof lead were

usual step-like
form

as

in

of copper-

there

was

no

discovered which

of the artMcially
there upon the sulphide of lead
half a line (sV")broad,and
minute crystals
scarcely
the
rhombohedral
to
theybelonged
system ; they had

brightmetallic

consisted

found

occurs

the interesting

crystals
of iron-pyrites
but
particles

of

and

crystallized
sulphide.Here
were

contains

lustre and

dark

colour;and
blueish-grey

of sulphurand
essentially

copper,

theywere

as
they
regardedas

of copper,'
disulphide

iCQyCoOJ^Ic

327

CONCLUSIONS.

The

of lead
artificially
crystallized
sulphide

fiirnaces has

been

found to contain

from tliebeds of these

of
only email quantities

copper,

antimony,and silver,
A foliated,
lead-grey
producthad the

foUo'wingcomposition:
"

Sulphur

17't0

Gcftper

"*83

Lead

88-60

Iron

0-36

Antimon;

O-GS

BUyer

l-IO
1000*

This

to the
corresponds

COMOLDBIONS

FBOH

formula

9Cu'S+5PbS.

AnALTTIOAI. DaTA

THX

Frewero

The

data,which
analytical

SKLATINQ

TO

THX

Fbocxbs.

have been

presentedin relation to the

are
lead-smelting,
incompleteand unsatis"ctory.
It is true that the compositionof the various proilucts
obtained in
that prix"B3 has been determined
ditferent
chemists
at different
by
times i but, so far as I am
of a given
aware, the average composition

Freibergprocess of

smel

,^that
ting-charge

productshas not
certain,that
as

in the

is of ores,
been

ascertained.

in

the
question,

reactions

there is
the

modem

will not

science

which

each

at

occur

probablysnfGcient

subjectto

sure
tolerably

enable

regardedas

the intervals

are

long,

identical in

the

afford data

stage of the process.

Nevertheless,

analytical
knowledge of

and
experimental

to establish the

ns

be

of specimens
selected
analysis
and conseso
cutive
precise
for
the
of
the
chemical
requires
explanation

such circumstances
as

it may

is not
smelting-charge

that
composition
; and, consequently,
under

Now,

at different times,eiipecially
when

case

of the resulting

slag,"and

fiuxes and

theoryof

this process

on

foundation.

I'he oro-mixture

is composed of

and
sulphides

oxiilizedsubstances.

The

of treatment,
and that which is the chief object
principal
sulphide,
is argentiferous
galena; and the other or subordinate sulphides
and a Utile copper-pyrites.
We
are
zino-blende,
iron-pyrites,
may
ignorethe existence of antimony, arsenic and nickel,as theyoccur
and may be practically
disregarded.
onlyin very small proportion,
The oxidized substances
of iron, the so-called earthy
are
protoxide
of baryta,
and
bases,lime,magnesiaand alumina, sulphate
fluor-spar,
silica. The problem is the Beparation
of the lead and along with it
the silver ; and the solution as we have seen, consists in causingthe
other constituents of the ore to combine and form a fusible sing. Let
us
oie-mixture, such as above-mentioned,is
suppose that exclusively
the

subjectof treatment
of the silica and

as

may

of the

easilybe
raw

or

in the blast-furnace.

ascertained

uncalcined

ore

If the

relative proportions

suitable,
theoretically
from data previously
given,simplefusion
and slag,
would yield
containing
regulus

oxidized

substances

be

328

FHOM

CONCLUSIONS

and
sulphidcB
reapectively

hand, the

THE

ANALYTICAL

oxidized

DATA

componnds. If

other

the

on

be calcined *uweland then smelted iu the blaat-Ainiftce,

proportionof silica beingsuch as would enffioeto form a fumble
in the ore ajid
slagwith the oxidized conatituents originally
eziHting
ore

the

the productawould be argeiitogeneratedby calcination,

and
lead
cuprifcTous
slagcontainingthose constituents except a
portionof the copper. As the action of the blast-furnace is deoxidand as o^ide of lead is reducible by carbonaceous matter at a
ii^ing,
comparativelyvery low temperature,the oxide of lead in the culwith

those

cined

would

ore

be

quickly reduced

ing through auch a

sulphateof lead is
increased

furnace.
formed

But,
well

as

as
aa

the metallic

atate in deacead-

iu the calcination
oxide"

and

indeed

of

galena,

ably
in consider-

aupposed,iron-pyrites
reduced to
completely
partially
obtuined
be
would
along with
Tegulua

when,
proportion

is present,"that salt would

sulphideof lead, and so a

to

as

in the

case

be

or

allthat needs here be stated

respectto the silver,
be found in the
is that under the circumstances, it will necessarily
metallic lead.
lead

With

fur,assumingthe calcined

ore

to contain

sulphateof silver,

of the silver would

furnace
be separatedftxim it in the blastbe carried down
by the lead,as that aalt is reduced to
the metallic state by heat alone at a temperature fsurbelow what
and at a comparatively
in a blast-furnace,
ture
prevails
very low temperathe whole

and

with carbonaceous matter.

in contact

when
From

the

it
foregoingoonsldorations,

calcination
prelimiunry
sutfice for the

of the ore, one

of the lead and
separation

will be evident, that by a

would
of smelting
operation
with the advantage,
silver,

it mightbe shewn, ef economy in labour,time,and fuel. But (hose

be borne in mind, are based on theoretically
it must
considerations,
the
which cannot
be realized in actual practioe
on
conditions,
perfect
scale.
the
reactions
which
hive
beon
out
Kevertheless,
large
[Minted
do occur
in practice,
and it is onlythe numerical results that fall

short of theoretical
far from

sense,

each

to

is,in

chemical

of its componentswith

be

sufficiently
prolongedor intimate in a blastpreciseand constant results as might be
ou
diametrically
oppositeconditions in the laboratory

ensui-e

obtained under

ore-mixture

and the contact

homogeneous,

other cannot

fuinace,

perfection.The

such

the small scale.

The

main

galenaby

of
principle

and
calcination,

in the blast-furnace of the

of
sulphate
manner,

lead; and
we

the

Frci1"crg
process it the oxidation of
as
as
practicable
completely

the reduction

and
resulting
products,
namely,protoxide

in order to illustratethat

have

supposedore

in the
principle

alone to be the

plest
sim-

of treatment,
subject

and

conditions to be attainable. Now, in

theoretically
perfect
HCtual prHctice,
to
the
method
described, the lead tapped
according
from the blost-fumace is impure,the regulue
contoinH a largeproportion
the

of lead and iron,with

slag retains a notable

silicate and

partlyas

metal

of lead both
proportions

zinc,copper

some

and

other

metals, and

existingpartlyas
The
diffused.
regulusmechanically
to bo
regulusand the slagare too large

proportionof lead,
and

in the

iCQyCoOJ^Ic

RELATING

TO

THE

FREIBERG

329

PROCESS.

it is necessary to subject
eai h of those
neglected
; and, conBeqnently,
with a view to extract as much
of the
productsto further treatment
lead oontained in them an yiossible,
with
consistently economy.
It has been stated thnt the actuul smelting'mixture
is
at fVeibei^
of
"om
former
in
the
s
same
ores, slag
composed
melting-operations
in the reverberatory
fumai^e,and regulusfrom slag-andore-smelting
furnaoe;and it may be asked, why should this be done? The regulua
is preTiunsly
calcined and the product may
be regardedas substau'
tiallycomposed of oxide of iron, about 7% of lead in the state of
protoxideand sulphate,and oxides of zinc, copper, "a. Assuming
sufficient feilicato be present in the smelting-mixture,
the oxidized
of lead in the calcined regulusare for the most part reduced
products
in the blast-furnace,
and

the ocide of iron passes into the slag

forming
silicate of protoside
alongwith any oxide of lead, zinc, copper, "o.,

which

may

Any zinc, which

reduction.

escape

may

be reduced

from

its oxide will be volatilized,being partlyevolved from the mouth

of
the fumaoe
and partlyre-oxidized and deposited
incrustation
as
an
the throat ; and should any of the reduced metal in its ascent
round

sulphideof lead or copper, that sulphidewould

in a greateror less degreebe reduced with the formation of sulphide
of ziuo. The calcined regulnsmay be practically
viewed as calcined
free from so-called earthymatter
and silica; and Its constituents
ore
in the presence of the necessary proporundergo in the blast-furnace,
tion
of silica,
the sume
chemical changesas the eimiW
couprecisely
in contact

come

wiih

stitnents of the calcined ore-mixtnro.

It may

the

be asked why

objectof extractingas
which
with

any

special
subjectof treatment
fur

as

slagfrom

the blast-furnace,
which

it contains,should be re-smelted in the blast-furnace

and calcined regnluefrom the reverberatory
furnace ?
ore

it is evident

that

is

in the reverbei atory furnace with the

with economy
is practicable
the lead

along
Now,

slagproducedin the blast-furnace has the

the
same
as
composition
slagadded, the action of the latter cannot be
mechanical.
to be essentially
chemical, and would, therefore,seem
formed
and more
addition
of
suoh
the
is
nose
more
slag,
quickly
By
as

the

than when
only uncombined
blageasilymaintained and regulated
less
liable
to
used
the
furnace
is
are
gobbing."
formingingredients
;
with
from direct contact
lots protected
and itD liningie more
or
that of iron, of which the action
Hncombined metallic osides,especially
is highlycorrosive.
if
the
slag added contain a notable
Again;
of metals,the^e would be
and
shots
regtiltis
quantityof intermingled
wore
or less completely
separated.
The principles,
which have been enunciated with respect to orewill in great measure
apply to the
smeltingin the blast-furnace,
Ilie regulusis calcined
smeltingof the regulusfrom that furnace.
"

smelted in conjunctionwith coppery ores, slagrich in oxide j"f

lead, which is formed in the rednction of litharge
(seedescription
of this reduction in a subsequentpart of this volume), slagswhich
and

accompaniedthe
in the oxidized

The
regnlue,and fluor-spar.
mixture is for the most part set

form:ition of this

in
products

this

lead
fi*eQ

330

YIELDS

AND

U;68.

into the hearth ;'and

contains much
more
copper and

and trickles down

which

reguluB.Mofltof

second

regainsis produced,

less iron than

the

original

the iron in

thesmeltlng-niixture
passes into the slag,
which approximates
in composition
of
to tribasic silicateof protoxide
iron,while most of the copper passes into the second regnlus. This
will be nndeiBtood,when

it is recollected that in any mixture containing

and
copper, iron, oxygen, sulphurin the state of sulphide,
whatsoever maj be the proximateconstitution of such mixture,
silica,
the copper will be separated
as r^;uluB,
providedthat somewhat more

sulphurIB present in the state of sulphidethan

of copper, and the relative proportions
of
disulphide
and

ailica are

silicate of
into

such

as

may

of iron.
protoxide

suffices to

form

the iron,oxygen

give rise to the formation

The following
reaction may

of tribasic
also

come

play. The

metallic copper, which may result from the reduction

of oxide of copper by carbonaoeoue matter in the blast-furnace,
will
of lead with which it may come
in contact,
decomposeany snlphide
with the formation
of disulphide
of copper, containinga little sulphide
of

lead,and

enriched

manner

such

metallic lead

a
containing

littlecopper.

In this

is obtained, and by againcalcining

copper-regulus

and smelting
the productas
regiilus

in the firstinstance,lead,

and another regulitx

still richer in copper than the last,will be separated
this treatment
be repeated
until a regulnsis
; and so
may
about 70% of
formed, containing

copper.

with
smeltingthe slag from the blast-fiimaoe in conjunction
two
and calcined pyritioores of the classes C, E,
raw
productsare
be
funned, regnlnscontainingas much of the lead as can practically
extracted,and slagapproximatingin compositionto tribasio silicate
of protoxide
of iron and retaining
be procannot
a littlelead,which
fitably
separated. There is present muck more sulphurin the state of
that of iron,than sufficesto form sulphideof lead,
sulphide,
chielly
and sufficientsilicato combine with all the iron and producetribasio
silicate uf protoxide.A regulusis,therefore,producedcontaining
the lead,a largequantityof sulphideof iron, and sulphides
of zino,
Ac.
what
is
The largeproportion
of sulphur,
beyond
required
copper,
with the lead,causes
of the iatter metal as
to combine
the separation
of the regulusby
far as practicable,
and increases the fusibility
without
which
the addition of readilyfusible sulphides,
sulphideof
to render the regulus
zino might be present in sufficientproportion
occasioned by zinc-blende in
'i'he inconvenience
very refractory,
of the
will be hereafter considered in the description
lead-smelting

In

Przibram

process.
TiBLDB

AHD

LoSB.

results were
In the second half of the year 1862, the following
of which
the total quantity
obtained in the smeltingof lead-slags,
amounted

to 48y7'05

tonnes

tons):
(metrical
"

332
for

SUELTtKQ

COSTS.

the "il'vor,
rather than

biingingout

as

material

Talno

havinga

of its own.'

Shu-thw

Cosn.

Camot
to have been at great painsto obtain information
eeeme
this subject,
and has published
the following
thereon,
statement*
the btaH-funtaee.
The

Ore-tm^ingtn

"

cost

the ^ear 1S62 is estimated per ton of 1000

whicli may practically
be taken as the same

duringthe

second half of

kil. of material smelted,

ae

the

uid nperintendent,1-778 "ln;

Bf^liuniBKten,0-136iiay. at If, 20
Wlifeler.,0"12day.mt If, 20
(^^0'310loti,aDd"aod-cbaMOBlO-36kil.
i
Fuel
t Coal for rouitlDgregului,
0-019 ton
FlaiM,0'003 tonorfliicff-ipaT,all7f.70
Bliiit aud abuniw

Englishton.
3-415

iSmellen

0-201
0-78*

7075

...

0-222

0-093
0-566

UsiDtenatioe of fnraacei si"d (ooU

Slag- and

in
ore-imelling

Recond half of the year

"
K.
ukbaur

1862,

the
cost

0'891
160

".

d.

10

"

ton

of materials smelted

I f",:!'"

I
I

I Idliciuren

I kcamamrj

13

Teeerberatory
funutet. During
per

on

the

:
"

20M

work

0'2i4

'^
!Sii."::::;::;::;:::;;:;;::::::::::::

Haiuteiui"cG of rumaoe

aitd tool*

1-2S8
11180

Aboat

Smeltingin
cost

of

of

per ton

the
roasting

d.
11

the

reverberatory
furnaceof dage fron regvlvt-tmtiiing
:
regulusfrom the blast furnace,inclusive of the cost
ores

added

"

LBbonr
Fuel

*,

6-220

.'.

1-589

ton)

22

HiuiiluitaDoe of fnniaces uul toola

195

2'982
81-3*7

".

I.

About

Add

Total

12

lOO-JKbrigenJulolimi) der K. 8. Berg -Academic

zu

Freiberg,

TREATMENT

OF

the second
Beffidut-tm^U'o^."'Dnnng

fnmaco, inoltmiye of

of

cost

333

COPPEB-BEGDLUS.
half of 1862.
and

roastingores

In the bla"t-

regulusee,
per

Laboiu'

of

8-820

I Coal

8-065

I Wood

Fod

O'lSe

I Cote

18-678

I FlUoMpar
FIux"{J
\ SulphateofUrjto

0-040

0064

BtMnpe

J -179

Blast

0-686

MaintdUince

of AmuHxa

and tools

2'579
83

Tbiatiiznt

867

".

f.

d.

Abtmt

The

ton

the blaat^furoace:"

regulusfrom

Copper-Rboulus.

or

this treatment
is the copper-regnlus
(i^iunfmu)
described at p. 317, and the objectis the extraction of the copper and
silrer from that regulus,which may
be attained in two waya
In
either

subjectof

tlie regulusis firstroasted and

case

smelted, whereby

much

of copper, and
regulusis producedcontaining,
say, T0% or more
lead
is
at
the
time
eame
argentiferous
separated.The last
is
desilverized
method
sidered
regulus then
by Augustin's
(tobe fullyconin the next volume) and afterwards
smelted for metallic copper
in the usual manner;' or it maybe appliedto the manufacture
of sulphate
richer

rich

some

of copper

credit of

or

and
blue-vitriol,"

having firstcarried

In the fonner

method

is due the
Eeich,of Freiberg,

to

in

it out

to
practice

the

successful issue.

be deprived
as
regulussboald,as
possible,
but in the latter,
the presence of lead is advantageous
be
to the collection of the silver ; there should,however, in this case
of lead

littleiron

as

far

in
possible

as

the

Freiberg.
The regulus
is for the

at

unroasted.

the contrary

asserts

and be obtained his information

part roasted,but

most

Flat-bottomed

Camot

regulua

with respect to the presence of lead

some

calciners are
reverberatory

is used

raw

or

employedin the

double-bedded furnaces as mentioned

indeed, the same
process of roasting,
in the foregoing
of
at
lead-smelting
description
Freiberg.The

stampedand
regulusis previously
Smeltingtakes placein the same
that

adoptedin

to 26 ctrs. of

slag-and

regulusat

and of
roasted,

from

"

the most, of which

to

to fine powder.

kind of

A
ore-smelting.

10 to 12 ctrs. of

latter constituting
from
*

reduced

famace as
reverberatory
consists
of
from 18
charge
by far the greater part"is

sulphateof barytaand quartz, the

of the mixture

thia work.
Bes the let Tolumeof
in Plattner'a
Such is the Btatement

Allgemeine HQtteokunde, pabliahed at

Freibe)^in 1863 ; but, according to

occasionally
barytic

publishedin 1S64, Aogostiii'B

pro-

was
ceaa

was

tba other

abandoiied
process

was

in
in

1S6D, and

onlj
operationwhen

he wrote.

Camot, whose

preiioualr
quoted paper

"

Accordingto HochsUtter,1.

534

TIIEATMENT

OP

COPPER-REG

ULUB.

emlwtituted in part for those fluxes.

are
smelting
appliedto the manufacture of hlue-vitriol.
about half a baahel (about1^ English bnshel)
of fine coal-slack is
added to the charge,
of reducing
with the object,
it is stated,
any oxide
of lead which may have passedinto the slag.From 6 to 7 chargesare
smelted in 24 honrs. The enriohed regains
oontaina "om
68% to 75%
of copper, 3% to 6% of lead,and 0-3%to 5% of iron.
of this kind was
fbnnd by Reich to have the following
A regains
*
-.
composition

slagsfrom

this

'When

Tegulueis to be

the

same

"

CoKPOsmoK

or

Biqulus.

knbichkd

Snlphnt

BO- 05

Ooppw

70-75

Lead

S-S5

IroD

1-55

Nickel

0-70

Aneoie

with

UtileantiiODii;

l-SS
99-75

[Notebg RiehUr.
72% to 73% of

"

from

At the

preeenttime (1868)this regnluscontains

than

0-3%of iron.]
lustre ; and
glassy
their
which
due to the
is
notwithstanding
high specific
gravity,'
of baryta,theyallow of a very
preaence of a considerable quantity
the
of
:
completeseparation
regulus they hold from 1% to 3% of
The

copper, and

never

slagsare prettyfusible,of

copper.
The function of sulphate
of
stated. There is
aa has been

more

dark colour and

barytain
no

doubt

this process is not

that without the

evident

so

use

of thin

substance, an equallyrich reguluswould be obtained in the copper

works at Swansea, accompanied
with an equally
clean,if not cleaner,

slag.

Plattner
of

of the
gives the followingexplanation

baryta.

"

in admixture
ability

Its

is
application

with silica and

founded

on

action of sulphate

its easy
The

of iron.
sulphide

decompoe-

resulting

protoxideof iron forms with barytaand silica a very easilyfusible

of barium producedat the same
time exerts
slag,while the sulphide
effect
the
oxidized
If
the
a
on
sulphurizing
proportionof
copper.
roasted to unroaated
regulusbe very large,part of the sulphateof
which then act chiefly
barytamay be replaced
as
a
by baryticslags,
phate
Accordingto Camot, the coal is added in order to reduce the sulof barytato sulphide
of barium, and not to reduce oxide of lead
in the slag,
stated.* Sulphateof baryta is completely
as
previously
reduced by carbon at a comparatively
low temperature, with the

**
'

Carnot,isf. cit.,
p.

Hany
produced
*

to

123.

Plattncc,op. cit^p. 196.

Op. cit, p. 196.

and

A mixture
coke-dust wu

worki

of

of Hr.

|
i by.

nt the
wliite-leid,
Sewell,at Nottiug-|

of

sulphateof bairta

heated in iioa rekoti,

preoiBeiyrimllar to thoae u"ed at

The
sulphide "rf' barium

'
worka
yean
ago I bbit Enrbonlo acid
thii principle,
and applied thrown
od

tlie luanufarture

chemical

; bam.
,

awiiy
The

iato tlie river

proceu

vai

Trent

patented.

gaswas

hard

TREATMENT

formation

acid.

of carbonio

OP

COPPER-EEGULUS.

In

tMe

835

much

process

of tli" lead Is

the rest passes partlyinto the enriched r^^liiB and

partlyBeparatea in the metallic atate,carryingwith it edlver;and
and
volatilized,

is formed, which
little black^xippor
is easilyremoved in
a
generally
of stampingthe regnlus,
it being so malleable
die ntbeequentoperation
as to be onlyflattened out and not
puWerizednnder the stamps.
thns extracted is oonverted into renins by fusicii
The blaok-oopper
along with oopper-regnlusee.

regvltuin the mamifaetttre

of hlae^triol. It
of
iron
the
It is stamped
at
most
0*3%
in a reverberatory
aweet
calciner. The operation
In the
divided
and
into
two
is
st"gea,fore-roasting gmeei-roatling.
roasted during 8 hours, and the
first stage 8 ctrs. of renins are
then
and
roasted
The temis
perature,
during 4 hours more.
ground
product
it is scarcely
regulated
necessary to remark, should be carefully
towards
the
and
t
to
end,
so as
accordiogo the
prevent clotting,
information received by Camot, should be sufficientto decompose any
sulphateof silver which may have been formed, and which requires
than either sulphate
of iron
a highertemperature for its decomposition
or even
sulphateof copper. Any clotted lumps which may have been
producedare stampedand againroasted for 1 or I^ hour.
Treatment

of

enriched

"

should net contain more

and roasted
and sifted,

Solution. The
"

of hot

than

regulusis next exposedto

roasted

sulphuricacid

the so-called

"

brown

"

the solvent action

oil,"as it

from

comes

the leaden chambers

(SMvimertdure),
havinga specific
gravityof from
bulk of
and diluted with its own
(Camot says 1-380)
of
in
water
a
or
mother-liqnor
prodnced
subsequent stage of the
pooden tubs lined with
process. Solution is effected in cylindrical
thick sheet^lead,
about 4' deep and 2' 7" In diameter,inside measure.
of each
A leaden pipe about 1^" in diameter descends to the bottom
tub for the introduction of superheated
There are two rows
steam.
of such tubs arranged
one
higherthan the other for the convenience of
manipulation.Each tub is charged with 4 ctrs. of brown oil diluted
is let on, and 2 ctrs. of preparedroasted regulus
steam
as above stated,
added in small portions
are
tinually.
successively,
stiningbeingkeptup conThe regulus
is conveyedin iron boxes, each containingthe
and so the trouble of weighing is avoided.
From
proper measure,
time to time water
is added in order to dissolve the
or mother-liquor
of copper separating
as suffices
anhydroussulphate
; but onlyso much
between
Solution
the specific
and
1.4707.
to maintain
1-880
gravity
is completed
in about 4 or 5 hours, when
the steam
is shut off. The
whole is left at rest for about an hour, in order that the suspended
1-494 to 1-525

matter

drawn

settle to the bottom, and

may
off by a leaden syphon into a

residue is covered with

again let on,

muddy

and

contents

tap

water

heightof

the bottom

ia

flow into

to the

the supernatantliquoris then

The
vat
or clarifying
settling

"om
vessel,

forma therein is taken out and dried.

"^

of the

weight of

the lead and

the

legulus,and

silver of the

about 6",the steam

is
of the tub opened,when
the
which

This

the solid

that
deposit

amounts
deposit

should

to about

contain the whole

regulus,togetherwith

some

cd

oxide iron
_y

886

TREATMENT

OP

COPPEH.REOULUS.

and

has shown it is more

economica]
copper, which experience
leave in that residue than to dissolve out completely.
From
CryglaVaalitm.*
"

into

the

sheets of lead soldered

to 2' 9"

deep,inside

hung

Pieces of wood

meaeare.

the

edgesof

off

with
internally

and

from

about

2'

placedat intervals

are

the latter,
and npon them

are

inches into
plat"eof lead,which plunge some
andemeath.
these platescrystals
On
of sulphateof
small

numerous

eolation

copper

are

is drawn

aulmion

of wood, lined

7' 8" long,

4' wide,
together,

the tanks,resting
on

acron

the

the
settling-Tats

which
crystallizing'tanka,

to

begin to form, and continue io

8 days in the tanks

is left 7 or

into bunches.

grow
;

its

The

specific
gravityat

tion
solu-

first is

1-435, and 1-1961 or 1-2080 after the formation of the crystals.

The crystals
of crude vitriol (A) are redissolved in wat"r
co' in
vitriolic

which

and the solution resulting,

liqaorwith the aid of a steam-jet,
of
from
1*260
to 1-283, is crystallized
a
gravity
specific

has

in another vessel of the finely-suspeflded

matter
after the deposition
which it contained. The prodnotsare, 1st, Crystals
of good vitriol,
which are
washed upon a sieve during a few seconds,then drained
and afterwards spread
In
out on drying-boards.
upon inclined tables,

this (q"eration
of washing some

thoughpure,

fine or small vitriolis separated,

which,

is not marketable, and is therefore redissolved alongwith

afresh ; 2nd. Small crystals
less pure
crystallized

crude vitriol and

than the last,

formed at the bottom of the solution,
and termed bottomwhich are also treated anew
vitriol,
alongwith the crude vitriol; 3rd.
Mother-liquor
(B) which goes back to the solution of crude vitrioL
The

new

liquoris less pure

and weaker

than

the first; but three

to those above described,

productsare got from it corresponding
and mother-liquor,
which
namely,marketable vitriol,bottom-vitriol,
last is employed in the same
that
u
ntil
it
becomes
preceding
way as

in leaden basins,
heated cautiously
weak, when it is evaporated
fire
until
its
is
raised
to about 1-283.
a
underneath,
specific
by
gravity
The concentrated hot solution is transferred to the crystallizing
tanks,
and
and
there yieldsmarketable vitriol,
which
is
mother-liquor,
the
roasted
and
in
of
quently,
consewhich,
ore,
poured
portionsupon
poor
too

the contents

into the

enter

generaltreatment

in the operation

slag-smelting.
is used along
mother-liquor
(B) of the first crystallization,
with fresh sulphuric
acid for dissolving
roosted reguluB; the solution
of crude vitriol,
which are treated like
by evaporation
yieldscrystals
of

The

the first or

is used
along with them, and the mother-liquor
This
is
three
course
or four
dissolving
reguluB.
repeated
times,the mother-liquor
always being reserved for solution of fresh
last
it
is
until it acquires
at
a specific
regulus;
evaporated
gravityof
crude
vitriol
obtained
and
it is set to crystallize,
1-435 when
being
even

again for

Camot, op. cit, p. 127, from

much

of the
Lave

of the

proceding,aa well
is
following,
description

adhered

as

far

aa

I Lave

aa

vhich

'

mnch

'

taken.

'

to the
neceuary
Tliere ia much
more
aoconnt

than

of
lan^usfn

Oamot

detejl in Camofs

in that of Plattoer ; but in

two accounts agree.

thoughtjeiseutial ptuntathe

iCQyCoO^Ic

RESDL'K

AND.OBSERYATIONS.

mother-liquor
charged with
roasted

by
The

while

ores

hot;

iron, vhich

is also

the copper "which it

or

337

'

poured

cont^nsmay

upon

the

be

pitated
preci-

iron.

buildingformerlydevoted to the
There are 8 dissolvingFreibei^AmalgamationWorks.

process

weU-known

is carried

in the

on

52 orystallizing-tanks,
3 flat evaporating-baains,
settling-Tata,
for the residues, a drying hearth, 6 large vitriol
placeof deposit
dryers,and 19 other Teasels for divers pnrpoBes. In order to raise
the liquors"om
the lower
to the upper
vessels the following
ratus
appais adopted. The solution is transferred to a vertical cylinder
lined with lead,capableof being perfectly
closed,and forced up by
vata, 8
a

the admission

of

air at the top.

compressed
-Duringa campaign

Economioal retaU".'"

about

and
with

0-430

and

about

from

116'540

used, which
of the

tons

tons

copper, and
from 4% to

months

in

1862,

regulus,containing70% of copper,
of
sOTer
ozs.
130j
operatedupon, together
per ton, were
of
ton
containing60% of copper
coppery products(croMes),
free
311J ozs, of silTer per ton. Purified sulphuricacid,*

arsenic, was

246-275

tons of enriched

metrical

103-766

of

amounted

to

ing
tons, contain-

204"830

specific
graTity1'834.

The

productswere

crystallized
sulphateof copper, containing
25^4%of
of
a
bout
22'810 tons
residues, containing
30% of lead,
of

copper, and from aboat 424^ to 751^ ozs. of silver

By assay a loss of 4-34%of the total silver present and 3'52%
per
of the total copper was
indicated.

18% of

too.

I have
OfcsffrcalioiM."

large scale,in

had

occasion

which

rich

to conduct

experimentson

of
argentiferous
disulphide

extremely
under
sifted fine,roasted sweet, and
ground
edge-stones,
copper
dissolved in diluted sulphuric
acid heated by high-pressure
steam.
The solution of sulphateof copper was
eraporatedin a circular vessel
of lead (heatedunderneath),
and crystallized.
The
crystalswere
found
to contain a notable quantityof sulphateof protoxide
of iron,
from which they were
ever,
Hownot freed by simple recrystallizalaon.
the
iron
and
afterwards
on
peroxidizing
CTaporating,
crystals
were
producedfree from iron. Iron in the state of peroxidemay be
thrown down
with an equiTaJent
quicklyand oomplbtely
by boiling
of protoxide
of copper.
proportion
I do not see the reason
that the temperature
for Camot's insisting
towards the end of the roasting
of the r^^lus should sufficeto deoomwas

of silver which may haTe been formed ; for nothing

pose any sulphate
would
be simpler and easier than 1" precipitate
by metallic copper

silver which

any

might be

Fbodoce
In the year
ores,

1867

of

the

dissolved

the

of copper.
alongwith sulphate

Fbezberq

Mikes

in

1867.

produoed31,057^tons^ of
silTer,
4663| tons of 1^, 71*15 tons

Freibergmines

64,949-3lbs. of
containing

Camot, op. cit..

p. 132.

I nilpliide.
'
Metrical tona
1
By pasidiig
throagh it sulphuretted
anemo
u
rogen, which precipiUites
j1 lb. = O'G kilogr.
TOL.m.

ton

1000

kilogr.;

338

AT

LEAD-SMELTING

of copper,

604-13

sulphur,and

12

PONTGIBAUD.

of zinc, 158-55

tons

lbs. of nickel

tonn

of areenio. 1208'8

th"
cobalt,

and

toDB

value

mouey^

of

being

or 278,7771. 10".
thalcru,
l,8u8,"ili-3

LEAB^SMELTING
of
production

The

French

PONTGIBAUD.

load in France

is eon^paratively
insignifioaDt,

lead that may

eiuclting
worthy of imitation.'
particularly

and there in no
either

pruccsa of

typicalor
professorof the Ecolo

as

AT

des

Mines

in

I'aris,remarks,

he

rcgardt"l

Thus
"

RiTiit.

the Tarious

works
of France] ""llow different methods.
[lead-smelting
determined
tions,
are
by the nature of the ores or by local condiwhich
imitation
from
leas
an
more
or
only proceed
or
complete

works
which

in other countries.'" '

of the proccKHCM adoi"tod
and which thereiijre,
he givestlie names,
it may

sidured the

those of Vialas

are
imjHjrtant,

moNt

the Lozerc, in the South

of France

The
be

in the

I'ontgibaudin

works

of which

he
presumed,

con-

department of
Auvergne, dep.

; I'oullaouen in
Puy-do-Di'"me

of

Uiaehc, near Arras, dep.

Brittany;'
the
I havo selected for description
liivot has particularly
the
investigated

of Pas-de-C'alais ; and Marseilles.

because
Pontgiband,
reactions
of the process foimerlycarried on there,and
metallurgical
results of generalinterest. Kot longafter
has published
analytical
of that investigation,
the mines and smeltingestablishment
the completion
works

at

under

came

Messrs.

Taylor,who,

am

English mining engineers,

informed,changedthe method of smelting,

with the

though not

peafeldmade
'

the manogenxent

advantageat
jointcommunication

first
on

of

liivot and Zcpanticijiatcd.

the subject
to the Annales des

'
thi"chief f"itare nf metallic vcaltli. Thore
ktill
froni timp immemciriiil,
in, IihIi's.
opi'iicil
in the TOursu
conaiili'rahlfproiiuce
foUowinK remarks:
yieliled

of tbo
pr^raiw hit description

Rjvot

trea(iii""i"tof
EnKtund with

Ari^enlilRinus QBlenn
thu

'

nf lliu last century; ihi^y

Dow
ate
neu-lj
j
all alianduiieilon Recount of the invHsinii
tt (Inivcnt leiim Imik'Gcci) a I'hado lean
could nut again be wotki-d
biltte commereiale
I uf wiittr,and
directeura,
bieii pliu enooiu
without a prettylar|i:e
qu'k la perfectiondn
unllay. If, vhi-ii

"

lei usinm

Pn'eqae Viutes

nchi-k-Dt

lea

niinenua

GctrHitCDieiitniJtiillurK"que."
(Priiicipes
"

iix. p.

"

810.)

Nearly "11 the works

,
,

tlicflwtexploilationayieldt-il
tlivfocilityof
hud been
protftii.
largipartof tliose piofila

lead works who tlioiou|;hly

in i)riti*h
an|no lon^r exinl eiix'ptto acciise the peat,
deratand bi"th ilm science and tlie prai'- ] Supjioacthis ilittrictnf tlie \'cegvKin the
of the Hurt or of
tice of their art ; and tiie inelallurgicsJ
of lliepr.piilation
i IihiiUji
ulituiiu-din tho9i" workis are, on i Saxony, nnil witliout any duubt it wonM
remlta
then liaTe been niHiDtaiiicd in exploitsthe whole, quite as satisfai'tuiT as any
ohtaihed in leiid works on the Continent,
|tion ; for tlieirown met"llifeTous lodes iini
Friinm.
monot even
only rendinil VHJunble by inlelligent
cxc"'pti]i";
I iiagement.whichluuijUBUiiiedlhemdarin^
makes
nmowhat
Bumt
ttiu following
Far M.
centuriis."" Giioliwio
remarks
dlHgiarai^iiii;
Aptiliquie.
i-oncernin); French

Aniedi-eltuiBl.IriKiinii'Ur.Pioft'ascnrd'Ex-

le^-'-The

Voa^-csm.
of
muKt

(if all the

Fmnce, tliat wliich would

chani'j'K in tliu

tricts pluitutiiiii
disdes MiiiGa b I'Kcule Cenlrolo dis
present Artit et MaiiufuHiir. a, etc. ; p. 168.

n.etallif.mus

of former
re-oficiiing
arpntifemnB lend,

workings. Tiie lide" of

a

and

strong,there form

"

dee

FrinciiK'S

Uci"'r."ux

Minerals

p. S70.

'

dn

Traitement

MelullicguiB,1860.
Long tdnce ctoaed.

"'.

340

AT

LEAD-SMELTING

PONTGIBAUD.

it
nccefluitatefl,
dependenton locality,
of smeltingadopted. Treatment
in
of the
account
on
the reverboratoiT furnace is considered inapplicable
in
feeble produceof load and the lar^equantityof siliceous matter
the dre"sc(loro ; and, on the other hand, the powdery condition of the ore
smelted in the blast-fnrnace. The process
prevents its being directly
and
comprisestwo operations:1st, Ifoastingin the usual manner,
the productto
then raisingthe temperature high enough to cause
into lumps ; and 2ndly,Smelting these lumps
sciften and agglomerate
in lead and

i"

oilier circumetances

method
affirmed,the particular

"

blast-furnace.

in

as

two

onrf agghmeraling-furnace.
It should
Socuiing

rather bo described

"

than

furnaces

as

one

I shall
accordingly,

and,

like
and

descrilw

so

it. One

thick

and
(7-87")

is traversed

circulation of cold air

1- 60

throughit.
(5' 3-32").The bottom

wide

layer of

lime and

towards

the doors.

close
shown
and

sand

0*

There

10

by

door

intended

seems

ia effected. 1'he

ore

O" 75

is 1"

and
(3'11-57")

20

wide

of cast-iron for tho

channe)
bed

(2'6'53")

is 2~

and
long (6'6-74")

is of fire-brick covered

thick

and
(3'94"),

it inclines

with

slighfly

doors, both on the same

side,
only two doors,but a third door is

two

are

needed

structed
(A) is confor smelting,

and
(2'5'53"),
a

The

together. Rivot mentions

in his engraving at the end

such

furnace

of the roasted
agglomeration

grate is 1"20
(3'11 "57" J wide by CTS
below the top of the fire-bridge,
which
0"20

beds at different levels,

two

furnace
ordinaryreverberatory

an

this the

in

furnace with

here.

where

the roasted

The

ore

other furnace

falls down,

(B) is placed

(0'lO'll")higherthan A in a continuous line,and is a flat-bedded

wide
10'" 12 long (33'2-43")and
1-80
(5' 10-87");tho
height of the roof from the bod is 0"45 (1'5-72") there are seven
each side at equal intervals.
doors on
Tho
of tho
configuration
3"

calciner

ground is such
the other.
from the

to

as

One

end

admit of this arrangement

of B

fire-placo
by a

with

communicates

vertical

of

with

flue,and

furnace

one

at

the end

tho other end

above

furthest

of B ia

nected
con-

high stack by intermediate condensation -chambers, and

an
underground flue in which the draught is promoted by a fan.
lliero is also a short special
chimney, independentof the main stack,
which may
be used when
necessary, suitable dampers being provided
a

The furnace B is made

for tho purpose.
that the furnace B is heated
be perceived
combustion
of B, and

from

of

by

the gaseous

A, that the temperature of A

that tho

brick.

common

much

It wilf

of
prodiicts

exceeds

that

in B may be easilytransferred to A.
ore
Method ofproceeding. The
is introduced from a hopper into B
ore
hole
tho
the stack end, and is gradually
in
roof
near
through a
roasted
"

the opposite
towards
end, when
underneath,where, being exposed to

it is let fall into the furnace

advanced
A

it is

agglomerated. Four

and two

to A

men

are

shift lasts 8 hours.

much

higher temperature,

requiredat
1'he

time

to attend

temperature

of A

is

the
constantlyat brightredness,while in B it is dull red near
connectingit with A, and decreases to about 235" C. at tho other
Usuallyabout 7i metrical tons of oro arc passedthrough these two

to B

kept
flue
end.
fur-

DigitizecQyGoO^

BOASTING

in 24 hours in 10

naces

at

The

time.

oxidize the

AND

11

or

as
sulphides

bed

roasted

productafter it haa

near

the

on

furnace B contoina 6
with

much

care,

charges
bo

a8

to

reaches the end

ore
The
after its introduction.

The
practicable.

as

in about

of the

melts

charges: the

roastingshould be conduoted
far

341

AGGLOMERiTIUN.

12

houis

and quickly
agglomerates
rabbled, and the
continually

fallen into A

surface; it should

be

the fire,but only

nearest
through
have
stitf
that
the rabble can. no
become
the lower portions
so
longerbe worked. The molten productthus taken out should coalesce
which
into a singlecake,weighing about 300 kilogrammes
(661jlbs.),
of
ing
should be immediatelycooled with water.
In the operations roastand agglomerating,
the ore loses from 1 1% to 12^iof its weight.
The agglomeratedcakes are dull and almost black on the surface,
whether
oxidation has
and it is dilBcult to determino
from inspection
into piecesas
been carried far enough; but after they are broken
the process
large as the fist,the fracture readilyindicates whether
almost
has been properly
conducted
it should be greenish-brown,
:
due
to the
black, have a glassylustre and porphyritio
structure,
of
of numerous
uncombined
of quartz or sulphate
particles
presence
ore-fumace slagof the Swansea copperbaryta,justas in the common

melted

mass

the door

withdrawn

when

works.

If the

temperature

has

been

low and

too

fusion

imperfect,

producton fracture is vesicular,dull,and presentssmall shining

of sulphideof lead.
plates
the

Cdkposition

ot

Boasted

Am

Aqolouebated

0b8.

IL

O'S

07

OxideofUad

16

8-4

Oiideofiron

0-7

8-1

Sulphateof bolyla
Snipbateofload

7-4

7-2

6-7

7'I

Sulphideof le"d

1-4

5-7

24-1

16-5

341

a72

Oxide

of zino

ami felspar
Silks, quart*,

IOxuteoflead
Oxide

of zinc

Magneiia,alkalies
Lime and boiyta
Aneuio and antimony

Total metaUio

it

no

lead

1-5

1-3

I'O

I'l

traces

traces

87-0

no
Glassyand porphyritic,
galenawas

galenawas

110

163

Protoxide of iron

I.

3-4

3'3

39-0

visible. II. Vesicular,

visible.

For

100 Wl. of ore

For

100 kil. of lead

Lead
Silver

Per ton of lead,about

Silver
...

Silver

D,j,i,i.=L,

LEAD-SSTELTINO

CoMPOeittON

RoABTID,

THK

or

AT

PONTGIBAUD.

UHAOOLOIfXRATXD

but

Oiideoflead

29-7

Oxide of zinc
Oxide

OSE.

80

of iron

15'0

Sulphateof lead
Sulphateof iron
SulphateiJxino
Sulphateof baryta
Sulphide of lead
Qonrb and felapar
Anenic and aaliinoDy

99

S'S
1'5
8-0

82
29'0
0-4
98-5

the
was
subjectof this analysis,
that from which
the specimens of agglomeratedproduct
same
as
referred to in the precedinganalysis
were
derived,so that the effect
of the agglomeratingprocess may be approiiraately
deduced from the
the
of
before
it
ore
waa
immediately
subjectedto that
oompoeition
The

roasted

process and

which

ore,

afterwards.

to found
potjsible

was

the

EiTot

remarks, that it is doubtless

"

rigorous
comparisonon

these different

Bpecimena,which
of
the
oxidized and
oompoeition

should

the results of
not

im-

of
analysis

exactly representthe

But it may be
^glomerat"d orca.
inferred from the greater proportionof sulphatescontained in the
oxidized [simply
ro^tedjspecimen,that the periodof agglomeration
the
has for its result
acid
expulsionof a certain quantityof sulphuric
formed in the roasting
one's self,
One may
so called.
assure
properly
the periodof agglomeration,
in following
that a
moreover,
attentively
of
There
certain quantity
seems
sulphurousacid is disengaged."
of a portionof the sulphateof baryta
also to have been decomposition
of lead by means
of silica,
and sulphate
which, it is well known, has
the power at high temperatures of displacing
sulphuricacid even
with

the strongest bases, with the formation

of an
chief result of the a^lomeraof silica with the protoxides
of lead
tion process is the combination
which constitutes the particular
interest
and iron ; and it is this point
The reader is requestedto refer to what has been,
of the process.
combined

when

of silicates. The
proportion
equivalent

stated
previously

in this volume

concerningthe

reduction

of silicates

charcoal and metallic iron.

of lead

by
There
Blatt-fitnaee.
"

is

in
nothingpeculiar

its construction.

It

in horizontal section,and at the lower part is 0" 90

rectangular
wide
and 0"60 (1' 11-62")
from front to back; the height
(2'11-43")
1"
the
to
60 (5'1-3^");the hearth is of
from the mouth
twyer is
brasque, incliningforwards and downwards, and is 0" 4-5 (I'6'72")
below the twyer at the deepest
part; there is a fore-hearth of brasquo
supportedby cast-iron plates.There is only one twyer, O" 025
(099") in diameter at its eye, i.e.the end from whioh the blast
of mercury
escapes ; the pressure of the blast is equalto a column
is

0"015

upon

(0-59"). The

slag flows

ground,

is taken off in

the

or

over

the

edges of

the fore-hearth
The lead

largesolidified crusta.

METHOD

OP

PBOCEEDING.

345

Tbe
regnlusare tapped off into a lateral cavityin 'braBqne.
stack paas
to the main
gaseous productaof the furnace in their course
"n.
"
throughcondensation-ohambers, being propelled
by
Method ofproceeding.
A good mixture for smelting
is composedas
and

"

foUows

:
"

Koaated and

agglonmatedore

_."

Flnor-^iar

100

Limestane

!tiO

6"*ip-irrai
fitniBferetiilues
Capellation-fiirnHce-bottoms,
liUmige,
Eicholdsli^

100
60

...

500

to

IMO

as

an

to 9000

in greater quantitythan what

of that flux,while it renders the slagvery

is never
Fluor-spar
excess

"00

added

is stated,
creases
inliquid,

of lead in the
proportion
"the lead may
slag,in which, it is suggested,
probablybe retained
in the stAte of fluoenlphate
supported
fluosilicate,"
or
a euggeation
wholly unthe loss

by

volatilizatiotiand the

chemical

by

evidence.

An

of iron makes

excess

very poor in lead, but causee

remarked, that the largerthe

the

slags

been
frequentgobbing Up,
the
of
limestone
in
proportion
charge,
the poorer are
the slagsin lead. The consumptionof coke is stated
to be 1 5% of the agglomeratedore.
When
the ore has been properly
roasted and

no
agglomerated,
regulusappears

reduced lead.
some

It has

The

regular productsof

the surface of the

on

smelting

are

lead and

slag,

formed.
regainsbeingoccasionally
The

lead is said not

little zinc

antimony,
1849
always yielded
by
a

Ce. 147

Begvliu.Two
"

ozs.

very impure,but to contain arsenic,

iron : it is very rich in silver,and in

to be
and

assay
per ton.

more

than

460

specimensof regulushave
GoHPOBrnoH

or

thi

grammes
been

per

100 kilogrammes,

analysed.

RaouLus.

yielded:
By dry assay specimensof these reguluses
For

100 kil. of

retina"

Load
Bilxer

I.
76 kil.

IL
(3 HI.

175 gnuu.

165 gram.

230 gren,

262 gram.

76oib.

S5| oza

For IGO kil. of ]e"d"

Silver
Per ton of

lead,about
BUver

"

344

LEA"^MELTING

AT

PONTGIBAUD.

These two
regulnseeare doaignatedas malles ; but as they differ
from each other, and as the proportionof
notably in compositiou
ia very Binall for a true reguluaor matte,
electro-negativeingrc-dicnts
it ia probable that they woro
onlymixtures of definite compounda
metallic
lead. In any case, it would
it
with
be,
intermingled, may
uf
time
to attempt to assignto them
be nhcer waxte
rational formulee.
Slagt. They are generallydark-green or yellowiah,compact,
and have a resinous fracture. It is said that
vesicular,
only elightly
from the peroxidation
their suHiice is often coloured brown
during
which
of
tlio
of
iron
contain.
cooling
protoxide
they
By dry assay
they yieldusuallyfrom 1% to 'i%of lead, and when the smelting in
"

difficultas much

6%

an

U%.

or

CoKPoemoN

or

StMia.

tbi

BftiTta

3-3

Lime

24-1

Uagnesia,olkiilios
Sulphuricacid

3*0
2-1

Fluorine

"

AlumiDa

1-4

Protozlda

of iron

192

Glide

of lino
Oxide of Ic"d

1-6
6-0

9B'6

I. Slag from
from the furnace
"

of

the furnace when

in

goodworking order.

working irregularly.By dry

assay

these

II.

Slag
specimens
"

:
slagyielded

For 100 kU. of

FotlOOkil.

slag"

I.
1-50

BilTBT

0'75grftm. S-GOgram.

Iced,about

"

In No. I.the oxygon

lead

0-430.

of the silica

of the
]:-)'S42,

The

9 kil.

oxygen

59 gtam.

40 gram.

16

13

"

Silver

oxide of lead

kil.

oflc"d"

Silver
Per ton of

IL

Lead

ozs.

19-731,of the bases other thau

sulphuricacid

of the

oz"

oxide

1-258, and

of lead is about

of the

of that of

the

sulphuricacid,i.e.in the proportionrequiredto form PbO.SiO*.

acid and oxide of lead to be presentin comSupposing the sulphuric
binalion with
of the

other

each
bases

other, then
as

20-988

the oxygen
:

13-542, or

inclusive of alumina, the composition

is
the
formula
21{0,SiO'.
by

of the

silica is to that

that,
so
nearlyas 3:2;
approximately
represented

COSTS"

SMELTING

345

CONCLUSIONS.

SmeUingeo"la :"
Coke, 150 kil. at 7f. 50 per 100 kil
of chargeafoi Bmeltiiig
Preparatioii
Bmeltera. by piece-work
removal olgi"gt,"o.
Wear
of tools,
Kpair or ftirnacea,
kil. (mty about
1000
aggtomeiatedore

Pci

I ton

English) of

roasted

10'75
0'!)5
?'00
0'95
aoill
f

"i.

".

Aboat.

The

raw

ova

be estimated

may

to

11

from 30% to
approsimately

contain

33% of lead.
In

1849

of lead,incluBive of

troy, ^he

is stated

Sept.SOth, 1849,
be added

1,258,708-45kil.

PontgibandWorks

i.e.about
litharge,

silver,i.e.239,120-62 ozs.
to

the

producedat

were

tons, and

1259

from
profit

net

Sept.30th, 1848,
1225t

30,622-87 francs,i.e.about

as

kil. of

7652-346

their
Zeppenfeldpublished
of the works
at Fontgibaud, coal, containing5-5% of ash,
account
other coal,containing15'5%of ash,cost
cost 30 francs the ton, and
20 francs the ton ; coke of St Etienne, containing5% of ash, cost 75
franca the ton, and coke of Braaeac, containingfrom 12% to 14% of
It may

ash, cost

20

that when

the ton

francs

Hivot

old

and

cast-iron

coat

about

130

francs the

cost from 170 to

granulatedcast-iron and scrap wrought-iron
francs the ton; fluor-spar
cost from
15 to 16 francs the ton;
and limestone from 21 fo 22 francs the ton.
ton ;
180

CoNOLCBioNB
of

In the process
to be attained are

as

I. ITie oxidation
zinc-blende

by

II. The

by
agglomeration.
productin

Analtticai,

PKBOBDiHa

Data.

at Fontgibaudthe objects
lead-smelting
sought

follow

"

of the

combination

III. The

THE

roastingwith

raisingthe

silica

VBoif

and
galenaand associated iron-pyrites
of
air.
access
atmospheric

of the oxides

so

formed

the associated

with

to cause
sufficiently
temperatureafter, roasting

reduction

of the

blast-furnace

by

silicate of lead in the

the

jointaction

agglomerated

of carbonaceous

matter

and metallio iron.

separationof- the iron and other foreignmatter in the

in the state of siliceous sl^.
Silicate of lead is only partially
reduced by contact
with solid

IV.
ore

The

carbonaceous
with

matter

or

carbonic oxide at

high temperature

p. 31, nnless a flux be presentwhich may

render it fusible. Oxide of iron is such

and
silica,

or a
fluor-spar,

mixture

silicate of lead

even

of lime and
in the absence

alumina.

for the

combine

assignedat

reason

flux,or

Metallic iron reduces

of carbonaceous

matter

thus,

31'bO,SiO'-|-Fe' 3FeO,SiO'-f-Fb'.Moreover, sulphate of lead

=

reduced

by

iron.

It has been

stated that when

the

ore

is

is

properly

346

LEAIWJMELTING

roasted and

AT

7IALAS.

U formed,from
agglomeratediu" regtdu*

inferred that the metallic iron in the

which

it may

be

smelting
chargebecomes wholly

oxidized, chiefly
of the oxygen
in the oxide of lead,
at the expense
and in a lesser degreeat the expense of that in the oxide of zinc ; and,
that
therefore,

it is not

employed as

as
agent of desulphnrixation

an

it is in the Iron-reduction Process to be hereafter deacribed.

From

these considerations it will be

there

all the necessary

are

roast"d and
matter

agglomeratedore, namely,temperature,solid carbonaccoaa

carbonic

or

evident,that in the blast-fomace

conditions for the reduction of the lead in the

and iron.
oxide,lime, fluor-spar,

imagined that in furnace

attainable in crucible

operationsthe
be

can
experiments

It is not

to

preciseconditions

easily

imitated.
perfectly

It is

for example,in furnaces,that the iron used should

impossible,
m
and
intimatelyixed with the materials undergoing smelting,
process, as in the miniature
of the crucible. The process of
operations

during the

80

and
of

instructive

as

be

be

ao

kept

easilycontrollable

and

Pontgibandis interesting

the effect of free silica in. the

iUnstrating

smelting

galena.
LEAD-SMELTIKO

AT

The

process followed at VlaUa

all essential pointsto that of

in

VIALA8.

is,accordingto Bivot, similar

and comprisesthe
Pontgibaud,
a
reverberatMy

of roasting
and agglomerating
the ore in
operations
furnace,and smeltingthe agglomerated
productin

The

of
proportion

from

about

16

to

blast-fnmace.

silver in the fiirttacc-leadvaries much, rangii^

The looality,
with
ozs.
particularly
per ton.

224

respectto fuel,is disadvantageooB

; and the

motive

power,

which

is

water, fails at least during three months

Moreover,
every
year.
Rivot remarks, that " the workmen
in generalbadly fed,and
are
have not the energy, skill,and power
of enduranoe, which characterize

English and Belgianworkmen.

the actual work
the

Labour

done is comparedwith
arises that

conviction

is

cheap ;

the number

but when

of hours of

the mines and works

ployment,
em-

at Vialas

in

unfavourable
conditions
regard to labour, under still more
than in regard to fuel."
Yet it is satisfactory
to note that
to
as
and loss, the
fuel, etc.),
consumption of material (amaomtuaiiont"
method of Vialas will bear with credit a comparisonwith the various
in blast-fiimaces adoptedin Germany."
prDoesses of treatment
are,

"

'

LEAD-SMELTIXO

This
The

is
locality

ores
:

"
'

obtained

smeltingis

PrindpM Gjn^nox,
Op. clt,p. Bll.
Tlji* description
ia

nar's

in the South
from

ftUmoire

lur

the

LA

of Franoe

Palli^res,'near
is

the vein-stuff of the former

process of
"

are

AT

in

same

FISG.'

(departmentdu Gard).
Anduze,

quartz and

as
principle

and

Poutgibaud,

taken

from

Oni-

I'etat actual de

'

la I

Birot

dinia
Sar-

The
iron-pyrites.
that of

da Flomb, Ann.
|U^talIuTi;ie
.er. 1868, 13. p. a25.

p. 574.

from

^"Ilait PaillitiM,

d, Uines, fl

348

LEAD-SMELTING

LA

AT

PISE.

in diameter,
Geoerally
onlytwo twyers are iwed, of O* 05 (l-^l")
of blast of 0" 03 (ri8") of mercury.
Before
thf
a pillar
is lighted,the platesare coated internally
with a layer of
furnace
in thickness ; but as soon
of Paris (pldlTe)
0" 02 (0-79")
it
as
plaster
is in o))eration,
that coatingis detached in pieces,
and in its place i."
and with

thin

depositeda
which

layerof

tho cutcrnal

Bcoriaeceus

to Iw done

during

three months, and all that is

or

period is

this

regeneratedgalena,
Smelting jiro-

the c"st-iron.

on

cceilsunintermjitedly
for two

and

matter

congeals

water

of tho

replacesome

to

re"iuirfd

brickB

sur-

i-ouudingthe twyers; and, indeed, tho campaign might be further

prolongedif the upper part of the furnace did not become constricti^
matter.
by de])OBited
In charging,
the

fuel is

uf the furnace, and

the ore-mixlnro

in the centre

put

and

in the form

towards

of

the fxont

along

crescent

the space above the twyers. The flow of tho furnace gases is go
of a valve in the eduction-pipro,
that the tension
regulatedby means
of those gases is onlya little below that of tho atmosphere.The fumes
with air ; their volume
is reduced
thei-eby
i"asB off unmixed
minimum
becanso the external air is not
ignite,
; they do not
in ; and

but littleplunibifcrous
vapour

of the furnace

is

when

drawn

the mouth

opened for charging.Before

the adoption
of this
often took lire,
and even,
when
the mouth
in tho chambers occasionally
dark, the deposit
ignitedlike tinder.
that time, it is stated, the deposit
was
lightand voluminous,

arrangement, the
was

At

gases

from 35% to 40^^of

containing
and

heavy,and contains

smeltingis said

to be

from

4%

of the

50%

25%

of

of I'allieresafter

The

contain

40% of lead,with

These

ores

present loss in
of the

or

loss

at

moet

weight
7%

was

or

by volatilization.

was

stated to be

composed on
sulphideof lead ; 30% of
of iron ; and 20% of quartz ;
sulphide,
110

and

of silver per 100 kilogrammes.

the addition of from 20"ito

grammes

smelted with

are

of limestone

mixture

metallic,

only 2%

O^f^ T%

to

are
roasting
and
oxide, sulphate,

ores

60%

it is grey,

now

of lead.

amounts

half

the average of 50% of

of
oxide,with a small proportion
to

whereas

total lead, of which

fume

of the total lead, of which

and

to

Formerly,with open-toppedfurnaces,the

ore.

The

lead

of the

is due to volatilization. The

8%

is lost,even

tho

to

lime, from 3%

to

4%

of rich iron

2% to 3% of cast-iron. It is sought to producetribasic

of 30% of silica,
40% of protoxideof iron, 20% of lime,
slag,oonsisting
with
magnesia, and 2% to 3% of oxide of lead.
5% to 0% of alumina
to 1%,and the content
The sulphurin tho slagsought not to amount

ore, and

from

of silver

to 1

The
has

gramme

per 100

13

grainsper ton).

alagruns into a cast-iron pot mounted on wheels.

and
been badly roasted,a littleregulusis separated,

contains

sulphides.From

smelted in 24 hours, with

tappedoff twice
At

or

carbonate

of

8 to
a

10 metrical

tons

consumptionof 25%

When
the

the

of roasted

of coke.

ore

slagthen

The

ore

are

lead is

thrice in 24 hours.

the commencement,

unroasted
and

kilogrammes(Udwts.

an

attempt was

made

furnace
to smelt in the blast-

of galena
('.".
mixtures
(so-called,
sulpho-carbonatos
with
less
roasted
in
carefully
leadj, conjunction

iCQyCoOJ^Ic

AT

LEAD-SMELTING

LA

349

PISE.

of cast-iron and iron ore,

and with lai^erproportions
pyritic
galenaa,
cast-iron
and
of
much
as
as
7%
20% of red or brown
occaeionally

having been added ; but the result was the productionof

slags intermixed with regulue. The composition
highly argentiferouB
in 1863)was
determined
of such a slag (produced
by Bivot,

hseraatite

and

is

follows

as

"

37'33

Silica
Protoxide

of iron

SO-27

Alumina

4'flO

17-30

Lime

2- 17

Magnesia
Protoxide

245

of lead

99-50

5 gmminea
Silver,

per 100
"

sulphurin

The

ft-9%iwhereas

kUogrammea.

Chkflr in ansbinaUiiii *dlb

Imn

nd

slag,obtained

another

fiince 1865

fallen

it haa

caldaui.

in 1864, amounted
to

1%

or

even

even

fo

i%, and

the

silver to 0-5,or at most 1 gramme

(6dwts. 13 grs.
per 100 kilc^rammcs
of lead at the same
time not amounting
the proportion
per ton)of elag,
to

;i%.But

since that

have
periodunroasted sulpho-carbonates

roastinghas been

not

been

completelyperformed. Hence,
of good working,particularly
elimination
perfect
evil caused by the
of the sulphurduring roasting. The
possible
the
by increasing
pres^ence of sulphur cannot, he adds, be remedied
and
of
iron
flux.
acts
of
oxide
"Jt
is
the
as
a
cast-iron,
proportion
smelted, and

condemnation

of the

mixed

and
agent of reduction),
reduction
the
bo

more

concludes,that the essential condition

with respect to silver,is the most

Gruner

process. Hence
3% of cast-iron

with
(i.e.

iron as an accessory
of the vices of the iron-

rise,the addition of
charge,which is stillmade, oughtto

in the

to
2% or
and
entirely
suppressed,

substituted

method

the confirmation
the
an

process

at La

of
equivalent
proportion

rich iron

ore

for it."

It is contended

cast-iron acts simply

by Gruner, that occasionally
and
in
of
this
view, he addnces the
(etmbiutiMe);
support
facts that at La Pise the consumptionof coke fell from 25% to 22%,
of caet-iron added to the chargewas
and 20% as soon
as the proportion
raised from 2% or 3% to 7% ; and that in Pontgibaudin smeltingores,
containing
50% of lead,the addition of 10% of cast-iron to the charge
as

"

fuel

consumption of 9% of coke, and the addition of

with only 7%. Gruner remarks that in neither
17% of wrought-iron,
the iron being oxidized; and
of rcgnlusseparated,
case
was
a trace
that it would
economical
to substitute an
be much
more
equivalent
was

attended with

of rich
proportion

iron ore

of iron
proportion

added

in the

same

for metallic iron.

to the

charge

was

Hence, an increase in the

attended

with

decrease

of the coke consumed.

proportion

Now

the calorific power

of carbon, in the state of pure woodin
round
charcoal,
is,
numbers, 2500, when it is converted into car-

DigitizecQyG

350

SMELTING

bonic

OF

THE

oxide

by combuBtion
quantityof ash, its

notable

into carbonic oxide, would

of pure iron, when
burned

LEAD

ORES

in oxygen

OP

be

bnt,

gas ;

calorificpower,

COMMERN.

when

less.
conaiderably

in oxygen

as

coke

contains

The

calorific poller

is,in round nnmbers,

gas

the carbon
I'ise,

Agauming that in the blast-furnace at La

converted
similarly
4000.

of the

fuel

oxide, it would

follow that snppoidii^.

chieflyescapes as carbonic
accordingto Gruner, the iron added to the chargeto act in the caseB
increase in the proportionof
above-mentioned
as fuel,
an
exclusively
it"
iron should have been followed by a greater savingin coke than
be
that
in
t^ach
It
a
however,
own
must,
acknowledged,
weight.
t
heoretical
comparativelynido instrument as a blast-furnace,
sion
preciin

the

to 1"e
of calorific powers and reactions is not
is the proofthat metallic iron is directly

matter

where

But

expected.
oxidized by

the blast under

notiuQ of Gnincr

the circumstances
is

enuh oxidation

in

for
question,

of such a furnace as that at

reducing,even
main
objectof the smeltingeffected therein the

producb^of the oxidation of

which

it may
how

paaga

iron

by

bo associated?

contact

will with

with

of iron

by

in the

this oxide
that in the

know

we

reduction

of

the

of any native carbonate with

If this be so, it is not easy to understand

the blast nhonId

the rednciion of oxide of lead.

and

Is not tite
Is not
La Pise?

and
galena,

direct oxidation

wiih

the

involved?
necessarily

action
the

in

the aid of heat effect

The

oxidation

blast-furnace

is

pari

occur

of metallic
gible;
intelli-

more

of silicates of lead, while

case

completereduction

of the

iron

oxide

of

lead in those salts,carbon will not (seep. 33 of this volume),

unless a
substance
such as an
oxide of iron bo present,wherewith
the silJcs
the addition
product. On this principle,
lead
in
which
oxiste
for
the
smelting-charge,
if
in
of
most
silicate,may be explained.
part, not wholly, the state
Jn the sei^uel
the use
of iron, as an
agent for the reduction or
of
the
on
desnlphurization galena
largo scale,will be considered at
a
omployod for that object,
regainsrich in
great length; when
of
iron
be
and
such
must
aa
sulphide
produced;
regulusalways
may

combine

and

of oxide

of iron to

contains

form

load and

Visible

silver in notable

requiredfor their extraction, which

in

some

cases

so-called

nuraeroua

after-treatment is
proportions,
is tedious and costly,
involving
repetition
procchses. Every one

will agree with Gruncr, (hat any method

of lead-smelting
attended
with the formation
it is pracof regulus should be avoided whenever
ticable.
But
which
of

there
can

are

ores,

such, for example,as

smelted
hardlybe satisfiictorily

notablycupriferous,

are

without

the formation

regulus.
SilELTING

The
northern

so-called
end

of

OP

THE

Bleiberg of
the

LE.4D

ORES

Commem

Eifol where

the

OF

COUMERX.'

is situated at the

high ground

formed

extreme

by

the

ORE"

THE

Devonian

The

the
an

area

white

351

of several sqnare milea.

sandstone
situated in the

formation; it is about 120 feet in thickness and

of red sandstones

equal amount

an

DRESSING.

of the lower
great drift-plain
variegatedsandatones (bunter

the

covers

bearing lead, is

ore,

by

^ainHt

which

Trias

of the Buntor

covered

OF

outlyingpatch of

an

of the
Sandslein}

middle

off

rocks breaks

Bhine, in

SYSTEM

Only the upper

and

ates.
conglomer-

coarse

rich
is,however, sufficiently
portion

to be worth

with small concretions varying from the size

working ; it is cliarged
of a pin'shead up to that of a pea, composed of grainsof quartzose
sand cemented by galena. These concretions ore known as Knotlen and
The roof,a coarse
the rock itselfas Knottea Sandtiein.
conglomerate,
is called

by the

removed
a

miners

in, the

certain amount

pebblesin the

Deckel,and is wronght up to, but

Wacken

workings, althoughit often

underground
of galena which

same

manner

the

encrusts

and
chalcedony

as

lower

never

contains

sides

are
hyalite

of the

found in

gravels. In the upper beds largespheroidalconcretions of

brown
iron ores, partly soft and
partly consolidated,are very
the
miners
"t"enfu/en ; they conabundant ; they are known
to
as
tain
vanadium
small
and
and in some
quantitiesof chromium
instances as much
as 4% of titanic acid.
The workings are
partlyin open-castand partlysubterranean ;
basaltic

when

the

cover

or

and
stripped

the

quanying ;
the dip,the

when

bed

by

is

that

won

is not

rock is removed

by

than

more

hundred

feet,it is

series of terraces, as

in slate-

the depositto
however, as happens in following
is of greater thickness, levels are driven and the

cover

followed

overburden

workings somewhat
system of irregularpillar-

in

the thick-coal

althoughsoft,stands

well

of South

Staffordshire.

underground,the

The

like

rock,

levels

being kept open

without
timbering;when broken, however, it crumbles readily,
so
that the nodules can
the bulk of the sand by the
be separatedfrom
of drum-sieves
The foimer alone are
worked by manual
use
power.
sent

to

the

surface, the waste

sand

being used

to fill up

the old

workings.
The

system of dressingconsists in the first instance of an

of drum-sieves ; the coarser
sizes are
sizingby means
concentrated
by jiggingand round buddies,while the finest slimes
the
are
or
passedthrough a siphon-washer,
current-beparator,when
muddy water "Ilinginto a cylindermeets a stream coming from below.
The heavier stuff falls to the bottom, while the lighter
is carried
waste
off by the upward current.
In order to obtain the whole of the lead
it is necessary that each grain of sand in the nodules should be
For this purpose lightstamp-headaare
separatedfrom the matrix.
the
used;
elimcB produced aro
concentrated
accordingto fineness
elaborate

either

round

on

huddles

or

tables
shaking-

both

of the

and
ordinary

self-clearing
patterns.
In addition to

galena,the

quantityof carbonate
only

be

sandstone

of lead, which

in

from

placescontains a notable
its lower specific
gravity

collected. In order to
imperfectly
entirely nearlyso, new dressing
arrangements

can

or

be able to
have

been

save

it

recently

352

LEAD-SMELTING

AT

introdnml, in 'which the treatment

00

ground leveL Blue

in places; they are

also found

present diminish
potteryglazes.

of the waste

removal

by receivingit
sides

of

When

sand

from

ftt a

construction

diflused, and
irregularly
which

the

the

to

used
is largely

fur

is effiact-ed
dressing-floors

cinder-tubs

moTeablf

used

drawn

furnaces.
blast-

at

the

"wasteby locomotives
only by a contrivance of this
than
a
kind, that the enormous
quantityof waste amounting to more
bo got rid of,as the country is comthousand tons of sand daily,
can
paratively
and does not give sufGcicnt outfall to allow of its being
flat,
carried away
by a flow of water.
of slimes producedin the dressing-proceB^-s
The different qualities
mixed
are
so
as to yieldfrom 60% to G5% of lead,
correspondingto an
approximatecompositionof about 75% of galena,and 25% of quartz.
smelted on the spot, but
Tbe greater portionof the produce is now
the
sent
and
to
was
formerly
Stolberg
Weatphaliaa Company's"works.
at Stolberg
near
Aachen, for smelting.
mines is Terr
The annual productionof lead from the Commem

where
tips,

filled tbey are

point

of copper

carbonates

wrought-ironrailway-trucks having

into

Bimilar

and green

very
of the ore

tlievalue

when

The

of the sand commences

the

feet above

are

MECHERNICH.

they

In

considerable.

emptied. It

are

the year

is

the

18(i4

correspondingto
from 1-2% to l-o% of
i.e.from 2
ton

ground broken

was

22,397 tons of dressed

furnished

2% of ore, or
0-007% to 0-014%silver,
dwts, 11 grs. per ton),per
le"s than

somewhat

from
lead (containing

5 dwts.

ozs,

pioduce of

of

amount

which
tons ("of1000 kilogr.),
l,204,95:i
ore,

to

18 grs, to 4

ozs.

11

of sand.
Lead

ores

in the

occur

formation, in

same

to a less extent, further south in the

also in

Nottinghamshire and Leicestershire^

sandstone of Aldovly
Edge in Cheshire,which
*

lead is found
These

facts

similar
near

of interest

as

but

manner

Gerolstein,and

copper-bearing

In the

is also of the

of oxidized minerals,with

in the state

are

Eifel

High

same

some

of
indicatingthe prevalence

age,

galena.
a

vei^-

things favourable to the mineralization of a

rock
over
a
largearea during the depositof the
purelysedimentary

condition
peculiar
New

Red

of

Sandstone.

LEAD^MELTINO

AT

MECHERNICH,

BLEIBEHG,

HHENIBH

PRUSSIA.

am

indebted

to

Hochstatter

for the

observation, (September,1869)of
personal
the

works

Berg- und

belongingto
Hiittenwesen

Smelting Company),

followingaccount,

from

the process conducted

at
the company
called the " Actienverein
fiir
Mechemich"
zu
(Mechemich Mining and

CALCINING

produceof the

The

annual

The

prooees of

CalcinatioQ

consists
smelting

m.

Caidmng

and

The

is fashioned

each

on

"

to form

as

silicateof lead.

meUi'"^.~Bothoperationstake
ia 32' long and 12' -wide,and

melt

the

near

the

same

fire-bridge

or

such

ore

there

such furnaces

ten

are

charge consists of 30 centners

holds

calcined

the

There

aide.

working order

place in

basin, the bottom of which communicates

the
in
this
of
the
furnace
tap-hole, temperature
part
hollow

sufficient to

being

:"

:
following
operations

bed
into

with

follows

of the silicateof lead in blast-furnaces.

Reduction

furnace.

of the

as

practicable.

meeet as

as

MELTINO.
ie about

mine

Frittingand melting,so

II.

holes

iND

six.

are

working

at these works.

of dried ore, and each furnace

charges at a time. A fresh

when

in

charge is

the flue-end,
and
put into the coolest part of the furnace, t.e. towards
the calcined ore near
the iire-bridge
remains there 6 hours, when

being now melted is tappedoff,and the chargesin the fomace are

towards the fire-bridge,
each in its turn taking
moved
suooessively
The ore
the placeof the contiguouscharge previouslyintroduced.
and
to
is therebysubjeeted a graduallyincreasing
temperature,
every
part of it remains in the furnace during 48 hours. Notwithstanding
this arrangement with a view to complete calcination,
some
galena
is
off
with
oxidation
and
the
melted
silicateof
tapped
along
escapee
lead or Aagged ore, as it will henceforth be designated.
This product
and
brittle,

is vitreous and

front
back, and 16'
brasquedin the usual
to

are

10" of water.

to

of

formula

the

of

8%

there

4' from

and

the hearth is closed and

measure;

and

4' wide

are

are

four water-twyers,two
of each side-

in the middle

one

pillarof blast equals 9"

parts by weight of slaggedore.
U'
(t.e.
puddling-furnace
sl^s,nearlyapproximating
tap-cinder

wall.
or

four such

furnaces

; and

manner

tc^ther in the back-wall

There

less brown.

or

The
bta"l-/iimace"."
inside
high,

Bedaction in

close

more

The

furnaces.

and
SFeO.SiO"),

48

of

limestone,with

the addition

undccompoaedgalena is present.

much

when
pig-iron,

The

chargeis 100

of

Thf

in iron-smelting
as
furnaces,"". layer
charging is the same
The
follow
as
are
products
upon layer.
about 0-02%of silver (6 ozs. 10 dwts. 16 grs.
Pig-lead,
contaiiking
mode

of

"

per

ton).
Lead-regutttt,
containingabout

with
which

the
are

slag and

collects

and
conical,

by
Slag,yielding
180

From

in 24
VOL.

III.

to 200

after

at

10%

the bottom

coolingit

of lead

it flows out

of cast-iron

is easily
detached

along

receiving-pots,
from

the

slag.
|% to 1% of lead ; it is thrown away.
furnished by each blastfurnace
are
pig-lead
is desilverized with zinc. The
pig-lead

assay from
of
centners

hours.

The

a,-.

854

LEAD-8HBLTIN0

AT

VOHLSNOASSB

TSE

WORKS.

'witb
in admixture
lead-re^lnsia omsbed, cklc^ed, and melted
several
and
the
times,
ultimatelyproduced
secondaryproducta
reffulua
is thrown

it does not contain

when

away

lead tboe derived is used

DtMlveruatUm
in

of the lead.

iron pot,and

an

From

"

|%

of dnc

are

metal, the temperature is raised

is well itirred

as

ladle.
perforated

added
and

to the

The

uanal.

A second

lead,and the

to 600

500

2% of lead.

Tbc

of shot.
centners

melted

are

put npon the sur"oe of the molten

the "whole
so as to fuse the rise,and

metal la then left slowlyto cool and

hoars,after wbioh

during8

reet

than

more

in the mana"ctnre

same

the zinciferons cnut'is removed

at

-with

of ^%, is
portionof zinc, to the amount
follo'wed ;
treatment, as justdescribed,

of zinc, to the
lapseof 8 houn a third and last portion
of i^%,is added, and precisely
amount
the same
treatment
again pursued.
from 500 to 600 centners
of lead, 1-^''l
Thus, in desilveriaing
of rinc,or from 544 to 650 lbs. of rino, are needed.
The pFodaofa are
as

after the

follow

"

Poor lead,containing
a littlezinc.
cnuU, or rich skimmings.
^nei/trout
The

poor

lead is

for the reduction

5%

of

erected
specially

The lead after this treatment.

purpose.
has for its objectthe volatiliiation of the zinc,is poled and

which
cast

of

and
tap-cinder

like those
nsed
paasedthroi^hblast-ftimaoes,
the slaggedore, with the addition of ^m
4% to
from 3% to 4% of coke. There are two
ftimanfl

for that

into moulds, when

it is

readyfor

sale,

This

lead,according to

analysisby Fresenins,contains 99-99474% of lead. This

goodly array of deciDials,which will probably be considered
an

is

as

savonringof

affectation of accuracy.
The zinciferous crusts are liquated
in inclined iron retorts ; and the
lead,which drains off,is again treated with a little tine id the nsnal
ITie zinciferous crusts

from this treatment, and the residue

in the retorts, both of which retain lead in notable quantity,
melted
are
in a common
blast-fumace with the addition of from 1 4% to 1 6% of tapway,

cinder,and from 8% to 10% of coke. The zinc is more

or less completely
and rich lead is tappedoff,poledand cupelled
volatilized,
by tihe English
it contains from 2% to 3% of silver.
process. After poling,
It is stated that the economical advantage of Uiis so-called

method

new

of deeilverization has not

Cordnri^'s

steam

process at

yet been established. The trial of

the Mechemioh
Works
has previously

been mentioned.

LEAD-BMELTING

The

ores

dimensione

roof: there
for 2

or

are

rarely10%

"

bed

THE

MtJHLENGASSB

22'

furnaces of the following

reverberatory
long,12' wide, and 2' high in the centre to the

eightworking holes on each

days on iron plates,then mixed
of lime, and the mixture
Each

WORKS.

calcined in

are

fnmaoee
centners.

AT

as

at

furnace

Hechemich.

side.
with

The

ore

from

3%

is dri^
to

ia calcined and melted in

"

chargeis from 43 to 53
at a time, and
these chATgjBa

The

contains six of

5%

beratory
rever-

356
The

and

Smelting is

Umeatone.

of from
fomaoe

in 24

120

to 130

more

than

24

to

honrs

lbs. each.

1%

EUS.

of 100 parte by weightof the mixed

utd
80 of tap-cinder,
from
tjtolberg,

consuta
cliarge

of Commem

area

AT

I,EA.D-8UELTINa

effected in small blast-fumaoea

caleinr'i
-4 to

^tli

5 ".":

sumption
con-

25 parts by weight of coke. The

yield r.i
is from 60 to 70 pigs of lead weighing fraa

the process is properlyconducted

wi
is
This
is
calcii)e"l
produced.
regnlus
lead-regiilns

of

When

and smelted,when
a second
regnlusis formed, which
than
All
of
to
more
3%
4%
sl^s containing
copper.

oontalnB
of

from

lead

i%
bj
the smelting
works
Munat
of silver,
andl3d,100centBen
sterbnsohprodi)ced2863lba.(Fniseian)
are

assay

smelted

again.

over

In 1860

of lead.
CoMKmnoN

or

ths

Obb,

Suookd

Eich.*

bt

Silic*

18-lB
of lead

Protoxide

Iron,estimkted

ai

7I'S0
2'56

"eaqutoiide

Alumina

From

387

Urao

1'12

HagneBla
SDlphoi

D-37
0-49

this

the sla^iedore
analysis,
silicate
of
of load.
tially
composed
CoHPOsmoN

or

Slao

tb"

tboh

may

WELTDfo

regardedas

Slaooed

TBS

Klie"

Orb,

vt

sDbstan-

OsAim.'

33-51

Alumina

6'(i4

Protoxide

of iroa

54'93

Lime

3-*l

028

Magnesia
Protoxide
Oxide

be

of lead

2-04

of zino

O'll

Sulphur

1-53

102-15

LEAD-SMELTINQ

At Ems, where

the

ore

AT

contains

EMS

IN

KA88AU.

less silica than that of Commern.

it is calcined alone until

with
from
iron

is lanelted
fritting
occurs, and the fritted ore
the addition of 25% of tap-cinder,
from 75% to 100% of lead-slagK.
8% to 10% of lime,and the same
quantityof scrap-iron.Spathic
from
of
to
ore, containing
lead,which is found in the
5%
15%

mines

belongingto

substitute for

'

this

establishment,is employedoccasionaUy
ae

and metallic iron.

tap-cinder

Berg- u. hlittenm. Zeit. 1850,p.

68.

"

Ibid.

"

ntON-BEDUCTCON

PBOCESS,

of the poorestof the ores

previous calcination in admixture

of Comraem

Some

is

into bricks,which

formed

bricks

broken

are

into

small blast-furnace

BUHGFEY.

AT

LEAD-SMELTING

3%

with

harden

by

The

(Emmmofen)

with

the addition

of

tap-cinder.

PEOCESa

is the

Germans,

in

galena.

Both

Ftocosb" (Niederschlagarbeit)
of the
"Precipitation
which
iron is employed as an agent of reduction
of
and
oxidized
of
lead
are
pletely
comsulphuretted
compounds

reduced
in low

when

heated with

in these famacee

inoandeacent
uarbonic

in

iron

ia

as

The

lai^e

ducted
process has been conNorth of England
a

as

high furnaces

the material

fuel,and

oxide

iron.

blast-furnaces,about

and
ah^-hearth(Erununofen),
As

the air.

to

exposure

withoat

the mixture

piecesof the size of the fistand smelted in

IRON-EEDUOTION
This

smelted

are

of lime,and

about 16'

operatedupon

exposedto a

continuous

or

20'

is in contact

upward

high.
witft
of

current

basic silicates
or
(i.e.
hammer-slag),
those
which
of protoxide,
metallic
iron
under
conditions
yield
of deoxidation,have been used wholly or partially
substitutes for
as
metallic iron in the charge. It has alreadybeen stated that metallic
iron is employed as an
reducing t^ent in the English
accessory
"

ores, iron-scale

reverberatoryPlowing-Fumace."
"

LEAD-SMELTING

AT

TAENOWITZ.

This process has nowhere been more

tried than at the
thoroughly
works at Tamowitz, in Upper Silesia,named Friedrichs-

Government

hlitte; and, though it has been abandoned

there, I shall record the
experienceobtained at those works, availingmyselfmainly of the
excellent

of them by my friend,Dr. Wedding, of the

description
contains the history
Mining Academy of Berlin.' This description
of the works
from an
and
is
highly instmctive, as
earlyperiod,
showinghow many attempts at improvement have been made during
of years at a singleestablishment,
how
a long course
opinionshave
from time to time changed respecting
the value of the modifications
effected,and how necessary it .is to exercise caution in forming a
the characters of

judgmenton

metallurgical
processes, even
of so-called practical
men.
experience
The
are

ore,

ores

to

from

the

given

as

in

occur

stated

be

follows

very

Dolomite,of
pure.

Faul-Bichard

The

Tho

formation,and

of two
composition

and

Friedrich

mines

varieties

of

ia
respectively,

"

' Zeitacbriftfllrdas
Bci^-,Hutlen- nnd
giliiumnosen im Ptdubh. Stute, U. ]).139

ftocount which rolloKg of tba

at Fiiett
proccMea at pieeeutooadocted
d mq.

the Muschelkalk

from the

I riohahutte

ISee
,

also

is

by the

Karslen's

lurgie,'
1832,5.

manageT,

'STStem

p. 157.

Telehmaun.
dar

Metal-

AT

LEiD-SiraLTINa
CoicposiTiox

Obi

or

Da

FujirSuBABD

tbmi

ie"A

TMi

".

the
oeaayiDg

th"t obtained

fSili""......

by maiyw in the bnttoo of kad

from the above inin" in the iron-"TUcible
this method

yieldedby
by asalyHis.

Ou

OF

rsOK

_...."
"

.,

per t("i.

on.

found

ore

CSoxFOBinoir

" Alnoim*

kboat 8

nevertheless the result

near

75-812%

0-0147%

has beea

little EiBc

Hum.

74-610%

bflioiHXiKiUeawy

Total Mimt

obtained in

TABSTOWITZ.

"

of iron
( Seaqoioilde

of

aasayingcomes

Fsudbioh
0-670

0-198

0085

0-576

O'SM

1-121

I
I

0*298

very

Uinr.

8-208%.

IOaAoQJiteoflime
Garbonte

of DNtfliierfB
...,

QtAsiMteofpntondeofiraD
ot

OabOData

..M

ODO

Carbonate of lei^

Sulphateof lead
Bniphldootk"d
Sulphideof

18-300%kad.

23-601
-

7-879%do.

11-531

M-19*% do.
0-(H7"Sl%rilrer.

61-412

dl*et

0'0M72

TotallMd
Do.

b; in"ii"cnicU^

0-017881%
z

about 15

on.

10

dwte.

iron seems
In the ye"r 1787
to haTO been firstappliedas a reducing
that
FriedriohfihUtte
14
after
the
at
is, years
same
agent
appli"

DigitizecQyGoO^I

mON-HEDUCTnON

cation had
th"

been

made

woika
emeltiog

front to

859

in the

efCeoted in blast-fnmacee

smeltingwa"

trcaa
deep (i.e.

at

PBOCESa.

20'

Upper Harz,* and

2' 6" wide and 3'
liigh,
"

baclc).On

the average 100 ctis.*of ore were

smelted with the addition of 6| ctrs. of gianulated
cast-iron and 20
of basic silicate of
otrs. of iron finery-alagB
(i.e.
chiefly
consisting
of iron similar to the slags from the charcoal-fineries of
protoxide
with
Englishtin-plate
works),
of charooal

of 238
consumption
besides
products
slagwere
regulnscontaining
per centner
Ijtto I| loth (1 loth about i

and 61'76 otrs. of

of lead and
The

from

renins

the

and

smelted in

was

similar

bushels*
1373

"om
oz,

with

manner

53 to 58 lbs.

troy)of silver.
7^ ctrs. of iron
ctrs. of regulus.'

yielded35'88 ctrs. of lead and 50-76

experimentsoonoeming the relative values of oharcoal and coke as fuel led to the exclusive adoptionof the latter in
1791, and the substitution of low for high furnaces. Moreorer,when
coke was used, the regnluswas
so poor in lead as not to be considered
worth re-smelting
when charcoal was
used,the r^ulus after
; whereas
4 or 5 suGoessiTe roastings
and smeltingsstill yieldeda renins containing
notable
of
lead.
The
of
coke
to
a
proportion
superioriQr
charcoal is ascribed to the highertemperature which it developes.
Experiments were made with a view to ascertain,whether it
to smelt the ore in the roasted than in the
would be more
profitable
per 100

The

otrs.,and
results of

(English)

otrs. of lead

the result showed

that the reverse
the case, the
was
lesa
and
the
of
iron
yieldbeing
consumption
greater.
Oxide of iron in the form of iron ore was tried,
and not found snoto the temperature having been too low
ceesf^ owing,it is alleged,
state ; and

raw

and the time too short to reduce it to the metaUio

throughthe
but not
coke

as

furnace.

The

the former, as
the fuel,would

of iron,if time
to

enough

latter condition may account

for the iaot,
the temperature, in a low blast^fumaoe with
have been sufBcient to reduce oxide
certainly
had been allowed for the purpose.
It is interesting

the date of this

note

state in its descent

of
application

oxide of iron in the

the end of the last century ; for

smeltingof lead ores, namely,towards

BO
recentlyas 18M a patent was granted in England

to Mr. W. J.
in
the
reduction
of
lead
ores,"which
improvement
in a furnace or crucdble in admixture with
consists in heatingthem

Cookson

for

"

An

metallic iron,or oxide of iron,or iron-pyrites,

and a small
neutral
and
carbonaceous
matter.'
or
alkali,
salt,

quantityof

1S6T, p. 6, =: 151-208 bosbelft

Zeit.,
given an IntereEtinK * Bee Earstao's AnhlT. 1st ser. 6. p.
of the Dppei Uarz
Ueber
das Zagulcmactwadee Blei177.
smeltingworks from 1551 to 1867.
glanzeain Bchacbtofen mit Eisenzusohlag,

Berg- and

hUUenm.

li
et laq., where
historical account
Bilver

' 1
Buf der FriedrichshUtte bei Temowitz.
the fotmet Pnm[ui
oentnw
premune
is here referred to. 1 ctr. = lOS'III
ll". Tliij paper contains the liistorr of tlie

wheiesi now
sToirdnpotB;
lbs.avoinlDpois.I have
vrorth wliile to reduce

1 ctr.=

1 10 232
"

not conmdered

it

these weights to

13"i sdiefiels.
=

IS'Ml

Wedding
"

A.D.

work, and
with

100

sian
soheffels,Prus-

imperialquarleraEnglish

Bome

has

mppliedDr.

of hia detailn.

1664,March 8. No. 553.

oT the

Englishweights.
*

Twimwitr

Metals BDd

ments
Abridg-

Bpeoiflcations
relatingto
AUojt, I86I,p. 257.

360

LEAD-SMELTING

TABNOWITZ.

iT

tried instead of coke,whereby there waa

a saTing of
fuel ; but the yieldwaa lessened and the time of smeltingprolonged.
One twyer was
sobstituted for the two previously
nsed, and the
witb fiavourable resulta Since the bepressure of the blast increased,
coal

Kaw

giuQing of
furnace, of
was

tlio present century the process of smeltingcontinaed

nntil 1862, when
same
smeltingin the reverberatory

tlie

about

wm

the
essentially

oonstruction

same

aa

the Flintshire fumftce,

introduced.

The

ore

deliTered in two

was

termed

Ihe ore, and fine ore

ore, teimed

states, largeor courm

smelted
were

which
Sehliech,

the
separstely,
"

ore
high blast-fumaoes. The term
snch
of
in
consisted
Tolnme
aa
was
piecesvarying
appliedonly to
from ^ to 4 cubic inches,'
the rest constituting
Sehliech,which I will
designateas slimes,thoughthe term may not be strictly
appropriate.
Deicription
of ike Low Furnace (Hrummofen). It resembled, aa
the common
of the North of England (eeep.
before stated,
slag-bearUL
of
and
consisted
a rectangular
chamber, with hearth and fore411);
hearth : there waa
only one twyer from 1" to 1^" in diameter in

former in low and the latter in

"

"

inclined downwards
The width
and forwards.
the back-wall,slightly
from
side-wail
the
other
in
the
distance
to
the
one
interior)
(m.
the distance from the fore to the backdepth{i.e.
3'
was
interior)
; the height from the twyer to the top
^
2"
3'
was
(Langeaays
6"); and the twyer waa 1' 4" above the level
of the fore-hearth.' The hearth was
preparedwith brasque cconof
ooke-duat
and
of
olay. The elagfiowed away
posed equalparta
waa

the

1' 6" and

wall in the

through an
througha

opening in
cbauuel

in front,and
The furnace
was

the upper edge of the fore-hoartb.

the metal
from the lowest part of the hearth into a cavity

divided

the

rcgulus into

another

prolongedupwards in

was

I7

of transverse

means

for the condensation

of

similar

cavityfStichherd).

the form

arches into

of
a

shaft,which

series of chambers

fume, openingsbeing left so

aa

to cause

the gaseous productsof the furnace to pass through these chambetB in

before escapinginto the open air. On removing the
succession
lowermost
arch and
underneath, a low
buildingup the fore-part

furnace

might

furnaces

were

to

be ocmverted

into

alternately
prepared
as

high

one;

low and

and

the
accordingly,

high fumacee

according

requirements.
The

long,and

nose

or

of
slagprolongation

formed

chargingwith

the twyer

was

from

8" te 10"

before
lead-slag,

by
ning
beginregularsmelting-charga*
Method ofproceeding.
In ore-smelting
the chai^ was
oompoeedof
ctra. of ore, from 15 to 16 ctrs. of granulatedpig-iron,
12 ctrs. of
waa

to add

some

the

"

100

'
'
' See an mtenatine
Tlie Fnmiaa
Bud English n
paper by Lon)^ in
Earaten'H An;hiv. 2d scries. ISiil. 24. p. are
bo
nearlytho tame, tLat I have
430. UebereinigeVerkDdeniDgcQ,
vrelclio Icunsidored it neceagat; to rednoe the ftnwauf der Fried ricbshiitto bet Tsrtionitz hei I going nnmbere to Englisii.
*
Karslen'a Arehiv. iBtser. 6, p. 182.
ilendortigenBlei-ScbmeliprocesBenTorge-l
kommen
Bind.
I
..

.__

IRON-BEDTJCnON

iron

and 36
finery-slags,

361

PB0CES3.

otra. of ore-fnmaoo

lead-al^s.In

12-hour

the average 45
on
passedthrough,yielding
of lead,which contained from 1^ to 2 loths of ailrer per otr.,and
18 to 20 otrs. of regulus
amoanted
: the conBumption of coke
to
of
the
of
the
Earsten
the
to
to
ore.
22^ 25%
weight
According
dressed so clean as to contain at most
than 8% or
not more
were

shift 70
otrs.

from
from
ores

of

ctra.

ore

were

and occasionally
10% of vein-stuff,
only5%. The same
anthori^ gives
follows;
of
100
14
15
and
ctrs.
to
ctra. of iron,
charge
yieldas
ore,
To smelt 100 otrs. of
12 otrs. of iron-slags,
and S6 otrs. of lead-slags.
16 hours were
and
of
ore
a
required,
consumption from 48 to 50 cuhio
feet of coke : the productswere
from. 67 to 68'3 otrs, of lead,frran 24
and from 30 to 36 ctrs. of unclean slags,
to 25 otrs. of regulns,
fume,
of assayingthen practised
etc.
The regulnshy the method
yielded
found to contain
only 2% of lead, although hy exact analysisit was
from 7% to 8% of aulphide
of lead. The proportion
of lead in the clean
which flowed over
the fore-hearth,
did not exceed 1 J%. and was
slags,
less (asfound by analysis).
The loss of lead,which it was
often much

the

mclusivo of that obtained from the various

to ascertain,
difficultexactly
amounted to 1 2% of the lead contained in the ore or
aocesaory products,
of that

17%

extracted
actually

in the lead varied from

other

rich residua

regarded

was

as

from the

J to 2i^loths

were

smelted

hy

free from lead,and

of
proportion

The

ore.

per ctr.

The

themselves.
a

nnclean
The

silver
slagsand

r^ulus which
were
slags,

of the clean
porttoa

smelted

alongwith the slimes.

followed the campaign of ore-smelting
in high
Slime-smelting

furnaces,
which,

above stated,
were
merelylow fumaoes surmounted
with a shaft 20' high from the twyer to the mouth.
The furnace was
filledup to the mouth, and generally
not higherthan 12' above
never
as

the twyer. Very fine elime cannot

introduced into a blastfurnace
be directly
without several evil results : its state of division is snch that
much

of it would

find its way

be
alleged,

be blown

out

by

even

into the condensation-chambers

driven

so

combustion

into and

incrust

blast of low pressure and

above ; and it might,it is

the fuel

as

greatlyto impede

; but

these evUs may be obviated by mixingthe slime with

of lime,whereby after the lapseof 48 hours it becomes
a^lutinated into lumps sufficiently
hard and dry for use.
milk

An

was
chargein elime-smelting
composedof 100 ctrs. of
unroasted
24
or
rogulusfrom ore-sme)ting,
with the addition,
and 120 ctrs. of lead-siags,
finery-elags,

average

slimes.'*32
etrs. of iron

otrs, of raw

the materials at command, of 20 otrs. of furnace residua,

granulatedcast^-iron. From 20 to 22 ctrs. of slime were
passedthroughthe furnace in a shift,with a yieldof from 8 to 9 ctrs.

accordingto
and

] 2 ctrs, of

of lead,containing
from

reguluawas

also

2^ to 3 loths of
produced,which was

of coke amounted
After the

of
completion

to about

the

silver per

ctr. ; some

less
worth-

thrown

44^% of

sumption
away ; and the conthe material smelted.

slime-fimelting
campaign,unclean slags,

'"
Kareten states ihat there irere two vBTJetieB,
from
ons
eontainiug
slimeB ooptaining
lead,and liie other longfa
from 30% to 35%.

40% to 50% of

362

TARNOWITZ.

AT

LEAD^MBLTING

detedied from
ihe
ftnd all Hie reaidtu of vftnoua
kiada,mdi as pieces
Bmelt"d in high fomscea, in txmhearth, furnace aocretaona,eta, wen
about
of litharge,
with
from
the
redaction
83% of
jimctioB
sUgB
and between 7% and 10% of iroQ finezyregulnsfiom dimfr-gmeltipg,
From
of
residua were
80
75
to
ctrs.
pajsedthroughin a shift,
slagg.
and
The

iumace

continued

the

Tield,accordingto

3 ctrs. of lead
otr. ; the

ooke

amoonted

of the reeidna,waa

nature

1}

oontainingfnaa
per ahift^

alagawere
on

thrown

the averaj^

to

12i^%of

The

vreel^

firom.

1^

2 lotha of silver

to

worthlem.

as

away

daring

work

uninteimptedlyat

to

per
of

oanmuuptioo

the total residua

above

not of the total material anelted.

specified,

With

Lange gives
reapectto the ameltingof the reeiditalprodnota,

The reguluswas
rosated
followingparticiilaT"
under
:
otherwise.
The "diarge
waa
composedaa

the
or

in

twMt

heajw

"

Uiwleaaila^ tiken cf in MnMa

Agg^aaatied (tuff (Macbcd
fanweftafai...-."

89

"fter bfiping,
etc
tlie ioteria "f

ban

.,._".-."

AbI

".""."..{

.^"."._.

I"Md-npiliut"Mt"d""Mt
01dlnd-fllagi"^tlieUthoil"thMDtni7.
Owinlated
pig-iron
-...."

.,__"_.__._

^.^".

30

"

".."""".

lOO*
J.P.

TbanaiumKiUutUinliiiiimrlnaHoritelUBit.batlaBbliklanKitiUti."

"

with
amelted in oae-and-a-faalf 8-honr shift,
quantitywaa
1
of
abont
cubic
feet
of
about
t(a"
a
coal,tA
35^
ocmaamptian
If the legnliMl
8 owta., the yieldof lead being frcan i to i^ ctrs.
fnah r^piltu
would be i^mdooed in
'not prerioaaljroasted,
were
that in tite charge; and when limestone
as
nearly the same
proparticHi
other injnrioas
to prevent this evil,
added with a view
was
of sulphideof calcium,and
eiFecte followed,namely, the formation
insufficient slaggingof the iron,whereby a ferriferous bear (Sisenwith oonseqoent tiiokeau)waa often farmed in considerable quantity,
but
little
lead was
of
the
furnace; and, moreover,
yielded.
ing up
There is always a very notable quanti^ of eaod in the charge,which
such as iron finery-aUgB.'
a suitable flux,
requires
Thus
the operations
ended
of a year, and as at last only worthlesa productsremained,and nothing was
left for further treatment,
Dr. Wedding quaintly
it is not surprising,
as
remarks, that strangers
Bach

came

from "ir and

In 1807

but with

the

near

to learn this model

high fumaoe

unfavourable

regulusricher,and

waa

prooeas I
resorted to for

^ain

results,as

the

yieldof

lead

ore-smelting,

was

less,the

slagnot so dean as that from the low furnace.

tried of agglutinating
the
was
experiment
and
slime by fritting
heat
its
smelted
at a gentle
to
;
previously
being
the generalresults wero
less yieldand richer accessory products
and
In the

the

followingyear the

residua.

Iron

ore

waa

again tried
"

in 1811

as

substitute for the

Op. cit.p. 48S.

"

DigitizecQyGoO^Ic

3"4

LEAD-SMELTING

here

be

AT

subject"f enquiiy;

the

risk of oontradiction,that
labours of specially
skilled

but

TABNOWITZ.
this may
be aflJrmed withont
indebted
the
to
been mucb

has

England
foreignworkmen,

indeed

and

of

some

onr

of
importantmanufactures have been Introduced by means
w
orkmen.
foreign
The proposal
of Berthier to add galena to lie bath of lead in the
tried at Friedrichshutte, bat
German
-wax
was
cupellation-fumace
the
of
tbe
and
the
"wret^ed
on
ore
imperfectdesulphuriaatian
verybad quality
The loss of lead after working up all
of the litharge."
the intermediate producteamounted
to 7-09%against
5% in the OBasI
moat

method

the lose of silver remained

but

made

experiments

-were

in

furnace

the

same.

In 1829

forther

similar in construction

to

of coke

Geimatt

cupellation-fumace,
ei:ceptthat the bottom was made
introduced into the fumaoe,
braaque. At first 12 ctrs. of lead were
and when it wae
of
16
melted,
charges ore, of J ctr. each,were
ally
graduto the amonnt
added, the slag drawn, and further ore supplied
of 10

tappedoff,and fresh ore

From
100 ctrs. of ore
were
produced64 etrs. of lead and
of slags,
with a eonaumptionof about 156 cubic feet (Prussian,

etrs. ;

added.
17 ctra.

great part of the lead

was

i.e. about 5| tons

English)of pit-coal,
(estimating
1 ton of ooal
1 cubic yard),or in round numbers
about 1 ton of ooal
for 1 ton of ore.
After the completeworking Tip of the intermediate
the yield of lead amounted
The prooees was
to 69^ ctrs.
products,
condemned
and abandoned, chiefly
account
of the disproportionately
on
of time and fuel,and the bad qualityof the lead
great expenditure
tma
its contamination,it is sieged,with sulphur(I).

nearlythe

same

as

were
Blowing cylinders

for bellows, and

The

snceees.

in

1833

substituted

at

FriedriohshUtto

in 1826

substituted for coke with

was
pit-coal
non-cakingand inferior,yielding,

raw

coal is stetcd to be

to Rivot,12% of ash.
according

is very indefinite

The

term

"coal," it is well

to remember,

The preeis conceraed.

composition
the
worked
furnace
and
by one-half,
hotter and quidter."*The composition
100 ctrs.
of the chargewas
of ore, 11 ctrs. of broken cast-iron in fragmenteof about 1 cubic inch
Hure

of the blast

so

lar

as

increased

was

"

in

volume,

12 ctrs.

or

somewhat

more

of iron

and
"iery-slBgs,

30

of

from ore-smelting.
The yieldwas 64^ ctrs. of lead,with
leadislags
of
about
cubic
feet of pit-coal,
i.". a little more
57
a
consumption
than 2 tons.
The accompanying regnlusand slag contained respectively
lead
and
of
lead.
further
trials
of
After
was
10%.
1%
66%
obtained (from 100 ctrs. of ore),with a consumption
of about 53^
cubic feet of raw
i.e. very nearly2 tons ; the yieldof lead
pit-coal,
being 2% higherthan with the best coke made in.pilesor open fires,
and the consumptionof cool 22^ cubic feet less,oompntedinclusive
of the loss of

Many
*

weightin coking.

other

B"e Kanteti'i

Steiukoblen

experimentswith

Arahiv, 2d aer. 183S, S. p. 3. Ueber

in Scbochlol'en.
BleUiiittenproceisen

bi-i alien

LUtte,Tumowitl.

several difierent

die

Bj

were
objects

Benntzung der
Mentzel.

per-

roben

Fiiedriolni-

iRON-BEDUCnON

formed

of
friedrichahiitte,

at

detaiLs.

give AQj
for
lead-regulns

In 1843

attempt

Dr.

onlydoes

made

vaa

Wedding

to Bubstitute roasted

metallic iron,which,

that it wonld

ooncluaioa

of whicli

Bome

an

365

PROCESS,

led to the
thongh tmBuccesaful,
that
to
smelt
advantageona
regnlnsin

be

the roasted,and not as heretofore in the raw, state ; and it was

ingly roasted for that purpose in largeheaps. In 1845, we
that for

the low fnmoces

ore-smelting

aooordformed,
in-

are

profitably
replaced
reducing
for greater in high fomaoes, and the reguluscontained
agent was
lead,yet the yieldwas greater,namely,67-73%of lead,i.e.
1% more
than in low furnaces. Lange states that the regulus
frtnn
2% more
of
the
of
oast-iron
the high furnace, on
account
lai^erproportion
lead (9%)
bat contained more
added, was not onlygreater in quantity,
which
than that from the low furnace (8%). The comparativetrials,
recorded in detail by Lange, seem
to have been most
are
carefiilly
each fiimace was
made ; and the ore with which
suppliedduringthe
taken alternately
of experiment
from the some
was
course
heap.* The
cost per ctr. of lead in the high and low furnace
was
respectively,
and
and 6 thlr. 7 sgr. 7 pf.,
about
5d.
Id.
I7s.
18".
6 thlr. 5 pf.,
t.e.
The foregoingstatement
of costs appears to have been incorrectly
friend Professor Bmsh,
calculated by Lange, from whose data my
h
as
deduced
the
of the United States,
followingaccount :
by high

ones

were

for, although the consumptionof fuel and

"

In

flioH FrsHACE.

the

KlUr.
2100
The

cost

The

cost

ore

taken

at 20-31

per ctr. cost "1 2r. Sd.

lead
of
100
Tield
paitaof ore = 61-11%
per
*

l"=
I

In

* Klblr. 10

Rmir.

TBX

Sgr.

31.

IjOW

FCBMACE.
Rtblr.

aeoitof
2700atn.oforeproduc"dlT27}DtiB.ofleBdnt
The

ooet of

The

coat of

nneltiog1 cti. of ore

pToduciug1 ctr. lead

The

ton of lead taken at 20-31

The

jieldof lead

per 100

Difibrence in coet belweea

tbe latter,
4a. Id.
For

Low

Thatonoflesd

The

Sgr. Pf,*

624
5
prodneed 1422 ctn. of lesd at a cost of
of smettiogI ctr. of ore
8-91 d. groKhen = 10-69 pence.
of producJDg1 ctr. of lead
13' 17 n. groscbea= U'SO
pence.

ctra. of

givenweight of

(a"

=
=

T-15

Sgl. Pf.
II
S

groBchen= g-5S penoe.

groschen = 13'40 pence,

n.

ll'I7

643

n.

ctr. ccet "1 2a. 8d.

parts of

oie

U3-97.
per Ion of lead in faTonr of

the High and Low

Furnace

tileHigh Furnace

produces3-74%more

lead than the

Furnace.

it may
be inferred that more
lead is
volatilized in the low than in the high furnace ; and, consequently,
it might be supposed that there would be a proportionately
greater
From

the

precedingdata

loss of silver in the former

than

in the

but
latter,

this

was

proved

igitizecLy

386

LB^il^SMELTIlIO

tke

AT

TAHNOWITZ.

eqiuJ weightaof kad from

beads of silTer of equalweight
hy oupeUatioii
It is worth; of Dotioe,
"" Ittngeremarka, that
to be

not

ease,

lew iron aoffleesto jieldpore

in the high faanaoe,whioh he

Icnr fdniace

regoltufree frona le*d than

expluuab^ the fact ibat flame eacapei

of the low faraace,and

if thereb;oSbcted,whidi doee not occur
at first after the

ia ihe

gare

lead and

frata the mouth

jnt

esdi fimaoe

the

of
partial
loasting'

in the

high fumaoe,

preliminary
heatingwhen

the

ore

except

is first intro-

ora

doced.
made

Experimentswere
for iron
lead-r^olna
tAA

with

the

view

whioh
finery-alags,

of former daya
lead-regnlue

tage. In addition to the

Bomptionof iron per 100

came

earingof
of

ctre.

roasted
SBfastitattBg

of

al"o raoceeded

to be worked

and

so

up with

there
finery-sla^

2%

was

the

adTanlees

oon-

ore.

ai^ntiferone
galena"om the oalamdoe naines is
first delirered
was
Friedrichegrube
(Frederick
ICine)
in
Taroowita
Lead
Works.*
carried
at the
was
on
Ore-smelting
tnf
urnaces
of
the
attitude
bat
same
as
high-blast
preTionsly,
In

rich

1B48

the distriot of

horizontal section,1' 9" broad at the fore-wall,

2' broad
and 3' 9" deep,tA from front to back,
back or twyer-wall,

pezoidalin
at

the

all inside
ctra.

of brc^cn

ctrs.

of iron

about

1857, for 100 ctrs. of ore were

required 9'T
16
9-8 ctn. of grannlatedcast-iron, and
cast-iroo,
In

measure.

tons

for
finery-^lags,
6

cwts.,

were

which

fll cubic

consumed.

The

feet of

".".
pit-cosl,

from

slagscontained

able

of iron,20% of silica,
and 10% of alumina, besides Tanof
lime
and
proportions
magnesia. From 36 to 40 ctra, of ore

were

smelted

40%

kind

to

45%

in

of furnace,

an

8-honr

having

shift, ^imes

been

Furnace

in the

preTiously
agglutinatedby

milk of lime ; 100 ctra, of ore requiredfrom

caustic lime ; the other components of the
and
lead-slags,
finery-slogB,

smelted

were

certain other

14

to

21

cubic

"^argewere

same

moans

of

feet of

iron, iron

productscontaininglead

(At^ange)of various kinds,such as unclean

smelted in the high furnace
fame, etc, were
slags,
lead-regulus,
residua

addition of iron and limestone.

In 1802 the Flintshire reverberatory
fumaoe

into

came

leadwith

operation,

the expense of metallic iron was

of the
saved, the necessity
by
"
great number of what Dr. Wedding properlydesignates repetitionBut
was
avoided, and the diffusion of the silver prevented.
processes"
which

the blast-furnace

was

smeltingof poor ores containing

residua containinglead ; and the

retained for the

of lead, and furnace

coke for
experimentwas made of substituting

70%

under

found that

raw

coal,when

it was

sary
though it was necessaving of fuel woe therebyeffected,
the
as
nose
it,
prolongation
dag
using
(i.e.
of the twyer)could not be maintained sufficieutly
short,and be kept
The
from extending too "r into the furnace.
evil,however, was
with
corrected by the adoptionof water-twyers. The blast-furnace,

to

abstain from

"

"

tUe

Bame

in whicli
district,

IROKHtEDUCnON

387

FR0CE88.

sndi u ia deacribed in the

dividing'-vaU,
introduced with
next
Fieiberg,wu
tlie
of
furnace
aiid
is
stillcontiiined ;
for
residua,
advantage
smeltiiig
intenninaUe
and the last of the apparently
ehangw at the Tamowitz
the
riean slagto run
into
Lead Works is,we
aie
infonned,aUowing
"r"e from regnlus.
and that any
iron vessels in order to obtain it more

twyors And

two

vertical

at
lead-ameltiiig

cf

acconnt

of
mechanically-mixed
particles

lead

suheide

may

the

to

bottom,

from the
he collected. Since 1862 tiie residue, or grey-slag,
which
sUmes
and
furnace
both
are
ores
oonsmelted,
(in
reverberatOTy

and

so

has
taining70%ormoreoflead),

of lead.

ctrs. of

10-4

than

ctrs.

Uast-fumace

ctrs.'of sn^

35

slag,21-1

otrs. of

iron,41

otiH. of iron

slagare

tained
ob-

and
finery-slaga,

of coal

A tabulated

of Hmestooe, for which

29 ctrs.
of results compiledby Dr.
statement

required.

were

Wedding

is

added,

be useful to ^Kritisklead-smelters for companscuL

it may

as

mon

passedthronghthe

100 ctrs. of ore, whicdi yieldin the after-treatment 47'2%

for the blast-fomane is givenas follows :
smelting-charge

from
100

Swnewhat

mentioned.

above

been

lMi*trfow".lni!iBtfT.orilliB.i,talh.imiteii'l"Tfani""
wSI'rf^'"**'"^
{""!
llft-TB
ctnof

__

Dr.

Iron

flDn7-"kBL

j 3-"c^"iam^

.*_d.v

"'**"f""y^'^*"*"

that

141,393 ctrs, of ore were

smelted
in 1868, and that 4500 ctrs. of fume were
lected,
colof
of
the
of
ctrs.
2260
value
thalers
lead,
13,500
yielded

Wedding

informs

me

Friedrichshutte

at

which
20251.

or

Ob$ervatiotu. ^It will

"

probablybe thoughtthat

to the Tamowitz

too

much

space

Lead

has been devoted

Works, as the process there
so
long practisedof applyingmetallic iron as the main agent of
described in one
two
at
or
might be sufficiently
pages
The history
of those works, so circumstantially
most
presentedby
be studied with advantage,
Dr. Wedding, may however
though the
lesson of humility
task be wearisome
; for it t"aches a much-needed
and may serve
and guidefor the
to warn
and caution to metallurgiets,

reduction,

It is well

future.

that these works

conducted

were

on

Government

was
account, or, in other words, that capital
Had
it been otherwise, we
should

deprivedof
narrative

as

the
that

payers.
suppliedby the taxhave
been
probably
and instmctive
advant^e of such an interesting
of Dr. Wedding. Private smelters,possessing
nary
ordi-

pmdence, 'who
return
satis"ctory

inclined
and

less

than

tion

In
was

have

only their own

capitalat stake, and regard
of
as
are
capital
paramount importance,
the
their
in
of
to be more
afiairs,
circumspect
management
in general
to experimentfor the benefit of mankind
disposed
for that

officialsof Government

1B63

the averaeB

31-75%;

in IMH

nturaal
it

vaa

works.

nopor-

|three yean

:
2D-64%; ipectiTely

and in 1865 it was

15-92^ Hwbtwi^ I(run aMays
percentageof lead in thia dag in those |

47-S, 4S-3, and 38-8 retheae aumbeTS

derived
wern
made in the iran-cnicilde.
waa

368

IN

LEAD-SHELTmQ
Tamowitx

THE

lead, according to

Karsten
}"daGtioa

calla attention
of the

that the

the
and lastly,
fnmaoeB),

may

ia

of

towards

the blast

to

nsed

vaa

and

he

for tbe

enggests

its reduction

(at least in

With
finery-slags.

reason

But there is another

well founded.

indicate

contribute

iron

agents,there

last-named
to merit

theorywould

duiomite, the oxygen

aB8ociat"d

99-21% of lead.
99-883%of

to Zinrek
aooording

tlie fact that leas iron

to

galenathan

followingagents

HABZ.

Lo-wig,contamB

0-03%of zinc ; and

0-018%of iron.'

0-02% of iron,and
lead,and

UPPER

lew

the twu

to

respect

the

"

the

believe that tbe

suggestionis
by Karstwi,which seems

remark

attention,namely, that granulated

particular
pig-ironis lew

efficient as

than

pig-ironwhich has been slowly

cooled and
of ibr
more
up, i.e. eceieru paribiu,
former will be needed to reduce a givenweight of sulphideof lead
the same
than of the latter,or, what is equivalent,
weight of pi^ur
iron,coutainingthe same
proportionof carbon, will reduce more
reducing agent

afterwards

less

sulphideof

forming

lead

broken

pig-iron,or

grey

the carbon

as
according

is present as graphitf
formingwhile pig-iron. It is

combined

desirable that this statement

should be made

the

further

subjectof

investigation.
experimental
The

as

finery-sli^,
accordingto Lai^,
that

as

oxide of iron is reduced

the

towards

this

ore

but therr

slagis highly basic,a portionof

to the metallic state,and

of lead,whether
separation

so

presentin

may

ita

contributt

'

phide
the state of sul-

oxide.

or

LEAD^MELTING

the

After

conducted

at

IN

THE

UPPEB

of this
precedingdescription

Tamowitz, it will

would

detail as
it was

supplyoxide

is to

base to the silica of the vein-stuff in the

little doubt

be

can

of iron

tise

of iron

carried

not

process,

bo necessary

otherwise be needed
in the

HARZ.'
as

to enter

concerningthe

Upper Ilarz,where

formerly

it was
into

xaaDuer

so

much

in which

it has

disbeen placed
recently
another process, in which basic silicate of protoxideof iroo
is used as a substitute for cast-iron. Indeed,the following
account
may
be regardedas introductory
of the latter process.
to the description
on

by

Harz

The
rocks

"

Mountains

have been described

partially
Upper Silurian,but
out

of

sea

of the North

culminatingpointis the well-known

The

"

sea.

This and
around

mass,

the

which

having but

strata

84.
llio

tied

mtloliurgioi! proccHses of

"

Die

baTe

been fullydescribed

coiunielientiivc
ObcrLarzer

1^

eDlitreatise,

feetabove the

central

granitic

and I desire full;to

the subject,
(o its nutbar.
lodet!
my obliguCion
"

Bee

ackoow-

MurciiiBOD'a Silurin,4th

ed. y.

391.

HiittenproceBse," " ScetheMtlallicWoalthoftheUnitPd

am
States,by J. D. Whitney, ISM, p. 3fl9.
Die
oa
"iaeii"t"iiiB^Lii|f"r
Erzgiuige uud

ed. ISUO ; and lo that tn-atise I

indebted Ibt my
iiilbimBtian
chiefl;
2nd

strata."
secondary

Brocken,3500

"

Tbe

Harz

German

palceozoi*^

and lower Carboniferous-Arisi

rocks are folded,the mctamorphic

palaeozoic
littledevelopment." llioro are two groups of veins

Berg-nnd buttenra. Zeit. 1886, p.

ill hU

island of

the

'

Upper

an

neighbouringheightsconstitute

"

Kerl

as

Devonian
chiefly

in the

369

PROCESS.

IRON-BBDUCTIOK

that of Claosthal andthatof

Upper Harz,

Andreaeberg.

In the

of vein-stone 18 made up of a breccia of the

Claosthal group the masB
brown-spar,
spathiccarbonate
country, held togetherby calc-spar,
of iron,qoartz, and
feroua galena,
with

of baryta. The principal

is ai^entiore
sulphate
and
blende.
The
some
eopper-pyritea
AndreaabeTg

and siliceous slate,

and
exdusivelyin argillaceous
various
well
ailver
aa
aa
so
galena,
ores; strictly
yieldaargentiferous
antimonial sulphides
and fahlerz.
called,auch as dark and light-red
and of littledepth: the
The TalJeys,"
writee Hivot, are numeroua
streams
not of themselvea powerfulenough to produce the motive
are
and smeltingworks.
force requiredfor the mines, dreesing-floore,
It
has been necessary to form ponds and construct gigantic
canals in order
and conduct them whore theyare used. The etuerrAle
to collectthe waters
of these works is one of the cAe/"-(i'(eutire
of human
and genius."
patience
and
the
whole
of
it
ia
is
The ore
smelted in the
essentially
galena,
state of coarse
powder,termed ScMieg,and what may be delivered at
to such powder. But
the smeltingworks in lumps is there reduced

of veina ia

group

"

"

as

the treatment

is attended

of the

with

attempts have

ore

in this

been

made

fine state of division

comparatively
been previously
specified,
repeated

have

evils which

at the Altenau

Works

to

smelt

the results of which

(Knoiyergehm^ett),

small

the

ore

in

increased

lumps
to the
owing,it is alleged,
consumption of fuel and diminished yield,
left in the lumps,
ailica,
largerproportionof earthymatter, especially
than in the Schlieg.
At the Clausthai and Altenau

preparedfor

smeltingcontains

lead

SmeltingWorks
on

the average

were

the mixture
from

64

to

of

ores

56 lbs. of

and 10 quint*(1 quint

5 grammee) of ailver per centner
(50
kilogrammes)i.e.0'10% of silver (32 ozs. 14 dwts. per ton); while at
the Lautenthal
SmeltingWorks it contains from 62 to 64 lbs. of lead
and from 9 to 10 quintsof ailver per centner.
It is hardlynecessary
far
to add that the variona
mixed that
so
ores
as
as
are,
practicable,
=

the matrix
The
been

of

oree

dressed

one

may

from
to

percentage extremes
made

by

serve

as

fiax to that of another.

the Clausthai

and

Zellerfeld lodes,after having

the following

greater or lees extent, contained

constituents in
of the various

Briiel and Bodemann, and

Sulphideof lead
Sulphideof copper (Oo*S?)
Sulphideof iron
Sulpbideofrilvpj
Solphideof zinc
Snlphideof antimoti;
Alumina

tabulated

by

Eerl

77'34

analyses

seven
:

'
"

3614

trace

207

trace

3-41

009

0-13

000

1-88

O'OO

4'36

trace

6'13

QirbonAte

of lime

trace

424

Carixmate

of

tntce

Silica.

magneda

0-53

0'23
12-38

ttattcDdesnordvi'stliolienHannoverBchen
des HLnes, 4Ui
I 1860, p. id.
Ann.
Bi^fot,
Obcrharaes.
Dr. ZimmermoDQ.
KarBteo'fl I Ber. 1851, 19. p. 4G5 tt Kg.
'
'
ArchiT,
ArctiiT, a,,
U.
2,,B.
1837, 10. p. 27 tt
1837,
el ta.
leq.'
Op. cit p. 17.
2ud ed.
Eerl, Oberhaizer Hiitlenptoceue,
,
TObni.

igitize'QyG

370

Tho
to

LEAD-SMELTING

ores

and

delivered
Sehlieg

4%

Kerl, from

to

THE

IN

HARZ.

at the

of

28%

UPPER

smeltingworks contain,
copper and about 0-4 quint

accordit.
per

".-.:

i.e.0-004%,of silver.
Sobuxo-Bmiltiko.
Cast-iron is nsed and less is added
saffice for the

completereduction
in

Clanstbal Works

add the cast-iron in

in

lead-rcguluB
ma;

At tL
galena in the ore.
the ordinarysmeltingof SehUetf,
it is desir^ti
such proportion,
that the reduced lead
and
li.
5 : 4 ; h'.
as
weight be as 4 3, or, better still,
;

the addition

this results from

than,accordingto theory, Tr...c.

of the

the
(=36 ctrs.)of Si-hlieg,

of about
actual

and

15

4'5

otrs. of cast-iron

productionof

average

respectively.Bat

to

lead
of

^^""
ai-:

ti-

regulus being
quantityof lead 45 ctrs. are derived from furnace residua, snch
ihr.
bo
etc.,'
forming part of the amel ting-charges,
impure litharge,
reduced
metallic
iron,
it
is
t",
14
31
ctrs.
circomputed,
by
only
are,
of lead for 1 ctr. uf cast-iron.' Experiencehas, it is alleged,Ehu'HT.
that the greater yieldof lead, namely,three times the weight of lbwhen the latter is employed in the proportionetalrd
caet-iron,occurs
The addition of a lai^r quantityof cast-iron increases tho qaantii,''
of regnluBand only in a slightdegreethat of the lead ; and the Team '::
of iron enters
the regulusand
there nassignedis,that the esccss
further
tho
mains
without
actingupon
sulphideof lc9'}
intermingled
18-5

ctrs.

ctrs.

""

combined
a

smaller

of iron.
sulphide
of
is
cast-iron
quantity

with

by regainsricher

On

the other hand, the addition "":

by less yieldof lead aii'i

followed

in lead.
"

lead-emelting at Andreasbcrg,t.". tbr

of
from
2J% to 10% of silver,it is compuuil
smelting ores containing
2 to 3 Iba, (I lb.
bo from
of lead for
there should
i kilt^jramme)
with
1 quint of silver ; and
in
less silvK
poor lead-smelting,"
present, there shonld bo from 4 to 5 lbs. of lead for 1 quint of silver.
The mixture
to be smelted is prepared for every rost (
36 ctr*.i
of Scklieg:
added successively,
the materials are
laver
layer upon
form
truncated
with
to
so
as
a
a
pyramidal
heap
(sehichtenweise),
the
order
is
follows
base
as
:
rectangular
tead-regulus
slags (U.
;
of
this
slagsproducedin the special
smelting
regulus),
iSaUf"^.
process
iron, lead products (i.e.impure litharge,Ahstrich, etc.),Sdtieiffrom smeltingSehlieg
coneideratioTil.
in the process under
slags(i.e.
the
In
iron, lead products,
ScliUeg,
Sehlieg-^gB. filling barrows for
the heap in vertical
charging the furnace, care is taken to remove
that the charges may
be as uniform
in composition
so
as
portions,
is
not
milk
of
lime
uf
the
Agglutination
"}ilieg
possible.'
adopted,
by
from want
of space, it is stated,
for afterwards drying the lumps.
The time requiredfor the extraction of the silver and lead from all
of a year is
the SchUegdelivered at the smelting
works in tho course
abont 1^ year, and for tho extraction of tho copper from 2 to 2^ years.
In what

is termed

"

rich

"

LEAD-SMELTING

372

THE

IN

HARZ.

UPPER

clinod downwards, poroiis or " atarry" in front,bnt aronnd

dark
:
the mouth
of the furaaco is without flame ; the column
of smelting
matorialB descends

graduallyand not by jerks; the elag,having a

out
mns
regularlyand easily;the blast afte
proper consistency,
there is fuel behind the tymp-stone (Foraetnfnn).
thorou(i;hly
; and
which cloeeB the breast or fore-part
of the fumaoe.'
The oanse
of too long a nose
be too heavy a burthen,
i.e.
may
of smeltingmixture relatively
too largea proportion
to fuel, -which
evil may
be corrected by increasing
the proportion
of fuel. Bad
it
will producethe same
evil ;
very ashy fuel,as might be antinpated,
for this is tantAmount
effect of

too

long

to diminution
a

amolting,but to bum
escapingmuch

then

is to lower

nose

the

solidification and

is not

nose

of fuel,properlyso called.

only

derange

to

the

Thi'

operation

of

of the blatr
the fore-wall in consequence
usuaL
The effectof too short a

away

closer to it than

temperature

adhesion

of

near

masses

the fore-wall,
and so cause
the
well as the hearth, ^vhich

to it as

to detach by breaking
onlybe possible
throughthe fore-vralL*
The products
of smeltingare furnace-lead,
and slag.
lead-rcgulus,
Fumaee-lead (TTeriUn).Kerl records five analysesof this product
from the Upper Harz smeltingworks, in which
the extremes
per

it may

"

cent

of the

foreignmetals

all,0'0o-076
in all,(W)l--3-46
in

;
;

determined

wore

as

follow

iron, present in three,0'12-2'96

zinc,present in two, trace-016.

:"

copper, present

antimony,present

The lead-rcgulus
is
Lead-regidut.
produced in the Upper Harz
b
ut
tamitihsoon
crystallized,
compact,
mostly
occasionally
blue-grey
; it commonly
ing and acquiring the oolonr of m^netic-pyritee
resembles fine-grained,
aoldomor coarse-grained,
galenain fractnre.
but it is unlike galenain being porous or vesicular. On the under
which
lifted off the subjacent
Bur"ce of the crusts of regulus,
are
it
of
have
been found at the
or
more
lead,
crystals
liquid
^" long
"

Lautenthal

Works

be

to
expected

in

contact

occur,

with

the

and

that is

just the positionwhere they might

the particles
of regulusthere solidifying
slowly
ba^ of lead and having freedom of motion
themselves in obedience to crystal
togonicforce.'

sufficient to arrange
in the interior have
These crystals

metallic lustre,but on
perfectly
the exterior a dark brown-rod
colour,due to oxide of iron resulting
oxidaition of the sulphideof iron in the regulus.
from atmospheric
have
been
examined
They
by Gnstave Kose,who has provedthem to
of unequal development
bs cubical,though in oonsequenoe
theymight
a

theae fnmaeM
are
through iro. When
of order, it is very difficult to gel
subjectI have retMiivcd the
to go well again."
m
followingnule ftuin an Enslish smeller r
An
"IhBTe
Knicliah sm"-11er BQggeetsto me
alwBjB found in working these
sniall fomaoeH, that when
the nose
came that these er^'atnta
bemay have been derived
tniuble vas,
the principal
Tronx the aulpbidoof lead illasulred in tbe
tiio hhort,
that tiie back
of tbe fumaoe
burnt
"ita high t^mperatnro; and this,
he
wM
tlio elagawere
ka,is the more
through,haireTer c"re(\illy
probableorigin.He
often Been
behind
and
A
uIl'o cryatala
so
tlie fuel "" front.
produced
and from that a blast
absent from the gurfaoe.
1 rajjuluswas
imp seta in front,
which
it deflectt'd,
cuts through t)ie buckThcf viould rise to thu lop and attach
themSBlvei to an; i^;ulnstticiM
cnt
wall
aa
a
blow-pips flame would
exiitmg.
J

Op. oit

On

thU

Riled

p. S86.

mON-REDUCTION

first

at

sight be

mistalcen

for rhombohedrons

galeua.'" The crystaUare said

ti'll,and to be

LEAS-BBonLrs

or

Bulphiu

73-34

Iron

990

Copper

0-39

EDO

0-20*

Antimony

O'lO

SUyer

0-12
99-69

By

regulns was
its

II.

I. IL

By
II.

as
rcgulus
as

II.

V.

By

cleave

they

from
specific
gravity

n.

m.

IT.

99-7

lOa-00

lOO'llO

in every

By Ohme.

like
90

to

OF

Lead-Bmolds

Bodemann

T.

TL

100-80

lOO'SI

I.
crystallized,
except No. VI.
in
tory;
laboraBy Joy,
Kammolsberg'a
IV. By Bammelsberg. V. By
6-11.
c*ee

compact.
Lactentbal,

vbou

crystallized.III. By

IV. By Bodemann
C. Bromeis ;

AvenariuB

Habz,"

III.

specific
gravitywas
Bodem"nn
; it was
By

CoKPoAiTiON

Oi^hsthal,Uppeb

fbok

VL

Hahn.

in

15-34

Ltad

Brliel.

to vary

magnetio.

Composition

The

373

PROCESS.

Habz.'

Brticl ; the

compact and from

VL
VIL
cxystallizei

Uppbr

the
From

samo

same

piece

Andreas-

and

Bodemann
respectively.
foregoingtables it is clear,that the regnlusproducedin
in the Upper
less finely-divided,
or
or
galenamore
ameltjngSchlteg,
position
Harz, with metallic iron as the reducingagent, varies widelyin comit
be
cannot
and,
consequently,
generallyexpressedby any
;
considered by Itammelsformula. This subject
has been carefully
one
bcrg,who properlycalls attention to the fact that lead-regulus,
et^ie-

berg by
From

the

"
Kerl.op. cit.p. 396. Gnrlt,TJeberncht '
ilerpyiopennetenkiiiutlii;heuUineralieu,
J in

1857. p. 22.

Bammelsberg, op. ctt p. 232. Kerl,

ilightly
recordingtliese aiuiIyiieB,
giri'B

"

differentdecimala for Bome

VL VII. Irom Keri.

"RumnwIaberg.LehrbDchderchemisch. Noa
2ad ed. 1865,p. 232.
i
Metallurgie,

of tlienombeiB.

37i

LEAD-SMELTING

ciallr when

contains
ciyRtAllizeil,

lead, which

metallic

IN

on

-washing; and there ia at

bo whdlly removed.
certainty

the fractured Hurfaces of the

solidificationmetallic lead may

afl

metallic

copper
which
is a

metal"

UPPER

HAKZ.

notable

quantityof finely-"liffn""d
by pounding
maj' be soparated
method
which
it can
prcHcntno
by

certain extent

to a

and

with

THE

Metallic load,indeed,may be seeii

Ho suggests that dnrini;
regiilus.

separate throughthe entire

Ju"t

moas,

similar circnmstances

separates under

in

"

blue

of snlphur.
eopper-rcgulus
consisting
essentially

and iron

derives support from RammtLt; and the suggofrtion

in qnestion.
the lead-regulus
on
analytical
e
xperiiuontB
berg's
The reguluB,
which he analyned(No, IV, of the first table),
yielded
by poundingand washing H^% of residue,containingmuch lead in
the metallic state.
Now, aiwuming the theory of the separation t"f
in
blue metal
metallic copper
to apply equally to lead-rcgulus,
mutalia mutandit,there is one
obvious pointof diffcrenee between
tlie
of copper and load in regard
two cases, namely,the relative fusibility
to their respective
at a temperature
regiiluscs.
lead-reguluB
solidifying

copper

ow-n

''

"

higher than

far

"

metal

metallic lead, which

metallic copper.

and

ditfuHcd
mechanically

Hence,

the

is not

case

supposingmetallic

with

"

lead

to

blue
exist
pre-

in

while molten, it is easy b"

lead-reguhis
conceive
that as the former becomes
solid and the latter very
rapidly
the metal might bo retained in very sensible propbrtiona
in
slowly,
the rcgulus;for, althoughthese substances differ much
from each
be required
time would
to enable
other in specific
gravity,
yet some
the lead to subside,particularly
if it were
in a finely-divided
state "s
it would

probablybo

The

with

combine
Sb8'

analysesrecorded
accordingto the

the metals

and the inferences

with

nectiou

that

the circumstances.

under

sulphurin the

which

of the

may

presence

above

bo drawn
of

from

notable

quantityof metallic lead in the

does

formulas

suffice to

not

PbS, FeS, Cu'S,

this fact,in con-

and

undetermined

or
Ist, That one
more
regnlus,
exist
lower
t
han
those
the
of
formulte
as
of the metals
sulphides
bo present in the metallic
above : 2ndly,That sufficient load may

to be

state

and
If

with
c"ni]iatiblo

these formulae

from

justifythe

both, may

been
at

to

That
3rdly,

or

lower sulphides

as

Rammelsherg computes, that,

of the formulae referred to,
sulphides

of metallic lead re(]uired

to
proportion
But
he
thinks
the
to
34'13%.
3'5G%

lai^o as
or

"

metallic lead may

co-exist.
inference
bo correct,

the 2nd

assuming the metals to exist

the

are

advanced

be

3rd

present

for

as

inference

Pb'S

doubtingthe

and

and

Fe'S.

be present would
last named
that lead
Reasons

existence of such

least in the solid Ktate ; but the existence

than FeS has been demonstrated.

iron lower

when

and

have

iron,one

previously

sulphideas Pb'S,
of Bcveral sulphides
of
that
Pb'S
Admitting
a

exist per te, it does not follow that it should

of other metals.
combination with sulphides
does not

vary

quantityso

not

exist in

this

and
regulna is crystalline
the cleavageresembles that of galena; and
rhombohcdral,
apparently
he considers the mass
as an
aggregationof small cubes with nnme-

According to Ilausmann,

DigitizecQyGoO^I

IRON-REDUCTION
interstitialepacea.

rous

the fonnula

by
represented
that the
probable

tte
PbS

oompoaitionmay

be

mately
approxi-

+ FeS, yet he regardsit

regulnscoiuiiBtacinlyof

of lead and

sulphide

Although

375

PROCESS.

as

intimate mixture

an

magnetic-pyrites
(5FeS-|-Fe'S").In

of

support

of this view, he adduces the facts that the lead-r^ulusof the silTer
"works of the Upper Harz is always strongly
and that it
mt^netic,
contains crystals
of magnetic-pyrites
.'
unfrequently
it appears to mo
weighingthe evidence on this subject,
data are
that the analytical
all so much vitiated by the presence of
metallic lead in unknown
the proposal
not to justify
as
proportions
of a rational formula for lead-regulus.
The problem is one of much

not

After

and
scientific interest,

well deserves attention.

remarks, that,if

Kerl

regulnsin

the iron entered the

protosulphide
(FeS),4'6 otrs. of cast-iron woald

of

the state

have reduced

16-7

of lead ; and hence he concludes that part of it must

exist in the
(Fe'S).'In order to establish this
rcgulusin the state of disulphide
ctrs.

conclusion,it would

be necessary
to prove, that, in the smeltingof
obtained ia reduced
of the furnace-lead

the whole
absolutely
"^chlieg,
the cast-iron added

by

but

such

no

proofhas

been advanced.

When

reflect upon the conditions prevailing

in the interior of such
ia
and upon the comparablast-furnace as
used in smeltingSchiieg,
tively
it seems
m
ixture
materials
of
the
of
the
imperfect
charge,
very

wo

to me

shall have

we

difficulty
ip understanding why

no

of the iron should

reducingpower
1

not

of iron
equivalent

will reduce

demonstration

of the

the full theoretical

be exercised.

Kolte'a obaervationa
doubt, notwithstanding

no

to

There is

the contrary,that

of galena; but
equivalent

fact,even

the rimental
expeconditions most under

under

highestdegreefavourable to accuracy, requires

which
it
is exceedingly
difficultto aecure.
The contact
precautions
of the iron and galena should be most
intimate ; or, if not, every
of
should
in
with
iron at a suitable
contact
come
galena
particle
control

and

in

the

temperaturefor reduction.
even
Ko

in
approximately
and

coarae

arisingfrom

But

is it

that
possible

the blast-furnace with

imperfectaa

that

mixture

employed? Then
galenain

the volatilisation of the

descent in the furnace

this should
there is the
the

occur

of materials

course

error

of its

for it is certain that some, not to say much of

it,under the circumstances must become heated to a degreeat which
;

takes
volatilizationreadily

when it is exposed to the

place,
especially
ascendingand highlyheated gaseous current of the furnace.
rapidly

Again,with

respectto the

that part of it must

in contact

with

b3rexperience
to

under

cast-iron added, it can hardlybe doubted

melt,drop,and reach the hearth without coming

be poaaible
any sulphideof lead. Although it may
ascertain what the proportion
of cast-iron shonld be

given circumstances

to

be most

effective

as

reducingagent,

yet it is

not legitimate
to draw
assuredly
any such inference from
the practical
results of smelting,
has
been
done with regardto the
as

zui
Beitnige
met"tliirgisobeii
Erjslallkunde. Gottingen,18S0.
"

Op. dt. p.

ilTti.

-.-

376

IN

LEAD-SMELTINQ

theoFotical

of
neccseity

THE

HABZ.

UPPER

of
Bubsulphide

the existence of

iron

in

the

regulns.
ie said,occasioDally
produced in btoaII
antiquantity at Audre"eberg in the Bmoltingof arsenical and
monial silver ort's, and remains adherent to the regulua.*Bodemanu

eo-callcd,
is,it
Lead-epeite,

has

of such
analyida
giventhe following
Composition

or

Lkad-Sfeibi

so-called Bpeise
:
"

so-oallid.

Bulphdj

5'05

Arsenic

013

Antimooj

1'21

Iron

2S8
0-8*

Copper
Nickel

"

90-52

Lm"J

014

Savei

100-00

This

Bulwtance

probablyonly a

was

mixture

of

apeise,regnlns.

and metallic lead.

of cupriferousleadIn subsequent operations,
as in the treatment
reguluB,
speisois obtained which would seem to be very variable in

composition.
Jfumace

accretions

which
of the

Upper

(Ofenbrvrhe).
Accordingto Kcrl,the
"

tion
incrusta-

the iDt"raal surfucc of the shaft,or in the hearth

"'
Ilarz ScA^ie^-sraclting
furnaces,consists essentially

fonoH

on

associated in variable proportions

those of zinc, iron, antiinoiiT.
sulphides,
particularly
well
arsenic, cadmium, and silver,
as
as oxidized metallic compounds."

sulphideof bad,

with

which

are

other metallic

less melted heterogeneousmasses

or
(Qe"chaT.
of
extracted
from
are
Oekrdtz),
raetitl,
oxides,
Ac,
sulphides.
composed
the fumaoe, either during smeltingor after blowing-out They arv
of metal, and the otLvr
Sec, in order to separate particles
Htamj)c"l,

Metalliferous,more

smelted along with

is generally
portion

furnace-fume.

been found in these fumaci-s.

occasionally
after they have been blown-out, in comparatively
large,woll-definLil,
cubes
in
hollow
clusters,similar tii
step-shaped
aggregated
hopper-like
those of common
salt producedby gentlyheatingand evaporating

Sulphide
of lead.
"

It has

in compact,
its aqucpus solution ; and Eerl states that it also occurs
f
ine
in
crevices
aud Joints
or
masses
radiated,
coarse-grained
s^H^ise-Iike
of the hearth-bottom,or in the upper part of the interior of the shaft .'"'
6' above the tymp-stone.'On fracture more
less porosity
vrill
or
or
b
e
which
is
the
in
not
ease
generally observed,
unchangednatural
*

Kert,np.

Ibid. pp. 400 and HO.

cit, p. 399.

ocean

bo

and "o dislincllv

fretgnontl;
sulpliideof lead.
'

I crj-stalllae
as

9, i iiai^cs,but

in otlipra in vrliich Ihe oti-^

occ"sioii"l
| Irealcd contain (pilenahs ns
pro-!count ilucnt. The mode of ilB occunvni-f

iDrKtBtht'DKrygtallknnde,1850,

p.

from

whirh

have

been

mnde.

tlie

followiiiceitmcta
Amonttsl tlie nmasory

mON-REDCCTION

Beautiful

galena.
those

artificialfQmace-cryetals
in my

described,taTo

above

377

PROCESS.

collection,like

blue-greytarnish, which

Hausmann

an
exceedinglythin film of sulphate of lead. According
have generally
to Kerl,such crystals
a steel-blue colour ; but
they also

attributes

to

and lees frequently

bronze-coloured,
green

occur

The

yellow.

or

same

author says that not Beldom they are converted without

change of
form into sulphateof lead,gradually
when
left exposed to the atmosphere,
and

quicklyby the combined

action of air and

heat

and further

that

disseminated
in 0/eiAnmh.Cryssulphateof lead is frequently
tallized
Clausljial
the
Works
from
found
was
OfsTAmch
Smelting
by
to be composed as under :
Atetzger
"

Cbistaluzed

Sulphidb

Lkad

or

Clausthal.

tbok

Sulphide of lead
Sulphide oriron
Sulpbide oT antimoDj'

89'9

Sulphideofzino

trace

S-2
2-5

101-2

From

what

the
concerning
to

doubt

Harz

that

has

been

advanced

of
volatility

furnaces
lead-smelting

simplesublimation.

The

arsenic is

is,for the

most

part of

this volume

be littlereason

can

sublimation

part at

likewise of

In
equallyintelligible.

mony

and

work

experiments are

sulphideof

former

of lead,there
sulphide

sulphidefrom
artificially-crystallized

the

volatile at

in

recorded,which

that blende

Plattner

zinc in fumace-inorustationa

was

not

was

Upper

of
sulphides

the first volume

indicate

high temperatures.

the

least,the effectof

of

anti-

of this
is

what
some-

opinionthat

the result of direct

sublimation,and he thus explainsits occurrence.

Sulphideof zinc
in the lower part of the fiimace,being stronglyheated in contact
with

solid carbonaceous

matter, is decomposed with the formation of

of zinc,which
of carbon (CS")and vapour
rises,
bisulphide
provided

the breast of the furnace ia closed and

bisulphideof
carbonic
carbon

and
are

zinc and
as

carbon

formed
of

escape therefrom ; the

blast and converted
into

the

by

contact

resolved into carbonic oxide and

both in the state

sulphur,
incrustation on
a crystalline

vapour

with
of

incandescent

sulphur;

the

of vapour, combine and are deposited

the internal surface of the shaft.

for the apparent sublimation of sulphideof iron,

passingof the vapour of sulphur,

is a fixed substance, by the

in the

justdescribed,over

manner

melting,or only heated

so

as

view, he adduces

the results of

which

of

in

by

sulphurousacids,whiuh

Plattuer accounted
which

is oxidized

it cannot

the vapour

sulphurwas

highlyrefractory
glasstubes.'

blast-furnaces

considerable

'

sulphideof

iron in the act

be soft ; and, in support of this

experimentson the small scale,in
to

passedover

of
sulphide

Now, it is well known

of very
quantity

Berg- nnd hUtteoiu. ZeiL 1855, p.

iron heated
that in all

matter,
finely-divided

128.

378

LEAD-SMELTING

or
compotted'wholly

IN

THE

UPPER

HARZ.

is carried upwards
part of fixod iugrcdionte,

in

in tlio aacendinf;
fioelycurrent; and very
mechaniually
gaseous
zinc
of
of
when
or
iron,
Kul]"hiilo
especially
resultingfrom
would
find
its
the
auJ
muuth
of
the
furnace
to
dc";repitutioii,
way
in the second volume of this work,
fur reasons
more
atwignctl
readily,
dividL-d

along

the

inner

of the

walls

furnace

than,

l)e BO, then it in easy to nnilenttand how

aceumuUt*;

and

to

upon

But

if thi^

should adhere
sulphidea
It haa previouslyheen
tliat amorphoussulphide
of eino prepared
solution agglutinates
and becomes
crve-

the heated

tlemonHtratvd
experimentally

elsewhere.

those

walls.

from
by precipitation
heated.
strongly
According to Kerl, the sulphideof zinc in the Ofenbnidtof ih^
Lantenthal lead-smelting
furnaces is usually
brown, yellow,and green,
whicli
and occurs
less fre"juently
tlian
in
crystallized
compact masses,
talline when

have
a

foliated fracture,
are
distinctly

bright

adamantine

metallic lustre

more

or

the

on

less irorous, and

cleavage planes.

foliated often

passes into a radiated sti'ucturo,with

between
the two.

demarcation

prcwui

thin

Tlu

line uf

Arsenious acid,in octahedral crystalaas will

cum^*n(?","
as
compact, and reul(;ar
(;\sS')have been found in cavities in tic
inner walls of the SMieQ-BmiAtiug
furnaces at Andreasberg.
such m
found
Allog""/antimony,
C'jiper and nickel' Ilausmann
in
alloyin a porous antimonial leadymass, whieh had separati-d
Arsenical

"

"

fore-he"rth

of a
(Sleehkerd)

colour with a strong

of a lightcojipor-rcd
crystals,
has been met
similar compound in tabular crystals
in crystallized
at Km*
from the smeltingworks
lead-regulus
whitb
IIoIzHjipel.
Aecordingto Miiller the alloyfrom Holzappel,
found by Saiidlxirger,
had the following
:
composition

violet tint ; and

with

was

in acicular

was

and

furnaee at Clausthal.
iSci/iVj-smeltiiig

"

COHPOBITIOM

OF

CbTSTALLIZED

AlLOT.

AntimoDj

BS'ST

Copper

32-73

Nitkel

8-97

100-27

This

formula Cu'Ni'Sb',
correspondsto the enij)irical
Copj*''
in
certain
has a beautiful violet
antimony
proportions

alloyedwith

tint,and constitutes the

Eegulusof

Venus

of the old chemists

an''

of the beauty of it*

account
on
api)i."llation
colour.
of these alloyswill bo fullydescribed hereafter
projierties
under the head of Antimony.
The slugsproducedin smelting
in the Upper Han
S?o;/"."
Sdilifg
seldom occur
or crj-stalline.
crystallized
They are not wholly decuma
cid."
consist
of the usual ingredieiitiii
posableby hydrochloric
They
and vary notablyin composition.In 19 analysesof these slagsre-

well does it merit that

The

iCQyCoOJ^Ic

380

LEAD-SMELTIKG

THE

UPPER

HABZ.

roastingin lumps piledla largeheaps,is more

imperfi-d
roastingthe powdered material in the reverbemtoryfurnace, liui
of

method
than

IN

it costs leas than

the latter both

in

fuel and

wages ; and the roastul

fur smelting
in a blaat-fumaoe tu
productbeing in lumps is prefurablo

the

it be not so
sweet,"tir
productin powder,notwitlmtanding
in other words, less completely
of
deprived sulphur in the state i"f
sulphide. It ue^nl hanllybe remarked that evcii in the managemeL:
of such a seeminglysimpleand rude operationas that of roastin;:
is requintl and that,as the character ""!
in heaps,
some
exi)criencc
"

same

the combustioii

of [i"

will vary somewhat, according to the nature

so comispondiug modiScatione
sulphides
forming the regulus,

may

)"-

conductingtbo process. As a generalrule it mar \-:

largerthe proportionof sulphideof iron present,tl"
easilyand quicklywill combustion be effected. Care should 11

necessitated iu

stated that the

more

every

be taken

case

to

the
agglutinate

prevent the temperature risingbo

highi-

firmlytogetherin

masses.
lumps
Citmpcmtumofrootled regulat.Kerl,if I mistake not, does not givr
worb
of this product
of the Upper Ilarz lead-smeltjng
any analysis
and as he has exhaustively
described and has had peculiaropportunities
carried
of studying the metallurgical
there
on. ir
processes
is presumed that no such analysis
exists. The regulua
consists aliii"^:
wholly of two sulphides,
namely,those of lea"l and iron : and tLr'
chemical changes which they undergo in the process under varyini:
of atmosphericair, havc
conditions of temperuture, with free access
becu previouslyconsidered. Sulphide of lead is converted int"
and sulphateof lead. Sulphideof iron is cutmixture of protoxide
with increasing
verted successively
temperature into sulphateof pr"iof
and
oxide, sulphate
seaquioxide,
lastlyinto sesquioxide.Tk
of copper and sulpluM''
changeswhich take placein roastingdisulphide
of this work ; tbt
of zinc have been fullyconsidered in the firstvolume

to

"

of both
final products

of

are

oxides.

Accordingto I'lattuer the outer part

is richer in load than the
load-regulus

Flattuer for the

observations
following

sulphateof lead in this

sulphideof
lead of
of

lead in

"

regulua,
partlyas

^Ve

of interest on

When

are

the

indebted^'

occurreneeof

load-reguluscontains

mad

ui
tlie first firing
sulphate

in the interstices between

the

piw*

in
lusti-elesapowder,partly
crystalline

partlyin
portions,

needles and
third of the

loose

thoroughlyroasted pif*

central.'

rcgulue.
admixture, alreadyafter

white colour is found

clustered diUl

of

delicate

more

or

parent
less shiningtrans-

and
jilates,

in the uppff
partlyalso,especially
in
roaat-heap, aggregationsof well-defined hollow step oi

cubical crystals.In heapsof roasted rich lead-regul"*

hopper-shaped
where during roantini;
the intersticesare in many
places,
particularly
filledwith lightfloocuJi'"'
the heat was
prettystrong,often completely
tbr
of
lead."
I'lattuer explains
and occasionaJly
crystallized
sulphate
li""'
of
of
formation of this sulphateby the sublimation
sulphide
individual
from
the
o
f
and
its oxidatio"
pieces
regulus,
during roasting
"

Die metalluig.
RustpttaeMe,p. 1856,201.

IRON-HEDUCTION

partlywhile

381

PROCESS.

stillin the elate of vapour

either

and

partlyafter

it" condensation,

of

sulphuricacid,
hy atmoephericoxygon
vapour
from
acid
what is produced
sulphuroue
by contact action.'
especially
The

or

culMcal

of
of sulphate
cryatals
sometimefl found

by

lead

above

consist

mentioned

are

when

sulphateand
oxide of lead,while at other times theycontain a kernel of unchanged
of cubes of galena,
of lead. They are in fact pseudomorphs
sulphide
and
and consist of about
20% of free oxide.
80% of sulphateof lead
Plattner remarks
that the feet of only a email quantitycomparatively
of sulphideof
from the oxidation of the crystals
of free oxide resulting
broken

in

two

lead,indicates that oxidation

to

whollyof

effected by means
of sulphurio
chiefly
the
of
sulphate lead formed
opening
heap
crystallized
sulphideappears white throughout and retains its

acid

in vapour.

from

whiteness; while
oxidation

but

on

the

the contrary, that which has resulted from the

of sulphideof lead,appears also at flrstwhite,

on

of the vapour

to moist

exposure

due to the presence of

and iron.'
The

sulphateof

silver,which

in

0004%;' and
of the

is

On

frequently
acquiresa greenishcolour,
o(
oxides of copper
quantity sulphatized

lead formed

found

of the sublimed

out

largercrystalsPlattner

the

in the

heap he

air

email

sulphidecontained

found

to

from
partially-crystallized
sulphate
as

much

as

from

amount

to

deeperpart

the proportion
0-02%to 0-026%,"

being very variable accordingto the content of silver in the leadreguluBbefore roasting.Hence he concludes that some sulphideof
silver had been sublimed
along with the vapour of sulphideof lead,
that argenthough it is fixed when heated alone ; and, consequently,
tiferous
rich lead-regnlus
should not be directly
roasted, but previously
freed frcan the greater part of its lead and silver by smelting
with

the addition

will always,according
thoroughlyroasted pieceof lead-regulus

Plattner,he

to

of suitable matters.

surface

found

to contain

less silver in the middle

than at the

to the lead in those parte

pretty nearlyin proportion
T
he
difference
which
he met
with was
in
respectively.
greatest
;

and

Freibei^SmeltingW'wfce, of about 10 cubic inches

in bulk, perfectly
roasted throughout,
the whole of the iron having
been changed into proto-eesquioxide
it
and loose in
was
;
very porous
the middle, but from the surface inwards
to the depth of about ^",it
dense
and
firm
the
to
was
owing
pretty
presence of free oxide and
of lead which had been melted ; this piececontained
in the
sulphate
a

lump

from

the

middle

0-075%of silver and 6-2%oi lead,and

silver and 17-2%of lead.'
'

flrat Tolniiio of thia work

the

at

the surface

like form.

0-230%of

Beitrage znr metallnrgisclien

Krystallkunde. Ablinddlun^n der koGeaellschaft der WisaeDscliafteD
niglicheti
vol. 4, 1850.
zu
Oiittingen,
"
0-4
in the centner
of
pflindtheile
but Ihut )ie has not eeldoin met vith it 100 Iha.
50 kilog. 10,000pfundtheile.
"
in the roast-lieaps
of Icnd-rvgulua
in the
From
20
to 25
pfnudtLeileput ctr.
Upper Hnrz SilTcr Works, partlynrjetal- ^ Bostprozeatie,
p. 205.
lized and partlyin a ciiulered aad dropon

of
roaatinKof digulpliide

copper.
*
HauBmann
stales that he iuia nerer
asen
pure sulphate of lead produced in
ia leverberatorffumacM;
lead-Bmelling

=^

LEAD-SMELTINO

382

IN

THE

date snggOHt"d
to
foregoing
should
indications : The roa"t-h"^p
ia desirable the Tapoura risingfrom

part ;

caae

following practical

be too low or too flat, as it

below should he condensed
in liii'
not

the other hand, it should

on

the circulation of air would

HARZ.

Plattner tho

The

upper

UPPER

he too

not

be too active

high, for

and,

in thut

it would
laatlj,

the fi'eepyramidalaidex of the

be advantageous to cover
order to check the escape of vapours therefrom.

rcmet-heapiij

SleUitintti'
de" geroitelen
(Durehr.tefhen
Sm^ing ofroatted tead-regulut
is effected in low blaet-fu

"It

coke,

The

coke and coal.

or

witt
or
fBatiiAnAo/Vii
Krumtn^eni),

maces

compositionof

the

"":
smelting-mixtiire
in the Upper Han.

at the different works

chargevaries considerably
contains a largequantity of oxide of iron,
As the roasted lead-regnlus
base an
be slagged
not saturated with
which must
off,ScUierr-slags
tribasic silicates being produced. Grannlatr-l
added with that object,

cast-iron or

old iron is employed to aid in reduction

Dy

increasingthe

is indeed poorer

in lead ; but
increasoB

the works.

only someu:
of iron, the resulting
propurtion
r^:otiia large quantity of sulphide of iron i"

formwi, which

then

tho

residual

at

of silver

content

in thai

regulus.ThissilTcr,however, haa to be extracted from the fresh regulus

with matters
by smeltingthe latter in conjunction
capableof yieldis;:
which
it
is
less
account
to use
lead ; on
iron for redneinir
preferable
and to obtein
with

regulusricher

the Lautcntbal

Works

in lead suiteble for desilverization. .ft

roastingof load-r^uluehaving been

the

ixm-

(""
and care, it has been found practicable
with
the
of
metallic
without
all
at
use
iron,
lessening
wholly
dispense
Works
limestone is uaed insta^i
the yieldof silver. At tho Altcnau

ducted

ciactnoss

more

of iron,and serves
probablyto facilitetethe reduction of metallic iron
the slagsadded by its action as a powerfulbase to the siliis
from
of those

slags.

The various residual substances

producedin

and
Icad'Smelting,

oonteininglead,which

which

have

been

so

are

alwivs

often ennmeral""l

It is better to ^^
leod-regulus.
Ah"tnch containing
as tlic
antimonyto the chargein fi^/i^ie^-smelting,
is
portionof that metel which finds its way into the StAIiej-r^nlne.

treated

are

along

volatilized in
any

with

roasted

greater or lees dt^reofrom

copper, which

bo

may

the latter

extracted
eventually

from

anJ
by roasting.
will
the regulus,

therebyimproved in quality.
In tho first smeltingof roasted lead-rcgulus,
fresh regulusis pn"
a
duced which
be designatedNo. 2 ; and this is subjectedto tie
may
be

anotheT
when
the first,
the process is repeated
ususl'y

same

of roasting and smelting

as
operations

fresh

No.
regulus.

3, is formed

becomes

'

What

and

copper
may
concentrated
in the

Kerl, oj).cit. p. 421 ti

'

tea,
'*

See

exist

so

originalregnlus,Xa
regulus obtained ; and may ^
therefrom by processes described under the head of Copp''''
separated
smelting." The degree of roastingwill influence tho cumher w
four suffice to extract tho lead bw
subsequentfusions,of which generally
4 times.'

Knoh

Bnt

in

the

last

opcmliim of
Tolume

fueioiiis oalled

of this vork.

-.

IRON-REDUCTION

reguluacontainingcopper suitablyconcentrated.
might be hastened by roastingmore strongly

Tlie result
and

metallic iron

adding more

then

would

383

final

producea

silver,and

PROCBSa

but

tained,
great losa of copper, it is main-

from the metal

occur

passinginto

the

and
slag,

lead

in copper would be obtained, accompanied with copper-regulus

richer in silver,becaiise the extraction of the silver does not take place
rich

to that of
proportionately
o
f
sulphide iron, with which
to combine.'

fusions of

of

material

Works

at

most.

interior

of the

the

in all four

third,at

Owing

to

is

more

the

none.

Sdtlieg-

the

former,the

furnace

of

strong tendency

iron is used

only in the

slagsproducedin

the
constituting

corroded than

metallic

3 to 6 weeks

from

of the

character

of the presence

acconnt

in three,and at the Andreasberg W orks in

is shorter than that of
regulus-smelting

campaign
emclting,and lasts
A

Works

the Altenan

regulns,at

on

sulphideof silver has

the Clausthal

At

Laiitenthal Works

basic

the lead

more

siliceous

quickly

in the latter.

Lead
and

is richer in antimonyand copper,

from regvlue-smeUing."Jt
than that from Schliegbrittle,
consequently harder and more

smelting;

and

antimony,

and

that

from

arsenic,on

dull surface,and

Andreasbergis
which

be laded

must

BsGULUB

OF

copper,
it solidifiesreadilywith a

account

quickly.

tmelimg:
Begulua/romlead-regvliu
CoupoBtnoM

richer still in

"

SuELTitiQ

rsou

OS

Lead-Regitlds.'

I.

n.

Sulphnr

1712

1555

Lead

13-07

32-06

Iron

803

1315

80-46

S401

Copper
Antimony
Bilyer

0-74

2-67

0-12

007

9g.54

97-51

Clausthal
By BrUel ; from the third fusion,i.e.No. 3 regulua,
from
the
Works.
II.
Bodemann
fourth
Smelting
By
fusion,i.e.
;
works.
No. 4 regulus,
from the same
remarks
the sulphurrequired
that
in addition to
Bammetsberg
formula
the
usual
in
the
is 2-13 and
to
that stated
sulphides
produce
6-56 respectively.
tmelttng.They are stated to be either triSlagsfrom lead-regtUiu
of tri- and bi-basic silicatea In ton analysesof
hasic or mixtures
such slagstabulated by Kerl the extremes
stituents
per cent of the chief conI.

"

are

as

under

"

BUita.

'

Kml, op,

29-90

37-79

Alumino

8-12

9-98

Lime

2-07

13-63

Ptotoiide

of iron

33-80

46-44

Protoxide

ofleed

2-34

21-56

Git p. 429.

"

BammoUbei^, Leliibuch, 2nd ed. p.

236.

LEAD-SMELTING

384

The

IN

constituents recorded

other

JAPAN.

occadoiuilly
present

as

are
mafi^eiria,
potash,oxide of copper,
f[u"ntit;
of
oxide
of
oxide
zinc,
antimony,and sulphur.

Leii""iieltihg

bt

iRON-ReDucnoN

Tnic

tion.'
ravine

mines

The

are

mountain

containinga

and
argillites

calcareous

arc

machinery similar in

in

Japar.

pereoDalobservn-

entrance

ore

to

roi-fcT

is galena,asaociat'-!

'I'h" body
copper-pyrites.

while
is chiefly
magncfiite,

Tcin-stone

the

The

torrent

iron and

"with zinc-blonde,and

from

Ichinowatari,at

at

oxide of manganei^.

Process

account
Pumpelly has giventhe following

the rocks

principleto

that

of

enclosing the

The

grecnutono.

small

in

ore

of Cornwall

is

tL-

T(-ii.-

stamped

and

l-v

Genuanv.

lean efficient. The

xtampcd ore ia washed in wnodcti pan:-.

A
whereby a very pure Sehlich is obtainecl.
generallyby women,
with
of
charcoal
mixture
and
a
cavity in the ground, lined
clay.
constitutes the fumaco or hearth : it is about 14" wide and 10" d"^i".
Tlio blast is suppliedby double-actingK"i
with nndcr-dmins.
of this Tcork (ii.
in the precedingvolume
bellows (voe a description
and passes througha claytwyer ; and in front. iV.
Iron and Steel),
the bla""
oppositeto the twyer, there is a clayshield for deflecting
I'he
hearth
and fumes
i^
The smoke
a
chimney.
through
escape
about 80 lbs,of ore are thrown.
filled with burning charcoal,
on which
though far

the

When
small

half melted, from

is alwut

ore

added, and

pieces

aie

the contents

well

are

of

clean

or

pig-ironil
effe"-tt^i.

subsequently,tbi'

into the hearth with

sulphideof iron.

rcgulusof

times, until indeed

seven

the surface,when

on

hours

two

thrown

water

takingoff the

and
solidifying'

repeatedsix

About

stirred.

charcoal is withdrawn, and

2.1 to 30 lbs. of

reduction has been

partial

when

the

it is cast into bars.

lead becomes
The

vivw
a
ThiB v

perfwlh

regulusis thrown

away.

Excellent
bowls

by

and

women,

is

one

able
are

of

smeltingand

on
mining
possession,

series of five volumes, entitled

Things
long and

upper

of

in my

Japanesevulume

the process of washing is

lead,are contained in
castilig

of
representations
pictorial

in the

Countryand

surface,in which

BASIC

of

ingot-mouldis

SILICATE

and

metallui^y:

ii

I'ictures of the Uemark-

the Waters

throe furrows

are

TnTH

LEAD-SMELTING

the

and

narrow,

'

Japan.' The
a

stone

with

ingots
a

fiat

to receive the lead.

OF

PHOTOSIDE

OF

IRON".

of iron in the form of

of basic silicateof protoxide
application
iron finery-slags,
or sulphnrized
as an
agent in the reduction of galena,
been
in
has
of
lead
the
blast-furnaco,
described,
already
compounds
Tlie

its mode

and

"
"

Across

of action considered.

Amcrir*

and

Amu.

around
fiye-janV joiirni-y

and

of reeiilence in

China.

Notes of
tho

world,

Atizona, Japan,and

By BaplinelPumpelij, ProfesBor

however,
Recently,

| tlic

similar

Untversitj(C. B.),and somp.

Mining Eiiginierin Hie serrico of
OhinrBO and Japaoeae OoYemioenls

in HnrvBrd

\time

1870, p. 145,

THE

BACHBTTB

385

FDBNACB.

in the Lower
silicate,
Harz, and conproducedin copper-smelting
taining
of eilver,
has been employed for this purpose
a sensible portion
witli advantage in the Bachette furnace,a furnace to which onlyan
allusion

was

ra^e

in the

precedingvolume

of this treatise. A detailed

of the process has been published

in Germany, of whioh
shall avail myselfin the following
deeoription.
account

of (he Bachette
Daeriptian
is that at
the

Upper Harz, with

F*trnaee^-~Tb"

the Altenau
all the

'

been

in 1861:* it is

112, 113, 114,

woodcuts,figs.

hat
Mt iulonii"tioii on
the eabjeot
lerieB
deriTed (rom the intareBting

nf pitpers entitled " N'euernni:enaaf den

Silberhiittoa" (NoreltieBat
Oberharaer
Silver Woriu), in the
the Upper Ban
VOL.

SmeltiogWorks,

improvementsmade

first introduction at those works

annexed

in.

furnace

selected for description

near

Clausthal,in

to
subsequently

IRST.

The

Tcoia the

ite

repr^cnted in the

115.

"Bei^- xmi

htitteDnunnische
annexed woodcuts

litbun^hi

in the

hud

!
b

386

LEAD-SMELTINO

This

IN

THE

UPPEK

differs Msentially
from

furnace

HABZ

WITH

other blast-fumaoee

in

horizontal section,beinglongand rectangular,

and having a row
Bevcral twyora on each of its longaides,with a tap-holeat each
a.

end

Hearth-bottom,

side of the furnace,

narrow

or

downwards
sloping

from the middle

b. Fore-walL

ei

towurds

eat.:

Fore-hearth.

c.

''

ITood for carryingoff fume.

Water-twjorsare employed of which
in fig.
118 in longitudinal
section and end elevation : they

."ti

is shown

fed with clear water

from

wooden

The

ciatem.A, fig.116.
A

enters

holee

through
the

ii:

supply pipe,

shown

/, and

at

through the

top

at g,

pipe

nwi-

through
which

for iti

subsidence

of mechanical

impnpifr

rities. From
water

the

th\
rangement
ar-

haa

objectthe

tL-

flow"

out

tom
bot-

the

at

ar"

w^ai-r

the

int.'

passes

114.
pipesit, fiig.

from

which

through

it rifi^

the

pipes

Jtk.Sec,to the
t wyera

wati.-r-

/ 1 "c.,on

side ; whence

each

it flows

throughthe abort
"c., inn
pipes mm
hot

the funnels
and

thence

water-blocks
These

the water

furnace

flows ont
;
order that the circulation of
cist"m
waste

the

is

kept

pipe

(.

cistern A.

so

high

from

llie cock

is

blast passes "om

thenoe to the vertical
the

interior

side-pipes

the mechaniBm

representedin
from

the purpose
the main p,

side-pipes
qq

into
blast-pipes

blocks

high, 4i'

pipes

of

the

o.

In

the

of

emptying

through the
"a, through
twyers. The

regulatedhy
chargedon
fig.117. The furnace
the arched platformsww,
the
over

providedwith

side of the mouth

the

throughthe

simply for

The

each

each

1' 8"

tbv

B B Ac.

water-

are

"c-

the water in the

water
may be regular,
that there is a constant
overflow ^nt
th"

pipes rr, and

to
leather connecting-jointa
are

them

into

throttle-valve

is

guafd'walls

e e.

The

Bachette

furnace

erected in 1866

at the Lautenthal

Smelting

888

IN

LEAD-SHELTtNG

HABZ

WITH

per oentner
Iba. of cast-iron,1-2 lb. of oopper

lbs.= 50

( =100

UFPEB

dage analjaedby Btrengyieldedby diy uaay

The
and

THE

0'25

kilogrammes)M
quint (1 quint" 5 grammea)

of silver,i.e. 0*025%or about

in a charcoal braaqnedomcible

3 dwts. per ton ; and by aasay

obt"ined.
addition of any substance 62% of oast-iron was
from
Oker
Works
in
the
the
Loirer
Haiz,
These elagscame
Smelting
6

ozs.

without

and resulted "om

ores
as

much

ores,

and

the

smeltingof

the addition of about

with
or

somewhat

thrice-roasted

Rammelsberg copper

of their bulk of roasted

clay-^te,

infiltratedwith oopper
clay-slate
incitingwas efiected in a low
proportion,
of roasted

more

slagein suitable

blast-furnace.

..I-

_I_
Tvjrcrmh,

FI(.lit,

or

iMg elanUon. of Um

lover put of KulRitc

flimMa.

have been made in order to ascertain the

lutoresting
ezperiments
of the iron contained in the sli^ above mentioned
of
roducibility
which analysesby Stroi^are inHcrt"d. A suitable compositionfor a
smelting-chaT^having been found and sufficient prossore of blast
at Altcnau
in March,
given,slagswere treated in a cupola-furnace
the
free
from
and
and
1865 ;
productswere slagquite
oopper
poor in
cast-iron of the following
iron, and white thickly-liquid
compositiwi
to
according

Dr. Uenkel:
CoMPosmoM

"

er

Cabt-Ibon

raoic

Coppeb-Suo.

Oi"pUte

Oil

combined
Orbou, ehemioill;
Oonwr

084

o.gs
"
^

242

Anenic

0*03
'.

Antimon;

0']7

Sillooit

0-98

Ik*
Silror

(1 oz.
Sulphui

92-33
6 diite. 3

^os

per

tiiD)

OOOt
1-47
QS'SM

SILICATE

BASIC

been

Assays have
well

recent, from

08

Experiments similar
1866

the

in

in
hiitte,

389

IKON.

old as
by Kerl of copper- and lead-slags,
the
and
in
Harz
works
Lower
smelting
results
selected
the
for
are
following
assays
:"

to those

jnstrecorded

in 1865
copper-slags

the Ijower Harz

OF

made

of illustration

tbe purpose

PROTOXIDE

yarious

of whicb
localities,

otheT

OP

were

again made

upon

and

cupola-fomaceat Eiinigs-

the

Bachette

for"ace

the

at

Wcvts, and in
Silver-smeltiiig
furnace
high
irou-emeltiiig

Altenau
a

at

Kothehutte, in each

as

fuel

reduction

with

case

coke

but, although nearlycompletd

of the

effected,yet the

iron

in

the

consamptioaof

onlyat

pig-iron
produced generally

fuel

was

too

high. It

the Hotliehutte,
where

32'

the
was

the furnaoe

high,that stronglycarburized

was
obtained,which was
foundrypig-iron
suitable
the finest ornafor
mental
perfectly
castings.All these eKperiments

led to the conclusion

that

possible
only in

nace
furiron-smelting

coke

it would

be

of suitable construction,
and 40' high,
to produce pig-ironhaving a
regularly
highcontent of carbon and with sufBcient

in

economy

regard to

fuel.

Analysesof

certain of the
of this

found in the course

products
have
investigation been made by

Strong,and
in

as

::=^^

slagswas

contained too littlecarbon,and

was

charcoal

the results

theoretical

as

pointof view, theyare

well

are
as

ing
interest-

practical

here inserted.

1
=

LEAD-SMELTING

CoMWiTumma

I. From

IN

THE

UPPER

Fra-iROK

or

HABZ

(Topfeb-Slaos.

fboh

Bnlphw

1.25

Fbo^ihorus
Copper

0-22
a36

Anlmray

0-07

the Altenan

WITH

OH
"

220
"

BotheU. From
EisenhUtte, Sept 1865.
it
contained
0-2o
hlitte,April, 1866 :

quint of
gTammea

ner
(= 1'25 gramme per centi.e.
1-25x20=
25
kilt^rammes,
aboat 16 dwts. per toQ).

silver

of 50
=

Bar-iron

made

from

No.

II. in

contained 2-95%of
charcoal-finery
and 0-011%of sulphur.
Lead-el agB
Lower
Bpon
view
a

from

tho

Uarz, have
in

the

copper

SopMeuIiutte,

also been

cupolaat

to

determine

operated
-with
K6nigehlitt",
the degree of re-

of the iron contained in them.

dncibility
The analytical
results obtained by Streug,

Uarch, 1866, are

GoiiPO"iTioN

or

THi

a"

follow

Lead-Slao.

Silioa.

lB-15

Alnmiiu

0-22

Lime

I'SS

UagDMMi

1-63

Baiyt*

2-86

Pretoxide of iron

48-96

Piotoiide oT copper
Protoxide

:"

(CuO)

1-97

of had

0-16

Protoxide of mtngUHoe
Zinc

3-23

Salpbut

5-88

1-89

69-49

total which is given

except the sum
analyBifl recorded,'
The
and Bhoold
is moat
99-49.
probablytypographical,

The
M

fall npon
Traces
of

the

alumina

or

lime.

arsenic, antimony, selenium,

thallium, indium, ststm-

tium, and
no

doubt

silver

were

chiefly
by

spectroscope.
"

Berg- und

Lattenm.

ZeiL 18S7, p. 61.

also
means

detected,
of

tlie

BASIC
The

PROTOXIDE

nast-iroQ produced
contained the
Dr.

ing to

OP

BILICATB

accord
following
iugredieate,

Hilgenberg:
"

CabT-IBON

The

391

IBOS.

OP

dags

LSAB-SUOB

FBOII

COKTAIHED

PBE

OBNT.

Bolphur.

2- 17

Silioon

008

Oubon

1-20

Pho^bonu

0-18

Copper

1-40

formed

along with

and the results

analysed,

are

the

under

as

cast-iron

wily partially

were

"

Peroait.
34

SUicft.
Protoxide of iron
Protoxide of copper

The
tried

33-20

...

5-00
0'45

(3"90 iron)
(0-36 copper)

yielded by the bIe^sabove mentioned

in the common
reducingagent in SciUte^-Bmelting

cast-iron
as

smeltingfumaoe
as
charge was
from

(CuO)

90

6-30 (4'90iron)
0-22 (O'lSoopper)

36

to

with
usual

twyer

one

and

in the Bachette

thus

40 otrs. moiat

composed:
of
or
') Scidieg

rost

has

beei

Schlieg-

furnace.

36

fine ore, 4 ctrs. of

The

dry, and

ctra.

iron,1

ctr.

of Ah$lrich,
9 barrows
1)[ctr. of first and last litharge,
(containing
each from 2*1 to 2'34 ctrs.)
of regalus-slags
(i.e.
producedin regulnsand
smelting),

barrows

of

slags from

The
iScUt'e^'Smelting.

lead

and

accompanyingregnlusproducedin the two furnaces respectively

have been analysedby Dr. Hilgenberg,
and the results are as follow :
"

FomcioN

Mattkb

thb

Liad,

pxb

okht.

n.

Antimony..

0767

0778

Copper

0153

0-217

Iron

0-004

0008

Zinc

I. From

trace

the

common

oue-twyer furnace.

0011

IL

From

the Bachette

furnace.
COKFOBIIIOK

or

TBI

BlOULt)"
I.

n.

Lead

16-22

29-15

Iron

52-40

40-09

Copper

2-26

8-7]

^Z""}

'""

"""

Antimonj

Sulphur.

"erbaizer

2nd
Hmtenprocesse,

O'lS

0-13

26-02

24-48

ff7-72

39-52

ed.

Kerl,1860,p.

680.

392

SCBLIEO-SHELTINa
Prom

one-twyer fornaoe.

commoa

Thua, the rcgulusfrom

fumtuio.

much

the

more

lead and

Httle

more

the

the Radiettc

II, From

ooiitAuie"l

fumaoe

Rochetta

copper than that from

the

oue-twm

famace,
ScHLiio-Sxcmia

wrra

Lnti

Baohxtti

tbi

The

-mixture which has been

smelting
is thus compoeod;
results,
giveBatittfactory

found

Fitssaox.
to

be

beet, and

i-

"

Sdiliig,
) a^lntinatadb; "dmiztim
DnsgglutiDBtod.
90 "tcB. of Lowei Han
"Ugi.
copper am
75 otn. of BdUieg-tlagi.
4 to 5 otn. of impure litfaar^.
100 ctn. of

with

i%

of Uidb

at'.
(36 etit.,

72 otra.

The preesnre of the blast was

equal io a column of mercnrrc^
from 9 to 10 lines,
and the diameter of the blast-pipes
at the mnzzl"
Under
these
was
conditions,
1^".
duringa campaign 142'96 ctrs. if

87 ctrs. of lead and r^''

were
were
Scklieg
dailysmelted ; the products
and the consumption
of fuel was
ctrs. of lead-regulua,
65 ctrs. 21 \\^
of coke; or for 100 ctrs. of SMieg, 60(11 ctrs. of lead, 48 ctrs. cf
and 45'61 ctrs, of coke. Thesmelting-mixtuiewaachargeJiii
regulus,
In it^
horizontal layersaa in chargingan iron-amelting
blast-fumaoe.
attacW
first trials tho reducing action was
too powerfuland iron

itself to the hearth.

wilh copper
JUegedadvaniaget
of ScMieg-madli"g
thai

furnaceover

tingle
tm/er

tn

ore

glagt "e Ba^'

hla^funuKetmA
in

of the umuil SMiegofenor

one

"

Production

twice

or

twice and

half

larger.

2. Greater
3.

4.

yieldof lead.
Formation of regulusricher
Formation of slagsless rich

in copper but poorer in lead.

in lead.

b. I'roduction of less fume.

6. Considerable
a

7.
6.

pecuniary
gainin avoidingthe use of casMroD "^
reducingagent, and in extracting
nearlythe whole of th"'

silver and

copper

metals

concentrated in the reduced

are

from

the Lower

Hara

whicJi
copper-slags;

lead and

aocompanyin):

lead-regulus
respectively,
Saving in wages.
Longer duration of a smelting
campaign.

producedin these two kiD^f

matter,
not differ notablyin the proportion
of foreign
tho
lead
from
the
Itachette
slightl.v
furnace was
respect

It is necessary
of furnaces did
thoughin that
to
superior

to state

the other.

that tho lead

THE

IN

RACHETTE

Fosxias

FDBNACE.

Haitkb, fib

Copper..,.
Inm

"

intimonj
Bulphnr.
I. Lead

from

same

Ey,

IL

0-2850

0-2240

0-OOSl

00045

0-4420

0-6970

bsoe

tbe Bachette

Both samplesof
SeMiegofen.
186(i. The aualyBea
made
were
The

aarr.

II. Lead

furnace.

lead

G.

Ey.
furnaces

two

"om
respectively

the

kind of StJdieg
"ne ore AngUBt 2Ttb,1866,had,aG(X"rding
to
or
the following
:
oompoeitiou
"

COMFOBITION

LsAS-BeQULDB.

OF

Iron

55-90

Lead

Areecuo

^.^

Bulphnr.

EegnluB ""om

furnace
common

which

the Bachette
It has

centner.

is on

21-SS

^.^^

...J

?3iie

I.

2-87

10-88

Antimony

silver per

46-63

3-3S

Copper

the

from the

produced September I5tli,

were

by

regulosproduced in the

trace

been

the average about

ftimaoe
found

1-18

0-81

26-67

26-57

98-18

98-20

it contained

that the

2-5

r^utos

1'6%or 1*7%richer

quint of

"rom

this

in copjier than the

or
Schliegttein
lead-r^uluBfrom the usual mode of smelting,
is owing to the me
Harz
of Lower
slags.II. Regulos "om

Schliegofen,

common

It is remarked
furnace

that

the fact of the

regulusfrom

from 8% to 10% less lead

containing

than

the Bachette

that from

of avoidingthe
furnace,giveshope of the possibility

the other

chief evil of the

by iron,namely,the waste of time

process of reduction
and costliness of the repeated
and smeltingsof the regulns.
roastings

Upper Hare

a
on
Thus, it has alreadybeen proved by esperiments
largescale at
Oker, that by roastingsuch a regulusas that above mentioned from
the Rachette furnace in kilns,there is an importantsavingof fuel,

and

the

appliedto
One

tageously
during the proceas may be advanacid.
the manu"cture
of sulphuric
results
of
smeltingSehliegin the
noteworthy

Balpburonsacid
of the

most

Bachette furnace is

evolved

allegedto

be the cieanneas of the

slagproduced

with respectto lead and sUver.

While the ordinaryslagsfrom the
furnace
contain from 3 to 5 lbs. per centner (of 100 Ibe.
one-twyer
=

50

kilogrammes)of lead and

from

0-12

to

0-19

quint (1 quint=5

silver per centner, the slagsfrom the Bachette furnace

the average 0-9 lb. of lead and 0'06 qnint of silver per

gramme")of
contain

on

centner, and

occasionally
only 0'6

lb. of lead and 0'03

quintof

silver

394

SCHLlEQ^MELnNG

Tlie

per centner.
follows ;

of
compcsitioii

these

slagili"B been

fonud

to

'be "

"

CoHPoeiTioN

Slaqb

or

8ili(tt

tbok

thk

Bachztti

Fitbnacik.

45-1

Protoxide

of iruD

Frotoitde

of lead

33'4

Magne"i"
Aotiinonf
Oxideofsinc
Protoxide

of mangnneae

AlkaUei

100 -oa

97-70

I.

It
AnalTsisby Kerl (rf the slag producedAugust 14tli,1866.
Qontainod 1 quintof silver per centner.
II. Analjisis
by Dr. Hilgenberg of average sample of the slagu

from

15th

August

September 12th,18C6.
of the
comparisonare here inserted analyses
in
in
the
furnace.
slagsprodnood smeltingSMieg
one-twyer
to

For the sake of

IL

nary
ordi-

m.

Saica
AIdduim

.....

Hagnesia

....

Pioloiide of

Piotoxids of

Piotuxide of 1
Oxide

of cino

Potadi

I. From

the

Clausthal

n.

Hatte.

From

the

Hii""L

Altenau

silver per centner

in 1 (and
n.?} is given at from 0'12 to 0'16 quint' More slagsare produced ia
the Bachette fumaoe
than in the other ; but theyare, as previously
III. From

the Lantenthal

Hiitte.

The

mentioned, poorer in lead.

The

fact of

furnace than
the
the

smaller

quantityof

fume

beingformed

in the Bachetto

in the other is attributed to the diminished

upward gaseous current and the lower pressure of

from 4% to 5% of fume
ordinarysmeltingof Schlieg
It is not

clearlj
expieKodirhethei' the

nfeience

of
velocity

the blast.
is

It to No. L oul;

In

produced.

or

to

Koa. I.

)6

SCHLIEG-SlfELTIHO

votIc
Dftil;
Sme\ted

"

-."lOi-aa

Prodnoed:"

i:txt.ol

Bddieg = 37! M

ctn. of

nneltiiig-iDixlura.

8357ob*oflead.
79

01

{WerkUai.)
lod-ivgnliu.

,.

I'^IS

fume.
,,

0-lM

ftinwoe MontiDiu.

,,

218-6
Oonmned

"

wumiDg

iS'SO

FiodBced."

ctn.

of fOnuce

Per 100 centners

new

of Bmclted

mud

037

ctr. of

cluttec*!(fcr prelimin"i7

bearUi).

dry SdUeg:

62'21etn.oflMd.

{WttkM.)
Ind-Kgulni.

,,

1-05

thme.
,

0 077

Ooiifnmed:~M-17

earned

of ooke

and

95-81

Oa

(,0/aiiinA.)

(Uga.

,,

,,

fnnuoe

ctn. of

aocretiiiiu.

(O/eatirudL)

ooke, 0-2782 ctr. otclutnMJ, uidSctra.

of lime.

the averftge daring the whole campaign1 lb. of coke -waa

for 7*675 lbs. of Bmelting-mixture
or 2'7G4 Ibe. of ScUieg.

Fabtiouubs

or

Tmj",

iNaursirz

of

aix

Si^os

ca

added.

itizeQQyGoO^Ic

IN THE

100

For

EACHETTE

S97

FTJBNACE.

partsby weight of eilTer compoted to be presentin the

smelting,1038 parte were
computed to be
for 100 parte of lead
the prodnctaobtained ; and similarly

delivered ioi

materialB

present in
in the former,100-785

in the latter. The

to be distributed

amongst

these

silver and

as
products

lead

follows

were

mated
esti-

"

silver jwr not

B2-7S0

InthBkedtW-erWfef)
,,

19-030

Iwi-regnloB
kadJQBw

0-790.

Ofenlrrwsh
d"gi

0-021.

,,

.,

.,

IISO

103-801

lOD'Tif

comparisonwith the oJd process (rfredncition by granulated

in a single-twy^
blast-fnmace,the yieldof metal is notably
and the content of metal in the sl^
raised,whilst the smelting-oosts
of coke is increased
lowered ; oa the other hand, the ccmsnmption
are
of
in the proportiiw
of about 10 ctrs. per 100 ctrs.
SckUegsmelted,for
^vhich reasons
have been previonsly
assigned.
In

cast-iron

At

with

smelted in the Bachette furnace

firstthe ScMiegor fine ore was
cast-iron. The twyers being
the usual addition of granulated

Nevertheof the ordinarykind reqniredto be frequentlyrenewed.

there
of
was
leBB,
greater yield,less
saving fuel, largerproduction,
fume, and poorer slag.Water-twyersand water-blocks were
adopted,

by which the regularworking of the furnace was secured and the

of fuel was
hmeltingcampaign was prolonged; but the ccaisumptiMi
increased and the regainsproduced did not with respect to content
of lead differ much

frtan that obtained

frcnn

the treatment

of the

in the common
(me-twyer blast-furnace.
smolting-mixture
been
asserted
that
by heatingin a coke-oven a mixture
having
and caking coal,a sort of coke was
of powdered iron finery-slags
tried as a substiformed consisting
in part of metallic iron, this was
tute
Harz
Lower
for granulated
cast-iron.
copper-slags
having been
instead of iron finery-slags
with a view to
used in its preparation
the copper and silver which
contained.
extract
they
Experiments,
howover, by Kerl on the small scale concerningthe reduction of iron
from
such slagsby the process in qnesti"mgave
unsatisfactory

same

It

results.
The

hardlyrequiresto be cautioned not to regardwhat

concerningthe merits of this furnace as sufficiently
alleged

reader

has been

In the preceding
pages of this Tolome we
melancholy
examplesof the want of accordance between

eBtablished.
statements

obtained

of enthu^astic

by

trials

on

have
the

seen

glowing

interested inventors,and the results

the largescale nnder the direction of competent
or

and disinterested persons.

From what has been established in this
country concerning the volatilization of lead from blast-furnaces,
smelters will be slow to accept statements
so
Englifdi
entirely
their
those
above
to
own
aa
oppMed
experience
presented.Indeed,

398

LEAD-SUELTING

only effect of

the

will be to render
and

the

AT

of
pablication

them

PRZIBBAH.

Buch

statemenls
extraordinsiy

suBpiciousthan theynow
of coLumoB
of figures,even

more

tnutworthiaesB

aocnraoy
the small fractions that may

are

be introduced, concerning
the
of newly propoaed
Bchemes.
advantageB
metallurgical
"

LEAD-eMELTINO

AT

PBZIBBAH,

fts

to

th*-

in

"

^"ite "t
pecouiair

BOHEUIA.

in vein^
eflsentially
argentiferons
galena,which occnrs
schists of Lower Silurian
and
in sondatonea,conglomerates,
a^-'
These lodes also yieldcemssite (white-lead
ore) and pyromorphiie
of ^inc); fahlore, 'poor in
of lead)
; blende (sulphide
(greenphosphate
and
boumonite
(diver ; vitreons-copper
(en's)
copper-pyrites;
; natirr
silver ore, 3AgS,SbS")
silver ; pyrargyrite
(dark-red
; proustita(Tightof silver, 5 ht
red silver ore, 3AgS,ABS')
; stephanite
(brittle
sulphide
brown
iron
antimonite
6 AgS,Sb8*)
ore
(SbS'^; valeD;
; iron-pyrites,
the last two very rarely
tinite (SbO*)and kermcsite (SbO',2SbS'),
seldum
etc. ; and very
various antimonial lead ores, viz. boulangerite,
which
almost
are
ccm(uraniumore)and kupfemiukel,
pitch-blende
fined to one lode (theJohanngang).
The

is

ore

The

vein-stuff consists

spathiciron

and brown-spar
in all the veins,calc-spar
of
in the strongest,sulphate baryta and dolomite
frequently

and quartz
very
more

ore,

mostly of calc-spar,
brown-spar,dolomite,
sulphateof baryta,and quartz. Spathiciron on

are

met

with

in veins
predominates
Generallycalc-spar
in
veins
in
sandstone
(Grauwaoke).To
quartz

seldom.
and

goingconstituents

of veins may

be added detached

in

stone,
greenthe fort-

fr^pnents of

stone
sand-

formed out of those fragm^kla.

and diorite,and clayeymasses
rich in silver ocmtiniiThe same
lodes of gaJenaare not equally
of silver increases with the
onslyat the same depth. The proportion

depth,owing,it is stated,to intimate admixture of

The average content
fahlore and stephanite.
the
what
in
is
designated upper horizon, is
galena,

silver ores, especially

of silver in the
from

4 to

6 loths

from
oza.
per ton,
per 100 lbs. of ore, i.e,in round numbers
taining
while in certain lodes at a greater depthore has been met with conabout
200
to
from 20 to 25 lotha per 100 lbs.,i.e. from
250 ozs. per ton.' The galenaoommonly also increases in quantity
40

with

the

depth ; and,

pointof view,

the

more

what

is

in
interesting

central thin

layersare
galena.

to

60

chemico-geolc^cal

in many

cases

poorer

in silver than the rest of the

blende is frequently
associated with the
Argentiferous
many
shewn
trace

and
galena,
different veins and at different depthshave
assays of it from
it ie unaccompanied
that when
by galena,it contains merelya
close together,
the prowhereas if the two ores oocur
of silver,
portion
of silver in the blende

amount

may

to 8

or

10

loths per

ctr..

eUborats paper W
Onmm, | " ] ctr. == 100 Ibi.; 1 lb. = 32 lodu:
or
bei FnibrBm
1 loth :^ 4 qnenU
qointi, dianii
Die Erzniedertnge,
in B^bnien."Bei^-und biitleniniiDmKbeB jI quint = i deoan.
I
See
entitled

an

"

Jabrbtwb,IU6,

6. pp. 93-168.

OF

COMPOSITION
i.e.80 to 100

ozs.

ton

per

399

OBES.

the average

on

THE

it contams

from

1^

to 2

blende
lotha per ctr.,i.e.from about 16 to 20 ozs. per ton : the brown
t
his
has
Qrimm
iuveatigated
particularly
IB cadmiferoos.
important
and
subject,

haa

an

for trial in which

care

much

as

as

lodes,where

rule the blende from

vary
was

to several loths ; many

yieldedfrom
13 lotha 3 quintsper ctr. of 100 lbs.'

rest it amounted
one

the

and such cimens

spethere was
no

of

detected,in the
4 to 5 loths,and
a

blende from

veins

of silver was
found to
galena. The proportion
while
in
some
degree:
extraordinary
assays hardlya trace

visible trace

As

specimensof

depthsof the Frzibram

selected with

onlywere
in

than 100

assayedmore

and
different points

most

it

accompaniedby galena

was

rich in silver,contained most

silver,though not a trace of galena
be
in it It is to
could be seen
r^retted that in these trials the
blende

was

chemicallyexamined

not

to
regard*

with

the presence

of kad.*
ANAi.tsia

Fbzibrui

OP

Blihdi.*
65- 12

Zinc
CBdniQin

1-73

Iron

1*62
31-63

SnlphM

lOO'OO

Aiutly$i"
of the oret.
sampleA of all the ores
1857, and his results

"

are

In

1859

as

follow.-*
"

Fbzibbaii Liad

of

SulphideoT lead
Sulphideof tino
8ntphiiJeofantimoD]'(8bS")
Bnlphideof silver
BtaalphidfiofiroD
of iron
OalboDBte of piotoiide

Osn.

47-07
14-71
1-68
0-31
2-10

...

Coibonate of lime

I0'62
1-75
1705

Silioa

MetaUio

analysedaverage assay
SmeltingWorks in

delivered at the Przibram

CoMPoarnoii

Alomina

A. Sschka

-with Bomeuuuigiuieee...

lead

Metallio Blvei

40-75

In each of these

3'70

0-268

traces
analyses

der Przibramer
tTeberdia Veihilthiiig
Erzgesohichte.Berg-and hiiltenm. Jiihr-

of metallic copper

"

were

detected.

of blende
in

the

saine

and g"len
Tain,in which the fbmuc

See also BeschreibwasBTgen^f^ioiieuid tbelatteiDot

bnch, 1857, 7. p. 286.
Bat
genemlf in thig couatry irhen blende ii
; by
unR der Przibramer Bctunel/prcicesBe
Oeeterreichische Zdtachrift
KoUer.
fllr associated with
srgentiferoiugalena.It
contains onl; traces of silver.
Berg- und ButtenveaeD, 1836, pp. 322*
m, B41-349.
Berg- u. hiittenm. Jabrb. 1664, IS.
"
Britlgh lead-imelter p. 47.
An experienced
*
infixma me, that he hu met with Beretal
Ibid. p. 36.

iCQyCoOJ^I

400

LEAD-SMELTINO
L

tlietotal

Averse mnple of
sampleof

the rich

orea

ditto

ditto.

sampleof

the poor

orea

ditto

ditto.

II. Average
III. Average
The

FBZIBBAH.

AT

having

ores

been

hitherto enunciated, so
for smelting; and from

aa

in 1857.

assorted,aocordlng
carefully
to

mineral

of their Teio-etnffand

deUvered

ores

to

constituents

uniform

producean

month

month

ia

mixed

are

qnalilr
principle

weU

mixture

it is found

tha

on

that

adapted

the

sition
compo-

is not subjectto any remarkable

of the mixture
variatioD : it
contains on the average from 38% to 40% of lead,and from 7i to
Lead9 loths of silver per ctr. of ore, i.e.from 75 to 90 ozs. per ton.
Frwbram
two
at
of
interesl,
preaentB
particnlar
amelting
points
namely,the exiatence of about 20% of blende and 10% of silica in the
olden times blende haa been rtgardftJ
of ores treated. From
mixture

their most

by lead-smelteraae

mischievous

enemy

and

when
silica,
welcome gaett

in such comparatively
largequantity,b by no means
a
blende cannot always be separated
and
hand,
accordingly
by
such as stamping,
dressii^operations,
special
washing,etc., must hi

The

there must
and then even
be limitation to ita remowl
which
silver
it
the
contains.
of
account
The ores may be divided into three classes,
namely,pare argenti-

resorted to
on

associated with ai^entifcrous

blende and tbe
ferotiB galena
; galena
enumerated
above
and
blende aaoother Bubstancee
;
argentiferous
ciated with other silver orea, etc.,which being free from galenaart

designated dry
"

bo

"

ores.

The

to smelt
profitable

more

together
; and

classes

questionhaa arisen,whether

the firstclass

and
by itself,

triala have
practical

been made

it minU

the other Uo
with

view b^

have led to the retention of the plan of smelting

There is a choice of eviU : the third classia
all three in admixture.
would
of
the absence
in ordei
requirethe addition of pyrites,
galena
its solution, which

in which the silver might tx collected;bot

a fusible regulus
obtained
be
in the locality
not
could
at a sufficiently
low coil
pyrites
aod"
the
alternative has been to throw
for the purpose; hence,
to form

with galenawi
or to smelt it in conjunction
and lose silver,
caused
the
conaidersUe
of
the difficulty
encounter
a
by
presence
blende

quantityof zinc.
coneistB of two operations,
ordinaryprocess of lead-smelting
roastingand fusion in a blaat-fnmace with the addition of pig-iron
The

and
Roastingwas formerlyefi'ectedin heaps,
finery-slags.
late
but
it
of
haa
been
;
performedin lerercomprisedthree firings

and

iron

beratory furnaces
less cost.

in
calcinera,

or

raised

to'
cause

The
"

Tbeie

the

is Bmelfsd

in

roasted

iru

one

of the bed

are

and at t
15' and 11'

is 20

during
of
clotting
some
ore

half-highfurnace
'

manner
satisfactory

more

the periodof roasting

ctrs.,and
the last hour the temperatureia suffidenllj

The
chai^
respectively.
6 hours ; and

lengthand breadth
greatest

The

"

ore

near

what

which
(Ea"hocho/en),

Bo-coUed Enimet

Cumsce

in

the
the

fire-bridge.'
Germans

"
designate
is trapezoidal
in horizontal

vhioh the cbuge

was

oul; 6

aba

IRON-REDUCTION

section,and

twyer-wall;

the twyer.
2^,and the

about

is

ture
10

and

dimen
following

the

fore-wall

high

from

There

ia

401

2' 2" wide

at the

(ingideme"sare);

ohly one

the

10"

or

from

3' from

mouth;

twyer, which

be 8"

ctrs. of ore,

100

dons

the twyer to

should

noBe

composed of

bfl"k

or

fore

to

1'

and

deep

InclineB downwarda

long.

The

smelting-mix-

6 to 8 ctrs. of

pig-iron,from
ctrB. of lead products (Abilrieh,
cnpellation
hearth-bottoms,
rich lithargewhich
flows last,and other residua) according

12

to

the

what

to

2* at

10' 6"

hack-wall;
below

the

hae

PROCESS.

may

The

lead

lead

and

be in

stock,and from

products Tary
siWer

follow

as

per centner

36

to 48

with

ctrs. of iron

Slim.

Ibt.

Latt

lotbi (I IMh

) IS. tAj).

rich litlmrge
Cupellstionheaitli-hotlomi

82-88
62-65

2-3

Abstrich

80-86

8-10

:)7-40

St)-3
4-51

(impure litharge)
renidQa (OfenkiftU)*

Furnace

of

content

Lmd.

'

finery-slaga.

respect to their

Braaqne

11-21

40-30

Fume

2J-3
"

HIiUnoriUgiDdiiMML

the period during which

furnace oona
smeltingcampaign (i.e.
at
laets
uninterruptedly work from blowing-into blowing-out)
from
18 to 24 days; and could not be protracted
without
great lose
fuel
and
in
of
of the irregular
metal,
widening of the
consequence
shaft in the vicinity
of the twyer and
the formation
of zinciferous
accretions
in largequantity. The
products are slag from the foreinfiltrated with
hearth
other slags,and fume, with of
lead-regulus,
A

tinuee

the usual residua.

course

lasted 18
of

"

days,during

Kratz

"

(see note

pig-ironand 343

being226
10

In

the

ctrs. and

cubic

charcoal

ctrs.

feet, and

Taking

which

were

of ore,

227

each
ctrs.

above),1 25 ctrs. of leady products,50 ctrs. of

the produce of furnace-lead
finery-sl^s,
consumption of charcoal

contains

from

respectively).
precedingenumeration
of

campaigns,

of iron

the

omission

of 20
average
smelted
T52
ctrs.

an

70

to

of the

lead-reguluswill excite

110

380

tonnen

(1

tonne

lbs. of fir and

beech

products of smelting,the

attention

for, after studying

the

of the Taraowitz
and Upper Harz processes, the prodescriptions
duction
of sulphide
of iron might reasonof reguluBcomposed largely
ably
in tappingthere is no appearance of regulue,
be expected. Yet
of which
only traces can be detected in the slag from the cavityin
front which
receives the lead. Supposing,
then, sulphide of iron to
have been formed

in the furnace, what

is,it is diffused in the

has become

of it ? The

answer

here and there in spots, but infiltrated

of
throughout;and in these may often be seen enclosed particles
has
been
doubted
whether
and
unmelted
blende.
It
uudecomposed
the

not
slags,

regulusis diffused mechanically in the slag,or exists chemically

That
doubt has
in the state of imaginary sulpho-dlicate.
been removed
of the
by Mrizek, the results of whose investigation
will
be
further
on.
subject
given
combined

402

LEAD-SUELTINQ

Whilo

PBZIBBAH.

AT

deecribed
smetting-mixtnre
preTiuualy

the

contained

",-n

the average
fjom 27 to ^2 Ibe. of lead and from 5 to ti lotha of silvir
4^ to T lbs. of lead ami
per ctr., the resultingitlagcontaiuod from
3 dcnars

(1 quint

evident

notable

cauao

time

loan both

time

to

works

with

donarg)

1^ quititof

to

of silver and

oxpOTimcntshave
view

to

silver

reguluawith

of the
intermingling

that the

ctr.

the

slag

niusi

lead; and, accordingly, from

been

made

the

at

Przibram

that serious defect.

remove

It Ik

per

The

lead

record

iif

which has been given by Grimm, may

be stadit-d
expeiiments,
with profit
and
in
it
to
me
as
nearly important metallurgioil
i
appears
treatises to point out what has failed as what baa sucreeded, oit-!
to explainthe causes
of failure. I shall,therefore,
especially
prt.-M.iii
these

such of the results

I think

as

'I'hoiron-reduction
Lauteathal

Works

blende, containingfrom
The

as

process,

in 1833,

worthy of attention.
ia the I'pper
Harz,
practiced

most

tried with

was

of

mixture

61i^lbs. of lead,and

at

tli"-

galena

an"l

10 loths of silver

]m-i

thus composed: 100 ctre. of ore, lli

ting-mixturewas
and litharge
ctrs. of tcadyproducts(cupellation-fumace-bottomB
). I "l
from 74 to 80 ctra.of lead-slags,
and from 3G to 40 ctrs.
ctrs. of pig-iron,
ctr.

emol

The
finory-slags.

of iron

furnace

bo blown

obligedto

was

in tli-^

out

third shift,
from
gobbing up," as may bo inferred from the co"t"-xi.
The tap or ruceiving
the furnatv.
was
cavity(FordVge/)
put nearer
"

and

the

worked

was
pig-iron

the

out

from

reduced

accretions which

ctrs,,when

12

to

16

labour

better,though,indeed, unusual

frequentlyforming.

were

the fumatv

required

was

The

cliar

to

campai^

lasted 18 days : tho slags contained from 2 to 3 quints of silvtr or

and from 6 to 7 lbs, of lead per ctr. : there was
more,
no
separation
of

regulua.
In

other

added

were
experiments
leadyproductsup

otrs, of ore,
from 48 to 64 ctrs..and

in

with
At

The

which

tho

to

as

unfavourable

several thousand
otr.

one

and

the
nace,
fur-

and faikil.
roasting,
influence of blende
pernicious
considered more
profitableto
of blende containing
centners

about
(t.e.

20

ozs.

than

to

the

ton)

it

along

smelt

ore.

results
comparingexperimental

other, which

Bruuton's

tried for

had been delivered at the smeltingworks

results of

l"~i"i

iron

resumed.

were

2 loths of silver per

with the other

In

so

more,

or

the whole

on

strong, that it was

whollyburied
than

were

the conviction

per

finery-sla^
0"alead-slags.
1
retained
only qnint of
slag

smelting
bed, was
slowlyrevolving

that time

more

tho

roastingand

illsmelting
waa
leave

results

30

to

of limcetone

ctrs.

instance 80 ctrs. of

one

and
sionally
rcgutusseparated,
silver per ctr.
old process of

ctrs.

may

have

been

establishment

attention
particular

to

source

of

at

those
error

foregoingwith

different

or
periods,

of another, Grimm

which

may

eaih
the

calls

greatlymisl^ail.

smelting
suppress the remark, that at many
whether
from
false
it
be
carelessness,
works, especially
privateones,
shame, or conceit,tho mischievous custom
prevailsof deceivingone's
"

cannot,"he writes,

obtained
with

like the

Hel"

One

plumes

''

one's self

on

smeltingwith

small loss of metal

404

LEAD-SMELTINO

AT

the

results fullyconfirmed
foregoing

the

prcviouafailure

tho

at

The

rcduction

of

1 to 3 ozs.

is

only

than

C5%

treated

salt

of

reason

of the

1 to 3 lbs. of

from

iroc-

lead

and

485
are

as

I to 3

follow

the iron-reduction

richer I'rzibram

ordinaryprocess only in

it is

ores;

the

of

case

proct^-

advau*

more

containing

ores

of lead ; and the Przibram

will not be satisfactorily
ores
until the blende
is separated,
and subjectedto 8i"iii'

tried tho

Grimm
common

tho

dwte.)per ctr., i.e. "oni

of
charcoal per 100 ctrM.
consumption
cubic feet. The general ci."uto 515

for the extraction

special
process

both

of its zinc and silver.

experimentof roastingthe

(NaCl),and

quickenedthe

and

tho

to
applicable

tagcous than tho

more

Grimm

by

about
(i.e.

The

from

to

opiaionas to
SmeltingWorks

slags contained

per ton.

omonnttnl

ore

cluisions drawn

his

I'rzibram

process.
from 2 to 5 dcnars of silver

about

PltZIBBAU.

ibund

that

process ; but there

in admixture

ore

it tonded

to

^tL

prevent clottinc

followed a largedepoaitiou
un
fume-condensingchambers,
wholly given up.
1846 Grimm
experimented upon
soon

of lead and of chloride of silver in tho

of which

account

It is

the

of salt

use

to
interesting

the

of so
practicability

and

blende by
argentiferous
which
sulphato,
might

into

at a low

was

that

note

in

roastingthe
itselfas

Przibram

to

bo washed

the zino

convert

with

out

rich

ores

water.

in

more

le^

or

By roastiiip

tomperature he succeeded in convertingnearlythe

the blende

blendr

whole

ui

into

sulphateof zinc ; and the extraction of the zioe is

tendered more
perfectby the applicationof very dilute Bulpburii.'
acid, lie computed that after subjectingargentiferous
taining
blende, con2 lothe of silver per ctr.,i.e. somewhat

of the

more

than

20

ozs.

per

zinc-extraction processes, and aftem^rd?

silver
from
the
the residue in the retorts, the loss of thie
separating
metal would amount
to about t)0%of the total in the blende^

ton, to

one

Trials
have

the

on

been made

result

largescale
at

containinglead
of

was

the

reportedto

was

roasted and washed

zinc

usual

and

in the

Przibram

direction of Grimm's

Smelting Works;

be unfavourable.

with

dilute

silver

smelted

was

The

sulphuricacid

acid (by heat it is resolved

sulphuric
zinc); the residual oxide
zinc

tho

by
requiredfor solution

was

salt to be removed.

The

into

pure
been

blende

amounted

coat

to

long,and

of wages

5fl. 54

ores

ihi'
vreri.-

; the insoluble residui:

ul
Bulpfaate

vitriol or

acid, oiygi'n,
sulphurous

of zino

ordinary method
far too

in 1863

appliedto the mannfactun'

and oxide of
of

exporimenti-

zinciferous

white

tho solution and

preparedfrom

and

there

and

kr.,t.e,

waa

used

for the

of redaction.
was

The

much

too soluble

materials per

lis,

9jd.

The

traction
ex-

timi'

centner

of

trials have

entirely
given up, in the hope that hereafter the dressingof the
poor ores may be so improved as to increase their content in lead and
than what has been described.'
diver in a less costly
manner
In 1862

the poorer

ores

at

Przibram

contained

on

the

average

ANALYTICAL

lbs, of lead and

40

tuted
the

from ^ to

raw

unroasted

or

on

Spenok's Pboosbs

Tbkatmkhi

tbx

roB

UflUATB

year about

same

16 loths

of lead and

74 lbs.

smelted in the

it was

(fiiederscUag-

process

Galkh^

of

richer

remaining and

the average in the

3| quintsof diver per ctr.
state by the iron-reduction

contained

ore

delivered

ores

ordinary lead process."The

"so-called

part of the

eilver per ctr.,and conetismelted by

: they were

of
(about4 ozs.)

8 loths

of the total

405

DATA.

Blkitdx

amd

in

II

notice of this process may

be appropriately
inserted here, as
the
of
Grimm's
supplementaryto
foregoingaccount
attempt to
A

separate the zinc from

acid,

'iliere occurs
of lead and

zinc

mixture

the Mona

called

mineral

Anglesey,a

cuch
at

so

by

asd

of dilute

means

mines

Parys

Blueatono,"which

"

mixed
intimately

sulphuric

In the Ii"le of

oonsists of tho sulphides

constitute

to

as

tically
prac-

te separate
homogeneous substance, and to make it impossible
them
by any method of dressing.More than one smelter haa tried
in his furnaces,but in vain,
Mr, Peter Spence
to deal with this ore

of

Manchester, the inventor

of

stubborn
which

and

stuff

he has

through

devised

of 60

of sp. gr. 1-21, and

stand for

not

to

its treatment,
to powder and passed

followingplan

ore

is reduced

therefore much

time, say

some

successful cess
proicked
this
att
recently

alum, has

holes to the linear inch.

atid, is stirred cold with

to

the

patented.''Jte

sieve

and

of the well-known

manufacturingammoniacal

the

ore

week.

stronger
into

The

for

acid.
Hydrochloric

than

the

paste, which

coinniercial
is then

left

sulphideof zinc is stated

the acid, while the sulphideof lead is

upon
into chloride of load, which
is dissolved out by boiling

be

octed

converted

by

added in successive portions.The chloride of lead rapidly

and the mother-liquor
be heated and used instead
crystallizes,
may
acid employed
of fresh boilingwater.
of hydrochloric
The proportion
is determined
by that of the galena present; if the lead in the ore
amounts
to 1 0%, tlieweight of acid should he 25% of that of the ore.
jected
of lead, may
be subThe sulphideof zinc,thus freed from sulphide
water

to

either bo

appliedto

yieldits lead

to

are

Academy

at

the

in the metallic stete.

Ahalttioal
We

process, while the chloride of lend may

of oxychloride
of lead, or made
manufacture

zinc-extraction

data

indebted

ooNOEBirnio

Professor

to

Przibram, for valuable

from the

works
lead-smelting

LKAn-evsLTraa

at

Przibrau.

the

ImperialMining
of proanalytical
investigations
ducts
in that locality.*

Mr^ek,

of

Berg- v.. hutteDlu. Jalub. 18G4, 13. p. 315.

patentia geparaUng ZiiiR from its Ores." A.D. 1867.
'
16. p. 392.
No. 997.
1881),
Berg-nud liUttenm. Jalirbnch,
"

I'hu titleof tbe

"

April 3.

400

LEAD-SMELTINO

Roailed lead

orrt.

The

"

AT

PRZIBRAM.

analysedwas

substance

an

aRnay

HanipK'

curnn:
af!glTitinat*.'(l
product of the
furnaco
of
in
coiiutnit-tion,
in
IK'itl
a
reverberatoiy
improved
itHtsting
the bed than tlie English reverbcratory furiiai"K
narrower
across
firht roaxtcd,with frcqnfnt turning
The ore was
in use.
previously
and
then
0
houTR,
during 2 hours at a high tompcrnturr.
over, during
The
fractuntho fire-bridgii.
sufficientto render pasty what lay near
and
of the productwas
numerouu
dark-grey,
presented
gliCterui;:
of galenaand blende,and white grainsof quartz.
points

of

tho

roasted
completely

ami

CoHPosiTioM

Roasted

OF

Obm,
21-4S

Silica
Aluniinn

7-15

Liiiiu

0-78

Mii^eitia

0'23

Proloiiiieofiroii

478

Pe"qul"Xideof
Prolniide

ii"n

10-31

of mAngmtw

0'3j

OiidBofiino

22-62

Oxide uflt-iul;PbO)

25-61

AntimonioaciiliSbO*)
Sulphuricacid
Sulphur

1-50
ttaet
3-85

"0-128

SilTtt

98-738

acid of any metiillic sulphad'^

it appears that tho sulphuric
of roasting
had, duiing tho after Bta:;i'
during the first stiigo

Hence
formed

been wholly evolved, for

at a highertcmix;rature,
agglutiniition
doubtless
been
displacedby silica. Hy thi'
having
part
action of conwntrati-d
acid,all the Rulphnrwas
hydrochloric
expelkd
w
ith
of
s
ilica,
scarcelv
as sulphuretted
gelatinous
hydrogen,
separation
acid
solutioii
of
in
tho
a trace
sulphuric remaining
; and, therefore,it
existed whollyin tho residual sulphides,
have
which, in the
must
of
wero
Mrdzek,
undoubtedlyonly sulphideof zinc ami
opinion
the
most
sulphideof lead,and for
part at least stillin their natural
blende mechanicallymixed
with
the einti-red
state of galena and
silicated metss." It was
not possible
to determine
experimentallyhimv
of

the most

"

galenaand how much blende remained unaltered ; but Mr"Et.'k

were
approximately
42% of raw galena
computed that the proportions
blende.
of
and 1 0%
raw
The
of protoxide
to sesquioiido
of iron is nearlythe
proportion
much

same

as

in

Mrdzek
roasted

magneticoxide

of iron.

directs attention to the

productwith that which

in composition
of
simtlarity

this

ho obtained at

Freibergin 1865, and

is given at p. 308 of this volume.
of which his analysis
An interesting
series of analysesof productsfrom
Lead-regidiu.
tho Przibram SmeltingWorks
has been recently
made by Balling,
of
"

the

Mining Academy

of that town

and in that aeries is tho

following

iCQyCoOJ^Ic

DATA.

ANALYTICAL

407

prodBced in the ordinarj'

analysis(No.I.)of the lead-reffiiluH
process
in 1863.* No. II. is by Klasek, of the
at Przibram
of lead-smelting
ordinarylead-smelting
roguluBproducedin 1662 in the same
process
at

Fizibram.'
CoKPoeiTioM

or

Liad-Beoulus.

obdihabt

n.

Lend

9-385
63-103

Iron

Zino

1-52.1

Copp"?r

0'771

Nickel

0-3y5,

Cobalt

21-8eH

Bulphnr
Antimony
Arsenic

Cftlciutt

0-239

Silver

0-097

lead, antimony,and sine to be present in the

the sulphnrremaining
PbS, SbS*, and ZnS, respectively,

Assaming
state

of

1-107
0-396

...-

the

of what

afttT the abstraction

is

requiredto

form

these

compounds

pointsout, almost exactlyto produce disulphide

to Balling's
with the iron present; and this also applies
of iron (Fe'S)
identical with that
which may be regardedae practically
analysis,
as
suffices,

Mr"zek

of Klasek.
at Pnibram."
Tho composition
of
Slag from ordinaryUad-"melting
with
this slaghas been elaborately
inveatigated
by Mrdzek, especially

which
is formed in the
ascertaining
why the regulus,
be separated
and appear as a distinct
process, should onlyoccasionally
an
In
1863,
August,
average sample of the slags"was
product.
prejiaredby taking a portionof slagduring several days from each
waggonfulof slag as it left the furnace, and mixing and triturating
detached any adherent
the whole togetherafter having carefully
was
and every precaution
seeminglyadopted to procure
impurities,
for
specimen
analysis.Although in the
representative
an
accurately
piecesof slag selected no included globules of metallio lead were
observed on close inspection,
and
visible,yet such globuleswere
but
of
not
could any
a
regulus
particle
by cutting with a knife ;
mi cro-ory stalline in structure ; its
where be detected. The slagwas
its hardness was
3'75 at 21" C;
considerable;
gravitywas
specific
that piecesJ" thick could easilybe
but it had bo little tenacity
the view

crushed

of

in the hand.

tabulated by Mrdzek

The
:

"

followingis

the

of
analysis

the

sli^as

LEAD^MELTINQ

AT

COHPOSITIOM

PRZIBBAM.

hmHt-BLAO.

Of

8Ui"

8810

Alumina

S-OO

BMquIoxideof

inn

O'Sl

Protoxide "r iron.

47-14

Oiid"ofiino

7-25

Protoxide of Iwui

2-3S

Proloiide

of copper

0-81

Protoiide

of oobalt

(CuO,
Protoiideofiiicicl(NiOj
Protoxide of manganeM
Lime

(HdO)

tiaoe

...

0-76

"'"

3'S5

Hsgneiim
BilTer

(CoO)

O-Ol*

"

Bulpliur

2-71

AntiiDoof

tium

acid
Phoaphorio

3-5S
100.21

Ko

taiaed

acid existed m
this slag,
aniphuric
that evidently
it ("""
so
notable quantity
of metallic sulphide.

JUrizck tried in veiiu to dctc-nnine hy wH

"u'
processes hovr the
distributed
was
the
"i'i
Weak
metals.
amongst
phiir
accompanying

incapableof decomposingthe

silicatesof the

slag,certain

solutiout""

salts,concentrated st^utioa oi cyanide o( ixitassium,and alcobolii

solution of iodine,were
the agents which
he employed for that p"THe

then

which ik
attemptedto separatethe metallic solphide,
difTosed,or chemicallyeombin^
mcchaaically
in both states,by a method of fusitm. He melted in a crucible
or
u
intimate mixture of 30 granuuos of tho slag,
50 of common
(
fri(
glass
from lead)and 30 of glassof borax,various precautions
""'^
beinf:
served,and obtained a distinct rt^lua composedas follows (No^1-J
pose.

slagcontained

either

'"

GoHFOSiTiOK

or

Regulds.

iCQyCoO^Ic

ANALYTICAL

The

eodium

409

DATA.

clearlyderived from the flux added, and is

an
equivalent
by
replaced
proportionof iron,
the
This proportion
to
NaO+FcS
N^+FeO.
according
equatirai
is 3'9, which
ia therefore added to the iron found in the regulua,
total
this artificialregulus,
of 41*7% of iroo. Now
a
as it
mating
in
differs notably
fur the sake of distinction be designarted,
oommay
ssamoed

was

Mr^k

to have

positionfrom

that of the ntrtnral

and

the

of which

above.

The

On

smaller

much

and
striking,

direct
regtrlus

from

the

ore-

furnace,

in the second column

is againpresented
compoeitien

prc^rtioa

probablythe most

of

aanc

in^ortant,
pdnt

in

the

latter ia

of djfferenoe.

the

to the correction before mentioned

that, subject
Bnppoeititm
of the replacement
of sodium by an equivalent
proportionof iron,the
in
the
sulphnr
slagrepresentsiutenningled
regnluaaccordingto the
then Mr"Eek deduces "".B following
as the
precedinganalysis,
compo-

sitioa of the

slag:

"

CojfPosinoN
I.

Bilica

Alamins.

2B-10
500

,.",^.,.,"

Seaqnioxideoflron

OSl

.."

"."."...."

Oxide "rfline...
Frobnide

Slao.

OXjgeu compounds

"

PlDlozideofinm

or

41-7S
0-87

of lead

100

Protoiide of mftiigtnese
Lime

Magnesia
Phosphoric acid

.....

trace

3-95

"

0-78

.-

2-52
88B6

TL

SalphuT
Antimony

Sidphiar
camponoda.
"...;

2-71
O-II

Anenio

tnco

Iron

"

Lead

4-19

1-29

"

Zinc

1-H

0"ppm

0-26

Nickel and cobalt

015

BUver

0-013
9-832

0-298
LoM(Aiyafljr)oftliei"giiliuBiiaIj"iB
10-13

98-99

The

artificialr^ulns separated
by the process of fusion previously
mentioned contains practically
the whole of the copper, nickel,cobalt,

antimony,and
appear from the

silver

in
originally
existing
tabular statement
following

the

^ag,as

will

clearly

:-

D,j,i,i.=L,

410

LEAD-SMELTING

JTcnco it may

be concluded

AT

PRZIBRAM.

that the metallic

the holder,so to sp"ak,of the

essentially
metals here specified,
)',".
that,as in
provided

atioQ, there is

quantity.
After separation
of
and

compounds in

have

might

lead and

in

for

sulphur and

arsenic,nickel, colmlt, and

Mrizcic

69% of the

the

total

rcgulns. This

from
anticipated

been

zinc

bo

occurred

resulting
alag41% of

the

that

portionof

the

only

tli"
lead

W,

preciselywhat
of
of the affioity

is

The
respectively.
iron

in
total

lead and

consideration

oxygen

slag is

in apprecuble
Speiie

the artificialtcruIub,
there remained

81% of the total zinc,

of the total zinc

the

the associated
conaidta'the slagunder

sufficient arsenic to form

not

state of oxidized

sulphidein
silver and

antimony,

properly
regarded by

are

he eliminate
spcisc
-formingelements ; and, accordingly,
and computes that the slagcontaina 0*3% and
them from the rcgulus,
the artificialregulus;i%of spcise.Admittingthe copper in the artificial
eiiat
tlio
lead,
and
to
as
and
zinc,
'regulus
disulpbide
(Cu'S),
silver as monofiulphidos
the remainingiron and sulptur are
in
fliS).
the

as

Fe' IS',
which oorresponds
to the formula 6FeS-t-Fe"proportion
by the formnls
compositionof this regulus may be represented
:

Tho

in the latter member

20It8-t-31P8,

of which

is included

the copper

as

disulphide.
The

of tho

source

ascribed

reason,

of
proportion

by

the

acid
phosphoric

MrAzek

material in

in the

slagis.doubtless, -with
form so
lar^ a

which
iron-slags,

the ordinary lead-smelting

at
proceas
part is producedin charcoal- fineries and
It is inferred,though not

this acid is combined

Whether
this inference

grounds,that
or
KW-frO".

very

tho

charge in

Frzibram, and of which

part in puddlingfurnaces.
KO

to

the
considering

and
tribasic,
certainly
6(3EO,SiO')-l-Al'0',SiO'.

-which is

constitution
may

be

on

accordingto
be

true

of tho

or

able
unexceptionthe formnla
false is not

slt^in question,

expressedby

the

formnla

On the retention of the regulut

in the sJag. Admittingthe correctnecs
o
f
the
it is certain that a notable quantity
analysis
slag,
"

of Mrizck's

but it may
be
slagin the state of sulphide,
asked whether this suljihido
nated,
representsrcgulusmechanicallydissemicombined
it occurs
or whether
as
sulphosilicate
or
cbemically
and,
oxysulphido.Mrizck has carefuHyconsidered these questions,

of

sulphurexisted

in that

decided in favour of the first,

that of
or
rightly
shown
Tho
i
s
to
be
regulus,
sulphosilicate
hypothesis
intermingled
equallyuntenable.
hypothesis
whollygroundless
; and the oiysulphido
have revealed
A microscopic
examination
of the slagmight possibly
detection
with
for
the
too minute
the presence of regulusin particles
naked eye; but no such e"amination,it is to be regretted,
appears to
as

it

seems

to

me,

have been made.

specific
gravityat 21" C. of the slag,artificialregainsand
9"75, d-2'i,and 5'66 ; and this
regulus,was, respectively,
the slag and regulusis sufGcient to
diffferenoein densitybetween
The

natural

cause

the subsidence

providedthe wAuie

and

mass

of the latter
separation
thoroughlymelted and

be

from the former,

continue eo for

412

NORTH

lead exista in

ENGLAND

3LAG-HEABTn.

oxidized state, and

in

some

in very

cases

lai^ proportion,

The production
is an evil
of lead-regnlnB
e.g., the grey-slag.
bo
avoided
is
and tLi'
should always
whenever
it
practicable,

which

only be

can

an

OF

by producingsl"f
quantity. Henoe it beeooiei

attained in the air-reduction process,

oxide of lead in considerable

(ioataining
to

necessary

from

extract

with
sistently

economy.

similar
precisely

ment

snch

stag as

With
in

in the blast-furnace,
or that of the
furnace.
in
the
reverberatory
processes

exclusively
by

of such matter
The
in the
furnace

lead

as

cr"i]possible

objectit is subjectedto ti**!to

principle that of calcined galenifemcr

ores

either

much

this

carbonaceous

slagof the Bleibergor Comi'L

The principle
is deoxidatius

matter,

by

or

the combined

aciivi.

and iron.

objectof this hearth is the extraction of the lead contaiDin'.

of the ore-hearth,
rich grey-glagi
matters, such t;
or in other
residua,in which lead is present in notable quantity in sii
The

oxidized state.
varies somewhat

in

hearth

is

small

altbongt''

blast-furnace,and

details of oonstruilic'i

in minor

dimensions,and

!
different works, yet everywhere it is substantially
the same.
have drawings of these hearths from several smeltingworks in tLi

at

England, and they are all so similar that it would serrei'

useful purpose
to present engravingsof them.
I have selectedtt
vUii
and illustration a comparatively
recent sl^-hearth,
description
if
will amply suiHco.' The slag-hoarth
the
clt"
to
same
belongs
mm/k^
furnaces as the Knuamt^en of the Qormans, the fourneou
a
north of

of the French, and the Pava of the Spaniards.

The annexed wooden te
of the elag-hearth.
DeKriplion

(llfllol-'
from drawings of a slag-hearth
at the Keld Hti'i
are
inclusive)
near
Mining Company's Smelting Works
I.eybum, Wensleydslt
made expressly
for this volume
Yorksliire,which were
by my frieai
"

and

former
I

account

has

am

also indebted

observed
particularly
The

twyer.

slag-hearthis
It is made

brickwork

William

student, Mr.

or

Weston

to the

friend,who,

same

of fire-brick and

other material

long flue

or

for the
at

my

and described the process.

small rectangular
blaet-fumaoe

except

cast-iron
in

front.

upwards forminga chimney,whifh

prolonged
with

and

encased
The

at the

outer

following
reques'with

in

w"

oonuBcn

i-casing

top ia oonnecifJ

other arrangement suitable for the oondeneaiiiA

and collection of lead-fume.

a.

Interior of the furnace.

'

bh.

Lining of fire-brick.

The
slBd^hearthwill bo found de- 1 * Petitf^ndetaUs that thia term is ""
tbe SpaniJimondli'a,or lailbtf
Bcribod in WpBtgRrtliForeter'a ' TreaUse
i rired from
' "lo8ve
with IW
from Newoaetloft section of (be Simla
on
oooneoting the bcUowa
'

of " jnrtinthe name

of Orora Fell
to Ibe Mountain
so
blast-pipe
; md
ia CumVrland,'
Bvii. 1821; and in Pat- i kr neitof Ibe
tinion'B pnpor on Iiend-Smelting
in Northappliedto the entire hiniace. '"'
of Spain thej me
known anK'.
nmberland, Ouinb^land, and Dorliam, |moih-eut
of Mandiia, and in the foutta
contained in the Trans, of the Nut. Hist, the name
under that of fdEa.
Sod. of North umberliiDd,Diiiham, and |tjpain
Ne"OB*tle-upon-T;ne,Ito. 18!t2.

npon-Tyne

j
'

blowingapporaiuBbuili

THE

Outer

c e.

casingof

413

FURNACE.

brick

comiuon

other material.

or

d. Plate of cast-iron
Plate

e.

forming the front,named foregone.

cast-iron forming tlieback of the furnace below

of

//. Blocks

of

named
cast-iron,

the

bearers,
carryingthe side-walls

of the furnace.

bed-plale,
forming the bottom
g. Plate of cast-iron,named
the fiimace and sloping
downwards
and forwards.

of

h.

and the
Open space between the lower edgeof the fore-Mone
bed'plale.
i i. Trough of cast-iron,
named
divided by an iron
lead4rough,
the
into
two
unequal parts,
largerimmediately
partition
in front and the smaller
1 1 .-

there

which
the
k.

The

molten

one

on

the leftbetween

hole at the bottom

metal may

trough ia cast

in

flow from

of the
one

the letters

through
partition,

part into the other

piece.
dag-piL

one

Trough of brickwork,named

shaft above

the woodcuts
as

ia

arched

over

as

the furnace

higher than

at

the top

and

it

has

by mistake
is ; and
actually

not

as

been

in
represented

it should be shown

flat. But these diflerenoes are

quiteimmaterial.
The

outer

by
The
of

brickwork

cast-iron

twyer passes

hg. 122

is shown

helow

to
corresponding

the hearth

is supported

plateswith suitable bracingsof wrought-iron.

122 ; and at the top
throughthe cast-iron plate,fig.
the arched openingconnectingthe chimney of the

414

OF

NORTH

with

hearth

the

ENGLAND

BLAG-HEARTH.

furaeKMndenfiing
amtngoment.

Above

the

hearth

in fig.119;
an"i
open Hpacc arched at the top. M nhuwn
there is also a tiimilar hnt smalkT
the
sho'wn
h'ft.as
id
opcninj;on
in front is

fig.120,
The

an

The

of the twyer is whown

position
i"
covered
with a layer of
bed-jdale

tiiftedGlial aKhcs

formingthe
edge of

tho

to within

alwut

afih-bottom. which

The
fore-sUine.

1" Wow

is niado

space

the hearers is plastered

up with

in

12:J, 12,').
figs.
and
coarstly-

hard-burnt

the nozzle of the

to

slopetowards

clay.

low,

betw(-"

in fiont of the ash-bottom

This atih-bottom acts

tw^-fr.

the

as

:
u

f.ltf:

of which the molten slii^

and lead which, in the process i.f
by means
ca"'L
smelting,fall to the bottom of the hearth, are separatedfrom
tho
the
ash-bottom
out
other,
over
through openinpi
singrunning
made
in the clay stojiping
under
the lower
edge of the /vresione.
while the lead percolates
and
through the ash-bottom to tho bed-plate

in front. Tho
into the leiid-trough
largerdivision of
lead-troughis filled with s]M)ngy cinders, which likewise act

down

runs

part

of

filler,the

slag flowing over

tho

top into the

the
the

Blag-pit.

with water, while tho load runs

through and finds
the bottom, where it is laded out from tho smaller division

filhd
previously
its way
to
the left.
on
ITie
vitreous

productsof pmclting in
which
Uofk-ttag

is thrown

the

elng-hearthare

away.

The

and
fla^-Iead

fuel is coke and

peat.

by two men, a smolter or charge-man as he is

who
has
termed,
charge of tho hearth, and a labouror who supplies
tho stag-lead
the material to bo smelted, includingfuel,and removes
A
shift
about
8
and blatk-alag
histu
hours,
produced.
during 6 of
blast
is
2
which tho
hours artuninterruptedlycontinued, while
devoted to the preparation
of tho furnace and emptying it at the clos*
The

hearth is "orkcd

THE

of

ehift.

and
flhift,
in

burnt

"

slaggymatter

k-ft

stemming up"

with

TcrUnl

HKtion

on

Um

Uh

"stubbing out"

adhering to them

Tnllnl

Fig.134.

HcMon

CRBg.

Ibe line

on

lit.

"

the hearth, peats

the usual rectangular
lighting
(i.e.
pieces
little
coal
is plaeedin front of the
burning
peat)are put in, a
In

"

twyer, and the blast is then let

quicklyignited. Ahout
is

preceding

the furnace mnch

Bg. 136.

of

the

ia put aaide to be re-smelted.

B,

from

from the

claythoee parts of

slaggymatter

the detached

ng.133.

in

oonsiBts
preparation

This

uidoa all Ihe

415

FTTRNACE.

added, and

now

the

burning up
stubbingtools
the

introduced

after which

the whole

becomes

the fire is

sharpen their

men

to have

shift.

next

while

on.

of coke

1 cwt.

them

With

ready for
coke

more

is

little of the brott*eleft

previousshift (agglomerated
semi-reduced
lumps of ore). From
from the
the

beginning of

stage 1^
the

or

2 hours

hearth

mixed

with

the
are

becomes
a

stagis thrown

shift

this

to

consumed.

As

hotter, grey-"lag

little broute

in,and when

and

black

the smelter,

judgingfromthe timcwhich hasclapsed

since he began to chargewith smelting"""
materials,thinks that Blaghas begun to
melt, ha makes

edgeof

hole in the centre

the fore-atone

for which

i"J

f
"

'""

of the

purpose he

"

Homonni

"

"

Krtian

stoppingunder
uses

t" i
u"

un

Une e

F,

the lower

bar of iron

pointed

416

NORTH

and curved

the hearth

and
are

upwardsat

added

as

distributed

ES'GLAND

one

end.

now

care
required,
possible.

SLAG-HEARTH.

The

slagflows out througlithis hoV.

in full working oider, fuel and nutenil

beingtaken to keep the blast as uniibnnJt

aa

the

When

being

OP

is working to

furnace

burning too frwlv

to material is added.
As the "lag-pUSlla itir
lees coke in proportion
but
should
the
hearth
be
not
emptied;
workiug regularlyand tblend
have
with
to
stneltcr suspect any
the slag, the latter
gone over
is put a side to be worked
OTcr
again when it may be convenient i'
or

it with material to bo smelted.

mix

To end the shift

on

aide

one

for about

20

cUy-stoppingin
works

the

out

adherent

no

more

minntes

the

few

buckctfuls

out

the fire and

material is

chained,ajid the

^ hour, after which

the

on

as

with
bed-plate

of water

are

the

is

of

name

into the

thrown

The

and
poker,

which
practicable,

shift under

next

blast is k"j'!

it is shut

front of the ash-bed is removed.

ashes

Klaggy matter

smelting in

or

off and th
th^s

nmelter

Dftb"

much

aa

preserved

for

rp-

brouit. A
tlag-hearth

hearth in order

cool the interior preparatory for

stubbing

to
at

pm
tk

ensuingshift.
The

of iron

slag(basicsilicate of protoxideof iron)is vprv

is at all stiffand short."
The material
jp-ey-"/aj
dn
should not contain more
to be smelted
than 35% of lead ("by
assay);and if richer it should bo mixed with blaek-dagor otbi-r
use

1)eneficialwhen

the

"

material poor in lead. When

different kinds of material are
it is stated that the furnace works better and
the resalt

so

maei-

ie

m"v

satisfactory.
Resixtb

E"LD

of Brwue
"Ifrtii

Wrtubl of Giry-

QniMttTor

HE*I"

WctgdCofLMi
Orvpivladiie

The
form of
Head
1,

above described
advantages of the slag-hearth
in use
Korth of England slag-hearth,
previously

Mining Company'sWorks,
Larger yieldof

2. Production

of

are

aUegedto

lead.
cleaner

black-slag.

be

as

the ol*!
at the K*l^

over

follow

:
"

IN

SLAG-HEABTHS
I h"ve received

evidence
analytical

comparativetrial was

the

no

eame

each,the
with

proofof

in the two

and wae
heapof ffreg-iUig,

continued

kinds

of hearth with

during four

shifts at

beingemployed.

workmen

same

the Utter etate-

were
greg-tlag
passed throughin 6 hours
of coke, producing8-cwts. of lead.
of grey-dagwere
passed throughin 6 hours
cwts. of coke, producing18 cwts. of lead.

of

cwta.

consumptionof 9 cwts.

Nete hearth.

80

"

with

in

made

Old hearth." AH

417

SPAIN.

cwts.

consumptionof

quantityof slag smelted in

qualityof the slag.

The

the

in
slag-hearth

giventime

varies with the

in
published

Mr. Fattinson

of

slag-hearth.The

England
during that

accordingto

the nature

usual to reckon

was

lead obtained

of the

furnish

required to

were

the North
thefollowingre"ultsof

shift lasted from

produceof lead varied

the

time

1832

21

slags. From
of lead.

cwts.

14

to 16

from

10

hours, and
21

to

In

l^ge

that for 13 p"rta by weightof common

be 1 part of slag-lead.*

cwts,,
of coke

15 to 18 cwts.

transactions it
or

furnace

there would

ShaiiL Slao-hearth8

Tlieyare described by Fetitgand

as
built of stones, stronglysupportedwith massive buttresses for want
of iron bracings,
and
having an internal liningof largebricks of
launa, a kind of refractoryclay derived from decomposed talcose
schists. The hearth-bottom
is made of a mixture of about J of this
and
of
charcoal
or
coke,and from it there proceeds
clay
J
pounded
channel to a small circular cavity outside,hollowed out
in the
a
in
the
of
the
inclined
furnace
the
ground gainst
angle
planeupon
which
the slag runs
in
out.
They are representedas rectangular
horizontal section.

The

from

the hearth-bottom

from

back

to

in

Spaik.

"

usual dimensions

most

are

as

follow

height

to the mouth, 0" 85 to 1" 30 (2'9" to 4' 3");

front, O" 84 to 0" 90 (2'9" to 2' Hi"); and width,

twyer made of clay.

blast is producedby double bellows of leather,
which are worked

0"

70 to 0"

The

either

by

(141

to

costs

about

from

5000

74

(2'3J" to

man

1000

5").

There

and
mule-powet,

or

cubic

176

2'

is

one

deliver from

4 to 5 cubic

metres

feet)of

reals

air per minute.

The fnmaoe
complete
101.
e
xclnsive
of
which
cost
bellows,
(say
10".)

63/.).The smelting-charge
consists of rich slags(crauet blanchei),
old slags
of
(inthe proportion
of
latter
the
loss
than
of
and
all
the
to
^
former),skimmings,
^
other plumbiferouB
residua from previousoperations.
From 120 to
150 Spanishquintals(from about 108 to 136 cwts.)
of rich slagsare
passed through in 24 hours with a consumptionof from 20 to 24
quintals (from about 18 to 22 cwts.)of coke. The resulting
slagis
stated

to 6000

not

to

reals

contain

(sayfrom

more

than

52/. to

from

1%

to

lj%

of lead, though

casionally
oc-

there is considerable volatilization.

The yieldis from 1 5%
18% with a consumption1 J part by weight of fuel for 1 of metal.

to

Trans,

of the NaL

Hist. 8oc. of

aad NewcMUe-nponNorthnmbetlsnd, I"niliaiii,

'yne,1832,2. p. 165.
VOL.

ni.

2 "
DieitizecDv

418

THE

The

coatA
special

SPANISH

SLAG-HEABTH.

100 kil of lead

on

are

given as

12-022

francs.

iV

in
ooeta per ton of lead obtained
61.per ton, while the special
stated lu
in the Carthagenafurnace
are
smeltingrich sl^s (cnuaea)

about

be about

'61.
5". Id.

TOE

SPANISH

SLAO-HEABTH.

is
Spanishslag-hearth
invented by
was
Pctitgand'

The

M,

of the

manager

Smelting Works

blast^fnmace

a
a

which, according

r-.-

Frenchman, M, Boux de Freycinti.

Isodoro,in the hey of Escom-

of San

of Spain.' It was
speciallydesigned for ihv
lead-slags.It is circular in plan,"with a Blopio^
It is sMght in construction with respectto brickwork,
bottom.
ccid9"
in
thickness
and
this
M,
of
brick,
i.e.
single
o
nly
Petitgan-i
sisting
;
regardsas advantageous. It must be built of proper arch fire-bricts
breras

the south

in

of Roman

treatment

laid

BO

The

as

to

break

jointwith

furnaces in
original

each

other in the successive

Spain of this

had
description

no

course^.

breast-pas

of cast-iron like that to he

presentlydescribed.
The Spaniahslag-hoarth
has during recent years been tborooghlr
tried at various Icad'Smelting
works in England and Wales, and hii."
of
and most
been abandoned
some
our
by
experienced Iea"!lai^est
their
of
smelters,who have expressedta me
opinion it in language far
smelter friend calls it a
from respectfuLThus, one
beastly thing."
It is afBrmed that the escape of lead from it by volatilization is Tcrv
It is stated to be very well suited for expedition'-!)'
considerable.
like some
of those of Derbyshire,
smeltingpoor and easilyfusible slags,
hut not for the treatment
of such rich slag as is produced ix
I have scon
it in operationin several localithe Flintshire furnace,
"

'

7j. b veek
ot their lahout,"
EiploitatioBBtTruittiiiutitdoaPloiDbB
(Clieni:,-al
,
de rEapnKoe. Par M. Petit1782, 3. p. 293.) From
a
cthdKesa^B,
l^nd. Extntit de U KuTUe Uoiveraelle, muiiicatioa of the correspondent of the
1861,p. 94.
Tima, fur Greece, puljliahedOctober 37,
,
" The
smeltingof old lead-glagsvithin 18GS, tlie followingeitruct is takea:receat period biu been
"Grvat
of XW
a
expectnlinusace formed
comperatiTely
both
io England r sunu
that are
to flow into the Treasurr
piofttablfcondueted
abroad.
and
Btaljop Watson, writing from tbe reluse of the old "ilvM' uiid-I^
tonardf the end of tlio hut rentury,stiilos of lAnrium, and from
Uie disoorerv
(.f
whirh
"Ntar
ulver
miims
of lead and
as follows :
sTory smelting-lionsenew
there are
thouannds
of ore supposed to have escHped the notnv
[in DerbyBliire]
Freach
loos of slag,wbicli,when
A
properly b". ' of the ancients.
capituli^i.
coDsidenb:^
a
sayed,are found to yieldfrom Ith to^,thof M. Roui, has piircha""ed
their weight of lead ; though no petson
quantityof aeoria of the ancient mint's ti
method
of extract- i LauHum
frum
has yet dLtcoverod
tlie munieipBlity of
a
the
them
when
ameltfl
in diatrici,
from
wilti the consent
of the Cr.-irli
ing so mueh
Government.
His experience,guioed i^
la^ quaiitities
; and indeed the smelleta
,
little able to obtain all the lead
a simihir nuderlskiog at
an']
so
are
Ciirtha^Da.
contained
in them, that in many
places his prudent and liberal conduct in Attiia.
in re-smelting
the icfu^'
they ncTsr
attempt to extract any part of promise success
where
"!""attempt
of tbe old Alhenian
Bat vhpllicr
it: in Borne
mines.
phtces,
tbe;r
tlie proprietoruf the
ttje ioeiperiencedand
it,I have known
penniless Athcallow the smeltera 20t. for
slat;
eve^ pig nians who propose to rival hia enterpriaf:
of the value of 38"., will be able to pay the Greek GoveninieDl
of lead they procured
hpBides
liard casli for a conceasiou
of natioiLil
fumisliingtbem with fuel ; and
the
in
such
unis at least doubtful."
men
an
employed
mines,
yet
above [
wholeaome
seldom made
bustness,

dana le Midi

^
'

"

420

THE

I. Tho

feed-

or

SPANISH

SLAG-HEARTH.

door, below
charging-

which

is

platform and

of steps not shown in the woodcuts.

flight
The furnace itiwell braced with vertical bare of iron, encircled
with strong hoops of iron. The
riddltii
breast-panis filled with

cinders

and

the

opening at

A fan-blast is uoed
in

b closed while

and

is in

the furnace

the fuel is coke.

Four

men

tion.
operaare

ployed,
em-

wheelingtho

one
slagand coke,the second in charj^ng the
fnmaee, the third in attendingto the kettle,and the fourth in r^

The shift lasts 12 hours, duringwhich

time
moving tho black-slag.
abont 7 tons of slagare smelted.
The reduced lead filters through
the cinder-bed
flows

from

bottle

; but

enough

in the

the

the

permit

to

of the

the

is not

alag

it flows

so

hoi

to

run

the

over

the

breast-pan on

oppositethe
iron

tap-hole into

the cinder-bed

through,and
top

breast-pan,and

bAv

tap-hole,
along
which it drops

sheet-

gutter, from
in

water

pit underneath.

int-i

Wood

ii^

keptburning on

the kettle and

that side of tho

in order
breast-pan

the

prevent
Tho

lead

cinder-bed

breast -pan
necessary, and tbat

or

shift in order

to

of

poking,

times

12

ic

solidifyiBg.

from

in the

changed when
frequently. Instead
formerly,10

agai"Ki

keep open

during
a

is
is
as
a

paaffigc

end of a b"r
of
lead, one
iron,I)" in diameter, is kept insert(.-d
for the

and withdrawn
through the tap-hole,
to let the lead flow out,
occasionally
after which

it is

In

replaced.
tons of slag,
ing
yieldabout
of
lead.
B%

smelting84
by dry assay

10
DO

are

the Una c D.

and

sometimes

12

tons

of

coke

Forge-cinder
(chiefly
of iron)
protoxide
are
occasionallyrefluor-spar

oonsumod.

tribasic silicate of
and
"'"*

^L^

quired as
Iccts

"n)eo(ii"BiuWiM^H"rik

on

kettle

when

first reduced, is called

for the market.

It is

"

and
rough-lead,"

slagof the kind

adaptedfor treatment

fluxca.

Some

r^pilus

col-

the top of the lead in tho

Tlie lead.
and
is taken otL
must

above mentioned

be re-nioltt-d
that

is specially

in this furnace.

compomtiott
of the tlagfrom the Spanididag-hearth. It
18
generallyblack and vitreous. One specimen,derived from the
which
I obtained from lead-smelting
vrorks
smeltingof grey-slag,
at Bagillt,
ratory
near
Holywell,in 1858, has been analysed in my laboby Mr. W. Weston and found to h^ve the followingcompoCharactert and

aitioD :"

"

GoOQ

uigmzea ijy

Ic

CARTHAGENA

*21

FURNACES.

CoMPosmoK

BucK-Sua

OF

Silica

83-94

AlumiDa.

13-00

Lime

20-70

Protoxide of leed

10-64

Protoxide of iion

12-84

Oiide

of zinc

8-78
99-40

The

this

compoBitiouof

be

slagmay

the

nearlyrepreaentedby

formula
Fe

A1'0"^0" + 80aO,8iO" +

reduction of the lead

[O.SiO".

Zn

incomplete.This elag-hearth
after a few trials,
it is stated,was
abandoned
the grey-elag,
iTOS
aa
found to be too rich for it ; but in the same
neighbourhooda similar
in
was
operation
slag-hearth
during several years for the treatment
of stuff which conld not otherwise be profitably
worked.
The

wae

very

CAETHA6ENA

Spanishthese

FDBNACES.'

Homo$
de Oran
Tiro,
designated
inrentod
the
late
Juan
were
They
by
chemist at Carthagena,
and first
Delgado,pharmaceutical

In

furnaces

are

Sornot Economico$,or Pavo"'

Martin

into

came

operationin

ofCarth^ena.
resemble
closely
described

Park

volume

M.

the

at

1347

Lncia

Petitgandconectlyremarks
of which

Iron

and

furnaces at
has been

account

an

in the

Works

port

that

these furnaces
Eamalia, which Mungo

the native African

and
on

Santa

Steel.

They

were

given in

the preceding

specially
designedfor

smeltingthe poor and impurewhite-lead or carbonated ores of the

"which contain from about 6% to 1 5% of lead and
Sierra of Carthagena,
of lead,t.e. from
from
25
of silver per quintal
to
30
yield
grammes
16

ozs.

These

dwta. 18 gra. to 19

ores,

accordingto

ozs.

dwts. 12 grs. per

14

Petilgand,"consist

of

ton

of lead.

earthy carbonates

mixed witb lead [ascarbonate],

oxide of iron,clay,silica,
intimately
associated with blendic
and oxides of antimony and zinc ; they are
and arsenical
and
contain
iron-pyritee
galenas(galenee
blendeutes')
variable proportions,
in infinitely
pyrites.These substances, occurring
render

'

The

the

difficultand
smelting

foUowiug infonaation

tliiB fumacs

has

Troiteiaeiit

dea Plotnba

the
"

from

Rptuo

M.
Uni-

Exploitationet

dans le midi de
SIS. tommunica-

and from
tioDB to Ihe Author
from M.
" Payo
ia turkey-cockin

VEspagne,"

reBpectiiigveh

been derived

Peti^nd'B Article in
Temclle,18C1, entitled

the reactions very

Petitgand.
Spanish,and

a
to the Custillian hearth,when
so-called
ia used]; and ther ue
of the bellows by which
the name

aa

blast
from

What
ia the
are
worked, Pataa.
resemblBiDCO between Each bellows aod a
turkey hen ?
" The
of CarthogenftWM
the
vicinity

they

"

tlie heo bird.

The
latter term
is given to the old blast-heartlia,
bling
resemnorth

conntrj slag-hearth
[as

mining operationsiu ancient

According to Strabo 40,000 m
ployedthere,and f-

site of vast

Pava

our

complicated."'

..

of

Bilver amounted

to 2

'-"

"

'-

422

CABTHAGENA

FURNACES.

Deteriplion
of the furnace.The

annexed

have
M.

by

to me

A.

been

woodcuts

(129to 131
communicated
original
dravrings

"

preparedfrom

clusive)
in-

Fetitgand.

Chimney.

B. Foundation
C. Fine
D.

of solid masonry

connectingthe

the chimney.
carrying

fumaco

with the

chimney.

Charging-door
{eargador).

E. Hearth-hottora.
FF,

immediatelyabove each twyer.

refractory
clay,through which

: there is one
I'ccp-hok-B
Twycrs,made

G G G G G G.

the air enters

of

support combustion.
H. Cinder-fall for Jownflow of the slag.
B. Tap-receiver,
with the hearth-bottom
communicating
a

The
the

passage,

bottom

to

shown

as

by

the dotted line in

of the furnace is made

mixed
locality

with

of the

duet
finely-poimdcd

(E) 1"y

fig.131.
of

mat"rials
refractory
of coke

charcoal,

or

stampeddown

in successive laj-ers.
The draughtis caused by tin;
chimney 13 or 14 metres (sayfrom 42' to 46')high. Usually one
it is divided
for two furnaces, in which case
chimney serves
by a
wall extendingupwards f of the totalheightof the cbiuiney.
partition
In smelting'
works
having condensation-chambers, the flue opens

trenutioQ
,

Mr.

itrata,aq^Ulacvniu

elsta,mica-EoliLats forming tlie

Giotr, author

of the Hietorj of bosaot the flaaurcl blnckcrjatalline

lime,
Bandotone
and
Attic drschniA of the
stimea.
canglomeratt'a.
time
of Polybiui,ftom
Btftibo The erupted hkIib are greenishand piwwtiom
and thfy are par eireUenct
the
quoted in tUa forcjininKpassago, waa
phyritic,
nil the metalequivalentto aboot
Knglinh; so thnt moke BtcompnnyinR iieurly
25,01)0 draehmte amouDtad
to Sill. 7". liferoua dcpoatlaof ihis loealitv. vliich
Blerling.And fmm a singlemine,iiamed for tlie mnit poit are in ooatoct wilh
BcliiBtaand limeBloncs,
and extend over
Btebdn. Hannibal obtained a dailyleturu
a
'
of 300 Iba. of silver, tPliny.Lib. 7ai.y.m. fveins nf
Inrgearea.
Although oiunerous
81.1 Ford statea that on the 21"t April,i ore occur, jet more
genenllr the ore
exists in intercalated bods and irregalar
1(K(9,a loda of argentiferous
galena wns

Greece, thnt

the

SJd.

di^cova^ed at

50 feet,
a depth of about
to
Tihich tlie name
of La Carmen
was
pivin
in honour of the Vircin ; it yielded ll^OO
amilieji(1 Brroba = 25 lbs.)
of ore ]"erdny
and the slinren l^no" rose
from 150 dollars
to l(i0,0l'0.Fotitgandremarks that "the
l^iemi of Carthnn;ena
is not like the Sierra

pocketsin the

liraestHnua
In the
district of Alroalarron
tlie eruptedrocks
traversed at many
arc
pointsbj reins of
galena,which would indicate thai the
in of later date than those rocks.
ore

i
'

'

....

'

There
two classes of ore, carbonalis
are
and galenas,
of which
the formt-r predominatc.
The
gnlinaa delivered to the

of Gador

with preeiincesand
bristling
f erBrpe"!
rocka,which render fkvcbb to the

from 15% to Cfi-'^

sBioltera rarj in jiroduce
the avcmtn
SO'^1o
produce being fmm
with from 15 to ITOgnunniesofulver
pnsiLiare
|35''^,
cumsbinrea
explainwhy, In apitaof the pi-r Spanish quintalof lead (46 kiL 10
often indeed poverty, of the
4iJ01 kil.)
=
; i.e. from 31 oi",
inferiority,
giammea
worked.
; 19 dwM. 2 grains to 120 ozs. 14 dwts.
3, it luisbeen so energi'tiwllj
latter

so

difficult ; its iiictalliferous

deUie sea. and these eirnearer

=
[A correspondent,
peraonallyacquainted 10 grains per ton (I gramme
witli this district,
infurms me
tliat another
The
deficiencyof
grains)
of their being worked ao energetio-tlimughoutthe entire metallifrmos
rrason
of the Soutli of Spnin,lulded
allyis the c^net of gettinga greatprize.

The

only

ores

of tbe Sierra de
of silver per

ozs.

Gador contain

ton.] It

composed of sedimentary rocks

absence of all motive

'

is

of the

'

not

the

power,

dressingof the
impoeaible.'

ores

wiU

IS^SS
sati-r
trict
disto tl;o
ever

if
difSculti

igitizecQyGoO^I

423

DESCRIPTION.

into
directly
are

in

furnaces

the pssBage

general

more

use

are

leadingto

those chambers.

than

chambers.

such

built of talcoae schists set in

parts of the coast, aa

at

Adra, they are

Long chimneys
Carth^eua these
In other
courses.
regular
At

huilt of

bricks "with

common

internal liningof fire-brickR. The furnace is braced externally

with strong bare of square wrought-ironplacedvertically
and encircled
an

with" strong
furnace

wrought-ironhoops,as

completecosts

from

2500

to 2600

shown

francs

in

129.
fig.

(sayfrom

1007. to

which
the chimney,
costs not less than from 1400
1041.),
including
1500 francs (sayfrom 56J. to 60t).

to

cbhuiej aod fDjnacc.

The characteristic feature of these furnaces,it will be perceived,

is
that the air enters through twyers by means
of a chimney-draught,
and is not forced in as in blaat-fiimaces,
machines.
by blowing'I'he charge UBualiy consists of from 50 to 60
SmeUing-chartje.
haeketfuls of ore, weighing from 6 to 7 kil.each (12-2to 14-4 lbs.),
'
from 1 0 to 1 2 basketf uls of slagsmixed with J of rich slags(ctomm)
from previoussmeltings,
and from 6 to 7 basketfuls of coke with a
little wood
if necessary. The
[and as
slagspromote liquefaction
"

theyno

doubt contain

lead,show

the

produce to

be greater than it

424

CARTHAGENA

is in

to loss,whicli,
an
proportion

may

be

convenient

at

of the
^);lomeratioii

FURNACES.

times]and
furnace

correspondent
quaintly remarks,
the wood

contents,

prevent the

tends to

which

would

check

tbt

draught. In

the course
of 24 hours from 150 to 200 Spanish quintal
containingon the average from 8% to 10% or even
12"^of
lead, are passed through the fiimaco, alongwith from
50 to """
Spanish quintalsof slags.The proportionof old (Roman) slagsis
of

ore,

often increased,and no
thagenafurnace is well

inconvenience

adaptedto the

arises from

this,

smeltingof such

as

the

Car-

alags.

the process. The composition

of the smeltingMode of fondaeling
charge of carhonateil ores is extremelyvaijablc,and is reg^laial
be
smelter accordingto whnt
during the process by tho master
observes in the working of the furnace,
PetitgandpraiseshighJv
the difficulties
these smelters for the skill with which they overcome
"

of the

process.

Coke

is the fuel, but

before

a
lighting

new

or

paired
re-

other convenient vegetable

or
palm (Chanicerop"
humHU), the
is effectol
etc.'
(Sipa tenacieeima), Ignition

furnace, it is filled with wood

fuel,such as the roots of the dwarf

creepingstems
'

To

of Atocha

and has travelled

friend and formpr I mnnj
lespeotei]
yciirB in Algpria,
Gilee Munliy,ttutlior much
in tlic south of Si"iu, I tan in"Ftore do l'Alg"irii',"
resided |dcbtcd for the fullowiDginteresting
who
wmv

fcllnw-student,Mr.
of tho

iCLyCoO^lc

MOBE

OF

CONDUCTING

THE

425

PROCESS.

through the twyors, which in this stage are

moderated
and the temperatnre is carefully

kept half
eo

that

closed np,

the internal

dry gradually with as little risk of

refractoryclay liningmay
off as possible.In ahont 5 or 6 hours the furnace
crackingand flying
is dry,when
weights
hundredit is filledwith coke uj) to tlie top and some
of lead
and

are

thrown

in,which melt, trickle

prevent the first-formed slag from

stoppingup

the

tap-hole.As

soon

as

tothehottom,

down

stickingto

the hearth

inteiior

the

of the

and

furnace

brightred-hot,which will be the case after a few hours,

thrown
r" or 6 basketfuls of ore and an
of lead-slags
are
equalmeasure
in alongwith the coke, the twyers are
and
the
the
to
fiill,
opened
proportionof fuel is graduallydiminished while that of the ore ia
has become

cotint of the
applicatiouof the
Atuchtt
and
enumeration
of the

word

ptsnta

MicA 08 fuel in t)ieSontli of Spain. " llie

Flora of Spain by WillitlestpubUi"hi"d
tLe
koinm
and Laii^o givts Aiocka
na

pricetlinn tliat of Oraii, This ia owing (o

llie ptriodical
firesnhioh mvuge
the counin the provinooof Omn. nliich destroy
trjr
the madre
and the young leaves
d'alocha,

Slipa (Sfoeroofifoa)
by ciittlp. The plaatoused as fuel in (he
always heard Atocha \south of Spain ere as follow : Lavandula
SEoechas L.,~BosDiariuu9 offlciuulia.
appliedto the re/useof Ebparto gresa, or
L.,
the dried
unserviceable
Cistua Clusii,
leaves,or even
Dunal, CisCua ladanirerua,
old ropes of Esparlo,untwisted and Died
RL-tama
L., C. albidus,L.,Ac,
sphn^rn1 carpa, Webb
eitlier for lightingfires,
(near
or
more
comMalaga), Piatacia
Boias (near
nionlytot wushing platesand dinhea, for LciitiiicuaL.,~Pinus Piiuapo,
last purpose it ia rubbed iKtween
wbich
Maln^), Gonibta Scorpius,Dec, and G.
Sjmnish

for

nFime

ieaacitiima.

I have

"

"

"

"

"

.
'

"

to convert it into a lub- ' linifbtiikL., Ulex

provincinlis,
Lois.
The madre
d'afo- I Calyeotolnespiriosa.
Blanco reaemblioglow.
Link," Ononis Nacha (motherofalocha)is the dctid,dried
trii.L., Thymusvulgaris.L., Teuerium
the hands

so

as

"

kaves

of

tlie

"

"

"

are
never
fruticans,
plant, which
L., PBS8criiiatinctoi'ia,n'icki"t.
and Valencia), Quercils
to protectthe livingj(near Tortosa
as
they serve
lu the province of Oran (tliis
'avcs.
|Ilex,L., and Q. coccifera,
L., Tamarix
the hills j^fallica,
L.. and
plantdoes not grow near Alpiora)
L.," Rhamnus
lycioides,
covered with this graas; but,although 11. Alaternna, L,,"Phillyreamedia, L.,"
arc
Lloyd (nftlie WeeMg Neiri)has an agent Jasminum
fmticanB. L., Salvia offlcinaatOran
for collecting
it.yet all the Esparto Us, L. (Aragnn), Osyriaalba, L. I have
uaed
there for rope-making is imported neverseen
wildolive-tn.'Oflgtowini'iaeufiifrom Spain,and fetebea a much
to be used as fueL"
liighcrvient quantities
"

fulled,

"

"

"

"

426

CARTHAGENA

incTeosod.

somewhat

afterwards

Soon

FURNACES.

paaty slag will be

Been

to

flow out in front of the furnace.

One man
is constantly
empluye"l
in looking
from
which
he
delachea
with a little bo-jk
aft"!rthe twyers,
"When
tendingto obstruct them.
any adherent vlag or other matter
the furnace iw working well the twyors are
and
when
bright,
tbi-_v
become dark there is derangement,owing to imperfect
liquefaction""'

the

consequent agglomeiation

with

ore

evil may
runs

the descent of

and

impededdrangbt.

Tlii-

arise from
ore
Urge lumps. If the sla^
the jiropj^rtiDD
of galeniferous
matter in the charge i^
loo liquid,

increased.

in too

The

is onlyopenedat the time of charging,

charging-door
which should obviouslybe effected as quickly
-which
and
as possible
the
to
takes placeevery hour or more
according
activityI'f
frequently,
in
the furnace. The chargesiutrudticcd at a time are
conjsiderable,
caiiEed bv
to les^^en the disturbance
order, as far as practicable,
when
the
a
ction
of
the
the
chimney
cbargin;checking
exhausting
door in opened.
the twyers indicates the relative lemp^
rature in the adjacent
parts of the farnace within ; and to this point
the side where the tempeobservation should be directed. Towards
rature
The

relative

to be

is ecen
so
portion,

be

more

of
brightness

that

the ore should he

highciit,
the ascendinggaseous current

less diverted

or

thrown

in

Isr^r prthe twyers saa^

the circumference, where its calorifi.'

from

from

action

is greatest,towards the centre

in order there to acceleratt'
And
because of the highertemperaturein the centre, the otv.
accordingto Petitgand,should by preferencebe thrown in towards
fusion.

the circumference,
so aa to form
This inconvenience, he adds, is
the fumaco

and

the furnace

is less acted

cavityin
funnel-shaped
consequence

the

centre.

of the eonatmction

ui

admittingthe air ; but it ia lessent-J

the
above-mentioned
and by advancing the
by
expedient
tv^yere
far
inwards as
the ascent of the gaseou'
aa
: in this way
practicable
current
through the centre ia promoted,and the temperature c"ius.-time the lining I'l'
while at the same
quentlyin that part ia iitcreased,
operation2
in

or

of the

of

manner

upon.

well-managedfurnace coutinues in
longer,so long as the hearth

months, sometimes

goodstate. It is stated that a furnace hardly gets inti.

workingbefore the lapseof 12 or 15 days. The twyer?
steadyregular
Use is madi:
and liave frequently
to be renewed.
wear
quickly,
away
above the twyers to detach the slaggymatter
of the peep-holes
which
a
nd
which
otherwise
is constantly
above
the
latter,
accumulating
would
soon
stop them up completely.The thinness of the walls in
remains

this part of the furnace fiicilitates

this operation.
furnace
is
The
tapped every 6 hours [or oftener
when
require?],
is rabbled

the metal

during

some

runs

into the

instants with

as

occasion

may

li
cavityon the outside,
few piecesof wood, after

it has become
to removi^
it is skimmed
which, as soon
as
tranquil,
into
rich
then
and
cast
pigsw-eighin^:
slag(cranei),
any supernatant

from 4S

to

62

kil, each

proper and castomary

All the lead of
of the coast.
carbonates
from the
from
or

the
(8ilJto 114^ lbs.),

works
weight in all the lead-smelting
is
hard, whether derived
Carthagena

428
It

FURNACES.

CABTHAGENA

onlyin
the;do

IB

and

this lattor respect that their

becomo
economical
not
really

dilfictiltiin
{embmroM),which

and

are

For the

found

not

bdJ

"

it is to them

metallurgyof Carthagena:

eminence.

jiisti"ird

accidents

during some time after they a:They have," writoa Petitgan-i

c
ontributed
the development
of the miL"to
largely

and

maintainal

until the

occnr

firstlighted,
have been surmounted.
"

be

adoptioncan

that it

itn pix-

o^ee

of this diDtrict they fulfiloonditioiiB

ores

in the

combined

ancient

have

They

furnaces.

*i:-t
giv-a:*'

to a;
giving
and
therefore
s:
mosphcricair at several points simultaneously,
uf oxygen, which is indispensable
for reduction : they fecilita'excess

capacity, largerhearth,
a

arrangement

an

for

access

of very divcrtie matters

which
it is necessary
to 1r" .'
tt^ether,
mostly in order to act upon the gangae" and decomp^
small ore to be passed
them ; moreover,
through in larj^'
thoy jiermit

the

mixtures

quantity." But

it is asHcrted

in these furnaces than

Now

is

if,as

treatment

in the

the
alleged,

of carbonated

The

osygen.
Kuman

is

ores

contain

above

these
for

reason

the
precisely

is also true

slagswhich

objectof

chief

an

admitted,because the

be

of such

same

upon which, as

is grw;-artificial
with
blast.
liupjilied

of lead,the

ores

interior cannot

for the reduction

that the volatilization of lead

in furnaces

with

lead in

is tl

of oivj:-:

exccsit

condition
of

reverse

respect

to

oxidized

an

furnaces

the

req^li^"-

an

reduction
One

state.

epdj

smelted in
attention, namely,the largerquantityof oro
time in the Carthagena furnaces than in the blast-fornaoes

Sjiain.The questionsthen arise whether

greater capacityof the former furnaces, or to

is due

to

the

the air to support combustion, or to both ?

introducing
througha
temperature sufficient for reduction prevails

in these furnaces,
and if so,
decided ncgntive answers
advances

into

turned

fact which

one
a

'ilie high

I'ava

by

priceof

why
from

friend

it is,that

is conclusive:

giTi:,
in u-

this re"i;'.:
the
Is

modt-

it thai

blunt, it will smelt

when

stuff with

more

:
.

larger extt^:

questionsI have rcceiv.

of much
espeiicnce,w)

To these

":

\v-r

stated,I'otitgand
lays stress, deserves

in the south of

exci-fc

Pavn

i-

lets fiirl.

fuel in tlio south of

Spain must, as I'etitpiLi

tothese furnaces, coke costing85frat"^
asserts, be a serious drawback
and coal 45 francs i"er ton delivered at the smelting-works.Tr"v.
the
must

of
profit

the smelter

be diilucted

cases

^eitern/
expeuBcs

aud

an

the

gpeciai
smelting-o-w:',
duty of 5%^ on il.'

ad coiwetn

bo very small,and sometimes

nothiLi:.
of silver in the lead that rendirit is only the content

lead,so that his

In most

computed from

nett

must
profit

Potitgandproperlyinsists upon the it.

operationprofitable.
of the SpanishGovernment
policy
levyingan importduty on foretp'collieries which
of protectingtheir native
coal with a view
ai
the

situated

in

distant

and,

so

far

as

concerns

the

south

of

it
Sj^ain,

almost inaccessible districts.*

'

reduced to 3%. I Conlota,and the coti from those localit'i'TIiiidutyhaBBinccliecn

Tbo
oDiy coBl-floldHin tlie souUi of coanot competu in pricewith Engliah c\d.
and EHpiel,
[in tlje Bouthem portaof Spain.
near
8paia are UuMeofBulmra
'

COST

has
Petitgand

REDUCTION

OF

the

seen

OF

429

QBET-SLAGS.

Carthagenafiimace employed at

in tho Sierra Nevada, but without

regulusfrom pyritic
copper

ores

much
and

for
profit,

in Catalonia

the

I^nteira

productionof

for
unsuccessfully

smeltingof quartioeegalenas. These furnacea have also been tried

in EBtremadura,
in the provinceof Guadalajara
success
more
and in France for the smeltingof galena from Algiersand Sardinia,
In 1859 they were
the aasociation of carbonates.
with and without
the

without

still in

at

use

for the treatment

worke

Rome

of

tut
grey-slags,

in operation;
one
was
1869, it is doubtful whether even
they were
Villaricos
and
for
the
of
Adra
treatment
at
use
alaga.

in

stilt

in

of grey-dagt in the Carthagenafurnace. The

composed of about 92-5% of these slags,
yielding
about 1 6% of lead, and 7-5%of the following
about
matters, containing
J 5% of lead,viz.,argentiferous
galena from Almagrera in very small
Coil

of

r^udiiM

"

smelting'
chargeis

carbonates,refuse of ore collected about the furnaces,

proportion,
As the result is the
fume, and slag from the softening-furnaces.
whether
the
reduced
o
are
same
separatelyr in admixture with
slags
tabular statement
of
those matters, Petitgandgives the following
expenditure
:

"

S510

SpaDiahqniDtAlBofRie^-BlBga

1S5

of fume

15

,,

Fuel

,,

26 quintalaat
(cofce),

2 amelten

13 raala per

1200

nuteiiftls

SB

Or

yieldof lead Taries

and

about

numbers

of lead amount
contains

ST -90 franca.

Breakage and carriageof

The

...

20

at S

in round

,,

28

1 OTerlooker.

or

kilc^rammec

690

qaintul^SSSreals

real

at H

4 labonrera

and varioiu alagB.

to aboat

from

from 1400

to 1 600

1^ statute

ton.

64-7

"5

kilc^rammes,
say 1 500,
costs
special
per ton

The

francs,i.e.Si. 5(. Id.

The

lead is hard

of silver per 100

kiL,i.".from
grammes
dwts.
14
dwts.
17
17
8
ton.
17
to
ozs,
ozs,
According
grs.
grs. per
the treatment
of tho matters
to the data procuredby Petitgand,
economical than
in the old blastabove stated is decidedly
furnaces
more
40 to 55

12

or

paoat, the difference in favour of the former

francs per ton of lead

produced.

30
exceeding

430

LEAD

AUSTRALIAN

SKKLTiNa

Luji

or

In 1850

saw

tn

WBioH

of Messrs.

lead

that the lead existed in it as

had been

ore

in the

(by assay

ore

exists

from

as

SoifHAn.

Anstralia

at

Newton, Eeates, and Co., at Sagillt.

I was
informed by Mr. John
Henry.

and
Holywell,riintahire;

manager,
tons of such

Lkad

thk

largequantityof

Works
Snieltin);

Obk

ORE.

that several
sulphate,

imported,and

iron-dish),
3lJ ozs.

that it contained

nft;

iL-

litisdtvi!

38%

of silver per ton of ore,

tL.'

of

"with

leac
eoiLf

gold.
cotttaii.*
of ike Ore." It is earthy and reddish-brown, and
of
micft-schiat
and
it
has
been
found
be
to
fragments
;
composed 4"
follows by Smith and ^Vard (Analysis
in my laboratory,
1870j ;
Nalure

"

CoMPoernoN

Austbalian

or

Liad

Obk.

SolphnrieHid.

20-C6

of lead

Protoxide

42-31

"
Senquiuiiiieofiron

116-91

17-a4V
(n"reO_17a4"
J /"gFeO

J ^-M

Protoiidfofiron
Oiide

(MnO*)

(ifmangsnese

O-IO

Alumina

1-09

Lime

0-21

Silver

O'lO

Copper
Zinc

(aaCuO
(aBZnO

Antimony

(as BbO*
Cobalt...

NickLland

=
=
=

034)
0-3O)
0-H)

(as (NiCo)O

0-27

"

02*
0-11

026)

"

0-02

Si lira (soluble)
acid
Plioephorio

012

Wati*, oorabincd

3-iS

Residue

insLilublo

0'03

|Silica

liydrocblorio
jAlumina, vitb a little eeBquioiideof
Illagneaia,
acid
alkalis,and trac" of lime
is

10-44

1-Sl

"

iron

(I'B4

13-09

t
lOO-TS

Lead%

39-30

fiilver,
pet
A

The

ton of ore, S3

6 cnU.

on.

19

graini.

very small

of sulphurie presentin the state of sulphide.

portion
of sulphnric
acid requiredto combine with 42-34 uf
quftiitity

protoxideof lead, in order to form the neutral salt,is 1519, so

acid present must
be in combination
^"47 of the total sulphuric
other bases,

probablywith

oxide of iron for the most

thai
^^^tL

part. Both

tht

sulphateof load and

actjon

this oxide may have proceeded from atmospheric

The insoluble residui?
galenaassociated with iron-pyrites.

on

mainly consisted

of siliceous sand, with iutermised

of
particles

white

mica.
Proeett
account

ofamdting. I
"

of the method

of

charge

was

the addition

composedas

smelted

was

of oxide

follows

Henry for the following

adoptedfor this ore, and
in the flowing-furnace
(see

to Mr.

smeltingwhich
It

of the results obtained.

p. 257) with

indebted

am

ho

of iron and

culm,

smelting-

"

iCQyCoOJ^Ic

PROCESS
Ore (1 cwt.

120

OF

481

SMELTING.
25 cwts.

lb".)

Ualm

11

Burnt

of iroD-F;nte"
torn soda Torki

reddne

Bcrapoaat-inm put in
Three

diargeBwere

such

tapping occurred
and

Blag.

130

ozs.

behind

Th"

smelted

in 6 hours.

once

lead

the

hard

was

and

,,

tap-bole
in

0}
liimace

one

The

,,

1
,,

in 24 hours,and

lead,regulug,
direelly
cupelled: it yielded
resembled
gold. The itlag

were
productB

was

of silver per ton,

containingsome
protoxideof iron of puddliug'fumaces),
2% of lead,by assay in the iron-dish. The reguloa
termixture
| cwt. per chargei it was broken up, roasted in in-

silicate of
tap-cinder
(tribasic

and

about
yielded

amounted

to about
with

little lime

and smelted
prevent clotting,

in order to

quantityof cnlm (seeAppendix). The

productswere lead,containingabout 40 oza. of silver per ton, regulus,
and slag. This second reguluswas
broken
up, roasted and smelted
with the addition of lime and a small qnantityof culm and iron,
with

the

addition

of

small

when

obtained, in which the copper had become

a third regulus
was
sold to copper-smelters.
concentrated, and which, accordingly,
was
All the gold in the ore was
paid for,except 5 grainsper lb. Troy
of silver,
which

allowed

were

the
parting,i.e.extracting

Theoryof the process.

to the smelter to

gold from

The

"

cover

the expense of

the silver.

objectssought

to be attained are

as

far

the reduction
of the sulphateof lead by carbonaceous
practicable
the
matter,
desulphurization
by metallic iron of any sulphideof lead
which may bo formed
during such reduction,and the removal of the
so-called earthybases in the state of tribasic siliceous slag. The ore
contains 10-5fi%of silica,
and, calculatingthe iron as protoxide,
17-24%
of that oxide ; but that quantityof silica would
requirenearly25
parts of protoxideof iron for combination, accordingto the formula

as

3FeO,SiO'.
formation
addition

silica present in the

The

of tribasic

of oside

slag inclusive

of iron

than

more

ore

of the

sufflceefor the

earthybases,so that the

other strong base is indicated. It is

of strong base in the
be a sufficiency

or

desirable that there should

the
ting-mixturein order to prevent as much as possible
the
^Vith
in
the
in
of
state
to
lead
silicate.
regard the
slag

smel
of

contained
it is
too

not

small

in the ore, besides

make

to

necessary

iron, lead and those of the

earthybases,
observations,
as
are
they
presentin
any
influence ; and, moreover,
any practical

to exert
quantities
fullyconsidered

in the

their action has been

lead-smelting
processes
treatment

of the

of the process that

EZFIBIMINTB

OM

Rivot and

elsewhere

followed.

TBI

KEDUCTIOH
THE

in
Phillips

LABOX

1848

Or
SCALE

well

as

IN

economical

seem

As

the

SuLPHATE

ArTITIOIAL

to

the

principle

Of

LeAP

ITRMAOES.

attemptedto

furnaces,and
reverberatory

metallui^calas

of various
deseriptioDB

in this volume.

confess I do not understand

was

OH

of lead in

given

I
regulus,

escape
metals

reduce artificialsulphate

to have failed

point of

view.

in
signally

Hivot

asserts

432

BEDl'CTION

OF

ARTIFICIAL

Boniewhat

SULPHATE

OF

LEAD.

that
in the trGatmcDt
both of oree and
ficial
artidogmatically
the
taunt
K'^pn
always
sulphati'
BiilphatvB
by
traDafomuag
yoii
"

into "ilicatouf k-ail."'

and aflervrar"l"
by fritting
with 20% of silica and
fusingan intimate mixture of the eiiljihato
1^'..
of
of very finely
wood-charcoal.
The
chairiH;
pnlverizeil
object adding;
of lead by the
is to promote the d(.'com)MMution
of the 8ul]"hato
bilica.
justa.t in the analogouscaao in the manufacture of crown-^lftaeixibonaocons

by

acid.

is added

matter

to

In- done

to

the

mixture

of

sulphateof

eoda

and

the formation of silicat" of

facilitating
the sulphateto sulpbamiu
a
cid
of
sulphuric
o
f
needed is that which
carbon
proportion
theoretically
reduce sulphuric
acid.' Kivot
to sulphurous
remarks.

silica for the

soda

This i"

of

purpoBO

reducingthe

The

suffices to

in the first stage, it is not sought to obtain metallic

lead, bi^
would
certain
of
it
bo
with
mixed
a
cause
proportion subsulphide.
resultingfrom the action of the charcoal ui"on the sulphate." The
"

hero

reason

of lead to

some
; for,supposing
assignedia not satisiactory
sulphide
bo sojiarated
along with the lead and form the eo-calle^l

it has been shown

sub-sulphide,
rises
to the surface of
sulphide

and, if it did

sulphurof the
The

nothing would
sulphideby

nut.

residual

silicate of lead obtained

beratoryfurnace
but whichever
the
carefully

that

as

with the addition

of those

the
practically

the lead

whole
of the
bIow
Bolidifieation:
during

be easier than
the

to eliminate

of
simpleopenttion

above

may

of iron,

reducing agents

or

was

lh"

softening.

bo smelted

iu a revercarbonaceous
mattt-r:
and
however
selected,

oonducted,it was
impracticable,
accordinf:
of slags
Eivot, to avoid the production
containingfrom 18% to 2''-\
of lead. Moreover, the Ions due to volatilization is said to have been
iron,either wrought or cast, was employed ae the
very large. When
reducing agent, and thrown upon the molten silicate of load, it
process

was

to

subsided to the bottom of the furnace, and even

speedily
by the most
In contact with
rabblingcould not be kept sufficiently
persevering
the moss
for complete
redaction of the oxide of load. Moreover, the
lead separated
contained very fine particles
of iron mechanically
when the precaution
taken to add a less proporoven
was
suspended,
tion
of iron than sufficed for

completereduction of the oxide of lead.

Another method tried was mixing the molten silicateof lead with
to the amount
of 20% or 22^;^
of the dried sulphateof lead,
iron-pyrites
aud rabblingrepeatedly.At first sulphur,afterwards sulphuroas
cated
acid, was
disengaged,and the completionof the reactions was indithe
the
fused
Two
of
state
moss.
by
tranquil
productswere
obtained, lead and rich slag; but with a largerproportionof ironthan above stated,lead-regulus
of varying richness and poor
pyrites
of the products
formed.
This
ditferenco
in
the nature
were
slag
should be noted ; and it is thus explained
by Eivot, The iron-pyrites,
and
evolves
h
eated,
on
quickly
part of its sulphur.
being
strongly
which

reduces

of the oxide of lead with

some

"

PrindpcBC"iinia, 1S60,2. p.

the formation

224

of sul-

LEAD

Ortia

CONTAINING

LEAD

AS

433

CAEBONATB.

30, Bulphnrheated with silicate of lead); then

follows the reaction between protoBulphide
of iron and Bilicate of lead,
acid (See p.
pburotta

whereby eulphurousacid
of

is sot free,and

protoxideof iron fonned

long
differs only when

the action
adds,
in lead, or when
"

this
lead

is

there

indeed, the

case,

of lead, while

so

iron

lead is rednced, and

the

as

slagscontinue

liivot

the silicatos have

become
poor
in
certain
pyrites
parts. In
alone oxidizes at the expense of the oxide

of

excess

Bulphurcombines, in part

the

silicate

rich,

least,with the reduced

at

which rapidlymelts and falls upon the bed

the silicate,
which
it (thepyrites)
acts only very
on
slowly.'" It is probablethat consecutive and somewhat complicated

regulnsis formed,

; a

underneath

reactions

such conditions

under

occur

refer

and

the reader is advised

to
here-

Silicate of lead
followingsubjectsin this volume
heated with protoitdphide
of iron,p. 31, Sidphideof had heated leith
gilicateof lead, p. 43, Sulphideof lead heated with tribaeie giUtais of
protoxideof iron,p. 58.
the

to

"

"

"

When

the

is used

blast-furnace

the reduction

in

of

lead, Hivot insists that this salt shotdd firstbe converted

in the

the

described, the

manner

that

as

same

Such

volume).

remaining part

adopted for
method

the

of

of the

of Commem

ores

sulphateof
into silicate

treatment

being

350

of this

(see p.

lead has. it is

reducingsulphateof

pursued in an establishment in the South of France.

however
spectable
reopinions,restingmerely on personalauthority,
and even
weighty it may be, will not produce conviction
the absence of positive
experimentalproof.

stated,been
But

in

SuELTiHO

Lrad

"a

Obes

oomtaikino

Caebonate
Such

ores

with

intermixed

AMD

and
Derbyshire,

raised in

are

Lead

the

carbonate

as

Caebonaie

or

Phosphate.

those which

of lead in variable

locally
designated linnets," owing

to their

"

contain

phate,
phos-

are
proportions,

linnet-like colour from

the presence of that phosphate. I have received seven

samplesof ore
from the Alport SmeltingWorks, of which
five are labelled carbonates
and

yet all
phosphates,

two

samples
which

have

the

found

been

neutral
of ore,

been

lead
to

and
carbonate)
or

acid

the

6 dwts.

0Z8.

and

been

4 dwts.

10

grainsper ton

16

of matter

566%
found

grains per

correspondsto

m.

of these

of

my

dwts. 8 grs. per ton

with only traces of
lead),

16

insoluble in

nitro-hydrochlorio

ton

was

of ore,

or

6 ozs.

of phosphoric
acid, which

grains
to
corresponds

6 dwts.

18

leaving 22-4% of lead,

(pyromorphite).
oon; this ore
28'9% of carbonate (cerussite)
"

TOL.

in

stated to be present partlyas

to contain 35-1%of lead and 00068% of silver
the lead

and 262%
per ton of lead),
of
16-7%
phosphate of lead

which

Two

laboratory,one in
to be presentas carbonate, has
(which correspondsto 31-7% of

Smith

24'6%of lead
0-0025%of silver (

other, in which

has
^osphate,

"

by
correctlystated

was

phosphoricacid

designated linnets."

examined

contain

3 ojb.

are

Op. cit. p. 217.

2

.-,

434

CONDENSATION

taiued

ft

few

OF

LEAD-PUME.

specksof galenaand 41'83%of

inBolnble in nitnv

matter

acid.
h^drochlorio
At

the

AlportSmeltingWorks, these
with an
Spanish slag-hearthin oonjnnotion
posedof old

hard
lead-slags,

round," or

"

or

ores

hearth,and

from
disintegrated,

are,

ohai^ng-holefrom

The

"itk
impregnated

second of
a
slag-mixtnre,
the
and
charging, slag-mixture

as

the

and

almost
"

or

linnets

"

"

the

from

linnets"

"

of

fomace

oom-

tmiiw

breaet-panof the mine

selves.
are
keptin a heap by themthen, three heaps placed on a stage near Ibt
"w
has to select,namely,
which the fnmace-man

quantity,Inmps

sUme-ores.

There

mixture

intimate

black slagsfrom the slag-hearth

when
localities,
lead in notoble

smelted in tbe

are

"

linnets,"and

coke

to keep down
completely
in
slag this manner,

third

thrown
generally

are

of coke, in
firstintoiht

the top around the vail,""

" linnets
the flame. By introducing

strewn

are

oa

that the brick-wnl

alleged
stronglyheated. Formerlywhen more

small

it is

is preventedfrom becoming too

round"
largo or
slagcould be had,
"

lar^r quantityof

oould be smelted in the blast-furnace than

at

linnets'

"

neartrt'l

present,when

the old

slagobtainable is in a slime-like state.

understood fnai
theoryof the process will be sufficiently
has been previously
and
advanced
slag-emeUup
respectingore

The
what

in blast-fumaces.

by

from

incandescent

phosphorus.(Seep.
War

PaooEss
informed

was

by
as

Commem,

that

acid
hydrochloric

any

76 of this

my friend.Dr.
Bischof s, had

was

further information

the

In 1778

introduced

quantityduring

at

I have

Mttiil"A
ores,

"

not receiTW

process.

LEAD-FUMB.

publtBhedan

he directed attention

limed in notable

been

1868, thit"

of lead ft^m carbonated

OF

ii ^

Ous.

Gabbomated

Wedding, March,

oonoemingthis

BishopWatson

ore,"in which

tbok

agent employed.

CONDENBATION

lead is effMW

lead
resulting

the

volume.)

Lkad

for the extraction

near

phosphateof

of

carbon, and

muumsa

tob

process, known

wet

'

Complete reduction

with

contact

to

essay

"

on

the fact

ImJ
DerbyBhire

that lead

was

W"'

of f''"^''
the smelting of galena,

the internal aurfeco of the chimney and part esoapeii

part
the grouiw
from tho top of the chimney into the air,falling
upon
He
it
settled.
which
and
the
and
water
poisoning
herbage upon
adhered

to

suggested,that "this sublimed lead might be collected eitherpj

making it moot with water, or with the vapour of water during''*
horizontal chimney w*
ascent, or by making it pass through an
received by DerbyBhiro
sufficientlength,"The suggestionwas
l*f"'
smelters

as

is it to

"

very

rational

artists from

wean

Ohamical

one.

But," writes

their ancient

tho

ways

EasajF^17S2,3. p. 210 uid

cult
Bishop, so diffi*''*'
of operating,

p. 282,

"

436

CONDENSATION
The

from

others in which

or

lead

lead-smeltin;!

from

ht"

high temperature,

expcmed

to

of
years, been the subject
cult
patents. The problemis diffi-

in recent
to time, particularly

time

much

LEAD-FUME.

and collpction of lead-fome

condemwtion

ftrnacew

OF

confide ration,and of
and
of solution,

yet

as

numerous

has been

method

no

discovered

which

ftime
The
oompletoly effectual and in every respect satisfactory.
division
is,
in
of
fine
state
a
notwithstandingiu
being
extremely
in
comparativelyhigh specific
gravity,kept long suepeneionin the
air however tranquil.It is onlydeposited
slowly,and the oondition
"which might A priori
favourable
for its dcpoatian is
be
to
most
seem

that of least movement

of the

many
to

far

approsimatoas

from the furnace

its

for the purpose in

to that
practicable

as

has been

bo found

it has been
question,
condition.

Thus

that in

Bonphi

the smoke

through lai^ chamben

chimney. Suppose,for the sake

made

to a vertical stack

course

it will
Accordingly,

of the air.

plansdevised

to pass

or

of the furnace-flue where

argument, that the sectional area

in
nf

it enteis

of tbr
area
square
chamber
of the outlet-flne
100 square feet, and the sectional area
it is evident
connected
with
the
stack
foot.
Kow,
1
directly
square
such

chamber

to

bo

sectional

foot, the

"

"

that if all the

air' within

it would
velocity,
inlet and

travel

chamber

hundred

moving

were

times

(i.e.
wholly free
with
not
certainly move

fi^m

would
velocity

be

in

the
obstructions)
and
velocity,

uniform

direct line from

of velocitymay,
inequality

the

at

air within
the

inlet

however, be in

the air in

to cause

With

such

an

ontlet-flne.
if
great degree,

pulsionor
remarks

of

be necessary to aid

ii may

arrangement

vertical stack

highwl

to the

In the chamber
by adjustingpartitions
take
its pass^e
to
a
through
very tortuous

exhaustingpower

the

it wonW
of

course

Mne

in tlie
clear or

were

obviated
entirely,

not

the

rapidlythan

less

outlet-flues. If the interior of the chamber

vacant

This

the

one

or

so

coui"-

supersede

by machines either of pfoair-pumps.In the forcing

of exhaustion,such as fans and

has been taken of the effect upon
account
no

doe
velocity

tu

it enters
and leavw
the difference of temperature in the smoke when
the chamber,because the argument is not thereby seuBibty
affected.
Large chambers have been carefullytried,and not found to be

effective in
have

been

their size, though every precautionnwv

from
to prevent the smoke
from passingdirectly

proportionto
taken

the inlet to the outlet.

With

view

to

of the fiime in condenHpromote the deposition

tion-ch ambers, the smoke

of water

or

has been

artificial rain,

or

exposed to

steam

has

the action

been

would
chamber, which, aubsequently
condensing,
the fume.

Of all the

modes

densingarrangements, this
give

of

applyingwater

of steam

of fine jets

injectedinto

the

tend to carry do"B

in lead-fdme-con-

feem
would, h priori,

likelyto

where
be conceived, would be every; for steam, it may
with the smc^e, and would on ooudeontiiffl
mixed
intimately

the best result

OF

CONDENSATION
be much

likelyto

more

than

experiencehae not

confirmed

been forced

and

mouten

fume
cooBtituting

this

by

throughwater

eeize the

introduced

water

437

LBAD-FDMK

divided particles
finely-

in the

of

means

of rain, but

Btate

The
anticipation.

smoke

has also

lai^eexhaueting
pumps

or

otherwise.
But

the old

which

of all the methods

have

been tried

longhorizontal fine has been found

the least

largescale.
of
one
simplest,

is concerned,and one
of
the most effective. This arrangement, however, is onlypracticable
in
certain districts,
such as among
the barren hills of Derbyshire
or
Cumberland.
In every case
the flue must
end in a vertical stack
so
expensive,

far

the

on

to be the

as

maintenance

sufficiently
high to producethe

draaght in the furnaces

Owing to the comparatively
large
sectional area
of these long flues,they act in a certain degreelike
condensation- chambers
of ntuch largersectional area ; but time is
only one element in their action. Although the fume may remain
suspended in the air for a long while,yet it is always in process of
deposition.In a flue of great length,
say a mile or more, a notatde
the entrance
of the smoke
and its arrival
period elapsesbetween
with

which

it may

the distant

at

necessary

be connected.

stack ; and

during the

whole

of this

periodfume

is

being deposited. Besides, there is retardation of the current

by
friction againstthe walls of the flue which must sensibly
favour. the
down of the fume ; and there appears to be also an adhesive
settling
action exerted by surfaces,to which
the fume sticks and falls down
at

intervals in the form

of flakes.

These

flues

have openings at intervals through which

the fume.
Wliile the fnmaoos
in
are

must

bring out

it needs

hardly be stated, must

be

tightlyclosed. The flues should where

inclination upwards towards the terminal
be

taken

friend.Dr.
course

of

or

country ramble

nearlysnfibcated

fell into one,

may

and

enter

and

or

ings,
open-

otherwise

have
a
practicable
gentle
stack ; or they may
as in

zig-zagon the side of

them.
scrambling walking over
at
Day, professor the Universityof

in

men

over,

operationsuch

bricked up

localitiesbe built in

some

arched

are

hill. Care should

Some

years ago my
St. Andrews, in the
broke his arm,
and
was

acid.
by
sulphurous
The general
involved in lead-fume-con densing
principles
ments
arrangebeen
instances
will
be
considered
having
expounded,
particular
under the following
heads :
1.

Long

the

horizontal flues.

2. Condensation-chambers.
artificialrain.

3.

Exposureto

4.

Forcingthrough water.

5. Intermixture

I have

with steam

selected for

and its subsequentcondensation.

and
particular
description

illustration Tarious

arrangementsfor the condensation of lead-fume which may be regarded

in some
of these one
less typical
or
or more,
or
more
even
as
; and
in
combination.
all the principles
above enumerated, are
applied

438

CONDENSATION

LEAIJ-PUME.

OP

Several of the patents gtAatedin this country for allegedimpioTein the condetisatioiiof the fume differ from each other onl;in
nnalt and comparativelj
unimportantdetails ; and it is certain that

ments

properlyso called,had been exercised by the legal

snpervisioD,
charged with the grantingof patents, several of the

if

authorities

patentsin qnestiunwould

have

never

LoMa

been obtained.

Fldcb.

EOBIZONTAL

statements
to the lengthof these fluesat tbe
as
following
of Mr. Beaumont, in the north of Sngland,1 on
works
smeltingindebted to Mr. Sopwith,who communicated
in Jannu?
them fo me

For the

1805.
Two

flue. "t Allen

Flue at Allenheadi
Flue

at

raid.Ions-

""

m\{"^ ";"

Bmelt

MUl

342*

Boukbope HiU

25(8

14.761

The
The
8'

total

lengthof the

transverse

of lead

but

wore

Mr.

but usuallythey"re
little,

Sopwithinformed

estraoted from

it is doubtful whether

furlongs21 yards.

fines is 8 miles 3

of thene fluesvaries

area

high and 6' wide.

tons

above

that

the fume

year SO"!
of these fln":

me,

that in

taken

out

one

in
depotited.

quantity

was

fflngk

year.

Foster, in 1821, describes these flues

as

carried

nearlyin

bori-

and terminatingin averlical

yards,
stack ; and he states that generally
5' high and 3' bn"i
they were
ilw
inside measure.
The profit
repaid
arisingfrom them generally
catil*
the
land and
the neighbouring
cost of their erection,while
Eontal

for more
position

grazing upon
the

it

than 100

thereby

were

in

considerable

degree freed

from

effectof the lead-fumo.'

pernicious

CoRDINBINa

AT

ABBANalHKNT

TBB

AlPOUT

LBAD-BVKLTINa

WotfS"

Debbtshibe.
This arrangement is shown in the annexed woodcuts, which it.'^
from drawingskindlyobtained for me
been prepared
by Mr. Franc-'
works are situated in a vallej'
smeltingof lw
at the foot of a very steepbill,and it is owing to ihe nature
that this particular
localitj'
system of condensation has been adopt"-

Barker, of Bakewell.

From

The

tho furnaces to the base of the stack the vertical

and the stack is 34'

high.

'

SecUoQ

of tbe

antes
itrata,

cEt S

heightis '^

"

ARRANaEMBNT

AT

THE

ALPOBT

WORKS.

iCLy

CONDENBAHON

OF

bj % pATtUhm will
campanmrnu
tn ll,uch
mn|iirini"ii brlriE"'
Kilh
tqium ; Iba lop !" coitKd
prrfanud
I'ti'-b" iboo.T uf wiUr
l"d, IbrooKfa
hlL.

LEAD-POME.

1*0

'o

"llb bolH

h. CvttdriiwT,
14' LonfLT' wide, ipd

11'

high.Into

i.

'

1,1

The

1'thick

; (bt

Bmoke

nwf

from

ii

prrf^nUd

"

lociffflue
{*)"

ihuva b

lb' saBrlFnm
(") IhroaiA 1 1
T\m. ahlch compltMa the cwinc
fru
l".(f"V
wlUi

Long flnF.nf wbic

'

]wrfunud, u

the

furnace
inireverboratory
(a)goea directly
(n}through the flue (p),in which it mixes witb il^'
ftom
fmoke
the long flue {x),
indicated
as
by tho direction of i-'
When
smelted
in
the
arrowB,
ore
ib
reverboratoryfurnace i!".
the smoke from it partes directly
to tho condenser
(n); but whenfini"ie smelted, the smoke
is conveyed through the flue {q')
Ur'
under

the condenser

shower

in the

the

flue

smoke

ig);

condenser

({),passingfrom

tho hill towards

(r),down

(")into

the condenser

the oondenser

(A),and

thonco

and
(3).

(b). From

paiweB into the condenser

and from tho hlast-fumace

denser

tho bottom

through

the
(ti)

smoke

the ^''""

retuniingthrom;-

the blast-furnace
theuce

(/),and

into

i"-^'
(c'l

into the condeniit'

passes

into the

cut-

the condeneer

("). Part

(k)into the long flue

blast-furnace (c)enters the a"-

of the umoko
from
the
denser [g) above tlio layer of loose atones and part below it; fn"the upper part of this condenser it
aii'l
passes through the flue (n).
from the lower part through the flue (o); these flues unite and.

l^e long

descendingthe hill,enter
calciner (e)passes into the
The return

smoke

of the condenter

from

condenser

the

(x). like
(n)throughthe
flue

long flue (")enters

(t),passes throughthe

compartment, and

tlieuco

The

smoke

which

enters

and

passes

from

the

bed

smoke
flues

from

tbo

(()and (p'-

the firtitcompartuvni
of heath in the second

throughthe flue (p) into the condenser (" 'the chamber

(m) from the flue {q)ascosJ^

upper

part into the condenser

(V). All

tii"

STAOG'S
smoke

the

traTersoB

The water
fresh

jetof

(n) before reachingthe Btack (o).

(I)is conveyed,aa indicated by arrows,

coadenser

the condenser

from

into the condensers

441

CONDENSEE.

the latter of which

(k and "), in

it is met

by

water.

Staoo'b Gondekhbr.
This
in

arrangement

1843,*

The

from the fiimacea

in

pass

divided

the

nearly to

Powerfnl

The

Lead

have

also

seen

by

three

certain column

Bank

it several times

this

saw

the

nation
alter-

in

working

pumps

The

Lead

system has also been

Works

in action.

of

patent at
Head, Alston Moor,

Kent

at

laj^e

is

be snch that the smoke

by pumps.
granting of

after the

water-wheel.

part of the chamber

is effected

long

were

the Dee

at
operation

to

chamber,
rectangular

through a
partition

Company's Works,

There

and moved
in

lower

heightshould

exhaustion

not
operation

is made

and
by vortical, parallel,
r
each
the
only alternately
top and

bottom.

water, of which the

is compelledto pass under a

system in
the London
Cumberland

objectit

8t"gg
smoke

compartments

filled with

water.

this

closed

through a

of

which
equi-dietant
partitions,
descend

With

water.

oourse

aeries

patentedby Mr. Joseph Dickenson

is the drawing of the
principle

through

tortuous

into

was

essential

long

Holywell,where

near

There

three

are

pumps

steam'cngine.Some only of the smeltthe cupellationand

now
iug-famaces,
exclusivelyreverberatory,
Great
has been
connected
with
the
furnaces,are
difficulty
system.
"om
experiencedboth in the condensing-chambersand the pumps
the corrosive action of the sulphurousacid upon the materials used
in the construction
at lengthin a considerable degree
; but they have
been surmounted.
As I have stood by the side of a Flintshire reverberatory
furnace
its
I
have
noticed
distinct
to
action,
subjected
here all moved

in
pideation
the chamber.

by

the

80-horse

an

draught,owing

the

to

oscillation of the water

in

This

oscillation may in a certain degree he obviated

"
the water full of brushing
keeping the chamber containing
(i.e.

by
faggotsor bruahwood) tip to

the level of the water

and

gettinginto movement.

of

prevents the water

from

Stagg'acondenser, which

many
event

^ain
been

"

has been

gained at

to incur

there

the

same

incurred.

outlayfor
It has

The

as

drag,

experience

those works

during

another of these condensers

been

observed

the condenser, is more

out "om
firstmelting-down
of the calcined ore

other time

"om

which

it may

periodthe greatestvolatilization
*

it acts

years, is such as to render it at least doubtful whether, in the

of the erection of new
works, it would be expedient
smelting-

runs

at any

that the

with
chai^^ed

has

water, which

fume

duringthe

in the Flintshire furnace

that
be inferred,

of lead takes

as

than

duringthat

place.

A.D. Not.

2. Ho. 9920. ' A. new

and improTed pl"n for collecdng,
condenging.
the fame" of le"d,copper, and other orea and metals,tc'
pnrifTiDg
Abridgmeati of Speci"eattoDs
and AUojb, p. 120.
lo MeUla
lelatlDg
and

DigitizecDyGo

442

00NDEH8AT10N

OowDBiraiNa

AKBAiramKNT

at

LlAD-BMKLTISO
I

am

OF

LEAD-FUHE.

Ezld

tbi

Head

WoBKS, WsHSLlTDALB,

indebted to Mr. W.

Weston

HraiMO

for sketches and

sfstem of condensation.
The
apparatus employed for the

Cokpasi')

YOBKBRtBK.

condenaation

details of thl'
of lead-fame

it

theae works, which

is known
conaLits of two
as
Stokoo's,
eqaalscd
similar rectangular
chambers, each of which is divided into eighteen

compartments.
condenser.

The

Each

of these systems of chambers

bottom

of each

condenser

will be termed i

is covered

with

wittr.

E
""

11a IH.

HoriuDtal

"kUbo

".

Uu

Um

B, Bg. lU.

'Digitized
QyGoO^Ic

4"

CONDENSATION

CoSBI^NStKa

ABRARaaifBHT

AT

WoBKB,

BMBLTiNO

A model

OF

LEAD-FCME.

DuKX

THE

\Vahlooe

AT

of this method

in the International

tion, 1851, and afterwards

in
deposited

fk-hool of Mines;

the

but

aa

LeaIV

Head, Ddxfsiebbhiilk.

shown

was

RdCCLKDCh'b

OP

the

MuBcum

internal and

of

essential

Exhi)i

the

liuji.
of

part

i"

cunstniction is eimcoaled,it is of littlevalue to a spectator. I hie

with
nn-acompiled the following account of it from a descrifrtion,
in the Official Descriptive "l
illustrations,
Illustrated Catalogue(vol,i. p. 175). The dimensions
m"i'-!
are
attached
the
and
from
the
scale
to
woodcuto,
coniputed
thcj fihiii..
wuodcut
tisfiLctorj

onlyhe regardedas approiimate.

condenser

This
28'
wall

about

high, into

24'

in
respectively

comniunieateB
noetcd

the
the

at

four horizontal racks aliout

the
touchingalternately
the bottom
racks

walls, so

the top of the

tion-wall and
parti
supportedby gratingof wood-work.

8' l--;.'

designateA, and

chimney.
i:i'long,extendingfrom side
that

compelledto take
with largepebbles,
and

covered

are

17' and

smoke

is

in

the

"i-

siile.ii?:

to

ascending fr^
Tb-.-

opening

betw?-

placeda layer of

top of A

the

cx"ntali-

zig-zag course.

the roof is
On

B.

vertical
adjoining

end

verliia.

the furnace-flues, and

be

would

30' ius-

transversely
by

will

we

with

bottom
an

about

compartments, about

two

with

in masonry,

is divided

clear, which

the bottom

at

oblong chamber

is an

6' wide, which

long,and

is

f"~'-

""ii-

tank

bottom,from which a shower of water is kept constas'.'

perforated
descending.There is also a tank on the top of B, of which li
a

bottom
other.

openings of this
B.

this

By

to

the

stated that these

is

forwards,

of the bottom
falls

water

means

connecting-rodand

an

and

plateand

water-wheel

movement

is

backwards

move

employed

crank

the

to

that at

so

time

one

and
correspond,

into
intermittently
communicate
by

necessary

horizontal

the

:.

cbami-'
of

ueaue

The

'

reciprocaiii-

plateoverlyingthe bottom. It need hardly

tanks are kept plentifully
wauc
suppliedwith

has fallen upon

the floor of the condenser.
water, which
convoyed into reservoirs, and there left to depositthe fume which
down.

"

anoll'

at

The

has washed

'i

side to side,and

this bottom

On

niade to
do not.

openingsor slots al"out 1" wi:

placedat equal intervals from t^i
iron platosimilarly
slotted,which

is of iron, having twelve

extendingfrom

beneficial results of the condenser

1"

;-

.:

st^tf'-

are

to be very manifest. Formerlythe smoke fVom the funiaoea poiswiit-.

the neighbourhood,
destroyed,and no aninjal coni'
vegetation was
graze or bird feed near
luxuriance
close around
stone's throw

from

the

spot ; whereas

now,

the heather

ia

the cstalilishment,
the sheep graze
the base of the ohinmey,and game
on

ae""n

within

',:
"

all si(l"-

take shelter.
Faj,lizb's Sohehx
M.

Armand

planfor the

Fallize, a

or

Gohdenbinu

Lead-Fdmb.

Belgian civil engineer,has

coudonsation of lead-f\ime,
which

he considers

suggested
more

simpl

FALLIZiTS

445

SCHEME.

employed in England, and far more perfectthan thuse

of his
jiencrally
adoptedun the continent," The eseential principle
than

any

plan

in

conBistB

mixing

the emote

after its escape from

of smoke
and

to artificialrain, whereby the steam, it is

eteam

fiUIs along with

and

removed
the

would, it is

is condensed
alleged,

for its condensation

used

into

pit

the

solid matter, which

is
Sncly-divided
in the state of mechanical
Buspensionin

this way
the furnaces

fiom

smoke,

The

the water

In

underneath.

supposed,he

and

carried down

collected.

be brieflydescribed aa
propoaed by FalUze may
divided
chamber,
rectangular
longitudinally
long
from
end
to within a certain
one
extending
partition

conden.'ier
It is

follows:

by

with

steam

Bnhseqneutly
exposingthe mixture

tlio furnaces, and

vertical

of the other.

distance

communicate

at

placed that
each

one

chambers
of the

chamber

one

other, are

about

is

chamber,

included within

these walls

Bandstone, exactlysimilar
of

metal

walled space
the narrower

into

those used

above

off in order

through the

middle, thence
from

which

The

bottom

that

the left

is

for the

of

densation
con-

plateforms
smoke

end),by

the bottom.
is

propelled
of two

means

the

or

as

elbow

here its direction ia

it travels

backwards

passes through the filter in the

left end, contiguous to where
it entered,
its expulsionbeing promoted by a steam-jet.
and

it escapes,
of the condenser

the other,and

space

perforatedballs

passes into the wider chamber

is
at the right end, which
internally

this end

chamber

to

so

In

the other, and

From

wider

The

course.

in soda-works

to facilitate its pn^ess,

suddenlyreversed.

of the other.

tho top is covered with a perforated

which
trickles down
from a
water

(say at

one
sleam-jets,
where
falls short
the partition

rounded

hollow

be called the filter. The

chamber

partitionis

; and

through

may

freely

cifitcrnimmediatelyabove, and of which

This

which

certain distance apart from

brick walls with spaces left in

at

the bricks of that

acid
hydi-ochlorio

plate of

Tho

half the width

is filledwith
to

thns formed

arc

condenser.

vertical transverse

two

alternatingwith

course

every

Two
end

of the wider

middle

the

slopesdownwards
covered with
kept constantly

from
water

one

up to

side
a

to

given

height; and on the outside of the condenser it communicates

freely
arched openings with a pit or troughextending
throughnumerous
the whole lengthof the condenser on the deepestside of the bottom.
The bottom of the condenser is continuous
with that of the trough.
By this arrangement the depositedfiime is expectedto accumulate in
that trough,and any portionstill remaining suspended'
flows along
with a stream
of water runningfrom this troughinto a labyrinth,
in
which

fuither

denser
deposition
Along the other wall of the conmay occur.
tho
with
at
doors,
which
bottom, provided
openings
through
depositedfume not glidinginto the troughmay be pushed down.
are

any

The

"

Revan

condenser

should

UniTeraelle,1862,

Ftiltizefollows bia Mcount

CompoDj'a Works.

Ijo

placedso

near

the furnaces that

The
11. 307.
dcBcriptim of the eoheme
of tlie oondeiisiiig
arrsTigement at the Keld Uuiui

the

t? K.
Hiuijig

446

OF

CONDENSATION

temperature of the "moke

ation of
for

the

intermixed

in the

use

of ench

partsof clayand coke-duet.

from
projected

be

nkay

perforatedwalls.

are

size would

nary

would

labour

the

remove

from
the

condn'-

canse

suitatJ-

as

made

of a]ik
the filler

in

occur

increiased,
temporarily

wair-

or

of i-

sides

outer

this latter

how

exptd"^i

is

only 5000 franca, or about 2001.,

be almost nothing, the cost

cost

"

would

generatingsteam

would

bricks

obstruction

informed

not

to

passinginto the condenset.

from his oondeiuer
l*advantages which Fallize anticipates
condenser
smelt
in
for
of
tai
a
s
a
adapted
cheapness,
g-ivorks

The

these

to

Should

be carried into effectwhile smoke

can

as

recommenda

fire-engine
against the

Wo

low

condenser

throughit is to be

the flow of water

ao

Fallize

steam.

eroctioa

be

not

may

LBAD-FUMB.

bo

the

odm

of

manu

"

all
as
insigDificant,

fume
deposited

from

that would

time to time.

be

required

the fume

"

'

'"

collttV'

-would fn* ."

pure, because the water of the chambers
acids and soluble salts [what acids and what aalta ?j in Elbe very

"

charge of importancewould
only special

maintain

the water

within

the condenser

be
at

in

pumping

urd-

level

constant

u-

for that purpose a atoam-engino

of 2 or S-horse power would
suffice.
of
of
The professedly
the
Fallize
is
that
originalpart
plan
with

intermixingsteam
Watson

in the

for the

of steam
the

same

manner

same

the smoke;

last century,

as

purpose

but

dciicribod in two

was

it is far from

noveL

Biel-

alreadyintimated, su^eated the vr

and
the use
of steam
in identiia^;
patents grantedrespedivt!'

Eichardson, August 21, 1848, and to Messrs. YoniiE"

of steam
was
again patent-application
August '^8,1848. The same
in 1859 by Mr, Alfred Courage.' The ahower-of-rain principlet"
to

Thomas

at varioua lead-works,
and is actually
disclain- :
longin operation
the groundof non-noveltyin a patent grantedto J. Keville i:
on
it employed in 1841 at lead- works then existingat*'
1823.*
I saw
produced on a large scale i^
Birmingham, where lithargewas

been

for
cupellation

conversion

into

white-lead,and

there

were

suK'

smeltinggalena.
in priacondensing
apparatus of Fallize rcBombles
that
Bichardson
in
the
1848,
reaJtr
previouftly
oiple
patented by
the followingbrief descriptionby tbwill be able to judgefrom
latter of his prnoess ;
of steam
into flue between
fUmacT
Injection
chamber
the fumes to pass afterwards into a
where
and chimney,
thtj
broken
of water, further divided by falling
britit.
meet
a shower
on
coke, itc.,the process beingassisted (ifneceesarj') by a steam-jet.
furnaces
reverbcratory

for

far the

How

"

j-

descrihed

by Henry Watson,"

in his

patent for the condensation

i:'

lead-fumes, dattd 184"3.*

1S59. No.959.

"

Abridgmrata

'

tliu ijptciticutioag
ocni
nrlatins to Metak
,
"
A.D. 1S23.
Ihs enioke ia to bu I Allovs,'p. 4:tO.
No. iltv.
'
Vnlt's Diet, of OhemUlrf , 1865. 3. p.
condrnscr
under
tlio

carried

fium

grate-boiaof

ths
Um

Aur- """
the noBlicciUi-Htioii

' A.D.

A,D.

Ko.

12,2S(i. Ill the

oondeniable
port of

IMS.

BurEPBS Young.

"
fuinaceB,
piuposolw"

931.

ABBANGEHENT

The

AT

THE

with

concIuBion

When

the

and

this mist

the open,

as

OONSBNSIHa

it is not original,
and that steam
described will not effect the objectrequired.

manner

cannot

may

be

be remarked

students
energetic

result;

chamber

rain either in

a
by
and
rainy
mistyday.
any

on

AT

drawingsfor the
condensingarrangement
Thornton, who

air is condensed, mitt is the

LONIKai

THB

EaOLBSTOtT MiLL,

THB

The

and

with

collected

AKBANOEHENT

OALLBD

alleged
improvementsin

is that

in admixture

steam

447

CUMBERLAND.

MILL,

Fallize'a

regard to

condensinglead-smoke
applied in

EQGLESTON

LXAD

CoHPANT'b

or

in

WorKS,

AlSIOH, CdUBEBLAND.

NEAB

woodcuts

this
137, 138, 139)illustrating
(figs.
preparedby one of my most promising

were

Boyal School of Mines, the late Mr. Richard

accompanied Dr Livingstonem his last exploring
of the

expeditionto Africa,and unhappilydied

details have, I believe,since

of condensation

been

made

there
,

but

Some

alterations

in

none

the

in

principle

dotted lines in

The

fig.139 representparts not in

existence when the drawings were
made, and which it was proposed
smoke fixim the furnaces
to add, if desirable,at a future period. The
and upwards throngh
passes into the lower part of an arched flue (a),
cobbles
a layerof large pebbles,termed
(66),restingon a bed
of
stone
set at a proper
formed of long rectangularpieces
distance
"

"

other {cec c). The smoke, which

escapes from the layer
of
the
flue
into
the
{aa),passes throughopenpebbles
upper part
ings
for a considerable
(d d) into an adjoining
flue (ee) and backwards

from
of

each

distance, when

it enters

to the vertical

bottom, and

9' 5"

In the upper

at

chimney
the

or

filledwith water, and

constant

wards
(//),from which it proceedsforstack (g),
21' 9" in diameter at the

top, outside

part of the flue

(Hi),suspendedon
a
receiving

the flue

trunnions

tilt over

supplyof

and

measure,

(ao) is a series of
at

their ends.

120'

in

troughsor
These

height.
buckets

buckets

are

and
intermittently,
being self-acting
fresh water.

The

plan

of this

con-

DigitizecQyG

448

OP

CONDENSATION

is
iIciiRing
arn"D)i;eiDent
it will bo fonnd

not

bufficivntto

completeas I coold '^ish, but

of conatmtitioii
rDnder tLo principle
ao

I am
informed
ffctlyint".'lligilile.
efficientovmdenecrs

moBt

Tif.i".

in

LEAD-FUME.

that

of its kind

it is

hope
j"t-

of tL-

one

oiJcralion.

"
Biir1ioDta]iectlni(BlboIlDe"F,flg.m.

Obbirtation"

oh

Cohdinbatioh

the

Lxad-svokz

of

bt

BsmsH

Smelter.
An

has

experionccdBritish Icad-smolter,with

made

dcnsation

of fume, and

coiiclusioss

words

own

The

at

the large scale

has commuQi(^t".'d to me

triaU

numerous

which

whom

he

on

arrived ; and

now

am

ftcqnaintt^

concerningthe

cod-

the results Trith \h:

his
tn
present them

followingexperiment was

of
principle

made

filtration could he used

to

to ascertain
remove

how

lead-fame

far

thf

from

air

containingit. I constructed a chamber like- Stokoe's (Eeld HcaJ

little pointsfor portiin many
condensingarrangement),
differing
but not involvingany change of principle.
Thra"
cnlar reasons,
was
water
to

at the bottom

to cool the

get hot enough to

smoke, bnt this water was

The smoke, after
produce steam.

Dot

allowed

having

been

closo upon
the snr"ce
of the water, in order to prevent
it Bottinf;
fire to the cinders,was
made
to travel up and down
titions
par-

forced down

filled with small coke (cindersfrom the furnaces)

each
about 1" in diameter,and therefore very closely
packed. There

pieot'
were

BY

OBSERVATIONS
four ancli

each
partitiona,

smoke

exhausted

was

thence

to

closed at
into the

connected

were

sufficient. The
It
it would

smote

more

showed
the

that

then

was

raised.
to the

The

depth of

fume,
less

and

forming

had been
and

more

inside.

two

or

the smoke

permeableone.
An

The

more

I had

This

had

arrangement

to

on

as

my
more

of the smoke

about
the

the furnaces

top of the filter

appearance.
had fallen

It

of

was

hour

another

draught of

a beautiful
presented
as
though snow

inch

rich

but
practically
perfect,

it seemed
an

spected.
in-

once

eo

at

found

became

appearance

ordinaryflues and

into the

quite

not

In

at fint.

as

at

was

ihe smoke

filtration was

or

so

contents
seen:

throughthis

and

filters

being

Everything went

good
practically
stopped.
not

turned

to be

were

passingthe

thus

draught

the

and

hours,

condensation

flue and

furnaces
refinery

fan

unfiltered.

if

few

draughtwas
draughtwas

the

the

hole in the

during which
At lengththe
completely
purified.

eatisfaction for
and

and
through the partitions
by a damper which, being

rich in fume, but

and

been

have

with

after

white

was

smoke
cheeked

through a
inspection.The

air for

open

full work

2'

it

intervals, sent

449

SMELTER.

long,2' wide, and 6' deep. The

furnaces by a 4'-fan,
refioerylunning

two

speed,which forced the

the chimney; unless

full

at

about

from

BRITISH

No

cinders

but
lightly,

lead-fume,

course

leavingmore
passing,
but also
f
ilter,
perfect

and
a

more

less and

from

pated.
previousesperimentsanticiprovided,whereby a shower of

been

could be dischargedon
of water
could be dashed over

the cinders,or, if I chose, a torrent

them for a few seconds,to wash the

fume

experiment a

water

through. In

turned

for

the

actual

shower

time, the top re-closed,the fan

the smoke, after passingthe wet Alter, examined.
on

some

lead-fume
while

The

quantity.

the filter began to choke,

and
perfect,
water

over

"When

in

the

shower

was

filtration became

half hour

was

set

water

to

The

was

work, and
smoke

tained
con-

stopped.After
and

more

and
draught stoppedin proportion,

the filterevery

of

tried with

so

Dashing

on.

the

more

same

result.

and

the spaces between

the cinders were
open, the fume escaped,
when
nearly stopped,it was
caught,but the furnaces could

not

be worked.

continuous

throughwhich

passages
very ineffectual.
a

In all

the smoke
cases

the fume
of

means

of- water

whistled, and

I noticed (hat

kept

open

certain

condensation

dry cinders

cooner

was

formed

being I suppose more porous, and

itselfby preference
to a dry surface. I found no
attaching
the
filter
keeping
sufficiently
open for a good draught, and

perfectfilterthan

more

shower

wet

ones,

Considerable
good condensation of fame.
lead,and any check
draught is requiredboth in smeltingand refining
risks the heallh of the workman
him
breathe an impure
by making
choked
sufficiently

yet

for

atmosphere.
These
like
from
from
some

experiments
prove

to my

mind

that lead-smoke

in air is,

in wafer, capableof filtration. And

convinced
am
precipitate
other
the
difficiilties
for
that,
arising
experiments
except
many
the heat and sulphurousacid, it would be possible
lo construct
textile fabric throughwhich the smoke might be slowly forced

""-"^

d|"z1,

450

lenvingth"

drawn,

or

LEAD-FDME.

OP

CONDENSATION

of the fnnie

bnlk

od

^ptatioa or friction up to a certain

assiats the
a liqnid
separatingfrom air. as stirriug
of

rubs

load-smoke

Wherever
prei;i]iitate.

there fume

(^

appean
pointftids the faiM

that

me

It

side.

one

settlement
the

on

from ii
of flwi.

aides

copiouhly
deposited.
natnraliyleads to the consideration of what has ben
often proposed lar^ chambeis
am
a
means
tried and still more
fume
'would
It haa been
tbonght
condensing lead-smoke.
air
settle
from
in
at
rest
so
or
largechanober.
nearly
readily
is most

oflm

This

"'t

"

duitf

SoA

M
the expectation
I know, have failed to answer
as
chambers, so
their designers.ITie system was formerlytried by the firm of Matbw

far

and Co., but did not

chamber

I had

answer.

flue for another

capacious

or

catch much, if any, more

size : yet the uniform

did not

draughtdid

indeed,

not

pass

th"i ii

ordinary fine

an

the fume

depositionof

of

construction

oi*"

tliai

shewed

the inlet to the outlet,

straightfrom

provided for in the

was

tlian

sucJi"

bnild

to

1 obeerred

purpose, and

fume

sixth the
the

myself ocoasi"m

whiii
It

of the cbamber.

moved

slowlyalong it.
with regard to the effect of steam ami walor.
It is " ^'
after
that many
flues pass, just
leaving the furnace, throngh *"'
iind have alwi;soil below the natural drainagelevel)
ground (i^andy
2" or 3" of water
in them (stagnantwater which doe'' not
flow slct:
them). In these parts of the fines,according to my
experinx':
Now

scacooly
any
cleaned

fume

is

for years.

out

full of fume

long ago.
that fiiine deposits
more

of them have
not
and many
deposited,
would
have
Had
been
dry, they
they
I cannot
explainthis,but 1 1 egnrd it as
in a dry than in a wet flue.
freely

A favourite idea haa been to Sftturste

condense

No

water.

condense
with
mist

in

the steam
who

ono

moisture

hopes of

has not
from

but

to

settle into

to

of leaden

chambers,
thought
requiredin a vitriol work to overcome
fire shows how
it would
bo
hoi"eleHS

largenumber
Kothing
but

to

well

of furnaces

as

years

one

favourable

well at first,but
in all

in such

better has I think

construct

few

serious
places,

but

li"i

aK

oondena^

difBciilt it is i'
It is easy enoogii
T'"
the steam

condense

to

is the real

water

the

the
to

air.

look

mere

heat of

contend

difficnltj.

of

if

what

insignificani

an

with

the

heat "rf"

way.

yet

been

requirescheap
ration of
conflgii

after

of hot

bfrs

steam

in the

imagine how

can

Sec,
cokes,bricks,

get that mist

I have

tried

largehulk

artificialrain, wet

with

the smoke

all the fume

finding

bt^i

years

than
projxiBed

land and
country.

Siiih

and
places,

in wot

long floe:

building material.

difBculties Rrise.

The

flue

"""

answei^

after

manv

beginsto fall.
ground,Ac.)an'5

fine

owing to the cflfeotof the steam

(moisturefrom the
th*
acid
the
foundations.
on
sulphurous
Every Btopjingedisorganizes
whole work, and with a largefall it will requireweeks to rebnild thi
fine. This may happen at a time when
the smelter has engaged I''
deliver a quantityof lead within a given period,
otherwis.'
or under
inconvenient
The

circumstances.

deaning

of such

fluea

by

workmen

is

and
always costly,

thf

462

OF

CONDENSATION

carbonaceons

in Ko. III. waa,

matter

LEAD-FUME.
the fuel

doultless,derived from

coke, uaed in the

slag-hearth.
furnaces.
Coloar lightreddiah-grej.
reverberatory
from a sample made
from portions of the
analyeedwas

I. From
The

fume

the

tiikeD at different diatanoes out of the maia flue,into ^rhich

short fluea from the smeltingreverberatory
furnaces entered,

thr

fume

distance of about

meDcing
regular intervala
at

other fume.
90

for

about

yards from

10

yards:

50

'The distance of the stack

it

the furnaces
unmixed

was

with

the fumaoes

from

com-

and

was

"t

any
aboni

yards.
II. From

the bottom

pinkish tinge. The

fume

of the

stack.

light-grey irith

Colour

analysed consisted of the mixed

of

fames

the

furnaces and slag-hearth.

smeltingthe slag-hearth.
Colour dark-greywith a browni*li
from the fume producedby the slag-hearth,
tinge. It was cxclunively
III, From

and

taken from

was

The

its flue before the latter joinedthe main

of
proportions

oxides

of lead, sine, and

as
CaO^O*, respectively,
are

Suij^DHio

under

Oxide

Acid Beqcibid.

L
1669

of line

"lime

Stlfedrio

Acid

Fottsp

-with

the

PbO^SO*" ZnO,S0*-

form

:"

F.ir Prnfoiide of lead

"

and

calcium

floe.

combine

acid requiredto
sulphuric

n.

IZX.

22-33

16-81

1-61

1-61

6-67

S-39

4-15
9-61

....

Deficiency

Amli/"etof lead-fume
from Pontgibaud
ht/Rirol. Several specimens
of fume collected at the I'ontgibaud
SmeltingWorks (seep. 338) have
been analysedby Rivot, who
givesthe followingnot very Batis"c"

tory account
at

the time.

condense

the

of the system of condensation which was

First, it is stated in a foot-note,that
fumes

of all the furnaces

great chimney have

exhauHted

by

been

the fan, and

erected
pass

under

of the

the
a

gases

shower

works,
and

communicating with
chimney
said

next

are
a

great chimney by

second
a

to

and

fume

a
are

before

informed,
chamber,

subterraneous

If needed, the gases and fumes may escape from a special

(p.143). In a eecond foot-note (p. 143) the two chambers

culvert.

are

the fan and

order

fan

the

there

nse

id

of cold water

reachingthe chimney." The gases and fumea, wo

into
; and thence
pass into a eondenaing-chsmbor
'

in
"

to have

it is added
the Ian,no
the fumes

been united

into

one.

In

third foot-note

(p. 1S7)

the greater richness in silver of the fumes of

certain inference can
he drawn, because the fan cxhansts
that

from

"

"

from

at
and roasting
cupellation

dei
DcBcription

G!1"b

the

same

Uetallifferes,
1851,p. U2.

time

as

those

ANALYSES

from the

PROM

blast-fiimaces."

ohewinghow

The

results

large

LeaivFchb

presentedjustas

tabulated

"

Sulpbwio acid

"

S50

of lettd

8alpbate of lead

39-0

Lead

Sulphur

"

45

Sulphideof lead
OxidoofiroD

"

Oiideofzinc

2-7

Sulphateof zinc

2-3

acid

ArwDiouB

I'S

insoluble in acids...

Bosidue

here

analyeosare

13-2

floccnlent,and

tolerablylight.

kil. of lead and

52

kil. of fume

100

129

gram,
silver.
of
0-248%

therefore, contained

of silyer.

Eivot

Eivot.

the fumes

astouishing

It is not

easy to
of load in this chum.ber, through

of carbonate

explainthe formation

kil. of lead,
"
the
as

that

it is not

oxidized."
completely

be

should

white,

yielded,by dry
100

remarks

high in the chamber,

temperature is tolerably
that

by

the roof of the first condeuBing-chamber.Fume

I. From

assay,

exist in the fume.

PoMmiBirD.

OF

Protoxide of lead

The

u
interesting
especially

rsoH

CoUFOsmoii

Cnrbouato

are

quantityof silver may

45

PONTIGIBAUD.

sulphuricacid must have

sulphurousacid alongwith some
considerable
for
periods.
flowinguninterruptedly
the roof of the first condonsiog-chamber.The fume is
II. From

which
been

laieur).The

this chamber, grey

in the fan-chamber

specimens in Nos.

chamber

same

in

nearlyblack

culvert, and
the

white

be

reportedto

(seepp.

in the subterraneous

(la chambre

I. II.,it will be

155

and

166),yet

came
obsei-ved,

the

different parts of Hivot's treatise and

in

da

two

differ

teutifrom

analysesappear
widely from

each other.
100 kil. of fume

jielded,b; dry aaaaj,

5G kil. of lead and

III. The

and
the
to
a

fume, which

nearlyblack, came

was

21 gram,

the

far

as

can

chimney.

mixture

of fumes

If bo,

from

the

analysisindicates

the

silver,

from the fan chamber

the
gather from Itivot's description,
l
ation-furnace
that
chamber
cupel
passedonly through
as

of

eilvor.
0'CI50%of

lOOkil. of leod,therefore,
contained

the

fume

in its way

of
composition

smelting,and cupellationroasting,

fu maces.
100 kil. of fume

yielded,by dry aasay,

lOOkil. of lead,therefore,
contained

from

62 kil.of

leAd and 55 gram, of diver.

0-0S8%of silver.

CONDENSATION

LEAD-FUMB.

OP

!""

SalphldeoriMd
of ImmI
Sulphftte

G5'6

OiideoTlnd

10-2

OiiJeortine

13-8

OxideofliOQ

8'*

Silica BitdklumJu

5'6
100-0

"

T. In
lead.
"

mtut

It

was

and

in his

tlie stat"mcnt
hub^tanco

The
have

been

been

in

the smoke

omits

salpliid?^i

fume, -whicl.
agj^lomerated
bordering upon liquiditv.'
in frscture, dull
even
h".'avy,

was

reddiHfa tint.

and
fi'llowiKh

have

dniifkt.'

"

Bcrthier
Essftia,'

canities,very

whereas
excluBiveiy;
"

b; iba blut

of aoftucBS

state

full of luunded

it is roi'ortcdto

'

opcnitfMl
upon

in

with
light-grc-y,

Alston M."or

eurlal ap

Pirtleln af dime-on

99-0

derived

'Voj'ages'we

the

all the furnaces

from

oro-he"rtha.which
warilyincluding

Ee"is.'

infurmed

are

thfti

[theadjectiveall

referred

are

In the

reverberatoryfnniacK

from

in the text

to

conducted into a long uhimney."

were
diately
prfcoding],
II. From
furnaces at Conflans, in whicb
reverberatory
pure galena was
in fracture,and
lead which

had

emcltcd.

It is dcBcribed

yellowish;and
been

as

regardedas

was

nwv^

i^ull"^
aetiU

compact, opaque,
btuio

"t

evin

sulphate".'!

melted.

at PomtgAiad."
blcgl-fumarea
fuel
was
w*^
employed. There
formed
had to be taken
of black powder which
a largec]uuntlty
oui
It
two
three
the
consii^t^
or
days through
ehai^ng-holes.
every
of the di'brLs of colce and metallic grains. It waa
washed, roatted.
and smelted along with other matters.

Pm-licular laiieigq^ fame

Analysisby Bcrthier.' Coke

Coui'Oan'ioH
MptiHio

frim

the
the

or

the

Wj^shid

Powoik.

lead

30
6

Oiirleoflfucl

Sul,ihideoflcftd

SI

Melaltici zinc

23

Iron anil lulphidauf iniii

Caibon, etc

S
100

yieldedby dry

It

this small

powder was
the upper
'

only 002% of silver. From

reaeonublyinferred that thr
sublimate, condensation having taken place at

assay 60% of load and

Bortbier
proportionof t.iiver,
a

true

part of the

furnace.

That

this may

VoTBEe H"!ta1lurf;iqiie
rn
Angletcrra,par M M.

Cnate et P.'nloniiKt.
IfKJll.2, p. 658.
" Tr. dca
Ebs. 2. p. 715.

occnr

is shown

IhilVnnj, Elia de
Tt. dva Bmau, 2. 7tt
IfcrUiJer,

by

the

fti"aiwn,m!

4fi5

REHARK3.
fact that
been

small beautiful oubioat

found condensed

crystalsof sulphideof lead have

the top of a Spanishslagof
volatility the lead is considerably

piecesof coke, at

on

hearth.
Berthiei adds that the
increased by the presence of zinc.
Ahaltses

Fchc

of

fbqm

Cdpellation-Pukhace9

Oxileoflead

86-2

Balphaleof leul

20- 01

"

Oxide of utdmO[iy

i-i

ArwuiioBoid

D'3

Silira Kod

Besthibb'

bt

8-4

uIbj

Carbnniiteof lime

S'T

Oubomcftcid

"

100

"

Inchuive

100-0

as- 6

of artioolo uM.

I. From
Pontgiband.Deposited
upon that part of the roof of a
Corman
furnace, which is contiguousto the lithargecnpcllation
channel

it

II. Also
furnace

in the state

was

from

III. From

furnaces
cupellationalmost

was

in
entirely

On the pretenee of goldlu well

have been examined
in my
ascertain whether
minute

dirtyyellowcolour.

the interior of the

from
Tontgibaud. Taken
as white powder. The
portionof oxide of lead
havtii
been present as carbonate.
sulphateis reportedto

the

oxide of lead

in every

powder of

it occurred

existingas

not

of

case,

one

not

or

only

both

has

Lozere.
Villefort,

at

The

the state of carbonate.

lead-fums.Several specimens
Smith
with
view
to
a
laboratory
by
of these metala might bo present,and
silver been detected but gold also in
at

silver in

"

proportions.

Itemar}c$. Fume, properly

tion
is ihe productof the sublimaso-called,
of lead or certain of its compounds ; but the deposit
to which
the
"

term

and

fume
in

is

is chiefly
commonly applied,
composedof

true

sublimate

part of the

divided matter carried ovi^r mechanically

finelyby
the gaseous current
the
with
a
through
flowing
pretty highvelocity
furnaces.
Both sulphide of lead and
metallic lead Volatilizeat
within
the furnaces,reverberatory
well as
as
temperatures existing
and
much
when
blast;
as
galena decrepitates
quicklyheated to

redness,the

former

also be carried
may
mentioned.
above
The

current

gaseous
of lead.

Sulphate of lead may,

be wholly dissipatedat

demonstrated,
lower temperature it is restjlved into
but

away
same
as
a

it

seems

be

result from

derived
the

that

from

action

sensible

any
source.

of silica upon
"

Tr. des E*.

may
has

been

oxygen

the

said of protoxide

be

basic salt with

sulphuricacid, sulphurous acid, and

should

in
suspension

previously

white-heat, while

of

improbablethat

in

at

the evolution

(seep. 41) ;

proportionof
Sulphuricacid would
any aulphat"of lead

fume

also
pro-

2. p. 744.

DigmzecQyGo

456

CONDENSATION

LEAD-FUME.

OP

in accountin the proc^'ss of smelting. There is no difficulty

ing fur tho existence of bo large a quantityof sulphate of le"il a*
be f""nne"I
iiiilicatedin tho foregoinganalyecB;for that salt would
duced

and protoxide of IcS'L

"xin tinned es|)uHuro of any Bul|"hide
hy tho long'
the
the BulphumuB
from
actiiiQ
of
atM
to
the
furnaces,
cunvi"ytM]
cvulvod in tho air reduction process aud
which ia copinuHly
is ci uunder
tinually
flowingtowards the stack. Sulphiteof lead would
and then gradually
coiKlitiong be first produced,
changed ini"
the
action
of
the
leas
of thr
more
or
by
complotely,
Hulphatc,
oxygen
such

atmosphericair which is always preaent in notable proportion in

iu the smelting
of galena. Tha:
from furnaces
ei^caping
sulphiteof lead is formed, at least -when refisery-tiime
containing
tho gaseH
oxide

of lead

fume

obtained

pass

thmugh

is

present,is certain, as
in which

condensers

from

The

water.

be detected
it may
in iLe
the smoke ia compellediv
from

which

water

escapeB
solution of

hmells like a taturatcd aqueons

littlesulphuric
acid may alao be

Stag's

condenser

acid.
An
sulphuroiiB
of
constituent
it
a
lead-smoke, hk"^
of lead.
wise would act upon the fume and generate sulgihate
obtained
lead
and
in
tn
certain "A^
oree,
Quantilyoffame
tmetting
have
with
1
eonneeled
lead,
found
but
few
tni.-nnelaUurgicol
proee*"e"
and I certainly
worthy obBcrvations on this aubject,
expected, Onfrom some
of tho great German
tuiv
smeltingworks where so much
minute
and
details concerning the quanaccurate
is taken to procure
tities
of the various productsobtained, more
information would
li"u
of lead volatilized and
emanated
the proportion
the fume
on
wt.densed in the smeltingof lead ores and in certain other mctallurg)L-"L.
"

processes connected with lead.

such information iu the numerous
have had

1 have,

however, failed

treatises and

to

journalsto

diswiv.f
which

access.

Tho

quantityof lead produced from the ore and slag-hearibs

Head
from
.luih:,
Mining Company's Smelting Works
1374
1851),to June, 1857, was
tons; and the quantity of lead extracted
from fume duringtho same
96
13
tons
iu
i.c.
was
period
cwt-,

at tho Kold

the ratio of 1421

The

1,

quantityof

or

100-00

hard
of

cwts.

in tho north

England

150-08

1,

100

or

77%)

7-03.

lead extracted from

smelting7H,008
of

ore

tho fume

in ore-huarths in certain

amounted

smeltingwors^

cwts., i.e.in the ratii"of

the assay produce of the
(estimating

0-04, or
of lead

deposited i::

to

500

condensingarraogemetit
cousixtcd of the longhorizontal chimney.
In an eBtablishmcnt in the North, ore, containing
73% of lead by
in
the
of
100
tj)ns
60-0
ore-hearth
lead, ext-lusitiassay, producedper
of 3-2 extracted from tho accompanying ore-hearth slag: and
6!"1
at

ore

from

tho fume

Although

"

Nat.

as

not

100

i.e.
collected,

0-33.'

The

in the ratio of 9-15^

stated,yet it may
distinctly

PnllinBon, Oct. 1831.

Hi.t. Foo. of

Tmns.

of tho

DurNorlliumbeiland,
and NcwcMtle-upoii-Tj
liBin,
ne, 1832, 2.

be

1 or

100

lO-fS.'

presumedthat the funK

I Part 1, p. 166.
"
Mr. J. A.

|fore

btPbiltipf.Lecture nmd
llieSocietyof Arts,April 27, 1853.

icQyCoOJ^Ic

OBTAIKED

QUANTITY
collected in the

was

SMELTING

long homontal

LEAD

dumiieT'.Mr.

457

ORES.

J. A.

estiPhillips

that in well-constructed

mates
to

IN

3%

the fume depoeilcd

flues,
yieldsfrom 2%
contained in the ore; but, it will be perceivedthat

of the lead

thie statement
with

does not

agree with the

precedingdata

extracted
proportion

the

respectto

from

of Mr.

Fhillipa,
slt^-

ore-hearth and

hearth fiime.

According

to

Stagg,the followingquantitiesof

lead

were

tracted
ex-

from the fume, collected

of his condenser, per 100

by means
smeltingin the ore-hearth,in the reverbe-

of lead obtained from

tons

and
ratoryfurnace,in the slag-hearth,
tion and

"

100 tonsof lead

lUmace,
Iteverbenitorjr

Slag-brarlli,
CupetUog and reduciDg,
Fallize has recorded the

largescale, which,
without

smeltingwas

in

ore,

ore,

which

blast-furnace

amounted
in

is included

the smoke

amounts

statement

which

and, while

same

ore

the lead carried away

on
According to ]"'allize

results of two experiments

following
on

the

but in

one

raw

rootled. The

ore

was

of

nature

chargeis not giTen,

weight of
of the ore,
roasting

oHin

, ,

and in the other the

The

raw

he states, were
made with the greatest care
in
the locality.'
In both experimentsthe

conducted

the furnace

mentioning

operatedupon,

the

of cupellaoperations

i
reducingrespectively

Ote-hearlh,

1859,

in the

the

to

to

is

in lead works

10%

in

7-69

during

the

the lead contained in

in

the

last column.

the lead carried

lead-smelting

assay produce of lead in the

tlie experience of this country ;

of the

opposed
where

2'7b%of

number

the average

in the smoke

to

rich galenas

beratoryfurnaces,the quantityvolatilized

smelted

are

may

be

in

rever-

less,yet Fallize

in how
puts the question,

The

answer

experiencedand

an

'

portion?
many others does it not exceed that prowhich
from
I have received to Jhis quealion

authoritative

bouroo

is, "in

none

in

England,

Richardson,Watts' Chem. Diet. 524. |about half oT these proportioi

certain lead-smsltingvorlcB,irbere hat Ihjciicollected,
titeggB condentcT hu been applied,
onl; | * Bevue UuiveroelJe,
1862,11. 3TZ.
At

45S

TREATMENT

unless it be in

OF

littl"work

Knot

LZAIVFUHE.

where

old

slagsand

other

T"adue"

SBelted, and there the Iomr is only in part through voIatilisEation."

"r"

The
of lead'Jkme,
analysesof lead-fume
well as revcrberatory
furnaces, pr")ve that for

3Veaiment
blftstas

it oonsiats of

"

sulphateof lead
is

in its treatment

and. therefore,the

simjjlythe

reduction

be remembered, has

problem,it will

of

the

salt.

from

mcMt

problem

of that

been

eTolTed

part

involved

But

that

previously examined

in

greg-dagt.ifhioh

contain

it is intended

reduce

notable
"
consideringthe treatment
quantityof snlphateof lead,and of ores of lead in which the metal
is either lai^ly or whollypresent in the state of sulphate.
Owing to the powdery state of the fume, it has been foand ooobe done
venient to ^glutinato it into lumps, which
in two
may
it
in
furnace
to a de^Tf^
a
reverbcratury
ways, namely,by heating
its particles
to clot tc^ther ; or, br
BufGcient to soften it and cause
of lime and then leavingthe mixture
mixing it with cream
expoetil
hard, after which It is broken
into
to the atmosphereuntil it becomes
size
for
is
of
convenient
this
pieces
charging. Espetiaily
nary
prelimitreatment
a

when
dcsiritblo,

to

the

fame

ia

blast'furua"'0 of any kind ; for, notwithetandiugthe large proportion

fine and mobUe
its particles
of lead which it eoiitains.
that
are
so

in

of low
one
blawt-fumace, iiartitulftrly

The

fnmo

of it

out anil escape

productsobtained
residuary
connected

dimeBsions, much

\tith the gases Emitted from the moulh.

is either treated by itself or in eonjunetionwith
vaiimii^

mightbe bb'wn

therewith.

in the

Thus, it may

smelting of

lead and

be smelted, in the

process^

flowing-fni^

which case
no
along with grey-ilagt"ixi
preliminarya^lomeniron in this case being uaed as an acoetaory,
be rcrjuircd"
not a necesBary, agent of reduction ; or
it may
though,it is affirnietl,
bo smelted in conjunction
with such slagsin the slaghearth or othtrr
blast-furnace. In the former case
sometimes
added.
are
iron-slags
the
with
chiefly
objectof producing a moie
liquidtlag,as the alag
from the smellingof flue-dust alone is apt to bo deficient in
resulting
when it contains much
lime. In the North, fume
liquidity,
especially
is smelted in the common
having been previonalyheateil
slag-heailh.
make
it
cohere
into
to
so
as
lumps. Ihe 5IK) cwts. of slag-lead

nace

tioE wduld

referred to at p. 2K'.iwere
obtained
in Flintshire,
funic has been mixed
the smelting
of cilvcr ores.

SOFTENING

The

OF

in this

In recent

manner.

ivith the crushed

HARD

tintes,

nsed
grey-tlag

in

LEAD.

and
calcining

with
improving arc used as synonymous
from
the smeltingfurnaces, is often so
to be too haid and deficient in malleacontaminated with impurities
as
bility
of being appliedto various manufacturingpurposes
to admit
;
and it has therefore to be subjected
it
to further treatment
to render
terms

softening, head,

as

it comes

marketable.

bo stated with
Moreover, the same
respect to its
may
suitableness for I'attinson's process of desilverization. only
tively
comparafor that procesa The quality
of the lead
pure lead beingadapted

iCQyCoO^Ic

460

SOFTEKING
there is

maaonry;

OF

J" in
tap-hole

communicating with

the bottom,

by

the

in
tap-holo

at the

tho vertical
in

flow of tlie metal

and

them

largecut

of

or
plates,

the pan

hard beaten
for

former
and

lowest

-:

part
fastened

pipe

^^

the

to

regulated.
either

two

and

pan

ever."

and

both

erectw.

dross
of

as

tli^

on

"were

upwards
is

filled vn-.l

'^

tin

y*ari'
tight ar.i

charge for one furnace is about 2i'

tons
of Pontgibaud fumace-lead, and it requires
about 60 hoore t"
render the metal sufficiently
soft for treatment
I'attinson's
by
proces-.
or 3 days inclusive of the time
expendedin chargingand discharging.
as

The

betvfw

space

described

for

nse

of lir
'

well

cracked, the furnace

now

pcv

feast-iron

doors,
working-

constantlyin
is

the

iron

load and the other for lead reduced from

been almost

bX'K

sides

the

case

be at least 1' wide,

be

to

Iatt"r
The

"

of thick

either

In

etones.

is said

of the

moans

be

bo

mast

by

bar

furnaces of the kind above

although the

eerviceable

"

should

Two

common

has

brasquc."'I'hereare

side.
tup-hole
one

one

tappingmay

furnace," it is stated,

metal

This horizontal

the bottom.

than

necessary

into the

diameter

thick cast-iron

i':
depth of abont
end protrudesbeyond the fiiraac--.
tho cast-iron pipe at the opposite
Before
charging, the tap-holeis plugged by insertingthe point '/
i:.
a
long iron bar through a hole in the roof immediately over
This bar. Mr. Phillipssays, "will not generallystop the tap-hrfafter the fhmace
has been "working a loo;
eapocially
quite tight,
'I'he cafit-iron pipe is partlyfilled with
bone-ash
fimiiv
time.
rammed
bar
of
iron
been
in
the
in,a
ha'ving
previonslyplaced
pii*
that the channel left after its withdrawal
so
correspond ydtl
may
it

stud-bolts uorcwed

LEAD.

HABD

usual

The

percentage of soft lead obtained is stated

cost

of

lead

obtained by smelting
the
{i.e.

or

It. 6-2d per

In

with

to be about

is reported
to be 3". i'Bd. per ton of
softening
ton

ore

in

94-7.

oommon

blast-furnace,
see

Tk

fnmanp. 3^^).

of ore.'

ia effected either in a reverberatory

fiircaiv
Freiberg,softening
furnace similar to bin
a cast-iron bottom, or in a rcverberatory

of smaller

dimensions

than that described and

at Freiberg. Oxidation
lead-smelting
enters throughtwo twyers, one
on
The lead is slowlymelted down, and tho

figuredin

on

is aided

which

each side of the

surface and
after which

in

which

tho copper

the process is continued

lithargeor

Ahtlrich

has become

sufficiently
pure.

purityof

heated

with

which

scum

lead
before

articlt-

artificial bla"t

fire-bridgt.

collects

tbr

on

concentrated,is raked
a

off:

gentleblast,the impnn;

removed,
liting
constantly

the softened

when

becomes

by

the

until the residual

lead

Indications of the

are

the

aftbrded

requisite
degree of
its behaviour
malleability,

by its
blowpipeon charcoal,

and

l^

its

specific
gravity. Samples are taken out of the furnace in order to be
with respect to those points. Arsenic may
be recognised
examined

hy

its charsciciitjtic odour

Uttle hollow in

when
about 2 grammes
are
put into a
i
n
the
of
charcoal
and
melted
rapidly
piece
reducinfc

iCQyCoOJ^Ic

MODE

flame and

keptheated during a
be

may

means

detected

which

antimony

few

seconda.

Antimony by

the blaeish-white

by

ie foiined.

the dulness of its aurface,and

'colour,by
lead-grey

the

same

incruatation uf oxide of

the
on
presence of both is shown
the
absence
of
its
characteristio
by

The

globuleof lead

solidificationof the

461

CHARGING.

OF

by

its

coalingof

dark-greylitharge."
Mode of charging"The
from

an

with

molten

lead,

which

Richardson

has

in the mode

improvement

an

lead may
be introduced in pjgsor laded in
and kept filled
cast-iron pot seated over
a fire-place
adjoining

is only described

which
of charging,

here

largeflangedcust-iron

what

described

as

designatesas
follows,and

as

avoid what

warning,to

he
is

is useless.

in the Pattinson

pot, like those used

process

of desilverization,
is fixed immediatelyover
the furnace, so that the
little
the
furthest from
be
the
aide
of
centre
a
fire-bridge
beyond
may
the

of which
fire-place,

is set in brickwork
can

that side inclines

encased in

Bichardson's
interpret

coursinground

fire-place
throughwhich

the sides and

throughthe roof of the body

In the bottom of
fire-bridge.

soend

the

is attached

iron

an

beyond,the

roof

near

at

the bottom

passes

of the pot is
of the furnace at some
bottom

the pot is

with

tapped

round

thread

screw

flat bar

transverse

heightabove

the pot. A handle with

of the rod,which may thus be raised
in and

The

raisingthe
asserts that

distance from

hole, to which

at the

of iron fixed at

not

or

female

convenient

works

screw

lowered

top, which

at will so

on
as

pot is kept
this form

the top
to

hole in the middle

of the pot at
filled with melted hard lead, vhich

rod above-mentioned
"

flame riiies,
and
to
expected d"-

completelyclose the

bottom.

It
a"

the top of the inclined side of the fire-bridge.

pot is a vertical iron rod, plug-shaped

the axis of the cast-iron

througha

"r

pipe descendingvertically
through, but

In

and

the bed.

plate. As

woodcuts, illustrativeof this arrangement,

there is a hole in the roof of the

after

townrds
steeply

cylinderof iron

dropsinto

of furnace

the furnace.

possesses great

extra-hard lead,as the calcining

softening
pan
with very littlelabour."
full,
always

drop
the
on

Richardson

advantages when

can

easilybe kept

Titne required
This will vary with the qualityof the
foriofteniitg.
lead treated,the sur"ce of the lead exposedto the action of the air,
"

and

with

the

temperature. If the lead is very impure, the dross,

accordingto Richardson, floats in a semi-fluid state on the surface of
the molten
be thickened by intermixture
with a
lead, and must
littlelime before it can be skimmed
off; but the same
objectis usnthe fnmace cool a little.
allyattained by letting
it. At one
of the largest
l
ead
PoHug ofsoftened
hefore
paltinsoniiing
lead works in the kingdom, all the softened lead is poledpreviously
to pattinsonization
the reason
allegedfor this is, that it is
; and
"

handy to put
into the

'

the

scum

or

froth which

furnace, where
softening-

Plattner's

it

is thrown

liquatesand

up

in

polingback

saves

Tailenmgen aber Bllgcmebte

HiiUeuknado,2, p.

trouble in

137.

"

"62

80FTEKINQ

The
dcsJlTeriEing.
Mid

holds 10

OF

HABD

LEAD.

fhmaoe
pot attached to the aoflening
FattinMiiiuttion,
bowever, is stated

toDM.

to

ia

U17

be

moR

effective than

poling.
of m"fUmng bg atwupherieoxidalitm. The
Bittory
0/ Ihepriiee**
Df. RiGbardwD, of Newcaetle-on-Tyne,
to have
seems
imaf^ned

Utr

"

he

the inTcntor

was

himself the
examined

of this process.

the WB

hardness

In

following
passage occurs.*
dae

the

to

The

writer

lead

of

presence

in which

the orecti".'nof furnaces

"iiggest"d

tv

written

havinf^ car^oliv

found
Blackett)
slag-lead,

(t".William

mainly

was

article on

an
"

th*i

that it"
llin:

He

antimony.

this lead, in

melud

ft

of hot air. The re"eult was

Utt
state, could be exposedto a current
at
of
soft
reasonable
cost
render
tlw:
to
a
so
a
Icsd,
as
good
production
Soon
afKiprocess sTsilable as a regularoperationin smelt mills.
well-known
warda, the firstcai^oes of the now
Spanish hard leid
arrived at Liverpool
the smelters there would
not
: but
pnitluH-

them,

and

one

lead could
melted
)"

transhippedto Kewcaetle-oa-Tyne. Tiiii

was

cargo

be softened in the brick fnmacea, beingso fluid wheo

in all directions.
to find its way out "^ the furnace
[Tbii
not

as

statement, seeingthat
surprising

works

alone

brick furnaces

at

used in

are

Britiah lesd-smeltiK

some

softening
Spanishhard

tesd.

The

late Mr. G. Burnett,who consulted the writer on the subject,

an^
witnessed the treatment
of the slag-lead
at Mr. Beaumont's
-worto "i

Blaydon,then proposedthe simple bat

furnace with

llius

tnotal pan.

admirable

plan of lining tb-

laid the foundation

was

of

tiadr

has gono on
until, it is said, npwanii
increasing,
of this description
of lead are annually prodnoed is

with

Spain,which

of 20,000 tons
that country."
I have

received

letter from

"

to the

As

introduction

in the moon.'

man

friend, Mr. T. Lowlhian

Leathart,dated Lead

3, 18C7, in which is the

of the present mode
of

know, the late Dr. Kichardson

'

my

from Mr. James

to him

enclosing
Dec.
Kewcastle-on-Tyno.
a note

had

no

to

more

BcL

WwrEs.

followingpsssagr
'

as
softening,*

do with

it

yon

than

tb--

"

A patent was
grantedto Walter Hall in 1616 for "A. method i^r
methods
of making soft lead out of hard lead or slag-lead."Tk-

calcinatiou of hard
continued
become

3^

to

until it

soft.
5

cwts.

soft lead.'
The

in
slag-lead

or

found

was

In the

charge of

might

It muHt

have

the

'

been

20

of hard

cwta.

wry, very hard

or

wa"

faa"l

slag-lead.

withdrawn

a^

lead.

that the invention

proves conclusively
action
air
of
and
hear
atmospheric
joint

specification
justquoted

lead by
softening
not originatewith

What

about

calcined,and the remainder

be

of

did

the process of making red-lead

that the residual unoiidized
lead

Walls'

p. SIti.
"
A. D.

Br.

method

is the Gctman

softening
process

the

KichardKon.
of

But

to

in the
cupellation

go

Not.

21.

First after fusion of the lead the

No.

MBS.

back.

early stage

DictionarjofChemisti7,1S65,IAbriiigmenta ot the
Hiitula md
AUojE, n. 47.
1816.

further

bnt

Abatffrin-"

THE

PHOCESS

BY

is removed

to the aurfoce and

and then follows the Altlrich or

which
impurities,

the identical
containing

46S

OXIDATION.

ATMOSPHERIC

the usual

are

litbarge
of hardness

causes

in lead. In the English process oxidation is effected in a reverberatoryfurnace at a temperature above or below the melting-point
is made of slagor of castof litharge,
accordingas the furnace-bottom
in the tierman

iron,whilst
takes

placeabove

of

process

tion
cupellatiou
atmospheriooxida-

of litbai^e
and
melting-point

the

blast is employed. In the

phenomena
Bishop

earlystageof the latt"r process

the same
in the former.
as
essentially

are

publishedthe

Watson

made, with
melted

day, the

and

probablyhave

by atmosphericoxidation would
process of softening
afterwards
into generaluse, thnt is,assumsoon
come
ing

that in Watson's
hard lead which

it

day

there

Thia

which

lines the boxes in which

be at hand,

of it

some

quantityof

from
tea is imported

melted

was

in

China

iron ladle

an

happening

but

was

find that it* surface, though it was

presently
did
exhibit
colours.
Imanot
dusky pellicle,
any

with

ginii^ that the heat

the
visible,

fire was

colour.

without

considerable

chai^ed,and
with

The

was

parcelof lead was boiled in a crucible for

disduring the boilinga copioussteam was

time ;
surface

the

succession of coloured
of fusion.

red hot, the calcined

also,but it was still

red hot

same

examined, and

state

fo render the colours

sufficiently
strong

till the ladle became

of the

half vitrified scoria.

then

was

not

was

urged

the surface of the lead

pellicle
upon

considerable

any

surprisedto

covered

in

was

desired to soften,whiih was

probablynot the
hia
is Watson's
of
account
own
experiment: " The lead
was

case.

he

appears on the surface of lead when

had those results attracted the attention of lead-smelters

of his

much

which
experiments

which
pellicle

in the iridescent

to

the chemical

to ascertain the order of succession of the colours

view

results of

artificial

an

lead,

is usual, became
covered
remained
unvitrified

as

I'he lead which

it had

acquiredthe property

pellicles,
duringthe

Another

portionof

whole

the

of

time of
kind

same

forminga
continuing

of lead

was

heat for a long time ; the part which

exposed to a stroog calcining
remained
uncalcined did,at length,
ing
acquirathe propertyof exhibitcolours sufficiently
vivid."
From

the

results Watson
inferred,that
foregoing
which
something
prevented the
iridescent pellicle,
and which
by calcination was
made numerous
with a view to discover
esperiments
mixed

was

found

tea-lead

formation

of

removed.
what

that

an

Ho
thing
some-

tin. He
might be, and arrived at the conclusion that it was
that on
putting a small portionof tin into a ladle full of

molten

Derbyshirelead which
the tin
as soon
as
disappeared
tin

Chinese

with

exhibited
melted

the

and

as

colours,these

usual
to the

proportionof

requiredto produce

this effect,
he writes, " I have reason
to
exceed one five-thousandth part of the weight

that it does
believe,

not

of the lead."

Derbyshire lead,which

The

colours
exhibiting
"the

on

tin, it is

before
calcination,

had

lost its property

the addition of tin,acquired it

again by

suppused,
being separatedfrom

all the lead is reduced

to

calx."

of

nation,
calci-

the lead

by

46*

SOFTEKIXG
tea-lead

Calcined Chinese

which

it was

(SnO')had

of tin

iiitormiii.-d
calx
pofied

LEAR

heated with tallow and

was

colours; from

lead exhibited

HABD

OF

remained

the power
property of exhibitingcolours,but not in
The addition of small portionsof bismuth

talli)W. Zinc

littletin added

to

have

to

of coloured

the fonoation

But

found

was

;* nor
pellicles

rednred
the

unreduced

by

depriving lead
great a degree

of
h"

lead did

to

did

the

of lead and

mixture

the

that

concluded

not

addition

mpthe

of its
as

tin.

prrrent
of silrer.
of silver

bismiitit,or

It maj
imraediatoly
preventedthe appearance of colours.'
t" atmoapheric
be added that tca-lcad,subjected
oxidation, yields

and

lead,

to Richardson, T6'4%of
according

SomNnG

Habd

or

Lead

load free from tin.*

bt

Sfeoial Aobntb

or

Oxisatioii.

granted to Messrs. Pontifex and Glassford, in IS-"4.

for softening
hard lead by addingto the molten metal, %vhen coDtaioing from 5% to 15% of antimony,a mixture of 3 parts (by -weight)of
A

patent was

4 parts of caustic
of soda, 4 parts of soda-ash, and
]im".
the hard lead contains less than 5% of antimony a mixture

nitrate

'When

of equalparts of
(ximpoMod

be utied. The
The

above mentioned
ingredients
maj
in an
ordinary soft"ning-fdmaM.

process is conducted
is sprinkled
at intervals

mixture

is skimmed

lead,which

the three

intervals

at

the

on

surface of the

usual.

as

From

40

mwltcn

to

60

lb".

be employed with 9 or 10 tons of lead.

The
may
it
be
wiih
dross may
bo reduced in the common
treated
or
may
way,
all but oxides
of lead
water, which, it is stated, will remove
boiling
and antimony. I'art of the oxide of lead may be dissolved oat of thiii
of the mixture

residue

by

nitric acid,when

antimony cannot,

metallic

in

liichardson

'

amongMt other

as

Naplesyellowis left,from

crude

prepared.'

stated,be

obtained

1852

patent, in which

which

the preparationof
things,

sugar of lead

he

by

claimtd.

the

solvent

of bard
action of aeetio acid upon the dross producedin the softening
of
and
dissolves
uncombined
oxide
there
out only
But it
lead,
lead."
remains

patent
the

Bolvingout
acetic

which
bulk

acid

use

of afctio acid

oxide of lend in old

powder
(ofsp. gr. from

is stirred

quantity.In

in notable

for the

reduced

nupelaare
or

oxide

combined

obtained

to

to

with

agent

for

test-bottoms.

1-048)to

been

H. Johnson
dis-

The

sufficientpyroligneons

and left to settle during about

of the oxide of lead will have

A,

an

cupels or

and mixed
1'030

1847

as

form

two

dissolved,

thin

days,when

paste,
the

'i"he reaidaal

silver and very Utile lead, may be used again

bone-ash,containing
Acetic acid may
he
after having being strained,washed, and dried.
"

lend'inaclter iuformB

thinhx

bismuth

jzicreBS"

the

me

that

he

'

of
brilliuacy

Jiard lead,for tbe aepai"tii"nfi

impuriticain hard lead, and for the
itnBeparationof antimimy from thcK
purities."Abridgments of SpeciScBtkw

lead from
Itio

tha rolonre rathtr than otherwise.

Cliemicsl Eusojb, 1782, 3. pp. 242 et
'

I ul Metals aad

Ko.
"
*

Op.
A.D.

title is

"

cit. p. 518.

July 26. No. 1644. The

Impruvemunta in obtaining"uft
1854.

"
I

I ant

A.D.

AlloTs, p. 271.
April 28.Nu. 14.093. Op.

1852,

vit p. 199.

iCQyCoOJ^Ic

BY

by
replaced

SPECIAL

AGENTS

BoIutioB of oauBtio

OF

465

OXIDATION.

about 20%
potashor eoda,containing

of pure alkali."
In 1660 a patent was
grantedt"" Warner for softeninghard lead
molten
in
the
metal a box containingoxidizing
by immersing
agents,

such

nitre.'

as

1860, Mr. W. Baker, of Sheffield,

procureda patent for the use
of the followingagents in the softening
of hard lead ; alkaline
In

of the alkalies and

alkaline
chlorates, hypochlorites
of
and
mixture
of
of
a
earths,"sulphate iron,
bisulphate potashand
nitrates

or

"

"

salt.'

common

them

stirred

Baker's

In

found

temperature."He
as

it operatesupon

is

over,

the melted

nitrate of soda

lead heated

onlyto

these substances

lead,kept
to

at

he

suitable

exceedingwell,

answer

dull redness.

After the action

dross rises to the sariace of the molten

having been

skimmed

of soft lead.

Baker

but

experimentswith

vigoroaslyinto

"

without

lead,which, after
clean, presents the iridescence characteristic

tried

success,

the

owing, it

peroxidesof manganese
was
supposed,to the

and

lead,

evolution

of

from them
a
temperature than was requiredfor the
oiygen
oxidation of the impurities
present,which, in the lead treated,were
at

lower

chieflysulphidesof lead and antimony. The metal subjectedto

experimentby Baker was
Derbyshiresl^-lead,of which several
and the mean
him,
were
samples
analysedby
ties
pei-cent*^ of impurifound to be

as

under

"

Debbibhibi

Small
those

Snlphur..

0-34S

AntimoDj
Copper

0132

Iron

0-021

O-OTl

of black-slag
and traces of other impurities
besides
particles
in
found
The
enumerated
were
slag-lead.
usually
portion
pro-

above
of

sulphur exceeds

what

antimony,copper, and lead, and

in combination with lead.
In

Slag-leas.

is
the

requiredto combine with the

is rightlyassumed
to be
excess

the

foregoing
experimentsthe iron,which is stated to have
been chiefly
present as sulphidemechanicallydiffused through the
lead, was reduced from 0*050%to 0-009%.The firstnumber is,it will
be observed, larger
than that given above.
The copper, contained in
the lead,was
in the least degree. According to Baker,
not removed
this process of softening is specially
adapted to those localities
"

where

the lead contains

If it contain

much

very

little silver and

much

antimony.
it [the
oxidizing
method
of roastingin
not

the cost of
antimony [orlittle?]

latter]
away will not compare with the
the improvingfurnace,as practised
at
and antimonial leads are worked
up."'

slow

the lead-works

where

silver

"

A. D. 18*7.
Sep. M. No. 11,872. i ' Ibid. S. p. 530.
"
of Metals
WJIUnm
Ahridgmenta of Speciflcatioog
Baker.
Letter,Bi)nied
aad Alloys,p. 153.
ing JooRial,Uarcb 2, 18131.
1

Wntta'

VOL.

in.

Diet, of

Cbemutrj,3. p.

530.

Hin-

"

u^tJocy

466

SOFTENING

TnKATntrr
The

drosa

reduced
in

oBiAnnD

productof

to
Bubjoi-ted

ozidatioD in
atmoapberic

reduction
contain

arise

to

"

from

to be

the metal

be termed

*eeoud

second

"iiK'.

matter

yielded, wl:"
lead,

bard

\.

mar

^oftcning-Iiimace.Sappi"ii.

completeand

sensible

no

lo"

this tecond hard

volatilization,

iar.?.:

lead

m:i-'

foreignmetallic matter, sttch as asti

hard lead ; and much more
dross ar,original

or
Jlrri

in the process of Boftenisg

that lead.
contain
dross may
much
so
antimony as to be

be formed

than

further economical
ever,

droM

suyV

softeningproceaa

carboaaceous

largerquantityof

than the

mony,

tlia

blaet-fi)rnace; and

of distinction may

Soiteniho.

with

for tho mke

the reduction of the

LEAD.

HARD

in admixture

by heatingit
or
revorbcratoiy

Dbom

or

oxidized

or

OP

treatment

aa

be used for bullets aud

converted

iuto

of soft lead.

source

for inferior

pigment (seep. 87),

which

Pichardson

incapaUe .'
It

or
type-metal,

tL-

Indeed.

msT.

in

some

h"*c*-*

tha:

Bt"t("

:i

his observation, 30

under
came
days 'were
reqai:softeningof lead reduced from the droes of previous d^~.'
tions.* llie same
authority recommended, that in the redntt:
of dross by heating it with
admixture
of coal in the reverbent'"

one

case

for the

furnace, as

is usual, about 2-}%of soda-ash should be added

al'-~
with the coal ; and the reasons
assignedfor such addition are. tL
rendered more
the al^ is thereby
and the wortEtnan
is eiul'fusible,

to

work

by

at

himself

(Ko.2) the

lower temperature. He gives the following analv:^

of the lead rednced from dross without (No. 1^ and m*a

addition of

2i% of aoda-aeh

:"

All that

82-88

AQtinuo;
Ooppei

16-09

relative increase in the

ing
and

M-70

_..

40-66

068

be deduced

can

n.

Lead

from

0-32

is that soda-ash

these data

of antimony
proportion

reduced.

cans";J-

By

repeii

calciningoperationon the produceof the redacing-funi*r

reducing the resultingdross with the addition of soda-ash,tl-

the

melals obtained

were

to
p)y Richardson]

found

posseaa

the foUowic;

composition
:

"

Ehqlisb

Uabd

L
Lad

Origlul Lad.

Lead

99-27

rrnm

8653

0-57

11-29

Copper

O'lZ

tncee

Iran

0-0*

0-34

100-00

Op. dt.

m.
Dnw

CnlclnaUoo,

Antimony

Lkad.

n.

p. 519,

or

Lead

fnn

Drk
'

g(

468

HABD

OF

LIQUATION

LEAD.

of aualysUpr"scnM
the usual methods
ss
experienced,
substance
lead,antimony, tin,and areenic wen ih'i
containing

Gultywas
for

fonnd to be accurate.
Gbtstaluhx
LMd

Allot.

07-83

Tin'

fl"

Copper

2-44

Iron

0-18

0006

Nlekd

0-89

OOSlI

OOTeJO'SSl

BT-W

AntiiDonj

0-230)
0270

Areenio

O-ffi

0008

Sulphm

0-52

0-0321

99-48

The

followingformula would, therefore,

represent the oompBi'

of this

alloy:
3(rbSnCuFeNi) + (SbA8S"

From

the

data, tho probableinference

foregoing

to be i!*"

seems

this

alloyhad boon dissolved in the originalmetal, and sejw*'"

risingto the top from its having " It*'
dnrinj;slow cooling,
specific
gravitythan the subjacentmetal ; but as it had s "Hv'
melting-pointthan
become

liquid.Dick informs me
liquidmetal, the alloywould

the

solid after the fonner^"

the latter it continued

that
not

have

re-dissolved,nm

been

the temperature had risen to its melting-point,

when
in
would
have re-diseolved and another richer
copper
oxidized
left,perhapsalong with partially

been

h^at,and in

of
separation
molten

probable,not
that

reducingatmosphere,all would
one

mixtures
to

or

more

say

subjectwill be

may

in the hard

whether

load

subsequent volume.

experimtiii?
The

ibc^

an

of mercury
in the state of
mass
constitution.
Dick considers that

from the
atomic

cxcet^^'

alloymight be separatedby filtration

be separatedby the same
lead, just as silver may
such

of

mass

given

R'-

solidifiaiti'"c

rendered

established,
by Rudberg, whose
in

rodisBolved. 1-

loss

or

more

been

jcT--

one

liquidamalgam of that metal and mfK'^'

analogousto that of tho alloyabove dwcrilto It^'1
when
molten ; and it would bo interesting

existence of silver in
be

has

""

would Ho

; at
proilucts

have

definite alloys
during slow

of certain metals

^"'

by prolongedoontacl

solid
the

on

from

'--

^'*-'

amalgam of dob^'*
Saturdayitwas tr.-

separatedby filtration,the tisthat

of the crystalli^
time
the
melting-point
exceeding
perature at
such impute antimoniuretted lead,the ciy^alloy.In Pattinsonizijig
which firstseparatefloat and may be caught by the ladle. Eithei ^
dissolved and could not

have

been

'

'

from

The
the

tin

derired frDtn plombei'ssolder,

was
snd
pipe and rolUng-mills.

mt

contained in the st
_,

AT

PROCESS

or

THE

SCBEMNITZ

SILVER

469

WORKS.

the latter,
ia regardedas eBsential to separation
eeiiecially
that in question.Further ; The separatioQ
of a triple
alloy

copper,

such
of

as

"

arsenic,termed

iron,tin, and

to be another

of tin,seems
refining

in the tin which

tin

"

hard

head," which
in

case

point.

the furnace

flows from

in the

occurs

This

when

alloyis

certaiu

tained
con-

ores

of

in solution in the metallic mass.

apparently
On heating
the eolidiiiodtin to, or just above, its melting-point,
the
are

smelted,and

is

triple
alloyis left nnmeited,while the tin liquatesor triuklos away.
hard head," which is
liquatedtin,however, carries off some
removed by what is designated
or "tossing."
subsequently
".boiling"
The

"

The modui

has
of these operations
"q"erand\

and
laboratory,

has,I think, been

information

that

the

on

will
subject

in my
investigated
satisfactorily
explained. Further

bo commnnlcated

Suffice it in this

reflningof tin.

been

in

article on

an

observe,that

placeto

the

so-called operationof

which is occasionally
resorted to after
polijuf,
of lead,produces
an
softening
anal"^onsresult in the "boiling"
of tin,which is on\jpolirtg.
In the article on the dosilverization of
lead by zinc (p.152),
conducted in the case
the process of poling,
as
of lead,has been described. In poling
tia or lead the effect is chiefly
the removal of mechanically
suspendedmatter.
Frothy lead" will
throw out much
"dirt" by poling, "Dirt"
is anything suspended
solve
in, but not aUoyed with, lead. At a led-heat this "dirt" will disthe

"

in lead ; but at that temperature

thoughit will at a lower tempt'rature.
and poling
ai
Liquation

"

polingwould

Ike Silver Worka at Scftemm'fe.^"The

is similar in construction to the

employed for liquation
8

tuelting-furnace
(seep.

separateit,

not

2(il}.Immediately in

fumaoe

leadBleiberg

front of and

below

the lower end of the furnace,a circular cast-iron pot, like those used in
Pattinson's desilvcrization process, is fixed over a fire-place
of its own.
An

iron gutter is adjustedto that end of the furnace by which molten

flowingfi'om the latter may drop into the pot. Over the pot
is an
arrangement hy which the lower ends of piecesof wood placed
lead

Tei'tically
may
on
l^xporimcuts

The

lead

to be

be

kept depressedin

this process

the molten

first made

were

at

operatedupon is subjectedto
the reverbcratory
furnace, so

lead

in

the pot.
in I860.

Schemnitz

carefully
regulated

that it may
trickle
temperature
into the cast-iron pot in drops. Fresh lead is chargedfrom time
to time as liquation
proceeds. \Vhon the whole chai^ is liquated,
in

the

fire under

the

pot

is increased

so

as

to render

the lead which

it contains

the sur"ce

is skimmed

The

pieces

the

metal,

of
and

wood

polingis activelykept

oxidized
has

thinlyliquid. The crust which swims on

off with
a
wedge-shapedpieceof wood.
above-mentioned
are
now
depresseddeep in
up

for two

hours

or

so,

the

partially

removed, and when the process

products
been sufficiently
long continued, the surface of the lead will
on

its surface

are

present the characteristic appearance

of soft lead.

BleiM.

In

the

prc-

H. W. KiLdmliiuin.

470

REDUCTION

obtAined

UTHARGE

followinganalyticaltmbIIb

the process the

liminaryexperimentaon
were

OP

:
"

COKroKTicnr

Con'.

MB

n.

L
lad

Srft Lm".

LklwM

ttlrr

tMUnc.

in repni.ir
experiencehad been gained and the process was
working order,the lead was found to have the followingcompudikt.
After

per cent.

"

99-900

Lead
Silver

tia*e

Copper

0090

Iron

0009
99-999

OP

BEDUCTION

The
with

reduction of

lithai^ ia

LITHAEGB.

effected

by heatingit

in admixtsrf

carbonaceous

oo"l, m^
matter, auch as charcoal or bituminoua
either
of
and
for
thia
redness
a
revi';
temperature
purpose
beratoryor a small blaat-fumaco may be employed. The ehoict- "":"
to the

and possiblyin
depend upon local considerations,
smelter.
of
the
cases
prepossessions
upon
Bedttetitm in the Teeerheratory
furnaee. In England,as "well
furnace

will

ecac-

the

"

as

in

fiutisce is pnr
the continent, the reverbetatory
h"
ferred,in the construction of which there is nothit^i"taarkab1e.
TariouB

localities on

bed should

the

In the

in the side or at
slopeeither towards a tap-hole
of
cast-iron
is
inserted,
a gutter
alongwhich
tap-hole

the haA

end.

The redii""t-"1
may trickle and be received into a cast-iron pot below.
lead is ludcd from thia pot into ingot-moulds
of the asnal form au-A
size. The tap-hole
is kept closed during the earlier part of the dav *^
while lead flows freely. The opening in the tap-hole
work
mediately
plate,imabove
the dam

over

the

the

dammed
tap-holeis partially

formed

so

tap-holeis

the lead

opened,and

Towards

runs.

the

lead which

np with clay,and
the end of the da^

baa been

retained

in

the furnace all day in order to prevent slagfrom sticking

to the taphole cavity
is let out.* It is hardlynecessary to remark, that tlie Kil

'

Too

mURli

haTinggono
-""

"

rilTfli ii

out, or

more

pieieiit"?).
verr

biuv

limea

' nnder
trace of I each

icpresentedaa
than

it Is tapf""l
ordinarycircnmataitoed,
dav, in MiJer to *oe that the Tuiilm
ibottom le in goodorder,and to alloi
'

this

Imd

(" li"t

anv

"

retUina'" vhii^h

mar

In

ntnniw^

THE

IN

REVERBEBATORT

471

FURNACE,

of the furnace should be made

to molten lead as pracas impervious

ticable.
this result may be best attained -will be found in the
of Tarious lead-smelting
in this
furnaces
deecriptions
reverberatory

How

volume.

Towards

the end

reduction furnace at
a

bone-ash

layerof

of the last century Jars

saw

of which
Newcastle-on-Tyne,

the bed

well beaten

with

down, covered

litharge-

consisted of

another

layer

of clay."
The mixture of litharge
and its reducingagent should not be
the largescale having shown that generally
on
intiidftte,
experience
the best result is obtained when

both

in

are

^'hen
particles,

coarse

coal is used for reduction,the bed of the furnace is covered with a

layerof slack a few inches thick, and upon this layer which,
heated,quicklyignites
assuming the furnace to have been previously
"

and

emits the usual

chargeof

requiredfor its reduction

begins to trickle towards
temiptedly,fresh mixture
time
9 to

Towards

fumaue.

Towards

of the furnace

ready

uow

described.

to

be

of the coal with

as

is
the

of
the

tap-holeand

continues

and
litharge

coal

end

of

the

and

the end

soon

do Bonnin-

to

lasta,say, from

slaggyresidue is raked

of the

the
operation

should be rabbled at intervals.

chai^d again and

proportion

being suppliedfrom

shift,which

the

"

Metallic lead

spreadevenlyover.

residue is called

The

coal slack in about the

with

hours, chargingceases,

12

of the
bod

time.

to

the distillation of coal

smoky productsof

intermixed
litharge

worked

mass

on

Ulie fnmace

in the

out

the
is

above

manner

and .contains the ash

litharge-slag,

sidue
recoal,and unreduced
portionsof unconsumod
of metallic load. It is desirable that
with, it may be, particles
littleof this slagshould be formed as possible
; and with that object

any

coal should be selected for reduction

litharge-slag
may

be

in

smelted

which

least ash.

contains

small blast-furnace,such

The

as

the

described under the processes of lead-smelting.

slag-hearth,
The following
of the process is from a British
graphicdescription
smelter.

The

furnace

is reverberatory,on
possible.The

employed

Hhire model, and should be as largeas

the tap-hole
is to
plate over the tap-hole

be

the

Flint-

opening in
stopped with
partially

lead may flow,and the ordinary

a
over
clay,so as
tap-huleunderneath,it need hardlybe remarked, is stoppedup. 'ITie
to form

furnace
over

is made

the bed

chargeis to
coal. The

cavityor
2 tons

dam

red-hot,and

which

then

to the thickness of 2"

small coal of best

or

3".

be

broughtup to the furnace

furnace is to be filledas full as

well is to be

kept empty.

of lead, fillsrapidly,
and

This

Whilst

quaUtyis thrown

this is

coking,the

wilii small
sprinkled
tbe
but
tap-hole
practicable,
and

which
cavity,

holds from 1 to

while the furnace needs

the

no

attention,

bringingup of the chaigeto the furnace is continued so that it

may be readyto bo thrown in, for the woik will be hard and hot before
long. In an honr or two, accordingto the heat,condition of the chai^
and other circumstances,
the cavity
will be full and lead will b^n to

"

TorageaHAaUnrgtqnes,17S0,2. S3S.

472

REDUCTION

mn

Ihe dam.

over

is to 1"omn"1o

OP

LITHARGE

If there is no firennder
that

higher,ao

the

tWdi'.
receiTingpot.

lead may accamuUte

in iIki
is
roiitinacd
the
ta
Charfpn^;
cbai^ in the fnmaoe dmnks, tltefn^i
bat the old itU rabUed.
Wben
the csTiltiportionl^'ingRpreail,
fiillof Ien"l tlie last added part of the dam ia broken
down uxl u-

pot will be full in

minute

ground,and prevents tbo

continue

t"" overflow

more

of red-hot

two

or

lead from

into the

pot and

fire is kept np, frenb

chargesare added,

wise Irail will flow

over

hard fi"r .1

in 6.
ixniipk'ted

be

do

nothing t"i
be mid

may

The

but
that

no

mu"jh

ciuiler,but

Icail will

overflow,

metallic

rabbled

quito so

not

thi-n the fire is allowed

is not

ilw-r:

fiw-k:

overflow
there

is wAt

particlesspreadthi^'.'
tbo cbai^ gIlt^lv.

and

the fire again urged.^

good in quality, but still;"
is broken down in part, and W-'-'

to flow from
the cb';
but
if
the
residual
;
pr"-'
blast-furnace,the rabblingis cooti'.r
ceases

down

to go

paNKcdthrougha

to be

until moHt

chargin^^^-

and

enon^h to rattinsonizc. The dam

rabbling,and firing
repeated. Lead
and

will ban:!-'

as
lighter,

to

ooaBes

rapidly wastes

bo

the work Iftr

lithar^exists :

and

pot. "[AtA*.
T
laded onL

char^

becomes

load

pure

of lead

which

on

of 12 hours the

now

Whon

more

Ni"a the char|^ must

day

work

lade.

rich in oxide

matter

the

':-

warnu

ladingcontinned. ni?~

the pot, and so

which time all the

With

the
be

must

and

fn"m

hciars,
by

or

put into the furnace.

lead,which

Bettingiu

of the cinder ia burnt

out.

The

is opened
^'l.
tap-hole

lowest

of lead in the pot is laded out, the liiv

point,every particle
is drawn, the grate is cleaned, if need be
any |iartof the b"-J*
is closed,the dam
vhtilly
expn"edis fettled,the ta]i-hole
is mtulc'-'
and all is ready for tho next
The
operation.
day'awork is
;:""

if the foreman

finds tho number

of

sufficientand the cinder m"*

]iigs
which will dejwnd a good deal on tho qualityof the liiti-.'
factifry,
or
skimmingsand on tho coal. All beinggood,there should ihi.
'

little of

anythingbnt

If arsenic,

cinder with

antimony,tin.copper,

more
lithnrgc,

slag,or

what

or

hero

and

there

other metals

is called

"

were

slag,"will

shots of

""-

present in i
thm

remain,

had been operatedupon i lead, reduced from iirlw.

purer litharge
of good average quality,
becomes
irv\V.
thick,and what is termed
before setting
lead givesa very dull sound "^''
a pig of such
; and
"

struck.
The
are

skimmings from

treated

in

as

Pattinson's

the reduction

producedin the

of

or pot-Ji"'
desilverization-pots,

lithai^;

and

so

the A.T'~

may

lead. As in aseri"'
w"ftemng
the skimmings from different ]""'"
deHilvcii7.atiou-pot8,
they should generallyat least be r^ln"'
vary in content of silver,
tho
lead
obtained
and
from
them
be k-f
separately,
respectively
or

of hard
calcining

I'atiinson's

apart; for if the lead rich and

unnecessary

expense

would

be

melted t"^iln'piior in silver were

incurred
in the subsequent da"il"'''

izatiun.

According
tho total

to

PattiuHon,in lead-works

of coal consumed
[quantity

in the North

in tho

reduction

of

Engln:'-

of litliaif

THE

IN

reJncingagent, wu
3^ owts. per fodder of
for
the
reduced," largequantity
present day. The

incluslTe o" that used

21 cwts. of lead
of reduction

cost

473

FURNACE.

LEAD-SMELTING

BLEIBERG

per

as

of

ton

where

lead-works

lithai^eat

coal

was

delivered at 2t.lld. per ton, is given by Mr. J. A. Phillips

Ss. 0-Sd.,
as
and by Kichardson
the
3i. 5-9d.
on
as
average, includingpot-drose,
.Hut as the priceof labour,fuel,und materials differs much in different
and varies considerably
from
lucalitioa,

should
importance
production.

too much
liicality,

of

cost

Reduction

for the reduction

at

jmrpose

some

to the

last

the reduction

of the

stage
of

in the

even

same

to statements

is in

for that

use

'What has been stated

Bleibergprocess

so
litharge,

of

well suited

seems

"

of that
description

At

time

be attached

continental lead-works.

the thiid and

to
applicable

not

to

This furnace
Furnace.
Bleiberg
of lithargo
by charcoal,and it

the

in

time

is

cerning
con-

equally

that the reader ia referred

process in this volume.

Tamowitz
Friedrichshiitte,

the

this kind of furnace

("see
p. 357),
skimmings or pot-dross
obtained in Tattinsonization.
The
furnace
is representedin the
annexed
140 to 143 inclusive).'
woodcuts (figs.
It will not be necessary
of it,as it
to givea detailed description
is hoped the woodcuts will be sufficiently
understood without.
The
is

employed for the

interior

of

wherever

it is to be in

with

istmade

the

lead

or

reduction

of the

furnace,
tact
con-

its oxide,

of

heavy brasque,*
and
carefully solidly
ed
stampdown.

By

this moans

biick-work

the

is

protected
permeation by
from corrosion by

bi)th from

lead and

oxidized oompoundaof lead.

tivity
Owing to the low conducof

the

brasque for

boat,fuel is economized

importantitem
bo had
manner

at

shown

in this process when

price.In "ont is

in

not, one should think,a very

the fuel is onlycoal-slaok and can

maximum,

small

furnace. The bed

towards

to the

cast-iron door

suHpendcdin

the

143, which, when lowered,cloaee that end of the

fig.
from each side
slopesdownwards, it will be perceived,

to the front, where

fire-bridge
in the brasque with the
tap-hole
is made in the neual way
llie tap-hole
greatest diameter outwards,
of the bed
a conical wooden
by inserting
plugduringthe preparation
and stampingthe brasqueround it,after which the plugis withdrawn.
^\'hen the furnace is in operation
the tap-hole
is stoppedwith clay,
and is opened every 12 hours.
into a
The lead when tappedoff runs

the

at

'

the medianEiine,and from

deepestpointis

Copiedfrom

manii'ij imper

the

conical

plateilltutretinKTeich| the

ia the

Zeiteclirift Hi

du

HUtUQund
Sallnenweeea
im
iii'igFieius. Stuale,ISffJ,
voL IS ; aud tium

j
:

aiiiie

'

That

sidetable
,

vnrce

the

details
deaoriptlTe

derired.

are

is.eoke-dnst mixed

with

"

cou-

of elaj.
^uaullly

L,j"zec,;vG0

474

REDUCnOH

hearth underneath, which

cavityor

the top of which

LITHARGE.

OF

ao'i
heavy fcrasqne
hesrtb
The
floor.
Bmelting-honse
is protected
at itsoris lined with

is level with the

cnmference

iron

hj "

cmi-

ring,and is kepi

covered

with

irai

an

pUto, except dnriii^

tapping.

caat-im

tried"

pot ba" been

Bubstitnte
a

for thit

hearth,

but

did

answer,

becaose, ta-

n":

ly,in spiteof prelim

...!'.
,

HiifiuiDUiKcUoa

Fifrui.

on

uh

iiM E

heating it "ycracked [orratherbe

naiy

J*"

II

!"

P,D|. iti".

it

cause

WOB

had fl"i^

J.P.];and,eMMiiij

"

the lead

after tapping became

cold bo quicklythat it conld hsrlk
bo akimmod.
The ga"oo\i8 products
of the furnace ascend througt^
hole in the roof into a flue provided
with a damper and thence r*^'
;

into

BubtorraneouB

culvert

leadingto

stack 150

feet high. TV
in 12-honr ehif'-

fumace

is worked

by

smelter, an

one

aasiBtaDt

w-

labourers.

two

the drosa

Aa

be

to

treatedft-

aiets chiefly
of oxide of lead,ii^
reduction is a very simpleop-n
tion.' The furnace, when
the 1^has been freshly
made
or repair^
-

slowlydried
to

Fig.ua.

Tertici! "trtion

on

u"

line c D,

'" '*"'

with carbonaceous

tcT, is then

introduced

the

maintain

tnre.

with

carbonaceous

in

polingin the

charge of
3

or

"

from

hours.

cinders

lead is reduced

reducingmatters
20

The

to 25

centners

slag which

are

*:

residue induced

deBilveriiir-i

then intermiii'-

are

the dross.

lowest
and carbonaceous

damper is so adjusted
the requisite
tempf"-

The

potsand

of ah^"

is charged"ii
fire-place

The

coal and
to

bs'

to ooTert:-

entire bed to the thickness

y"tde"uo".

lw"*f-

Sufficient dK"^

duly mixed

3".

Fig.H3.

and afterward*

strong redness.

In

""
proportion

and coUected

at

part of the bed, fresh

suppliedfrom

of dross
is formed

time

is added
and

swims

at

to

tl-f

dns

time- -^

intervals i-:
more

or

k*

Aflcr conenlttttion with sn

I hare Tentured to "t"
experiencedlend-imclter,
deviatiouB from the Germun
deKriptioa,wliich,however, are of aemoair)

few

importance.

476

REDUCTION

in iht

Bedactum

OF

LITHARGE

At Freiberga
htaM-famaee.*

suniUt is

fumaoe

"

oomttruction to that described at p. 309 is used for this poipuee. li

The ltdh
in,liowcviT,only 8' high,frum th" Iicartb to the mouth.
of

and ulupus
downwards
brasqiie,

twyer sido
when

the

liack. Coke

or

is
lithat^e

added.

derived

About

from

through the
about

impure and

flux

no

3" frem ilv

only

W
required;

is

be with mrl

impregnated it may

10% of old lead-!*lij;'

cnpellation-fumace,
of lirkr^'r
40
5U tons)
and
(between

900 ccntnera

the direct

of
cupellntion

furnace in the

of 24

coutxe

hours, with

ate pant!
l:
consomptivL

l^ad

ore-fumace
a

(about2il^bushels English),and

buHhels of cuke

10

forwarda

ia the fuel and

from the bed of the Gorman

are

and

\it\i-:

of lead per 100 centners

of litharge. DuTingti.are
emplov^.
periodthe furnace is tapped about 20 times and 8 men

about 'M
Of

centners

lithai^ from

Pattineonized

onlyabout

lead*

500

ccntnen

cu

'^

of imi-^^
hours, with the labour of five men
; and
aftiiiof
the
German
ion-furnace
out
litharge
cupellat
got

in 24

reduced
rehidual

tho process, only 300 centners

be treated in lican
time.
The litliarge-slag,
which is produced in this pm^'*
same
contains from 25% to 30% of l^id. It is smelted with
the ad^ii:

cumpletiunof

of

3%

in
iron-pyrites

of

mentioned

and

about

the

100

kind

same

centners

of blast-furnace

ae

passedtbroaghin

are

al ''

24hi'n'

slag,n^ulue,and very impure load. The Uik'.

softened in a reverbemtory furnace
and afterwards
1'attinsa[U^"
The rcgulus
is worked
in
smelting(scop. 3lti).1^
lead-regulus
up
The

arc
products

''

black aud vitreous,

and contain on an avera^ ''
frtreated in the or"-fumac6
(?).' Samples prepared

which
slags,

lead,are

arc

of
largequantities

results

are

as

these

undCr

slagshave

been

analysedby Kiohter,n-

"

COMFOHITIOH

LrmiBOE-SLAOi.

OP

n.

I.

Silioa.

86-66

Alumlnu

6-12

Lime

B-76

8-63

1-43

MoglHwia
Protoxide of iron

Part
was

Jnteimixed coke

contained
Plattncr'B

sulphurwas

in tho intermixed

"

desimble.

I'uttinsonizcd lead n'A

in Bilrer?
from FntlinBonized lead poor in
LilbHT^e
alver a as quickly roluned aa that Inun

ore-furiiBCB lead.

'

coiioentcatod

along

with

are
impurities
the silver,
aud

310

107

0-18

3!il

0-51

7-32

2-10

100-37

90-S4

calcium, bnt

most

"

'"

coke.

then
I
VorlMungen, 2. 129.
I thought I ceeda
as far w
lilerallj

Cerbiiu

0-81

838

with

combined

"

2511

80-42

riotoxideoflea.l(rbO
Dioxide ot copper tCu=0)
Buiphur

of tho

bsTe tmnslaled

52-00

Der

die

of the

reduction

inoTe

There

German
"

the

Mthiig*!'-

bIowI;.
aecnu

to be

The
deerriptiaD.
Stein

kommt

tar

aenlmcc

'

Bleisteiiur)''-

at"er
VFniiidpruugi"KhlBcke

uteiuarbeit."
iif

igitizecQyGoO^Ic

IN

I. From

the Mulde

BLAST-FURKACE.

THE

Works.

477

It is a miiture

of tribatdc and bibaeic

silicates.
From

IL

the Habbriicke

Works.

It consists

of bibasio
essentially

silicates.
Clansthal

At

is reduced
litharge

in

blast-fumace

about 20'

high

in a much
and not, as formerly,
lower furnace: and irith this change
of altitude,it is reported
that the yieldof lead is greater,the reduction
is
and
lees
is
formed.
Eerl
prolonged,
litharge-slag
campaign

givesthe followingdimensions

of the furnace :'

the twyer to the mouth 15' 9",and to the lowest part of the
hearth 3' 3". Height of the twyer above the top of the dam-plate
From

in front 1' 2".

Width

from
(t.e.

side to

side)of

the fore-wall

on

level with the top of the dam-plate2'. From

front to back, at the
mouth 2' 5", on a level with the twyer 3' 2", and 5' above the top
2' 4". The twyer or back-wall slopesoutwards
of the dam-plate
4^"
"

"

height of 6' 7", above which it is

outwards 6" from the surface of
The fore-wall slopes
perpendicular.
the brasque bed to the height of 6' 10". Diameter
of the twyer,
which
is D shapedwith the flat side downwards, 2^".
with
English lead-smelters will probablysmile at the precision
from

the hearth-bottom

which

theee dimensions

two

or

more

in the

pointin

one

which

with

conclude that
rightly
important,
seeingthat the

be very

working

become

soon

may

diatortion

or

its construction which

be useful.

may

furnace

of

corrosion within

by

extent

stated,and

are

less cannot

or

course

the

to

what

of not

were

powerfullycorroded

much

slagwas

by
a

The

furnace.

stated
are
them, coke-bricks,

to have

powder,obtained

powder
the

mass

becomes

to use.
previously

'

m.

are

been

by

The

suffice to make

consequence

shorter than

I will

designate
by Kast, smelter
coke is used iu

these

are
only air-dried
ingredients
(by weight)

199-3

Cobe-dnat

818-1

Wster

112-3

'I

6" thick,

ponnds.
,,

,,

Plattuer's Vorteniugeii,
p. 126.

bme

[reduce
IsworkeiceUeDtdiawiDgEoftbefDnieoe.

until

bricks

bricks,12" long, 7" wide, and

Eerl hue giTen in

this

beingmoulded

of its

Cla;

272,277,602.

of the
of this

sifting
; and
clayand water

with

2"ed. I Seeslw
DteOberhflizerHilltenprocewe,
pp.

as

The

admit

The

manner.

of
proportions
2B

part

Instead

pounding and

mixed
thoroughly
sufficiently
plasticto
usual

as

invented

thus nwde.

is stirred and

into bricks In the

which

They

lower

campaign was

"coke-stones,"
or,

Works.

ie,however,

knowledgeof

highlysiliceous nature,

of lead ; and

reduction

the state

of fine

their

to

oxide

at the Clausthal

that

were
refractoryclay (Bamriein)

very

and
generated

the recent

by

is interesting
and

furnace

than

more

There

liningof the
designated"coke-stones."

formerlyemployed, which, owing

with

heat

It is the

are

material,bricks made

altered to

inch

an

them

not

thongbt it

worth

vhile

into Eugliah,
ireiglitg

to

478

REDUCTION

The

weightin

loss of

The

Bruna;

that

Clausthal

claj at

OF

LITHABGE.

tolSlk
quantitybj air^rj'ingamonnta
followingcompoaitioDaocordiig
u

baa the

"

CoKPocinoK

Clit

OF

at

Cuvsthal.

Bllw"

T7-89

AlauiiM.

I3'20

of
Beaqoioiide

iion

5-27

OarboMte

of lime.

3-12

CuriMuale

of mtpiena

1'33
100 '81

The

at the commenoement

fumaco

which
charcoal,

tiona of 25, 174, and

The
nose.

vi^'campaign is supplied
in lbepiv";"^
litharge
-slags,
the latter in oriwi
pounds respectively,

20

form the

broken
litharge

fore-wall and eidoB. and

of this mode

of

is the fuel,litharge,
and

of

the

info

lumps is put

ttlags
againstthe

ia to
filling

keep

much

as

agRinji"'

in

back-wall.
charcoal

The ol*'

prectiiv-

as

between

the twjer and the load,as it trickles down

in front; mi'
to prevent any reoxidation of the latter. Besides, the same
coiidiT"'-

would

favourable to the reduction

obviouslybe
might chance

which

employed.
mouth

The

to descend

indications

without
(i.e.

a dark
flame),

elag. In the treatment

The

of the fumaoe
eye

of

Three

workingwell

of
(i.e.

of 100 centners

oxide of ^'

of any

in front of the twyer.

the

met

are

twyer),and

"

ti'i^-

consumed-

were
litharge

ChatEoal

110

Litharge-alagii

Ui

productswere

^'

ii'"

"

"

CBtm

Lead, conlaining0-375 qniatof riUet per ctr.(obont 1| dwt.\\

gg^
and BDiallqiiuititieB
of copper, Butimony,usenic,iron,
and lioe!
Wn
Litharge-ilagB,
8 to 10 1I".of lead perctr.,IhrowDl
oanUioing
,,,

away
Ditto le-smclted in tlie mme

Skimmings

110

prooeu
of tlie reduced
(Bleidreck)

75 Iba of)
lead,ctHitaiDing

laid par pli

Fume, containing78 lb". of le"d pecotr.

The

of

total cost

reducing100

centners

_..

of

"

^'

O'l

""
is reporttJ
litharge

21. 2". 2d.

Upper Harz smeltingworks the above-mentioned 1m'

but only for the greenish-black,
ment
adopted,
bright,dense "U"
brittle lithai^e,
formed in the German
cupellation
process, in i-middle of the Abtlrich period.The impure frothyAbtlrieh produwl
"'
and the yellowAbgtrich,
the beginning
in
produetdtantimony,
poor
In the
is

the end,

treated in Schlich

are

lead which

niay

According to
10*441

and

tbese leads

smelting. Any metilli'

separatedis cupelledin

Streng,the

that
are

be

fine-ore

or

the German

specific
gravityof Clausthal

of Lautenthal

reportedby
"

the
(^

is

only 9-360.

same

ant. dt

The

to vary
authority
p. 133,

feshiot

hard leadi^

""
ingredieotf

in

proportk*

CHINESE

470

METHOD-

77-36% to 88 "84%."antimony 8-16% to 22-75%,"

0-68%,"iron and zinc 0% to 0-48%,
cupper 0%
stated,the Ab^ch is treated precisely
In Freiberg,
as
prei^iouBly
as
in the same
manner
tion
except that it is reduced in conjunclitharge,
with some
lead-elags.
At Przibram
75 centners
Beduction in the German
cupelleition-fwtUKe.
melted
down
at
a
are
time,
of impure black litharge
(Abttrich)
without blast,but with a strong fire,in a German
oupellation-fiimace,
lead

foUow:"

as

to

"

haTing a
flow into
houae.

metallic lead which

collects
litharge

termed,

brasque in

with

cavitylined

Any
runs

the molten

is tappedand

the fnmace

hours

the

at

3 loths of silver per

bottom

may

the floor of the

cavity,while the
lead,which

The

about
{i.e.

centner

After about 20

within is made

mass

from

20

to

to

smelting-

have been intermixed

of thia

edgeof it.

the

over

of marl.

heavy brasque instead

of

bottom

with the

slag,as

it is

contains from 2 to
per ton),is
from about 50%

30

ozb.

The slag contains

cupelled
by the German method.
hard
lead (Sar"lei),
which
redaction
to 60% of lead, and yieldson
from 18% to 24% of antimony.' The specialobjectof this
contains

in the Ab"lrieh.
of any metallic lead existing
process is the separation
will
desilverize
the
o
f
lead
and
Ahttrick,
Moreover, this small qoantity
such a result may
probablybe a pointin the process.
GmHBeK
I

indebted

am

MtTBDD

for the

LrrHABGi.

BKDUoiKa

or

followingaccount

to my

friend Mr.

C,

Tookey (1870).
Chinese, like other Eastern

The

processes on
would astonish

which
while

in

nations, carry

small scale.

method

of

their metallurgical

on

reducinglitharge

came
Englishlead-emelters,
Tha
conducted
was
Hong Eong.
operation

under

notice

my

in

small shed
a
hole
the
which
served
the
double
in
roof,
square
purpose of
and
the
of
smoke
and
fume.
On a
allowing
admitting Ught,
escape
with

raised 6" from

hearth

diameter
there

was

of about
no

which

reduced

in

half full of

top,and

havingan

usual in China

as

the bottom

near

Internal

ordinaryChinese

bricks;

where

of air

of the furnace.

much

througha
The

fuel

in pieces
of the size of a cubic inch,was
lithai^e,
a largeclaycrucible ; the crucible appeared to be about
and when
the litharge,
the temperature had been sufRworkman
been

threw

in

until
fragmentsof roU-siiIphur

producedto allow of its beingladed

by

means

small crucible into iron moulds

2 lbs.

long as

capableof holdingbetween 1 and

This reaction between litharge
and sulphurwas
continued as
the crucible lasted ; the consumptionof sulphur beiug much

larger than
was

furnace

square

built of

The

cientlyraised the
enough lead had
of

been

a blast
blowing-machinesupplied

terminated

charcoal.

was

ground,a

coveringat the

heat is required,
a
tube

the

12" had

necessary

condncted.*

The

from
workman

the crude

manner

informed

me

in which
that the

the process

litharge
came

BEMABKS

480
Califbniia

from

it

ON

THE

not pure, and

waa

VABIETY

had

probaWy

in
prodnced

"been

refining
operation.I afterwards examined the ]ead, it vas uJe
contained a littlesilTer with a trace of gold.
and
lablyBoft,
Tiaedin Hong Kong and Canton, aze nEira'li
'Iho blowing-machines
to tl"i
of their construction being similar
tbo principal
cylindrical,
of
this
is
in
Vol.
II,
work, page 74*. I
of which
a drawing
given
at Kowloon, worked
saw
a lai^ one
by two men for producinga bl"-i
where for want of limeatone they "rere
bnnJiL:
of air in a lime-kiln,
some

brain ooral.
VARIETY

THE

ON

BEMARKB

OF

LEAD-SMELTWG

AM

PROCESSES,

FOREIGN

DIFFEBENT

OF

INFLUENCE

THE

MATTERS

TBI

IS

OBE,

The

reader

and

ores,

and

with

foregouig
pages

natnrallyenquire,whether
fact ; or, what

assignedfur the
for such

the most

atmck

variety.

difficultthat

the

adoptedfor the extraction of

been

described in detail in the

he will

oiists

fail to have been

cannot

that bave

methods

is

question of

:!-

this Tultaalwars

can

'"

necoci"

any

this kind ia oertainlr

to the
presented

be

can

of

good reasons
whether
equivalent,

vwietT.:

lead hnni

out

me
of Ti-

consideration

solution
: it requiresfor its satisfactory
combinaria
tallurgist
and
scientific
be
to
found
in
til
knowledge
one
practical
rarely
w
ith
local
vidua], a thoroughaoiuaintance
circumstanccfl,acmw
:
knowledgeof the nature of the ores in the state in vrhi"j"tht-y
delivered to the smelter, minute
and trustworthydata
respeci.'
losses by volatilization or otherwise,and costs,
iwc
charges,
yields,
have }"cn obtained by the exercise of equalmanipulativeinJ
which
and under conditions which
for the oomparistii
are
indispcnsablo
what
bo designated
one
::
process with another," and, lastly,
may
of the case, such as the quantity of ore
neccHsitiea and capabilities
the capital
of its siipply,
at tbo command
of the Bmelter..'(
regularity

of

"

"

"

-"

"

j-

It is curious

to note

the

writers in
metallurgical

confidently
they have

dogmatismwhich has been displavedbvs.i'

how
readilv ,,:
dealingwith this question,

arrived at

oonclusions have been

and
conclusions,

how

proved
let us take a very simplecaao,
By way of illustration,
the questionto arise,whether
'the Reverberatory
furnace
hearth should be selected for smeltinggalena of such
has
longexperience
reader
answer

d-

often

erroneous.

shewn

himself

to

be

in the

equallysuitable

su]'!"
the

or

' ':-

qualitv

for both.

Let

emeltcr call";d upon

imagine
that question,
and he will perhapsbe astonished
to find t.-''
will immediatelj'
other questions
crowd upon him, -n'hich id's-"

many
be considered

before

first

ho

pointto be settled
for capital
invested
return
since smeltera

it,and there

of
are

kinda of furnace
the Ore-hearth

can

is
?

positionof

and

arrive

a
decision. T.satisfactory
which will yieldthe gna^:~
obviously,
But how is this pointto bo ascertain:-.

are
great experience

at

'-

not

themselves

unanimoiis

work a in the North of England where

smeltingused?
are
Accordingto Grunor, "It is evident
ought everywhereto give way to the method

ahvi'
Kith''

':

itAGtion "

e.
(t.

the

same

and

the

which

reasons

he

Or"-hearth, the loss of lead by Tolatitization

withstanding
greater than in the former;' and that, not-

the modified American

much

was

;
process)

are, that in the comparativetrials made in

kind of galenain the Bleibergfiimace and

for this statemeat

assigns

in tho latter

'

the air-reduction

Citrinthiawith

481

PB0(3SSB8.

LEAD-SMELTING

OF

"

the Ore-hearth

in

used

those trials

placed under

was

found
exhaustinghood for carryingoff the smoke, the work was
loss
of
lead
does
not
and
dangerous.Now, greater
"tiguing
and
in
all
this
return,
manufiicturing
necessarily
imply less pecuniary
it must be
main
With
to
is
tiie
insalubrity,
regard
operations
point.
of ventilation in
shewn
to be impracticable
to apply efficient means
of condemnathe case of the Ore-hearth, before prononncing sentence
tion
and
not
which
has
been
done
to
as
it,
assuredly
fatigue,
;
upon
an

be

to

emeltiugin

the Ore-hearth

is

not

more

laborions

than

many
with

other

of those connected
lead.
some
metallurgical
processes, even
From
what
has just been advanced, it will probably be admitted
that the justiceof tho verdict of Gruner
the Ore-hearth is,to
upon
say

the least,not

evident

so

as

he declares; and in

some

localities

peat is cheap and coal dear, this efficient,though somewhat

where

little furnace may

be expectedto hold its own
priroitive,
against
tho Reverboratory
furnace.
Yet Gruner is rightin asserting
that in

the

snch

of

case

diminution

tiwn. to which
In

tho

former

metal

of the

as

lead, which

loss of the metal

consumptionof

part

of

stated to be

was

is worth

nearly 20^. a ton,

smeltingis the chief considera-

fuel is nearlyalways subordinate.

tiiis
volume

presentedconcerningthe ooat
each of the furnaces in

in

of

questionin

in favour

fp-284),statements have been

kind of ore in
smeltingthe same
and the result
a particnlar
locality,

of the Ore-hearth

but

coal, it should

be

dear in that locality

remembered, was
and peat sufficiently
cheap. On
tho other hand, it is asserted by a practical
racy
smelter,in whose accuand

experienceI have great confi-dence,that such ore might be

the Beverberatoryfurnace in other localities,
where coal
ia cheap, for oonsiderably
less than the sum
reportedto have been
expended in smeltingit in the Ore-hearth. The object,however,
of these remarks
is not to enquireexhaustively
concerningtho relative
advantagesof the two methods of smelting,but to shew how difficult
smelted

'

Ann.

and
331
duction

in

des

Hines, 6

esMintiulljtbe
called

eer.

of (ralenaon charcoal before the

flame of the bloir-pipe.
"eemi-oiidiziag;"
There
is no proofvrliaterer that such is
the case ; tnd
it ia hardly conoeivablfl
of tctnpethat,under the drcumstancea

1868, 13, pp.

meat

875.
The
priotipleof the reof piaU-nain the Ore-lieartb Is

method

same

a*

tbet of the

by reaction,or,

kb

ao-

I have

the load
of oxygen,
di'nis^naled
it,the Air-reduction proi.'eas. rature and eicess
Tho
is tlint in the f"irmeT
ahould
oaly ditt^reuce
not also simTiltaaunusly
undergo
re"luction immediately follova oxidation, oiidatioo.
ButanyoiideBOforinedironld
OiK tvfo pMcticallyoccurringpari jKuau;
instantlyact on the aubjaosntsulphide,
while Id the latter a considonible inteiral
of metallic lead.
and eausH
thu separation
lUpses lietwcen tiiem. Grimei, howeTcr. I ' Yet Gruner asserts,in anotlwr partof
UKicrts ttiat in the Ore-hearth
the sulpliury his memoii
(p. 342), thut the Or"-beArth
iT Die gsltna elune bums. leaviiiK
the
succeedeil
at Prxibram, and
was
only
i

eed in the metallic btaiu; and. in illus- alicmdoned

retioii,h" cites the reduction of a frag-|lahritj.

(here

on

account

of its iiisa-

U^glzecLy

482

OF

VARIETY

THE

LEAI"5MELTISG

PROCESSES.

an
appaimtlTHup
notwithBtanding the long periodduring whicfa each hasljisubject,

it is to arrive At

conclosion
positire

in constant

in
operation,

in the

eHtabliehment.

same

diflieultto decide

more

sucli

on

inittances in the

some

district anJ

same

If this b" ao, it will

to the relative

as

obvionalj1"

advantagesof

t^
w-

il
("',

manv

of galeniferous
:
or"
processes appliedto the treatment
of '.
and proportion
feringnotablyfrom each other in the nature

various

associated

foreignmatter.

Of all the elements, which

smelting,probablythe most
of the

foreignmatter in
uoal is cheapand

Where
no

smelted
beingprofitably
furnace
pure

the

and

ore,

nf k

"

England, where

well

as

the

such

purest

that condition

ore,

furnaces.

have

we

as

The

same

respectto smelting in localities where

aboundji

have

structcd

on

and,
the

in

as

is

also be
or

BnKltel
averred

other

"'.

mist
'

^-'

:
vegetal-ic

ancceesfntk

been

for burning peat, and emr''

reverberatorjprinciple

in thu manufacture
also bo

furnaces

Sweden

exists,the

seen,

may
wood

similar

proyor
cost

be treated in the Beverkn'

all,cannot

at

in

advantagein

might

and

nature

be affirmed that ihen

suitable, it may
contain sufficientlead to admit :

and

as

the

and

the nature

supposing it to

which,

ore

ofk:

relate to the choice of methods

influential are

of iron, it is reasonable

to

furnaces

somewhat

fiimaces

are

various

Continental

modified.

and
estcusively

On

If^

smelting of

the

used
profitably

that thi"r

suppose

the

advantageouslyapplied to

other

hand. Bi^-

for

cclead-smelting
Continent,with charcoal or coke as the fuel,especiaUy for poorr
has in rtr'However, the Heverberatoryfurnace
impure ores.
"-'
introduccil
been
the
of
coal-fields,
development
years, owing to

Blast-furnace
treated.

lead-works, but

in which

Yet it has made

1862, that it

it" way

previouslyhave

continae

""'

at

metallui^Btamiut I
of becoming acqniiu:
ample opportunities

had

in the

has been

demonstrated.

the

its effect,
whatever

Information

on

ore

been

maybe

iead-orcs

this

and

experience has

such matter

proporti'*
obtained. ^"

is small,

is rich,containing,
say,

of this volume, and attention

inconveniences
which
it may

smelting.But

the

of
proportion

concerningthe

occurringin

nature

of

asserted rather than d'-i

authoritatively
the

When

much

ore,

somewhat

is equivalent,
when

mattor

of '"

exclusion

ore

Prussian

England.
regard to the influence

foreignmatter

more,

the

its merits in

With
much

to

slowly; and it was not t;'

the Royal Lead-^^o[t^

very

adoptedin Prussia

was

the
Tamowitz, notwithstanding

with

not

of
descriptions

certain

nature

its nature,

has

been

given in

very nwu'ii
kinds of foiv:-

the

fa;
preceding
i
lo
directed
particularly

occasion in

subjectthe

n:.

is not

of the various

has been

80%

or

of l"u!

the

various

processes

followingadditional remarks

it-

be useful.
^-The
increases the proporR
Iron-pj/riles.
presence of this sulphide
sulphateof lead formed by calcination (seep. 47),and appears
favour the oxidation
of galena. In the first stE^ or prelimiwr

of

DigitizecQyGoOJ^Ic

484

THE

VARIETY

OF

LEAD-SMELTING

PROCESSES.

both in the metallic stftteu)d in tW

is evolved,copper ia aepftnted
of dioxide of copprr
of regulusof copper aad lead, and slagoonaistiBg
But
and protoiide
of lead 10 form^*
(Cii*0)
large,as
protoxideof copper is relatively

according to

the formala

I'bS+3CnO,

i
proportici.
in a mixtore
prefw-!
^''
ia
prodooei
regnloa

no

the

when

copper, to the extent of "!"v

the action ia not Biii][4e.k:
the
total
In
them
of
caaee
^
copper.
secondaryreaction will take place between the reduced coppae.:-

onlybrown-red

of
gulphide

bably be
mcntal

slagand nearlypure

lead.

would prof copper (Cii'O)

of protoxide,
bnt [ cannot
advance ew"

effect of dioxide

The

similar to that

proof on

this

evils which

point. The

of a
preeence
the formation
are

of

resolt bom'.'-

may
in
copper-pyrites

notable quantityof

galeniferuns
after-trettDKcupriferous
regulus,
necessitating
^

With re^~
producttgnof lead contaminated with copper.
whii
to the action of the sulphide
of iron in the oopper-pyritcA.
been stated on the subjectof iron-pyrites
ia equ^y apj^caRand the

'

both

cases.

Sulphide
0/ n'nc. According to Eerl, the
"

"voare

calcination,by actingas

mittel), keeping
BO

and
of

the

ingredient(AiisUifii.stiffening

open,

mass

oxidized

in the second

oxidized

productsof load,with

oxide of zinc, and

zinc

elements of
calciaation wi'nll

Both

fire."'

ore

that the

the formation

would

of

metallic lead.

be reduced

escapingvapour

which

might

escape

into the

in the

reduction

would

Unchanged

contact

with

Some

of the

ou''

iu the Blaet-fumxe;
of the metal

enter

'

eulphnrovs acid^^

promote the volatilisation both of lead and silver.

render it leas fusible.

'

molting-downstage by

separationof

in the calcined

it is asserted

or

oii'

access
therebyfacilitating

"stand

enabling the charge

this sulphideremaining unchanged after
to

of zinc-bk

presence

the

would

''

pt-

Any of this
slag, and trr""l

sulphideof zino would

1'

'

in paril""

if regulusbe formed, and in part remain

enUi:;
regulus,
^"'
hut
contact
both
more
slag,rendering
refractory
by
;

metallic iron the

"

sulphidewould be decomposed,zinc being "t

and sulphideof iron generated. The
difficulties caused
by tb* ]
of
sence
a
largequantityof zino-blende in lead-smeltinghave b'
alreadyexemplifiedin the descriptions
given in this Tolunf
that of Pnibram;
and, it would sprocesses, especially
that hitherto they have proved insnnDOuntable.
The
evil of "

"

various

'
'

refractory
slag from the preseuoe of silioate of zinc or interminr
fl
of zino may
be counteracted by the addition of furahlt!
sulphide
which, of course, impliesincreased consumptionof fuel ami !'"
of the prooees of smelting,Bivot asserts that "blei"^"
longation
partially
decomposed in the upper part of the Blsst-fumace V
-

'

''

action of the vapour of water." ' But, it may be asked, whence (X'^'
this vapour of water ? It might be supposedthat the moistoK
-

"
"
BeoTol.
I. of this work, p. 254,where
d. metallurgiscbcDEi-V
Huiilb.
I
the reanltB of experitnenti
thu Bubjeot konde. 1863, 2. p. 242.
on
"
are
repcrtad.
OdUcsni, 1860, p^ '*'

Friucipet

INFLUENCE

OF

is blown

the air,which

FOREIGN

IN

MATTERS

into the lower

part of

whollydeoomposedin its ascent

quicklyand

carbonaoeons

highlyincandescent

matter

THE

465

ORE.

the fiimace,wonld
through a oolnnm

be

that

in

and

any

of

moistare

and
into the fiimaoe would be expelled,
where
before
that
the
to
zone;
descending
temperature
escape upwards,
of
sufBce to cause
the reaction between it and sulphide
would
the solid materials iutroduoed

With

zinc.

respectto

the Ironrreduction process, Qruner states that jf

to the regionof the twycrs, and there

of zinc should descend

sulphide

in contact with metallic iron, it would

resulting-vapour of zinc would

come

and

the

be attacked

be

by the

latter ;

or
again fiulphurized

part of the furnace

oxidized in the upper

by galenaor carbonic acid,
aad so enter upon an endless circuit,except that which might escape
oxidation,and which would be evolved from the mouth of the furnace.'
is it certain that

But

oxidation

such

might

carbonic acid that

wonld

occur

oxide?

wonld

take

be
neoeBsarily

any
a

that the so-called

maintains

Oruner

placewhere

associated with

largequantityof carbonic
Is preferable
to the Iron-reduction process, when
]klethod of Eeactioa
because in the former the zinc
with
blende
is
mixed
smelted,
galena
would

in vapour

carry off

in the latter the whole

lead,while

of the

oxide of zinc would pass

blende would be oxidized and the resulting
into the elag.He concludes that the Iron-reduotion process is " r"rcly
when

even
advantageous,
as

the

of the iron

source

galenas,pure
which

its

use

is mixed

ore

blendic

it is
pyrites,

by

when
nial

even

adopt the

better to

argentiferous
only

case

in

coppery galena,
then, when the

method

of

calcining

facts to be borne in mind

with reference

mony
antiwhen
separated
antimonio-sulphide
ferred,
inmay be reasonably

first,that metallic lead is not

subjectace,

sulphideof

kind

lead,

of

be formed, from which it

that sulphideof antimony is not reduced

appearingte

when

heated

with

sulphideof antimony is oxidized

;
of
heated with protoxideof lead, a fasiUe productconsisting
and metallic (antimoof antimony and lead being produced,

metallic lead
oxide

that

employed

deoxidation."

is heated with

of lead

are

that the

is that of qnartzoseor

rational

of oniinwny."The
Sulphide
to this

galenas;

and
slightly
argentiferous;

with

reduction

and

matters
ferruginous

that it is neither suitable for

galenas,nor
seems

is but

which

oxidized

that
and, secondly,

?)lead separated.But

further

is needed
investigation

to

settle

in these cases.
the precise
However,
reactions which occur
definitely
the lead,which results from smeltingantimonial galenain the Beverboratory furnace,contains antimony ; but the productof the oxidation
of sulphideof antimony, formed during calcination,
passes, at least
lead is
the
antimonial
hard
most
for
or
part, into the slag; henoe
phide
obtained in smelting
action takes placewhen sulsuch slag. What
of lead is heated with oxide of antimony or antimonious
acid,
when
of antimony is heated with
or
sulphide
sulphateof lead, I do
know.
In the Blast-furnace,any sulphideof antimony
not certainly
which

may

be

present, and
"

Amk.

come

in

d. nines, 1868,6.

contact

bu.

with

metallic

iron,

13,p. 3S7.

QyGoO^lc

"Digitized

486

THE

VARIETY

from
resulting

sulphidoof iron and

part will

of silver and

PROCESSES.

the redaction of oiide of iron,will be

tho formation of
of which

LEAD-SMELTING

OF

be volatilized,
with

lead

increase,it

by volatilixation,while

into the lead, except in certain cases

when
some
may also pass into that eubstanco/
This

Jrjenic"

other

element

in which
sulphides,

case

is said,

antimi-c^,
of the 1""^

the rest yriil pass wh^'ll^

ie produced. wVi:
apeise

or
present in iron-pyTit"s

be

may

decomposed wi:'n

of metallic
separation

Mnab

of it will be volatilized

some

durir.-

calcination,but partwill remain

in any of the originalsulphide

l-fi
in the oxidized products
in the state
of hfi

and part
unoxiilizcd,

8uct"edingor reducing stage of the smelting j"tiCCBS, the arsenic not reroove"l by calcination will in part be volBtiliii.-!
and in part pass into the reduood lead. Every arseniate, of 'which it
base ie capableof combining with ailioa at a high temperature,
wholly decomjHisodwhen stronglyheated in contact 'with that fv^and
arseni"'Btanoe, the antenic acid being resolved into oxygen
arseniat^:. lathe

i-

acid.

The

contamination

of the lead with

ar"euic, under

the cimir-

stances, ie accounteil for by the fact that metallic arsenic is eeporal'

when
arseniouB aeid or sulphideof arsenic is brought in fxmtact
":".
that is'
stronglyheated lead (seepp. 62 and 71). It is asserted
of arsenic in lead-oree increases the loss both
of lead
presence
silver from 'volatilizationduring the process of smeltinf^.*Id

m-

t.

in which
Blast-furnace,

metallic iron may be set ft"e by 'the rednci:'.

action of the incandescent fuel and furnace gases npon oxide
of i"'
'

or

may
rise to

have been

the presence of arsenic may

pv
iiron
of
but
arsenide
arsenic
speise
;
cobalt
be
evil if nickel or
present, becai^

added,
originally

the formation

of

be

or

regardedas an
of those metals will
speise
extracted.
pvofitably
of tilver. The
Sutjiliide
not

to

"

upon

this

both
sulphide,

will he
sulphides,
that when

tlien be formed, from

effect of calcination with

when

isolated

fullydescribed

either it

or

any

which

they

It sufficesnow

i-

of s^r

access

in the presence

and

hereafter.

may

of otli'T
to

sulphideis
complex argentiferous

stat-

heai..-':

with metallic lead,the whole of the silver passes into the lead.* ^Vl^^r.
metallic iron is presentin the material smelted, having either bees
"

added

to the

charge,or reduced from oxide of iron during the proctsv

is generated,it is found that,owing to the affinin
lead-regulus
of sulphide
of silver for sulphideof iron,when
the r^uluB is poor ia
lead and rich in iron,it contains proportionally
silver. Uent^,
moro
will in a mthe quantityof silver in argentiferouslead-regulus
as
tain degreebe proportionate
in iIik'
to that of the iron contained
and as the dcsilverization of such regulusmust
be eSW-Ti-'v
product,
through the agency of lead,it is considered desirable to prevent lb'.
formation
of highlyferriferous regulus,
by reducingthe quantity "i;
iron added to the charge,or if no such addition is made, of altcriit):
and

'

Kerl, Qandbuch, 1863,2. p. 121.

Ktatf"i
vhicli,aa previoiisly
[be aopsrated,

'

Ibid. p. '45.
That ii; amuming

|antimonj.

'

would
metallic

lead to

nol

ooour

in

the caae

of

vi
Bu^ihide

MATTERS

FOREIGN

OP

INFLTJEKCE

IN

THE

487

ORE.

misture
to leeeen the reduction
of the smeltingbo
as
corapoflition
has
she'wn
that in deailverizing
Experience
with
it
is
to
lead,
reguluB by fusion
necessary
vary the quantity
of load used accordingnot only to the proportion
of iron, but also
to that of the copper when this metal is present; the less the quantity

tho

of iron in the furnace."

of lead in the
be

required to
to be not

the greater will be that of metallic lead

I'egulus,
used for that purpose."Temperaturealso is stated

without

influence

Sitiea. KctI asserts

"

desilrorization

on

that

silica,when

by

this

presentin

means.

ore,
galeniforous

influence,by pro{% or ^%, exerts an injurious

ducing
at tho beginningof the calcination an easily-fusible
even
slag,
the product like a varnish, and makes
it difEcnlt to
which
coats
attain the requisite
degreeof oxidation ; that 5% or 6% of silicasuffices
schon vollstandig
to
hinder
the reactions (dieBeactionen
completely

only to

the extent of

gcstiirt)
; and
will

that the

it is mixed
intimately

more

its action in that

be

cites the results of

the

powerful

more

respect.'In support of this assertion ho

conducted
experiments

at

Poullaouen

and in the

Now, if the presence of 6% or 6% of silica entirely

Upper
be asked, could the galenain the ores
check calcination,bow, it may
Haiz.

which

of Conunem,

contain

much

be
largerproportionof silica,

lead ? (Seep. 356 of this

by
volume.) Although silica in notable quantity may tend greatlyto
to affirm that it wholly
impede calcination,yet it is exaggeration
it
it.
Neither
is
has
been
maintained, that galeniferous
true, as
stops
rich in silica cannot be smelted in the Eeverberatory
furnace.
In
ores
these
must
be
flrstwell
when
the
will
case
ores
calcined,
galena
any
for the most
be therebytransformed
part into silicate of lead ; and
in which
tho lead exists mainly in the state of silicate,
is
grey-slag,
the
of
reduction
in
such
furnaces
in
continually subject
England (e.^.

calcination into silicate of

converted

the

Plowing-fumaco).Whether

treat

highlysiliceous galenaby

in the Blast-furnace

is another

Carbonate oflime.
"

as

dressed for

charge,and
ores.

may

of lime

widely difierent question.

and

This substance

lu
smeltiog

advantageousin

into lime

is also formed.

is frequently
present in lead-ores

sufficientquantity materially
to stiffen the

therefore be

It is converted

it may
not be more
t"
profitable
calcination and subsequentreduction

So far

the

of
smelting

duringcalcination,and
as

concerns

bome

certain

sulphate

calcination,it may

tically
prac-

in the

"^cttingregarded
stage in smeltingin the Flintshire fomace when lime is added
in considerablequantity,
have seen, appears to be
its action, as we
is
in the Flowing-furnace
mechanical.
When
as
produced,
mainly
liquidslag
he

as

inert matter;
chemically

and

"

up

and

lime
Blast-furnace,

serves

to

oxide
displace

of lead

silicate of lead,and so to facilitatethe reduction of the' lead.

of carbonate of lime exceeds
Accordingto Kerl,when the proportion
from

*
substance may "om its mechanical action prove injurious
;
to assignsuch a precise limit
hut, I apprehendthat it is not possible

2%, this

iCQyCoOJ^

488

THE

VARIETY

OP

for all ctrcnmBtanoes,

LEAD-SMELTING

becaaae

much

PBOCBSSES.

will

depend apon the nature ta

of the other foreigniugrodients
of the ore.
pro["ortion
IMomile.have been presented^thn$p"''
The observationewhich
to carbonate
of limo will a]"ply
nearlyequallyto dolomite.
"

Carbonate of irm.'
When
this substance
is heated to rednew
!"
carbonic oxide and carbonic acid are evolved, and the residue
cons-'-

"

of

i -"
and sesquioxjdo
of iron, in the ratio of 4FeO
Fe^O"
protosiile
b'
duriuf;calcination,much of this protoxidemay 1"e convertMl
to
Kei4. experimet:'^
Hesquiosidoby atmosphericoxyj^n.
According
made
the smelting of galena in the ReverberaT"T'
at riauttthal
on
of silifurnace, have shown, that spathic iron-ore in the preseooe
the
rise
formation
to
act
of
by
injuriously,
giving
oasily-fii^il.
may
silicate of iron ; but when not present in too largeproportion, it
be benotiuial in the Bubscquetit
reactions, rather than
T.
hurtfal.'
of
of
iron
action of triliasicsilicate
protoxide
galena haf (""'
upon
in
this
volume
d
escribed
Kerl
(p. 58).
previouuly
alleges that ."
smelting in the Bevcrbcratoryfurnace, the presence of sesquioiidt
iron necesaitatcH
of what
he designatesiimore
frequent repetition
:

'

n.

'

""

"'

by
processes,"

reduction

roast-

;" that
Bctting-up

as

which

consequence

it may be preaumed
is mw;
of such repetition,
is
slag prtJn"
'

containinglens of the imaginary oxysulphideof lead, and consisT::.

mostly of oxide and sulphateof lead : and that sesquioxide of ir
when
present in largequantity,hinders the reactions in the meltii^
-

down

stage

mass*

In

greater
a

by lesseningthe
the Blast-furnace,

less extent, and

or

contact

the constituents

between

carbonate

of iron will

be

cl':^

reduced

the

aubatance
desulphurizing

then
resultingmetallic iron may
to this action, a
a view
; and with

!"
ail

;"

cenj/-

proportionof it may be designedlyleft in the ore in the openti"

of dressing.
Fluor-spar.This substance,which is often associated with gali'i.
he regarded as chomicslly
inert,except when sulphate of barvr
may
t-

"

is also

present; in which

case

it may

as

serve

flux to the

latter

wi-i.

produce liquidslag. It should likc":readilyfusible compounds with sulphate

of lead, which
while molten
In
are
emeliini:
liquid.
very
containingfluorine and sulphateof lead, such as I"erhv8hi:i:
produi'ta
(see p. 241) fluorine is disengaged, as is ahewti hy the otlead-slags
in houses aurrounding works
rosion
of tho
ir
glass of windows
Birmingham, where such slagsare treated in reverberatoryfumai'C-s.
those circumatancee
The sulphuricacid which is evolved under
firtm;
the fluoride of calcium
the sulphate of lead, acts upon
in the si-j^f
and disengagesfluorine in some
other in whiiii
state of combination
or
of attackingglass.
it ia capalile
is a not uncommon
oonstituest
of baryta. This substance
Sulphate
of its high specificgrattrr
of British lead-ores; and on
account
in

smeltingit

be borne

ia dcaired to

in mind

that

it forma

"

the

dreaeiugof
'

SM

Td.

\j

ores

containingit

not

must

IL of this woA, p. M!.

"
Ibid. p. 45.

"

be carried

too

Uandbadt, 1863, 2. p.

far,Wi
42.

DIPIiUENCB

OP

MATTERS

FOREIGN

IN

THE

489

ORE.

In ameltingbarytjcores in the
galena should occur.
furnace, liquidelag may he readilyobtained by the
Iteverberatory
wbich is found occadonally
in eiich ores.
addition
of fluor-spar,
phate
Sulof barytaie decomposed at a high temperature by silicawith
the formation of silicatewhich ie fusible.' As sulphateof baryta is
reduced
to sulphideof barium
by carbonaceous matter at a comparatively
low temperature (seenote at p. 334),it would
undergo the
like changein the Blast-furnace,and the resulting
sulphidemight,it
is conceived,act in the following
ways : it might become a constituent
of any accompanying regulus
between it
; reaction might take place
silicate of lead" thus 2PbO,SiO'-i-BaS
and
lowed
2BaO,SiO'+2PhS," folof lead so formed
by the tisual reaction between the sulphide
silicateof lead, with which it might come
and any oxide,sulphate,
or
notable

loss of

in

contact;
possiblyalso, BaO,SO*-|-2PbSBaS+2SO'-f-rb""but
this,let it be remembered, is onlyconjectural
; and
by contact with
metallic iron, a regulus
b
arium
and
iron
containing
might be produced.
=

I have described such

iron-ores

which was
formed
in smelting
regains,
in
of
furnace
a
sulphate baryta
largeBlast-

impregnatedwith

("seethe volume

Iron and Steel,p. 896); it

of this work
on
of iron and 16-36%of barium, with small quantities
43'S)1%
of calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, manganese,
and copper,
and I was
informed that it occurred between the slagand the pig-iron.
and
other tiUcales. The
term
Clay
clay is far from definite in
meaning, as it is appliedto substances dijferingmuoh from each
other in compositionand other respects. All clayusuallycontains
free silica,and that will act in the manner
alreadyconsidered ; but
what
unmixed
would
he the precibeeffect of a sUicate of alumina
I cannot
the
with free silica,
from
assert,
positively
following
though
of Berthier,it seems
statement
probablethat protoxideof lead would
contained

"

enter

into

combination

forming silicateand
influeuce in the

with

both

aluminate

constituents

of

that

substance,

of lead, respectively
: in which

ore
smeltingof galoniforous

would

similar to that of free itilica. Berthier's statement

be

ite

case

practically

ie that

mixture

of 1 part by weight of washed

kaolin and
or
china-clay
parts of
is fusible,
and the productis compact, free from bubbles, conlitharge
5

choidal in fracture,shining,
transparent,and

olive-green/Galena

at Sala (see p. 296), with

as
may be asrociatad with other silicates,
from its oxidation in the prowhich
the protoxideof lead, resulting
cess

of
not

calcining,
may

aware,

whether

tend

in

produceany

of smelting
either
operation
of

are

some

matters
foreign

need mention

certain

such silicates have

sufficientqtiautity
to
There

degreeto

combine

bat

been found in dressed

ore

decidedlyinjuriouseffect on

in the Reverberatery or

am

in
the

Blast-furnace.

to all kinds
considerations,which apply generally
obvious
in lead-ores,and which
are
so
as only to

in order to be

properly
appreciated,
namely,the larger

iCQyCoOJ^I

4fi0

VAltlETT

THE

PROCESSES.

LEAD-BMELTnTG

OF

proportionof floch matters, the greaterwill be that

the quantity
calerit paribus,
and. oonBcqueatly,
jn^Hlurwl,
the cleanest,
all
even
Moruover,
as
Hunicd.
lead-slags,
tkD

tbe ^U;:
of fuel nti
of

ooniaiii

"

vill i;

in smelting
of lead, the Iom of this metal
of
the
to
lie
quantity alag ; and the m riiroportional
degree
will
the temperature reqoii^ f ":
the
be
higher
rcfractorythe slag,
the greater the lues of lead from
Tolatilization,and tbita ftision,
Hcnaible

amount

some

largerthe consumptionof
With

regard

kinds

to

fuel.
of fumaocs

and

their dimensioos,

reUti'

the most

absolute,cvun

experienced
metallargist may T'-.
in
the
face
of
sach a vast accntt.hesitate to attempt generalization,
accounts
been pnhliEdi'
and liewildering
as have
lation of oonflicting
writers
entert"i'
But
the
to
aeem
some
on
metallui^cal
sulijec't.
themselvee
and
with
have expressed
a different opinion,
gresl o.'i
is. ni-'
fidenco not only as to the mcthoila which it is beat, that
in
the
of
but
treatment
to
as
to 'i
ores,
particular
profitable,adopt
Rivot writes concerning the iu^:forms and dimensions of furnaces.
the proportion
of antimony
of sulphideof antimony, when
enc"
be
blastfurnaces
to
somewhat
employed, notndthflsi. :
large,
ought
iug the treatment
presents very great difficulties; it is impo"''i^of reactions to the reverberatory
famace.
Tl;to apply the method
methiid
can
only be employedfor galenaswhich contain very lii;
of
to assert, tlu*
sulphide antimony." Kow, 1 think I may venture
Kritish
lead-smelters
-would
be
deterred
not
experienced
by i^as

well

as

"

"

"

treatingsuch ores in the Flowiti;

be purchased
at a reasonable
prii;
with
the operation
ivould contrive to conduct
advantage to thru
selves fsee p. 200j. It is certain that galena,
impregnated with t
is profitably
has
been
and
smeh- :
of
small
a
quantity antimony,
frnn

authoritative

statement

furnace

providedthey could

and,

in

England in that kind of rovorbemtory fiimaoe. It might Iimagined,that as the action of the Blast-fumaoe is essentially!furnace oxidizing,
oiidiii'^
oxidizingand that of the Eeverberatorj'
fihonld bo exclusively
treated in the former ; but may
not
ores
greiis
it
and
not
l"e
oxidized
smelt?as
ore,
daily
regarded
slag virtually
in some
localities in England with
profitin the latter ? In st'-it.
works

of that

of the

account

on

furnaces have

been

great loss
substituted

problem of the
and,
complicated,

The
is

so

involves

present

worthy
may
a

be

the
at

from

and
volatilisation,

choice of method
has

as

consideration

of

can

best for
which

of tradition and

be laid dovni
one

and furnace

habit.
'

All

in lead

-smelting

previously
pointedout, necessarily
such numerous
that, ai
contingencies,

been

for

locality
may

allusion has

reverberator

for them.

and
least, its solution is hopeless,

rules

pointto

been erected at considerable expen-:

slag,they have been abandoned, eepeciali;

blast-furnaces had

where

for the treatment

not
men

preciseand
generalguidance. A method
be worst

no

for another.

tnu":-

There

that
l-

been made, and that is the few*

liable to be affected,though
are

Prmcipes O^u^raux,p.

S9.

492

OT

VARIETY

THE

this latter method.

PROCESSES.

LEAD-SMELTD*'G

operationought

The

place ia Ui.--

take

to

of air, provided wi^

a sin:::'
fiimsces,with eaay acoMs
ri'verberatory
internal
ftnd
external,
or
placed in :ifiro-place a recciving-haain,
least heated regionof the furnace. The operatioa
oaght aliran t.' ''
conducted slowly,and to consist of two phagesvery distinct, rcw-.
and reaction (i,e.mutuallynsducin)^
action).For roasting, the hr- :
of ore

must
(^Schlich)

exceed from

never

RoastingiB to be eftctcd

at

low

3'15''to

3'54"

and
temperature,

ought

thicVnt*
to pr^

equivalestof solphate.orn
of
for
each
oxide,
equivalentof Bulphide. After the ^r-ei(uivalcnts
which produceslead,and tttA roa"tjugB
and
firing,
firings tin
thrice repeated,
the rich retiidiiesfgrey-slags)
most
be withdnf.
without
from the reverberatory
fiimaco,
to rttmif
havingrecourse
as

far

the theoretical limit of

in

as

one

.':

(I.e.reduction
afterwards, as

of those

in

residues

in the Cornish

and

the

immedi^:

fumaoe

same

but
Bleibergprocessee),

rathtr 1

this
practising

reuaage in a blast-furnace.
the oroe are impure or quartzoae,the method

3. When

and Tfdartum ought, as much

as
oxidized ferruginousmatters
or
formation
when

the

of

should

ores

be

possible,
to

should

be

be

by

adopted.

added

took-

L.itiM"i'T

fiuxee.

as

avoided

regulus
by roasting v^ell, at
are
argontiferouswithout
being cupriferotu.

reduct ion-furnace

should

be

narrow

at

the

level of the

]iT.

twrers,

"

cular in section, having two

several water-twyers. and

or
provicat this level,with cast-iron sides,
cooled externally.The
shaft r^.to

be

worked

wider

from

with

that

level to the month.

closed top, and the

galenais mixed

When

opening.
as
separated,

far

bo roasted with

slagsin the form

as

The

gases withdrawn
vrith blende, the

practicable,
; and
by dressing

much

fomace

through
latter

what

renoaina

care, in order that the rinc may

of oxide.

Reduction

is M.a

mu"

"'"
i-

shio
into

wpass
of the oxide of zinc shonl'i

"

preventedby quickdrivingof the furnace and adding to the materia'.'

of the charge oxidized ferruginoussubstances without
ever
p-'i^
beyond certain limits,otherwise the oxide of zinc will be rednc^
.

'

the iron itself.

(iron-reduction
ofpretijniaiion
process)should i*I'
be adoptedwhere fuel is deficient for roastingin the reverberator''
And
furnace, or when
the ores are plumbo-cuprifcrous.
in tti
even
latter case, it is proper to roast them partially
in order to reduce
tb
!"
the
the
furnace
of
Morco^'er.
to
weight
ought always
regulus.
when
the iron '-i
especially
prepared as for a reduction-smelting,
charged in -the state of oxide, as it is suitable it should be.
After what has been previously
advanced
in this volume, it is ui''
4. The

method

"

examination
necessary to enter upon any special
In some
()fGruner.
particulars
they appear to

of these conc1nsiii!-"
me

to

be

opposedi"

the results of
that
and

to asftTi
long and varied experience; and I venture
the unqualified
of
they will not command
acceptance
practiei't:
lead-smelters.
intelligent

DigitizeQQyGoO^Ic

COMPOSITION

OF

DIFFERENT

KINDS

OF

LEAD.

"all

ri I
-8

"

II

ml I

_"y

COMPOSn'IOS

494

COMKBITION

DiFPCRENT

OP
TO

ICCORDINQ

OF

ANALYSES

KINDS

DIFFERENT

KlHCS

OF

FoBEIOK

MADE

IN

THE

OF

AND

Il07AE.

LEAD.

Lli

EsOLKH

LaBOEATOEF

i:

Ci^onuAL.

Habz

BerimD

Lkad.

1
ClauBthal

jj^.,^j^

by

P""in-

0 08960

LmiIoqUibIOOSTW

[AllenBu...0- 03870

000250

;ooOI60

O'OOSIO

O-OOIOO

O'OMIO
..

|0'00130
jO-00460

00250
|o-OOT10

0-00110

..

^O'OWSO

.0-0O234
0-00193

Allenau...

Etiaum

BsFiHEU

00700

000130

00200

Hid

Villaeh.CuinthiA

FiLedrichghmte,

99-ft"^

,0-00080|O-O0100

"3l!'

asw-*

kt'oaiso'0-00120 'o-ooiio
|oo'0340

'

sdp-y

99-sav

Lead.

0 00180

Pontitei

!o-0023a' 99

iCluiutbAl
r*iitenthal 000310

99-M--

0-00100

99-W

0-00200

99-9l*'

Wood.l
0-07580

0032O

0' 03180

D-OOSTO

'o-00500
99- 9"*'

new

Pniesian
Tumowite,
SileBut. DiisiWeriwyl

by Psttinsou'sprocess]

i
DigitizecQyGoOJ^I

GERMAN

ts

J
s

AND

SPANISH

St

LEAD.

lilt

I
s

1
3^

if
II
II

H
^^

II

11

is

1j0

31

MS

n
,

496

PURCHASE

OF

0BE8"

COST

DETAILS.'

COHHEBCIAL

FOBOBAO
In Flintshire

only

held

"

The

once.

Smeltera, who

or

send

0U8.
held twice

tickotingswore

"

SttELTlNQ.

OF

bat

month,

u.*

now

Hiuere

their

intendingto sell f^ive notice to

are
Bamplorsto take samples, which

i
'

ic ::
vater-proofbags,as no allowance is made for moi"tnre
the
Smelter
iron-diafa
The
the
are
ore.
by
samples
assayedby
pr-i'"
becomes the purchaser. Thr -:
The highestbidder at the ticketing
at the coat of the purciw-is wcighe"l
at the Mine, and carried away
smaller
sell
the
Smelters
the
Mines
to
by private coct:
Iklanyof
acconlingto a given Standard, say, a certain price for ore rit.-!'!.
777iof lead by assay in the iron-diah,and if the price fixed nptu
snch Standard ore bo 141. per ton, the actual pricepaid woiiidi.
with the actual produce,the oro being taken to the Smelting-Wi;
into

'

weighed and assayed.Under sudi an

oro
produced 80%, the price paid

there

and

nierly,if the

arrangement,
would
have

\-

than 11/.
Hi. l.^"".[(crton," if TO^j,111. 5". ; but at present more
and less than 141. 15"., would bo given for ores of those
reej-f-t^
"

producea
CardiganHhireand partlyin Donbighshire,tht !"
of Man
and
elsewliero,each Mine Eends samples of its ore
t""
with
Smelters in various localities,
notice
to
a
the
effect
u
along
fenders or tickets will lie received up to a certain day, on
Trhich i
will be o])eiiod
and the highestotibr accepted. Copies of all
In Cornwall,

'

"

tenders

received

is sold

dry, in

the ton

of 21 cwts.

uthors at 2

by

some

In all these

to each Smelter.

sent

are

the statute

Some

Mines

ton

ihf

cases

'

of 20 cwts,. and in oth-rmonth's

credit, a;
one

will sell at

3 months' ; but all these particulars

being notifio"l:
the Smelter, the sum
which he bids is regulated
accordingly.

Cost
The

of

or

Shsltihg

Smelter, in

in

thk

Flihtshisk

Fdbnace

his profits,
has
estimating

in

Flimtshibe.

to take

into

the gross value of the pig-load

and the silver contained
less carriageto the Smelting-WorkB,loss of lead in

in

accui'

the

"

smelting,a-'

of

interest on
smelting,

cost of

labour

and

other

obvious

conditions.

T:.
of lead-ore varies,of courte,
with the pritv :
fuel, percentage of lead, nature
of the ore, and
olLi:

smeltinga

circumstances

and
capital,

ton

but the

average cost of smelting good Flintshire

furnace, inclusive of reducing the slags.
reverberatory
estimated by Mr. Keates at 18 shillings
ever,
This, howper ton of ore.
in

" ""

the

:"

is irrespective
of the cost of
the

proportionof
"

For

silver,which
cxtiactiog

this metal in the ore, and with other

the followmg infurmation

on

thu

subjectI

am

varies wi:'':

cireomstanc-

indebted

:"

to

my

frieL.

LIST

LIST

OF

Gobmwill:

LEAD-SMELTER"

BRmSH

BRITISH

LEAD-SMELTEBS

IN

1870.

Boncom.
Smelting CtMnpan;,

RODCora

The

OF

"

Executors, Far, Corawall.

TiefTry'a
Mitchell and Compui;, Tluro, Comwtll.
CcmsBiuUfD

"

The London Lead Company, Nentheftd, Alaton Uoor,

W. B. Beiuimont,Allendale,Alston Moor.
.

Bagsbair,E7U11,near BakewelL
Bose,Alport,Bakewell.
Joseph Warn and Son, Lea Lead-Works, Hatlock Bath.
GibbB and Companj,Bonnll
Dale,Matlock Bath.
Bath.
". Cockbum, Meer Brook, Matlook
BeiHaiain

Barker

and

Via QeUia

Work^

"

Fairboni,Sheffield Works, near CheaterfleU.

Bobert Hoire Aahtou, Catrtlelon.
J.

Vdbhah:
E.

"

BacUioiue,D"rUng:ton.

Lah(Ubhibe
Peter

;
"

Glover, Warrington.

KoBramiBi^KD

"

Shield and Dinning, Haydon Bridge.

and CompaDy, Kewcastte.
W. J. Coohiou

SmellingCfanpany.

Poutesford
SoxKBumHiRc:

"

"

Treffryend Company, Hendip Hilk Lead Company.

Thomas
Bomen, Bristol.
Sheldon
Bosb
and Panther
Smelting Company, Bristol.
Weston and Collinebom, Briaiol.
East Haiptree Lead-Works
Company, limited.East Haiptrop.'
8L Cathbert's Lead-SmeltingCompany, Limited,near Wells.'
Wz8THOiiKi.un"
Greenside

"

Mining Company, Greenaide,near Penrith.

Yobeshihe:"
Eend
Mining Compnny, Keld Head, Wensleydtle.
George York, PateleyBridge.
Duke
of Derunshire,Graaaington.
C. L. Bradley and Company, Hnist,Blakethmite, and Swaledale,
Lister,
Hobinson,and Oimpanj, Grinton Moor.
K. U. Jeqnee and Company, Arkengarthdale,
G. Jtobinson,
Surrender.
B. M. Jaquea and Company, Old Gang.
Keld

"

Tbt

slxm

Inu

in

tttatItw bnpt
prlDclpallr
yropti

In tbe

VOL.

not Imjwi
or

dF Iml

OH

dtbrli kit bj'Uw

in Uk
Bomug.

opm mrbOmt
la at
Tbm

pi

Mnidlp dtiukt.

HI.

2 K
igitizecLy

PRODUCTION

OF

LEAD

OBE, LEAD,

ASO

SILTER

WALES.
CiUBiiABTiinraHiaE

"

ind CraDpUT, LUnell]'.

SiiDi,Willnmi, XeTfll,
Tlie Biuy Port Smalting Compuiy, Fanhrej.
DaMBCOHIHIBE

"

BmelllnK Oomp"nf, near

DvUfleld
'Fuvnaua:

Vraihun, IftteBtymbo

Gooi;ui.

"

Erton, LUnerchjmOT,Holywell.
ud
Walker, Farirer,
ConpuiT. Dee Bank and BagiUt, near
Adam

Glamoboawbiki

HoljidL

"

Company, Psnclawdd,neai

Btook amd

Swauaea,

BCOTLAND.
Dcmfukb;
Duke

"

of

Bnccleunh, Waulock

LUABUHIBX.
Lead

Head.

"

HiUi

Hlnmg

ComiMiiy,Lead HUli.
IBELAND.

WiCKUiw

r"

Company
Milling

of

Ireland,Ballyconu.

"

Extracted "om

the Hineral

BtatUtica of the Hiuenin

of pTa"ti"*l

UntD

Gecdr^.

500

CAST

SHEET-LEAD.

HIBOELLANEOUS

Oabt

DETAILS.

Shebt-Lxas,

roofingand other iratp**^

obtained by casting; and in my boyhood I have often seen thep'
was
in the following
nuuuRr
ccfls conducted, as nearly
as I can
recollect,
There was a rectangular
and solidly
-constructed table of wood, nHuBy
about 6' wide
and 20' long,not unlike a billiard-table,havinc
raised border 4" or 5" high,except at one end where the surplnalr-.
lu former times the sheet-lead need for

flowed off. The

top of this border

each side

on

smc:perfectly

was

^e

sur"nolti.
to
edges,and parallel
end to theod^r
table,which bad a very slightinclination from one
At the higher end of the table was
width u'l
of
the
a trough,
same
of a lever and chains,ilt"yL
tabic,and so arranged,that by meaaa
Goraewhat

rounded

off at the

be hoisted and

tilted in such

lead, the metal

would

of wood

trough

was

flow

coated

subsequentlyused.'

was

cast-iron

sot
melting-pot

bo cast

to

laded into the

from
incliniug

it into

with

so

as

was

to

sheet

Near

this end

over

thin

over

layerof sancU bnt

of the table

furnace, in which

from

which

the lower

side to the other

and convey
ncath.
The
water

broad

a
a

trough. At
one

table

manner

in

filled with wo'i-\

the table. Tt

that when

with

melted, and

was

end

it could

was

ixz

the lead inttnv

be oonvenierit

of the table

to receive the

ofir:

one

was

gn'-

superfluonBim
-

tin^r'
cast-iron pot, mounted
on
wheels, placed
covered with a layer
of fine sand dulytem["~it

cause

to cohere
sufficiently

when

beaten dof |

was
riddled,shovelled over tietable,and distributed ewi;
and aftsr each castingthe same
was
solidly,
repeal-:
operation
instrument
used for levelling
and beating down
the sand

The

sand

and
The

"""

called

"stricklo," which

(fig.
144).

It consisted

is

of

representedin the
narrow
pieceof wood

annexed
about

vmV-

5" decp"-

^1M.

3tr)cklt,HMD

Id hmUde

":Mt-lM".

2" thick, considerably

longerthan the width of the table,and romi'
the i''^
off at each end for convenience in handling. In preparing
it

was

'

the

table at

''
rightanglesand manipulated

haa been comf

prettyaccurate deicripforegoinB(JeBcription
,
and a ^etch of the rtrickla mppli-J
csotingehBel-laud
''
will be found
in the iniereiting
and inRhodes
Mr.
of NottinRbani,the pl""^
gtriictivB voluraeg
the Muimiacturca
on
wliom loften lawengaged in cMtinf'"'
' Such
in Metal
n-*
in I*rdiier'8 Cnbini't Cjelnpffltroughswere aiso maiie (if
|
dia,Loudou, IBM, voL 3, p. 63. The iron or of strong aheet-iron rivettel
Hon

placedacross
short anil

of llie oparutiim of

"

'"

BOLLED

two

other.
of

and then

The

sort of

of the

anrfoce

the

trowel
plasterer's

the

to

top

metal.
BuperflnouB

narrow

Variation

lead rather

lead

it

as

from

drawn

of the

where

they elided on
level anr"oe.
perfectly
the table than

aand

the

The

was

and

tbickneaa

varied

was

borders

producea sheet, and

pJote-

"

titrickle,"

castingon a
poored over

before

state, that

taken
precautions

of

by nailingpieces

the handles of the

to

the

remove

iisnally
by caating
atrengtbof the lead,

the

foot.

round

hardly necessary

skimmed
carefully

means

ita anr"oe

to

of the table,and
kad
more
was
Considerably

sufficed to

trough,it is

by

rapidlyover

table, in order

to 8 Iba. per

the

emoothed

in the tbickneas of the lead

of leather of auitable thickness

the

afterwardB

was

to the

of copper.
Immediatelyafter poaring
aide of the " strickle,"
after having

termed, used for pomps,

was

end of the taUe

one

moisteningof
By tbia means

cooler.

could be varied

firstleTelliug
Bynohrononsly,

"om

greased,was

bottom

prodnoedby alightextra
the

worked

sand

EOl

SHEET-LEAD.

beatingit down

the lead, the lower or

been wiped clean and
from

MILLED

at eacli end, who

dne

men,

the sand

OH

pouring from
metAl

the

was

"r

and
as
prevent as
ticable
pracintermixed
with
the
metal.
from
droas
becoming
flowing
any
the receiving-pot
at the lower end of the
Immediatelyafter casting,
to

table

wheeled up to the original

and the lead which
was
melting-pot,
it contained, while still liquid,
laded into that pot; the sheet
was

ends, then rolled up and removed.

Chinese,it is stated, prepare their well-known

cut

was

at the

square

The

casting,
notwithstandingits thinness.
of them

one

and with

is seated

the floor,with

on

Two

men

tea-lead

by
employed :

are

largeflat stone

before him,

flat atone-stand at his side. His fellow-workman

moveable

stands beside him

"

containingthe melted lead ; and

having poured a sufficient quantityon the slab,the other lifts the
moveable stone, and placingit suddenlyon the fluid lead,presses it
from the
which he instantly
out into a flat and thin plate,
removes
A second quantityof lead is poured on in a similar manner,
stone.
and

with

crucible

plateis formed; the process being carried on with

singularrapidity.The rough edges of the platesare then cut off,
and they are afterwards soldered together
for use.
Mr, VVaddell, a
who
witnessed
the
i
n
Scotchman,
operation China, applieda similar
method, with great success, in the formation of thin platesof zinc
for galvanic
purposes."
a

similar

BOLLID

The

process of

load, appears
a

Company

Ttf"'-""

rolling,or,

to have

was

OB

as

it

formed

for

carryingit

foUoTinEdstailB are derived from

ncnrianB littleTolDme entitled "TlieNew
The

was

termed, milling
originally
England in 1670, when

been first practised

in

cit.p.65.
*

ShEST-LxaS.

on.*

An

tbe old vaj

1691.

Act

of Parliament

"

with

Boardt," etc.

London,

Inventiim of UUl'd-Lead, for Bhealhingof \

icQyCoOJ^I

502

Ott MILLED

BOLLED

SHEET-LEAD.

obtained,grantingto the Company a monopoly of this "Maniiacture,Art, or Invention,"of whicli it waa

alleged,the chief"!
waa

to
waa
importantapplication
preHerre Ships,and other Va"I'
under Water."
of the King, Charles
II., sevenl abi}*
By command
of war
sheathed
The r^it
with
milled-lead.
(abouttwenty) were
ovic:
accordingto muet of the officialreports,were
uneatisfactory,

moat

"

maintyto

the great and

the bolts and

rapidcorrosion

which
rudder-irons,

of the iron-work,

had been in contact

cspmal!;

with

the1e"i:

i^vu
Narbrough
neeJ
the
the
and
covering mdder-irons,
copper-nails v
attach the sheathing.The Company, however, asserted
that \"
o
f
intended
be
overki
to
iron-work,
ordinarypractice protecting

but Sir John

of

was

opinionthat

the corrosion

to the copper

with

sheet-lead,
namely, paintingit with

had been

in

omitted
designedly

of tar and htii.

mixture

sheathingthe

shipswith

miUed-l"i

vitiated. By an tain :'

that, consequently,the results were
Council, at the Court at Whitehall, December
22, 1682, the Kit:
himself being present,an enquirywas
directed to ascertain wheiL'
and

do
ships

lead-sheathcd
those sheathed

with

Company

The

and

wisdom,

favourable

to

suffer greater damage in their iron-work tlus

at all ; and if so, the reason.
or not

wood,

to have

seem

have

boon

their
posaeased

adepts in

the value

the

woT!"li;
procnring hijH^''

full share
of

art

of

of"ciisheathing"om
at Portsmouth, Chatham, Woolwich, Sheemees, and Deptford. Of tl
of that art an indication is afforded by the following
nature
statcneit
published
by the Company :
The
Lords of the Admiralty'sCommission
being detenms^before they had proceeded to make
Report herein, and Krn:
any

testimonyto

of their

"

"

CharUi

the second

taking in (tie)to himself the Office of Lord ff"

transacted by his Brother, Mr. Ffp'
tf Engjand,which was
and Sir Anth. Dtan and Mr. Htieer (the one
alwsrei
being Secretary,
Friend
the
and
the
to
to tb'
other
not
but
professed
Thing,
only bo,
time a Partner also for a twelfth share in the Work) being made C("
mitrionen of fhe Navy, the Mtll'd-Lead Company could not but eif"'
their Lead-gheaHung
would
be realored by the Power
of ibf*
soon
Admiral

Gentlemen,"
In

ote.

(p. 58).

spiteof the

Company's

"

tbf.r
Printing,Proofs,or Proposalfl,"

His
prevailupon
Majesty's"Officers for Building mJ
Ordnanee
to adopt milled-lead instead
of casHead, notwithstandtni;
offered
it
less
than
the
to supply
at
tost of the latter ; and ilh
they
reason
assignedfor theirfailure is,that it was
againstthe Inclii"oould not

"

"

tions

Profit of the Plumbers

and their Friends,who had Power "i

Interest enough to hinder the admittance
thereof into the Ein):^
Works."
The Plumbers, who made
and used cast sheet-lead,had "
or

printwith
article manufactured
by the

encounter
vigorous

the

in

the

Company,each party disparaging

of thickneas,"*-*"
Inequality

other.

and unsoundness
from blow-holes,are set forth as tk
ing,cockling,
defects of cast sheet-lead. On the other hand, the Plnmbera, in"
special
communication
to the Kavy-Board,
thus expressedthemselves iriili

regardto

milled-lead

"

The

MiU'd-Lead

is noways

so

serviceaUe

and

cbeap aa

eervice,as

is

-where the

same

indeed scaroe
nor
represented,
in
evidentlyproved by daily experience

the

has

fit for any

is

same

need

been

craok'd,flaw'd,and

it hath

608

MANUFACTDBEBS.

BIVAL

that alter it hath

in

rose

ridges,bo

lain

places

most
a

few

Years,

that the Pereons

oon-

Chargein the

ing
dailypatchcemed, after having been at a
and mending of it,have at last been forced to take it np, and lay
of it,before such time as the Honaes
or Places
Cast-Lead in the room
of which, several Examples can
be
could be made tight
: of the truth
considerable

given yonr

Honours

Oath, if required. That

npon

the other side,

on

for
service,
plainlymake appear
vi'here this
in several old Buildings
about this Cityand Weitmintter,
lemaineth
Lead hath been laid for a greatterm of years, (It)
as firm
yet
is cheaperand
and rightas when
first laid : And
bceides,the same
20/.
better to their Majesty,or any private
by
per Cent, than
person,
the Uill'd-Lead
the
Bates
it
is
to
now
is, according
sold,which
togetherwith the strengthand service is very considerable. Alsa
the Solder made
and nsed by them of the Mill'd-Lead is not fit for
all Solder used by the Plumbers
is by Essay scaled
service,whereas
the
Eules
of
the
t
o
standing
Company.
By what is here
according
the Cast-Lead

its durance

doth

offered,is humbly desired may

reader mark

the
ing from Duty [let
in

be taken

your

this noble

Honours, as proceedand
disinterestedness],

in the Mill'd-Lead, for

notwithstandingthe plausible
pretences of the usefulness and service
of the said Lead, and
the disparagementof the Cast-Lead,
yet the
not

the Persons

by

and

to
prejudice

concerned

to discredit the Mill'd-Lead,

any like retumu
for -want of reasons, bnt being assured that a short time would
not
make
sufficiently
appear the service and firmness of the Cast-Lead,

Plumbers

the

and

have not made

evidenced,
sufficiently
Consideration"

The

and

is

of the

charge

humbly

other, which

submitted

to

is

now

Honours'

your

(p.102),

plaoeswbere milled-lead had

used and is said to have been ta^ennp vety soon
afterwards.
iraued
ficates
a rejoinder
containingcertiCompany, notLingdaunted,
follows

Then

been

the

and
sleightness

firom the

enumeration

an

of

of several of the

owners

buildingsmentioned, or

of

their agents, flatly

the allegations
of the plumbersi
contradicting
which
were
pronouncedto be "Scandalous and "lse." Here ends
this littlehistoryof

fierce contention

interests,which teaches, a lesson of

in the 17th century. The
now
as
I"ad

Company,

is that

"

All

between

rival

wisdom,
practical

Kew

manufacturing

as

moral, accordingto
Inventions

the

Persons, and

Trades which

Milled-

(being proposedoa

and

to layaside somethingbefore used for

cheaper,
purpose)must
expect to meet with great Opposition
; for

better

needed

much

consist of many

the

same

some

ticular
par-

Persons

being
in Point of Interest,
concem'd
right or wrong, theywill decrythat
which
is against their profit,
and procure
others as they
as
many
do
too"
it
to
so
can
(p.93). But, may be asked, is not this chargein
turing
cases
equallyapplicableto the introducers of novel manufacmany
some

?
operations
lead for rcQing.The
Catting
"

metal

is

poured into

open moulds

of

iCQyCoOJ^

604'

SOLLBD

OB

HI[2.BD

SHEET-LEAD.

Bisbe seTenl ioeW

iaxgeaqnare or rectangul"r
After aolidification,
it may
be yet boiu
ft slab,while
aud
forwards
the
of
backwards
same
through
pair rolk,whid
passed

oaat-iron,
so

to form

in tUckneM.

are fittedwith reversiiig

oonseqiieiitlj',
gear;

allow it to oool

roll. The

to

and
preTiously,

metal

as

make

in the

axes

extendingfor

considerable

slab is reduoed

the

to

into piecesof such dimeneions

as
of finished sheets required;each
thin sheets

When

and

another

are

rolled

made,

two

tente

horizontal

":

pbuK u:

such inp^each side of the rolls. Wtc

lengthon

in thickneea

supported on

same

to those of the lolls; and there is

parallel

maunfkchunv

before beginninc
ooatinga

it leaves the rolls is

rollers,
having their

wooden

but many

docen

aeo-ieeof

certain

degree,it is diTiir.
neoessary to producethe lb:
piece is then rolled eepantdy
a

are

or

sheeta

more

together.If in

placedone up";
i^
Kt
depreseiMifi
are

rollingany

surfooe of the olab,little bits of aheet-leid":'

W
front
of
those
in
so
as to foroe the aabjacent
depressions,
placed
served

on

into them

the npper
and

fillthem

up

and

as

soon

the bits

as

served this temporary pui-pose, theyare taken off. The

lead may be passedthroughthe rolls 200 or 300 times.
with

the

going
the

the

metal

ooncavitypresented
by the
of
operation rolling;from
near

the

greaterdegreethan

sur"ces
the

of the slab while im^'

which it clearly
appeus li-'

ends

extends,or

central
But

as

it is

the
portion,

termed, flovi..^

now

reverse

of what

otan

'^
the central part:
case
'-'
tlmi
is much
more
hotter,softer,and consequently
yielding,
l
external ; whereas in a slab of lead which is rolled oold,this condiii
Id
c"io"
and
in
which
is
rdled
hot
it
exists
not
exist,
does
one
only

in

rollingslabs of iron.

of l"ad b"
aUl"^
same
savi
I wu

in the latter

degree.
paratively
slight
castinglead it is not necessary to stir the metal in the meliu^'
rise to the snr"ce, wbio;^
pot ; for,by properlymeltingit,impurities
clean.
The
before tapping,is skimmed
lead should be jnsth-'
enough to admit of being skimmed, but not so cold as to oauae it'"'
In

stick to the iron tools,such

as

bars,which

used

are

in the

operati'"c

castingis nnsomii
If at the oommenoement
of melting,
the pot should be made itiio'the accumulated
heat will anfiice to melt the charge without t"^

otherwise,rich skimmings

are

obtained

and the

addition of fresh fuel,and the temperature of the metal will genenU'

be ^"
be found rightfor tapping. However, if the lead after ^ion
hot for skimming, it must
be cooled either by openingthe fireJi"'
cold
lead.
While
the lead is running on to the " b(i
or by adding
which
termed

a
plateof cast-iron,it rushes down the "Bpwrtlaunder, with great force againstthe bed-"ame, often bontiu

consists of

through and causing inconvenience

this evil,the force of the stream
iron rake against
it. Five
an

was

and

loss.

lessened

or

In

prewm
by hoWu^

order to

checked

six years ago, the followingalK^

introduced by Mr. Hughes, "n^ ''
tion in the mode of tappingwas
regardedby him as a greot improvement; a sheet-iron launda-, h*"^
or

circular spout at one

end directed downwards
to the centre
-veys the lead from the tap-hole

at

to"'
rightangles,

of the

bed, vheno

iCQyCoO^Ic

CASTING

AND

it spreads
itselfequallyall

sityof
ensure

using
a

an

iron

far better

ROLLING

oyer

rake

for

505

APPABATUS.

it ; this arrangement aaveB

the oecesthe
and
ie
stated to
metal,
diSusing

casting. But

it should be added, that the advan-

^"1
1

AppantDi

tage of this alteration is

melting-potis
wooden
one

at

not

emptied,the

fOr

("l^

castingIe

admitted.
generally
cast-lead is

As

soon

skimmed
carefully

as

with

the
a

width as the bed, and held by two men,

skimmer, of the same
each end, who draw it over the surface of the molten metal,and

806

LEAD

SUITABLE

rapekt the operationnntil

l"ed and
Some

sides

sheeta with
saved

but

bett"r

qnite

sides of the bed

the value of the timber

is "eedli".

timber, hecanw

with

little scrap ii
that oflbcounterbalanoes

therebyobtained, and

edges are

burnt

of the M

Formerly,lead was laded into the middle

in order to prevent too much
during cooling,
sinking in
scrap saved.
and

all

this
over

then

was
or

by making
weightof a

convex

because the bed

rciiuired,
throughbad moulding

it slightly
concave,

plateof

cast

that evil

lead is

by

ol tlH

was

TU gtntial Kolr
Meltln"-

Kale ot |" lu Ihc

fpl-u'imliila JlBC.

..

luiut

tHrik).
ikk.

Bm

Gut.trsB

bnid, um f
Hood ol dHtMnn.
three welAta,

I" ibick." bkh an kfpi lofribR t^ibr

Iron bandL i" bnMd
ud
|" Lhlck,hhI

It

JL'dikk,

toan

auJ mmmbtt
Ibe

wioughHiMi

"

ana

lUck.

In

irlihla unUier

d|

middle

pipe

"

j^" il

iliiillupIpB,

or
eblinndj,
putlDg

""

tlir

or Um
be ma
b"illdln"u amj
Tbt
cUef oUoct or tbe bwri Is u
effluvia prodiKfd, ejpedallj li

..ipf"H""itajui
Uh

Thonw

loadc

1"

A,C.
l"d, "U^Oj

)'

with

"

Mr.

by

"uiafatUimA

UK

tbowatnK
Ina

arenp

*"
mv
wltbdnwn.
Tbe plnn of Ibe Ii
Willi
teaed logrtJiK"t Ibe cornm
UHl itiere are alio olbcr balu "l

fmit.

of Ht'
DMmctwo
AM
mode
,
tine. It l" If (faick In lit nnin, "ml upBi
u
I" H the Tin. Tbv bnckwork
of iba for.

Bdi

a
represented

tt

bbmm-

tm

on

Um

Hud cuUDK-bed.
mtlllDit-pot

FluHtDV inUHniml.
1.

The

obviated.

Mr. 'William Prim.

KIlDn.".^
Ibe nilptn rltTt'i^^of

Vnttol

qniteleTrj

8^ tons.

b
Flu

chiH*:

of the iron-fouoder.

details of the apparatus above deecribed are

fig.145, preparedfrom drawingssuppliedto me
re-drawn

the

sometimes

was

The

Hughes,and

IV

deuL

that

anything,as

with

over

line the

manufacturers

bas become

its surface

washed

not

are

PIPES.

FOR

ftrtp (dj "iid Ibe prn (t).

Dudn of tbM.liun. i")h;

leaiji

ana

bj corerUic

ilv

chafi

lilinc-pulloUiecuiIre
omlnftDif "IdMafUn
UT

pl"q, of Wtakb

Hell

Accordingto Mr. Thomas Hughes, the rolls used in mating sheetare

alwaya grainrolls,"cast in loam, and the dimeiudow ^
ordinaryrolls are shown in the woodcut, fig.146, from a sk"K^
supplied
by Mr. Hughes.
lead

"

Lun

BUITABLI

Pipes.

in the manufectw
of great experience
which when ttIwII.t
of lead, soft desilverized lead is the best for pipes,
of
it
than
those made of*
resist
of
water
composed
greater

Accordingto

manager

pressure

mixture

of it and

inferior letul.

Pipesformed by melting togetbtr

iCQyCoOJ^Ic

OF

HANUFACTUBE

Fbotmtioi

Cofpcr

op

B"I"-L"AD.

ocnt.

Svulbkaib

in

LsiD.

o-oose
o-ooes
0-00525

Nickel

and

cobalt

The

of
proportion

and

in the

"ncoewive

Bpeciolly
"onght for,but

wore

in lead Btnelted from

copper
furnace

"me

may

the

d"t"ct^i

wm

same

ii--^
parcel

i:
the motal obtAiceil

aenaiblyin

vary

none

tappings.
LsAn

smTABLi

Whtr-lxai).

fob

best white-lead, i". the whitest, was

in the niarket
be made trom what is known
The

snpposed hj mwy
as

"

W.B-

adectedlii

being those of Walter Blackettia

nd
of his miccw
now
applying equallyto the name
producer,
Wentworth
of ttntr
Beaumont). This pig-leadis the jnroduce
refined

"

pig-lead
(theinitials

the Greenwich

mines

on

which

are

the

leased to Mr. Beaumont

of from

amount

HospitalEstate, in

5%

sources

ton,

make

persuadeLondon

trial of the best and

7^% lew than

Iki^k.
u i^
higherprice,
'

to

B. lead.

W.

iiuD"ii"

white-lead

purest soft

it was
fruitlraa,
notwithstanding

were
t.e.

any other pig-lead. So gnal"*

of this pig-lead
for the mann"ctinr

in iavDur
prepoeseasion
to

it fetched

of

7 j%, than

to

white-lead,that attempts
turers

the North

lead

from o\k:

offered at abontSOt}'

Commercial

bov^'^
competition,

which* as in thccs^*^
length to be uprootingprejudices
foundation
than
better
traditional cr"diii:i'
no
probably
It is to be iMped that now-a-daysthe world is growing wiser, inj^^
judgean article of manufacture by its qualityand not by its pedi^hate t-^'
Many illusions connected with articles of mann"cture
in recent years, with much gain to the public,and. pceal''.'
dispelled
it will be found that plentyof lead is produced in Great Bribiu v.
elsewhere quite as suitable for conversion into white-lead, u lu'
W.B, selected and refined."
hearingthe mark
at

seems

have
question,

"

MANUTACTUEE

OP

Hutorgr.This pigment was

"

minium

known

EED-LEAD.

thetei^

to the ancients. Under

red-lead; andhe^u'^
valualitc^''
the former more
that the practice
existed of adulterating
included cinnabar and
I'linycertainly

the latter a "aud not yet extinct,as some years ago 1 fi^^'
in the red crayon of an artist,which ought to have contwi^v
silveruonly vermilion. He speaksof barren stuff accontpanying
with

stance

"

minium

lead

ore.

which

became

afterwards triturated to
etiam

red when

powder constituted

solo colore
plumbldeprehenduntur

exustiquetunduntur
panelsnotum."'
perquam
centes

"

in furnaces, and

heated

in farinam.

the inferior kind.

nisi in fomacibas

nee

^'^

"Sunie
n)^

est secundariumiiUD'''^

Hoc

Davy infers,and

NatnnJlsHutorlM,Lib.xxxiii."^.TiLBeat.40.

on

probably with

nv^

8illig'seditii",1851,S.Fl

raiNCIPLES"

GENERAL

that this sterilestuff -was

informa
or

that minium

us

ceruse

that it was

carbonate

natiTe

of lead.*

Moreover,Pliny

the calcination of white-lead

preparedby

was

discoTered

609

OVEKS.

by accident

the Fireus,where

in

firethat occurred at
heated ; and that

had been

jarscontainingceruse
the firstto employit in painting. Usta casu rein
incendio
in orois cremata ; hac primum usus
est
oerussa
Piraeei,
perta
est Niciae."'
Davy detected red-lead amongst the substances contnincd in a large
earthen rase filledwith mixtures of different colours
artist,
an
was
Niciaa,

with

"

clayand chalk,which

found

was

in

chamber

in the baths

of

TituB.*

The
Oeneralprindpleg.

red-lead comprises
process of manOfEicturing
distinct stages,
the firet in which lead is converted into protoxide,
"

two

and the second in which the protoxide

is converted into red-lead,the
sole agent of oxidation in both beingatmospheric
oxygen aided by
suitable heat. In the first stagethe temperature should be considerably

below
should

be

second

stage is in

same

it

both

in

ovens

represent the red-lead

use

times.

"

and
colouring,"

at

"

the

"

near

both of his

"

"

woodcuts

"

147

of my

to 150

inclusive,

friend Mr. Adkins, at

indebted for drawings

"

"

"

colouringovens
present day are substantially

colouring ovens
Birmingham,to whom I am
drossing and
colooring

Smcthwick,

alternately

but slightly
in
difiering

ovens

drossing and

The

"

conducted

are
operations

"

the product

convenient, I shall use tbem in

to me

while in others two

in former

as

seem

employed,named

are

The
respectively.
same

works

some

oven

construction

localitiestermed

some

these words

as

sequel. In

in the

the

in the second

lower than in the first. The first stage is in

considerably
and the product "drcsB."
The
"droesing,"

colour,"and

the

of lead,and
of protoxide
melting-point

localities termed

some

"

the

these

As

ovens.

ovens

closelyresemble each other,the construction of the former will be

of the.latter.
easilyunderstood from the woodcuts and description
The
low-arched
is
furnace, having a bed
a
Ih-oiting-oeen. oven
from each side towards the median line,
and 7" from
slightly
inclining
back to front. This bed is made of brick,and is supported
plate
by a bedof cast-iron,
restingon the side-walls and intervening
piers
"

of brick.

back, and
three

The
may

has
bed-plate
be described

openingsin

as

raised borders
a

shallow box

on

each side and

without

"ont.

at the

There

hinged doors of oast-iron,one on

each side,of the same
the fuel,
and^ central
dimensions for introducing
largerone throng which the oven is charged with lead and rabbling
is ejected.
The top of the central doorway is a little higherthan that
of tbe side doorways,
difference in height,
whereby,owing to this slight
the entrance
of air throughthe side doorways is promotedas well as
the escape of the gaseous productsof the combustion of the fuel fiwrn
the upper part of the central doorway. At an equaldistance from each
side of the oven
extends along the
a low vertical wall
or
fire-bridge
are

bottom

front fittedwith

fivm front to back, and the spaces included between

these walls

iCLyCoOJ^I

-510
and

OF

UANITFACTURE
the

rides
adjftoent

of the

any grate. Tbo

in the clear ia 11',and the width
is 8' 4".
parallel,

are

ooiutitat"
reopectively

avea

without
places,

RED-LSAS.

the bed

lengthof
between

of

two

"r^

back to fr-z.
bridges, 'where tin'

the

Immediatelynndemeath

formed
Bpaoe, of which the aidee are
iron, the back by the lower part of a

two

from

the middle
door it,
vertical plates 4^ at:

largecaat-iron plate supporcL:

the front of the oven
and containingthe central doorway, and d^
bottom by the floorhere covered with a platoof cast-iron, the be
and top beingleft open.
This space reoeives the oxidized
lead "a itt
out at the end of the first or dressingstage.
drawn
In front of :iabove is an arched space or hood of brickwork, prolonged npmr:oven
intoa short vertical chimney;and the products
of the oombaatkKi

fig.UT,

fuel

Front elmthin

of

oftt-

matters, which may escape from the oven, asm:

othervapoTOUB
hood.
In
front of the central door a chain is awspeai-'throughthis
for the rabbit
as
a fulcrum
havinga hook at the bottom,which Eerros
Tbeoven
standards
is firmly
cast-iron,
and vrrongl'
bnicedbymeansof
or

iron tie-rods,
The fuel in such an oven I'
in the woodcuts.
as shown
in
coal
of
considerable
size
the fi)^
ovens
always
lumps
i but in many
with
placesare provided
extendingbackwards f"'~
grates and ashpits
abont one- third of the lengthof the oven, and in that case coal in eiai-

piecesor
resembles

even
a

Black may
baker's oven,

bo

employed. The

and

has

no

inlet

it will be obsenw
outlet except in froni

oven,
or

51 1

COLOURING-OVEN.
Firo-brick
bottom.

should

be used

the internal

aa

bh
lining,

is covered with
top of the oven
sand.
snch
aa
ductingmaterial,

ng. lU.

The

Tstlul

longlLuUtulwctii;iiof nkncliiroTai

The
CWoufiiy-own."

from bach to front. There

be

well

as

for the

layerof badlyooa-

Uh Una C U, He-

conBtruction of this oven

147, 150 InclnsiTe. The

it resembles the

hi

ISO.

in the woodcuts

is ahown

bottom

is no

is flat,
and alopes
down
4 inches
cast-iron bed-plate.
In other respects

drossing-oven,
except in

few

which
pai-ticulars

will

in the woodcuts.
perceived

Tig.14".

Tntlcml avi""aLoii

oo tfaeUoe E F, tg. IBO.

uTcsloiirliig-ovai

modification in the form

of red-lead

in several red-lead works, is shown

with
will be obeerved,is provided

in

ovene,

which

151, 152.
figs.
fire-grates.

is

This

adopted
oven,

_"y

it

612

MANTIFACTUBB

OF

RED-LEAD.

tools employedin the proceMM

of droesing
and cobnringan
153, 154.
repreKUtedin figsI am
indebted for details of the prooees of mannlkctiire to Hi. ?.
The

formerly
manager

Baker,

of the lead-works

of Heesrs. BawsoD. Btrte:

Co.,Sheffield,to Mr. Heron, of the lead-works

Ireland, and to Mr.
'
Keates, formerly
one
and

at

it
Balljrcorm

of

the

proprietors

of the lead-works

at

Flintshire ;
Holywell,
and

the

to

Bonrces

debted
also in-

am

working

for

drawingsof

red-lead

I may
add
had the

ovens.

that

same

I have

opportunityof
the

nessing
wit-

process

at several works.

of
De"cripiuM
at

the

witdttctedat

pro"xs$
the tBorkt

Mt$*r$.

of

AotMon, Burlier and

Co., Sft"jBeW.The
"

following
description
is by Mr. Baker.
floor of the

made

^I^

ITie

oven

is

n^lBO.

'
"

"

T!

"

HorlcDalklaKaoDofcDloartnc-DTakdiktlifllliBlIt

of

pressedfirebricks laid edgewise; it slopesdownwards

from the back tonn'
the centre i",thence to the mouth Ij",and from the sides towsrii
the median line ^".
At 6 A.M. the oven
incln^
is chargedwith 22 cwts. of pig-lead,
about

'

1 cwt.

off from the

of lead which

previous

charge.The molten
lead is kept in by a

had

^
|j

unozidized

and

beendniDnt

mixed lead and prot- n"-"L

tained
oxide
of lead obin

remained

^"*"'~*"'*^;^u^~'^ '"*'"*"

the productof
grindingand levigating

former ^Tp-

of otermed "leanings"(a local corruption

technically
flat
with
down
it
is
beaten
a strong
pif'
firmly
leavings)
;
of wood.
The lead quicklymolts,and forma a poolbehind the Jsi"
wliich is
word

In about two

hours

after the

fusion and

continual

rabblingof u"

OP

DESCRIPTION

metal, the oside which

molten
towards
molten

lead

info

is

heap

heap with a quick jerkingmovement

suspendedby the chain in front of the

of the

intervals of half

at

is thmat

spksh the

The

oven.

continues

workman

this

oTer

rabble, which

has been formed

to

of the

the back

513

PROCESS.

THE

an

and

oven,

oxide to the
freshly-formed

hour to transfer the

time lumps
heap.
about
2 lbs.
of slag-lead
weighing
each are thrown into the poolof
From

time

to

rabbling takee
is thereby
and the dressing
place,
remarkable
in
a
degree.
expedited
"When the chaiseconsists of cotitlead

the

where

lead and

mtm

oxidation is

when

heit lead is

only 28

and

operatedupon

added,
are
slag-lead

of

makers'

red-lead.

oxidized

or

of

glasschargeis

The

droxsed,
or,

lbs.

is the

as

in the manufacture

case

hours

completedtwo

than

sooner

slag-load,

of

1 cwt.

it is also

as

termed, "dusted," in about I'*

the dam
is broken
hours, when
,

down

and

.1

the

remaining

drains out

oxidized

placedunder

the

into

the moistened

on

they

heap to
proceed

now

chargethe

to

with

and

"?"

'p

Horl"ontiJKctiiKi""(i"]-l"iidin"o,ilwwliic
ibe tona of ih* tuium.

ISl.

un-

of the oven,

lead

and

remains

it is raked

is added
in the

form

"run"

and

out

the floor in front of the

it lies upon

where

mould

mouth

charge. The oxidized

morning,when
following

the

Fir

lead

which

ing
succeed-

until 3

wetted

oven.

upon

to the

oven

with

am.

water

plankis placed
the

walk

men

as

_^

oven

the

ground
oxide
levigated

of lead to

be

verted
into
lead,the same

^"^^

""""^

redoven

being employed

.-.

at

these works in both

ntages of the pro-

QJ

namely, the

cess,

^^

con-

D
g^^"_

^.,^

production of protoxide
of lead from

the

metal

and

the conversion

of that oxide into

red-lead.
The

preparationof

the

productof

oxidation into red-lead isconducted

tub

as

the first stage for its further

follows. It is conveyedinto a

trough lined with lead,from which it is suppliedto adjoining

grit-millstones,
rotatinghorizontally
juBtlike those of a flour mill,in
which it is ground. A stream
is kept flowing
of water
into the stone's
which
The stuff
is
with
tnb.
fed
the
innu
the
product
regularly
eye,
or

VOL.

m.

/--

514

ftH

HAKUPACrnBB

OF

SKD-LEAD.

it iflsuea fmm

into

the irtones in the state of greeniBh-jellow

mad "-""
ical-"haped vcaael termed
in
whicti
a
* liar
pnddler,"
"

con

with vertical

of metal attacheclreTolvea.

anna
Bythii meaiLR.u*'water
hy the aid of a foroe-pumpwhich suppliea
at the botba
the
and
oonstant
overflow
causes
from
a
th" top.the""'
puddlcr
are
and carried over thni:particles
kept in mechanical suspension,

"s

"

"

tanhs.
The finer partideathus iwk^"longspout into settling
while
the
which remain in the
yellow,
li^
ooarser,
puddler."
of metallic lead encmstcd
greenish,
consistingof particles
with ]toxide: it is the latter which are used for making the daminfn:'
of the oven,
If protoxide
of lead in fine po*6(f
as before stated.
required,the depositin the settlingtanks is merely dried in
a

are

"

--

and

oven

then

buff colour.

passedthrough a

sieve ; the dried oxide has a reii-if red-load be requiredit is kept heated in the".'

But

'

48 hours, the temperature being

rtguklfJicarefully
while
the
and the maHs
frequentlyrabbled. When the proper m'

duringabout

red-lead has been attained, the chai^ is drawn

afterwards passedthrougha sieve.

of the

out

to cool,and

ana.-'

isk
Orange-lead

by similarly
heatingwhite-lead and the froth which is obtaiopiof
white-iead.
grinding and levigating
With " f'
process
siderablc proportionof froth the resulting
orange-lead ia in *'^'
tbe

fine state

of division,and

Accordingto Mr.
the
by leaving
to

feels very

Baker, an

soft under

carbonatA

some

of

lead

has

be pn".'c^

may

first product(PbOj of the oiidatiim of

the air until

palett^"b:''

th"

rod-lead
orange-tinted

pig-lead
eip"

been

formed

In'i^

absorptionof atmoAphoriccarbonic acid,and then heating it ae sn.

in the second stage. The quantityof carbonate, so formed.
nxfart*
par^nu,dependupon the lengthof exposure and the eiti'S'
surface exposed.Mr. Halter states that particles
of metallic lesii
be detected both in rcd-lcad and the finely-divided
protoxide.
llieprocem at conducted by the Mining Company of Irdaad al Bf'
'-

eoruB.

The

"

Lead

coma

communicated
description
Works,

The

differs in

chargeis 23
duringthe first 5

or

become

into oxide.

converted

Hide of the

by

which

in

oven

lead

any

temporature up
but

of load.

cwts.

to

The

Heron, of tb" B""''

rcfipectsfrom that of Mr. B"t''

Babblingis
almost

hours, when
The

this

the entire

chargeis

now

chief

the

objectin this

dross is withdrawn

from

and
the

charge ia

inceKaT,'
willU

mass

raked

"tated to be that of

point is

trf lead
remainingparticles

in the mi''-

Tdrain off.
"int

"

turned

toward? ""

at

rediir~

intervil"-

part of the process is to aridiw""

sweat
out what
will not "s^''
and when

oven,

levigated.The

apparatusemployed

in the

woodcut

annexed

continued

equalproportions,
leavinga channel
remainingin the metallic state may

it is increased, and

now

2 hours.

The

some

Mr.

by

cold

for this purpose

prepared""""

is

'ground

is reprM"i"'

lithc^raphsnp^icd
*'

Mr. Heron.
When
are

the ground dross

heavy enough to resist

bottom

and

enters

the

there remain, while

the bran-tub, those

onward

particlwi--

flow of the water

the other

Ml*"

part is carried forW"'

B16

UANDFACTURE

in the

The chai^
ecttling-vat.

becomes

dry,when

in order

to

desiccation.

time
hold

[In

into

have

may

been

qnirVV

passed

over

formed

dmi^

careful

England they are

these colour eoonost

It

cwts.

roller (fig.
154) is

::

leave nU

to

and

"

of

duty

the

and

uniform

as

the

any lumps
the north of

crushed,a

on

at

is to

furnace-man

nearlythe

as

maiutain

rightdegree

tiie

perature
tem-

poai),;

as

to promote
the al*cTiso as
chargeover frequently,
the
to
fresh
direct
of oxygen
action ;
portions
by exposing
of 48 hours the charge is drawn
air.
At the expiration
ic:
be examiti"'
A sample of the charge should
iron waggon.
an

the

to turn

tion

from 35 to 40

ih

etune

which

crush

this the whole

and

small

BED-LEAD.

keep the charge opt

strange, but it is true. In moving the charge fr-jir
may seem
the lumps. The
rematl^^
to time the air gets all round
same
From
a
of colouringorango-lead.
true
Corre^wndent.]Afir

lumps
This

OF

in order
a change of shift takes place,
every 12 hours, when
tain whether
in colour has been made,
the proper advance

(Kild the

product,which

is

bright red,

requiresto

be

to sfai-

yfl^:

riddled.

J.'

this purpose it is fed into the machine F. fig.

consisis of i
155, which
in
of
in
iron
enclosed
a case,
order,as far a^ pn
pair
edge-rolls
to prevent the escape of red-lead dust into the atmoeplwi'
ticable,
-

and

BO

lessen the

the manufacture
a

remains
The

of red-lead.

catch

it.

The

The

increase in the
should

yield 110'36
has

red-lead thus
the

is

process
is to pack it in casks for sale.

of
8%,inclnBive

increase
been

incident to

sieve,working underneath

fine wire

placedto

to sickness
liability

weightof

now

employed i-

men

ground

falls thron;

into
edge-rolls,
completed,and

the lead is found

to

be

manipulation. The maximum

i.e. 100 parts by weight of
10-36%,

the loss in
be

of red-lead.

analysedand

The

wagg-all tl^:

from

". "-

theorelioi
lead

sh""il-;

red-lead manufactured

found

to

have

the

at Ballycorifollowingoomposiciv'.

per eei(t.:
"

Peroxide

18-89

of le"d{PbO^

Protoxide of JeBd(PbO)

80-54

Se*iaioiideof iron

O-lft

Cc^per and ailvw

trace.

8fl-61

Obtervaiioni on Mr. AdMng'

for the manufacture

Shropshire
; and no
makers.
flint-glass
been

attributed

Formerlyred-lead
from

red-lead,. The
"

of red-lead

is that

lead used

from

by

Mr.

the Snailbeach

Adkir."
misT.

red-lead has been held in greaterlooal repute bv

The excellence in qualityfor that purpose
tw

to

the

freedom

suitable for

lead derived from

of Snailbeach

makers
flint-glass

lead
was

from

coppei
manufactiuvii

Bog Mine, also in Shropshire

; but in tin
of working,probably in a new
raised 'whift
lode,lead was
course
Mine
ceased to be applicable
lead wi"
to that purpose, and
Bog
Some years ago a complaintproceeded trt-R.
accordinglyabandoned.
the flint-glass
makers respectingthe qualityof red-lead made
insi.
Snailbeach lead. The glass was
be
to
ao
loif^t atiJ
reportednot
the

ACTION

SLAG-LBAD

OP

IN

517

DBOSSING.

sampleof this lead was examined in

results. It contained
laboratoryby Mr. Tookey with the following
my
but
of
not
trace
traoee of iron,copper, silver,and
a
tin,
gold;
a
antimony,arsenic,*or cobalt conld be detected. However, I saw
level
that
of
from
the
time
at
worked,
deepest
being
specimen galena
clear

and

as

it efaould have

from

the lead

which

the lead
pellation

tainicga
there

of

trace

Mr.

At

complainedof

cobalt bloom

associated

w-as

been.

yielded2

had

been

raised,with which

in spots. By
of cobalt)
(arseniate
oza.

0 dwt.

12 grs. of silver per

ton,

cucon-

gold.

Adkins'

works

called
technically

and
colouring-oven

"

heated

ground and levigatedprotoxide,

casing,"was
put while moist into the
24
hours,
a high colour not being
during
the

desired.

deposit
quantityof white and greenish
the
which
is
at
works,
on
same
drossing-oven
stated to have been caused by the splashingof the lead,and its
subBequentoxidation. An analysisof this substance is given at
I observed
the

roof of

considerable
the

p. 620.

Drowsinghgmaehinery.At some works a vertical shaft with metal

of the oven, of which
or wings attached is fixed in the centre
the bottom is oval or dish-shaped.'When the shaft revolves the
poolof lead is kept in agitation
by the blades,and the oxide of lead
is
all
around by means
of the rabble. It has been
produced heaped
"

blades

asserted

but

that several tons

this is

of lead

thus

can

probablyincorrect,and

be

only a

operatedupon
few cwte.

more

at

than

time,
the

chargecan be so treated.
of acii"m of^ag-Uadin the ^roeet$ of drouing.Pigsof slagstruck with a hammer
lead ntay be easily
by the
recognizedwhen
sharp sound or ringwhich they emit as compared with pigsof soft
lead : and long ago it was
owed
rightlyconjecturedthat slag-lead
average

Mvde

"

ring to the presence of foreignmetals or other

matters, especially
antimony. Now it has been demonstrated that
this metal is generally,
and
if not
always,present in slag-lead,
its hardness

and

that soft and pure lead may be rendered hard and In other respectsto
resemble slag-lead,
in whiteness,by the addition, of a
particularly

proportionof antimony. Experimentshave conclusively

proved
lead
with
small
an
alloyed
extremely
proportion of
pure
antimony expeditesthe process of dressingin a remarkable degree.
In 1867 a friend of mine, largely
showed me
engagedin lead-smelting,
in my laboratory
the followinginterestingexperiment. Practically
melted in a plumber'smetal-pan
9600 grains,
lead,
was
weighing
pure
with
raised
dull
redness
and stirred actively
or
to
wrought-ironladle,
iron rod, Urossingtook place,
but slowly. After a few minutes
an
I grain of antimony,
previously
alloyedwith a lew grainsof lead,
mediately
imwas
dropped in, when, as though by ntagic,the metal was
small
that

affected

'

An

lat it

on

continuingto

experiencedtrimvl

ie DereriboleM

contained
certainly

tiaoee of

stir it, and

and
co^vlnoed,

the

it may

whole

mass

in

be njih rtesoD,

antimon; and probablyof arueDio.

518

the

of

oonne

surface

became

paaty frmn

oxidation

ll:^

un

rspiditvvtui-i.

of oxide proceededwith a
the formation
believed
ocular
withont
have
posaible
hardly

and

I should

fact.

eecoads

few

RED-LEAD.

OF

MANnPACTURE

In the

of

eonrae

the effect of

minates

some

prootof ibantirawy

the

exhausted,and droasingtook place slowly as at fim.

The repetition
of another dose of antimony was
instantlyfoUowtd in
the same
result as occurred after the first dose.
My friend asnut^
that ^ji^jra
of antimony snfBces to produce the effect above ^me
scribcd,tbuugb the drossingdoes not take placeqntte so rapidh.
and instructive experiments 1 lia"'
It is one
of the most striking

seemed

to

bo

as
particularly
interesting
showing how tlr
afiect ti'
of a minute
quantityof another metal may
presence
load.
The
lead
in
the
of
employed
experiment
oxidizability
above recorded had
been
preparedby my friend on a largeff'from selected ores, and with especial
for experimentson pnr
care
lead,or the nearrat approachthat can be made to it, r^ardlea "'
ever

expense.
Ht, W.

is

and

seen,

Baker

that

states

vantagcouslysubstituted for
and

he has

communicated

lead

containing sulphur
in the manufacture
slag-lead

be umay
of red-I"i''

ilon
followinginformation
he
thai
found
i:
Derbyshire,
examining
contained both antimony and sulphur. He melted In two
cruciUrBuch as are used in the meltingof steel at Sheffield,] cwt. e^p-i

subject.On

to

the

me

sl^-loadfrom

of pure galena. It was

poured out "h^
red-hot,and duringsolidificationit passedthrougha pasty conditkL
docs common
as
plumber'ssolder (an alloyof lead and tin)or oiJisoft lead and

added

2%

slag-lead.It was, however, not white, as is lead alloyedoi.'?

with
broken
while sufficiently
heated to l"
antimony ; and, when
surface
and
its
fractured
was
frangible,
granular,
presented iL'
purpleand yellowcolours characteristic of lead free from antimoni^
nury

Baker

asserts

that

their

to
phurettedslag-load

experimentshave

been

smeltingworlis,which

red-lead

act

well

as

made
have

maker

this

on

the usual

as

his artificial Pil-

found

subjectat

slag-lead. Caifliii
other

action.
only a slight
dro"'sing
to
Baker
from
softlead containing
According
copper per ton oxidizes in the red-lead
the
lead,shortening

has also obHorved

the formation of
up

so

that the oxidation

certain

that the rabble

that it

process

the
splashes

of
experience

opinionas

to

the

some

on

20

oza

much

as

2 honra.

""*

pnrt^
U'

more

molten lead

order

other

as

to

quicklywhen, tftc!
the latter is banfctil
protoxide,

be desirable to leave in the

might
precedingchaisein

sulphur h"

readilythan

more

by

goes

quantityof

from the
The

oven

sometimes

10

IwJ-

British

led to the conclusion that

to

oven

hasten

load-smelters

over
a

it ; and he ini^"iportionof the drew

oxidation in the
is

neii-

opposed to Baktr*

drossingaction of copper ; and, indeed,his ov:

also opposed to that opinion. Whaterr;
are
used to promote drossing
must be added graduallT:
faster than the lead,and either slag-lead
aniior

results stated below

may be
for it is oxidized

substance

mony

must

bo added

in order

again to

start the action.

But

Bake:

iCQyCoO^Ic

CONCENTRATION
much

OP

(^rge

CtmceHlralwit

of copper

ifeapper

obeeiyatione

in the lead

this

on

(aeeIhe

of
point,

the

(A) Of
(B) Of
(Gj Of

nnmbertt

which

he hae fumiehed

1
i

,,

letunu, j.a.of the metallHi lead tapped off

B
C

,,

day'iwork.

of the

oootuaed

with

27cwt8.

the

made.

of oopper ia GOO
..

,.

,,

..

.,

,,

graiDS

gtain,

0*190

0878

.,

0S29

"

Baker

me

has

taken

charge of letd

(D) Of the rod-lead

cated
indi-

Baker

"

tlie dag-lead

at tlie end

"

01B5

the

that

computed

.,

of
proportion

be O'lSO gr. in oOO grs., which

bhould

underneath

remainingvnoxidized.

followingparticulars.Sampleswere

found

more

Bhowing GonoentratioD
by A and C).

the

619

MATTER.

OONCRETIONABY

a
copper in the lead left nnoxidized in converting
of lead into red-lead than existed in the original
lead,thus

faund

made

COPPER"

analysis.
Accidental production
of red-lead.

agrees

copper

the red-lead

in

nearlywith the remilt

on

"

Tn

from Plattner

I received

1847

interesting
Bpecimensof red-lead taken

out

smelting blast-fumace

Smelting Works

at the

Asbach

of the culverts of

an

iron-

in Rhenish

Prussia.
matter
Coneretianary

White-Lead

"

"

tn

of

followingaccount

ntAing red4ead.

this

During

substance

making

the

of

BishopWatson

"

in

givesthe

his

Essay on
red-lead, part of

Red

and

it is volatilized

it a vapour, which attaches itself to the

there rises up "om
forms solid lumps. These
roof of the furnace, and
lumps are of a
;

with

reddish
pale green and some
such as
small red crystals,
streaks,wherein are frequently
resembling
and
arsenic
formed
be artificially
by sublimingsulphur
together.
may
from the lead,in
is separated
'i'heworkmen
oaH the whole of what

colour, mixed

white
yellowish-

is detached
this sublimed
matter
the form of smoke, sulphur
: when
the roof of the furnace, the red parts are converted, by a arabfrom
Bcquent process, into red-lead ; and the yellowones are sent to the
furnaces, to be run down againinto lead. The quantityof
smeltingthis sublimate
lead.

The

amounts

arisingfrom

since the smoke

in less time, when

and

furnace
roof

as

than

be mixed."

and

when

6 cwts.

in

assignedis not
the lead forms

it is not

it is ; and

making 100 tons of redwholly to be relied on,

itself into largermasses

constantlyswept
the workmen

from

the roof of the

endeavour

to

keep the

they can, because a small portionof it injuree

largequantityof the red-lead with which it happens
it appears
that dressing
From Watson's description,

free from

the colour of
to

to about

proportionhere

it

as

oven.'
were
colonring
performedin the same
of Mr. Adkins' red-lead ovens
At an inspection

"

Oiemical.EwajB, 1782,a. p. 318.

in T850, 1 collected

520
the

tpeoimenof

haa

which

oven,

RED-LEAD.

OF

MANUPACTORE

coDcretionary
depositon
been analysedby Smith

the

roof

in my

of

laboratory '1-7

and somowhat
like calcareoiu tnfk
It is porous, friable,
Its prevailingcolour is white, with a pale buff
anco.
in

{tartsit is

some

brownish-red
it is

while

I cannot

from

convex

transmitted
remains

the

but

Ln

to

when

""

powder
At

my

favoured

me

discover any
surfaces, not

lightbetween
Uore

and

through,as
light comes
with a largequantityof

"

re"jii-

this
Cambridge, has examined
with the fullowingnotice respecting it
in it. The
definite crystals
reflexioiu ;"
vi'
I7nder
the
from
planes.
microsoope.
crossed Niehol's prisms,the larger pi"n:
f.

there, however, a small

if

few

crystalswore

other

some

quantity of coli-i:'^
mechanicallyah-

in

matter

vitreous

"

coodiii'
'

able to isolate any

been

not

colour,the copper

rv

\.4'.

Frofesaor Milter, of

dark,

I have

tinge:I'.

yellow,and

mass
a yetlowish
tint;
crystalline
in colour,being nearlywhite.
lighter

stance, and

But

hot its colour is

of

"iend

my

in afp"i'

pale green, and in others pale bloe;

also be observed.
When
heated
may

is much

mass

"

matter

it melts, and

ncss

dronnT::

"

appears

to be very

crystals.Judging
unequallydistributed

bv

:!

thrxi..

the substance."

Composition

ov

Concektionabt

Maitek

DBOssmo-OvD.

feom

Protoxidooflwd

87-73

629

Sulphuricacid

11-68

6-99

I'roloiide of ooppei

O'MIS

Iron

tntoe

BilTBr

Water

grainsof

0-0002

and tiaoca of carboDioaoid..,

0-10

the substance

yieldedby dry assay a bead of ^t";

to 1 dwt.
7 grains ;"'
weighed O-OOI
corresponds
ton.
"
Manganese,zinc,nickel,cobalt,antimony,and i"tilpharous
detected
but
could
bo
were
none
songhtfor,
by operatingnpun 1
grains. The compositionof this substance is approximatelyreiiriI'lsented by the formula l'bO,SO'+ 2l'bO.which (taking PbO
cent,
;
currespondsto the following
composition
per
500

which

grain,and

'"

"

Protoxide of lead

89-36

aoid
Bulphurio

10-63

sulphateof lead ; and itof protoxide",:

follows : A deposit
lead is first formed, and then slowly converted by the sulpburoib
in the coal used
acid resulting
from the oxidation of the pyrites
of lead,which, by the prolongedaction ''"
fuel, into baijic sulphite
heated atmospheric
air playingover
it,is changed ultimatelyini
It may, therefore,be
mode of formation is

regardedas
probablyas

tribasic

"

basio

sulphate.

Foitonotu effects
of the

maaufadme of red-lead.
"

This

is

subJA'-

PERPOBATION

rhich

OF

LEAD

BY

621

IN8ECT3.

in these

days of saaitarjimproTement has of late excited

from satisfactory
however as yet,have
for
the
the
health
of
of the workmen.
rceu
preserratJon
adopted
and packingof red-lead it becomes more
the sifting,^
n
or
grinding,
the
is
diffused
testified
tbo
(.'ss
as
atmosphere,
through
by
appearance
and precautious,
far
-ttentioD,

"f the walla

"ud the
i"ual

and

roof of the

vitshcd

into

pass

which

the

Not

only in

lungs,but

become

must

saliva

and

Lead
some

cases

iction,due

to

OF

PEKFORATION

found

has been

in such

to
a

most

LEAD

that at

operatioux
;
give rise to the
do particles
of
stomach, being

of the mouth
the

BY

eroded
irregularly

be

manuer

intermixed

case

mucus

impregnatedwith

probablybe found to be the

expensiveremedy for the evil in question.
AND

that

also into the

'cntilation will

EEOStON

to those

will

contaminated

eo

the

along with

down

building devoted

air

of lead-colic.

symptoms

1)0 red-lead

auees

of the

inhalation

and

poison. Efficient
and least
practical

INSECTS.'
or

and
perforated,

first

foreignmatter,

sight local electrical

be su"might reasonably

be aacribed to the smelter

the cause, and blame, accordingly,
this
notice
On
of the erosion and peraccount
luanu"cturer.
a
oration

iccted
ir

as

of lead

In

urgy.

by

insects is not

'aris,sheet-lead

out

exhibited

IS'Si, Audouin

of

placein a treatise on Metalof

Entomological
Society

to the

deeplygroovedfrom

the roof of

; aud
building

in

read a paper before the same

'in which
.844, Deamarcst
institution,
the
eiXMion
and
sheet-lead
meutioned
of
LO
perforation
by a species

coleopterouswood-borer, Bottrtchu" capucinut,aud at the same

from the Arsenal at Turin in
ho showed
specimensof cartridges
fact. In 1843, M. DuBoys, of Limoges, prellustration of the same
"cntcd to the Agricultural
Societyof that town specimensof typeriddled with holes,which were
uetal (diehet)
regarded as the work
The French observed in the Crimea during the war
ifinsects.
that
their
and
of
official
lome
an
cartridgeswere
singularlyeroded,
"f

ime

instituted aa to the cause,

ijome of the bullets were
was
inquiry
simply
while
others
and
were
piercedthrough
through
;roovodsuperficially,
vith holes

a or

4 millimetres

Harsbal Vaillant exhibited

*liich had

(0-12"or 0-16")in diameter. In 1858,

specimensof these bullets to the Academy,

been

The Kussians did not

brought from the Crimea.
ibserve the phenomenon in their cartridges.Bcheurer-Kestner,in
account of the erosion of the lead of a new
an
IHtil,published
sulphuric
icid chamber ; aud the insect,which
was
hymen opterous,was caught
in its perfect
n the act of escaping
or
imago state through the lead,
between
lavingbeen imprisoned
The
arvK

effect observed

of the Sirex

in the Crimea

gigat,a

Hanf

manubctiiTera

or

wooden

has been

support.
traced
clearly

to the

insect,which

hjmenopterous
piecesof wood, and which

in the

do not "ifttheir [ tnbjectchiefly

from the folloviiiK
sou:

"cd-UtuJ.
'

well-known

ivcg in the interior of old trees

'

it aud

1 LaTe obtained informatioa

UiimpteiiBuiiiluB.lSdT,
t.ld; 185H,t
ou

thin

|IHIil,t. 93.

522

be nuBt"kea for
by Russian

porfoctatate might
Win

found

LEAD

OF

PERFOBATIOlf

BY

INSECTSl

kind of wasp.

"

It faM

entomologisto
;

in the Oimek

but

it

England,fjweden. Germany, and in the Jura in Fr"nce.

cortain kinds uf fir-treos. It erodes the lead with
its

not

t^

ii

ocnn

It a;iH:'"
iiuaidi'r""

'roducingit to powdur,but eatingnooo of it. The insect was ik'ii

of
iLluss contained in the wood of the boxes
cartridgesimported bv

like ""it"
into the Crimea.
gnawed
Specimensof cartridges
in the Crimea, and in which
insects of the same
species ha^ W'
fuund "" fifs were
submitted to the Academy by M. Bontcille. Cur*:.

Frunuh

of the UuBcnm

of Natural

in lead have

also been

Grenoble.

History,at
traced

CaUidium

to

Similar

peTfonti'i'

tangvimeawt,of thet'r!

I'ouchct, wrilingia1867, aonouuoee

Culu"ijitora,

that he

eKaniin(Ml

presented

pieceof the

gutterof

perforations
prwluti'd
by
I have
sound

been

informed

be caused

to

had

reiyb-.
name:

of Callidiiim.'
species
that

been heard

having
found

was

church, which

mysteriousand startlinghnmn.'.
from the interior of a pisL'
prooettd
Sirex,which had passed
imprisoned

to

by an

larva stage in the wooil of the instniment.

In 1839, while at Matlock
I received
" 'Bath, in Derbyshire,
the late Mr. Melville,of the then cotton -spinningfirm of ArkwHi:''

iMelville,
curiously
perforated,whicl: L.
apccimcnHof ehect-lesd,

and

served

It

water.

the

stated that

was

troughsused

wooden

entire

year

the holes

nearlyall included within

are

are
lining.The perforations

wfaat less than

some

tfaeymight have been drilled,while

what

on

the

is

worthy

side of the sheet.

same

cular

which
pits,
sinking appears,

and

that

wirh
supplied
was

had

from

water

been

it had
made

wore

sheet-lead

been

of red
wore

procured from

the

together.

'.'

oouD^^

with

'--

h*'perforations

Grit

Iutc-^

in another

tniT

Limestone, although

cases

retorsburghdeal.

soldered

minute

in contact
the

observed

the Carboniferous

irregiih:

the

the Mill-Stoae

from

water

"i:'-

regular;i-

less

numerous

been

not

to
-^''

speak, ooiuitcr-i"n:i

to

mill, in which

had
perforations

no

or

more

also

are

believed that the lead used in both

because

identical in

was

same

The

souroe.

edges of

The

water

was

The

qua':'
trniiii-

the

piec"
conveyed h:
'

Hirn
pipes into a leaden cistern,from which it was dra'wn.
in
t
he
the
the
water,
cotton,
in
no
or
troughs,
change
thing
anynot regularly
The perforations
since the fin"tuse.
iisnwere

leaden

had

the

that

are

and

the side of the sheet where

which

suppliedwith

occurred, wat
tion

that

or

I ascertained

wood.

There

onlyon

occur

otherit

"{"; """"

third (ifii-

about

round

eo

cirvc^'

be

to

about the middle

are

'

troughtit"'

troughs irere

flat.I find

they are all,so

of note,

the

cottra

firstpeFoeived "!"

varyingfrom

numerous,

-^g"in diameter;

soaking

lining of

measured
lead-lining,

of the

and the width

and

for

The perforations
thus acted upon.
were
after the troughshad been liuod. The

became
a

liningof

the

as

been

but
butoi],

letter which

The

were

more

numerous

Mr. Melville wrote

UiiiTena.

in
to me,

some

parts than

dated

Tianalated licsiithe Fremb.

others,

li."

January 27, 1840, ittLLmdon, 1870.

p. an.

524

POrSONINO

BY

LEAD.

th" Utter view, Dr. Chriatison cites the

for

waa

aome

JB raised, and

worked

tb^

is the

at

the smelt

ing-fiimaces.I am
largeeiperienceas

of TUessrs. Walker,

subjectof treatment,

But

supposinggalena not

to

in the TJcii^'

amoc;.'?'
Icad-pQisuoiiig
'

of

carbonate

is associated in considerable

lead,if inhaled

of

case

d :
in many
the galeoir--

lead

quantitywith

be hurtful

"

others vh'!-.

lead-mines

of many

br )Ai.i.:

infonned

the medical attwk-

and Co., and

I'arker,

and

seen
Holywell,ihat he has never
miners, notwithstandingeven

mines

Mr.BraJi"

where p?
at Leadhilla,in Lanarkshire,
years surgeon
who fuund that the miners
the
cnlu c
bad
never

Williama, who has had

the works

authorityof

yet carU'::i'

to health,

in the state of dust, would

assuredlyin

the

ci'"i"

time occasion the disease.

The chief symptoms
SytnptomtofPoiaoning
6y Lead?
in
the
and
obstinate
constipation
gripingpain
belly
; and
"

is termed
and

J-eed-C'olicor

Painter's Uolic.

conspicuouspremonitory signs of

of tho

One

most

lead

poisoningby

are

"

*"

tli"'""-"
Knau

is tki

the gums
at their junction with the '"which"
only "rst ilc'strange to say, was

line along
blucish-groy

and
uut

this appearance
many
The

remittent
The

of Itlae-gum.'
years ago"has received the name
pain in Lead-Colic maybe pretty constant, intemuit'.i'
and

belly is

contracted

r^ieved
but not invariably,
by pnr"
generally,
muscles
almost
always hard, the abdominal
is

rather full,but usuallythe nvvr":.

in so as almost to touch the spine. Tn''

it is sometimes

navel

being often drawn

no
disehargofrom the bowels, or scanty hard lumpy iA-"?^
with
much
passed
strainingand pain ; and, in a fe^v instand-ieither

is diarrhoea instead of

stated,there

diminished

monly
has

hours

blueish
or

in

tint.

inside of tho

the

but
the first,

From

days,pain is

felt in

and

with

with

countenance

accompaniedsometimes
The
epilepsyand coma.'

gloomy

and

in

is said to exceed

advanced

cases

that in almost

cramps,

:'

aftera
frequently

limbe

especi"llj''

"

legs,ancles, and

of the

the feet

"

is increa.""J

saliva

more

the head

thighs,knees, calves

unnci^'

The
constipation.

quantity,whils

and

^v-

soinetimn

'

is dull, ami""*of gloomy ^'

exprcssioii

tho

all other diseases.

"
"

There i^ ;'

'
from its brinF"!**
ioine,1838, 1. French proviuce,
intat^'
tlie
[onner
Lectures
the
Priodin
limeii
Walson'a
on
amongat
p. i42;
'
piPi anil Practk* of Phytic, 1813, 1. p. of that country (in latui.Pi(*i"ii.'f
idu^'''''''
of
"in"a
447 1 CliristiBoii'e Tnatlae
coont
on
tlieirdrinkiug
Painuns,
with "ig"r of lend. But in U^ |'^'''
1S3I",p.5l!)iAiidrarBCIiaiqueMeilicHlir,
'
of diseaseB adujpted
Diumetjillutdatura
bytlht'
byDT.S|.illaIl,183(i,p,8""2;
Lund"'iin'
in
Kisnkliuilen des UberhiirzcB. von i College rS Pliyaiciana
liischcn
' it is termed
(kdmn ex jAuaJnf ' '
Dr. Carl Heinrlch Urockmann, Chiiutlial,

1851. p. 227.
"
Tim
lo"l
are

Drvonahiro

pirtonm.
aynonyma

of

Colic, Ikllsnd

'

tliiadiMasc

Mr.

WillianiE

seen
a
Derby- never
Dry Be1ly-ach" lepayor ooma.

in

Bhirc, Madrid
Colic,and
in the 'West ludies.
In scientiflosomtQ-

case

informs

metliat^-'

")"'
acotanpamed

'

COURSE

SYMPTOMS"
rostration.

The

OF

THE

636

DISEASE.

pulee is rarelyqnickened and

ibrile cxtnilitionbeingquiteexceptional.The

often

eltinhas

retarded,

dull,dirty,

but not QDiformly,

hot,
appearance ; it is frequently,
with
either case, it is bedewed
irregular,
clammy perspira-

ulaverouB
ad

in

The

oii.

disease

while the patientappears

abruptly,
usuallypreceded
by impairedappetite,
restless nights. By-and-bye the uneasiness, ori-

occur
may
health, but it is

be in

good
idigeetion,and
)

inallyconfined
10

ramps
36

becomes

stomach
rest

to the whole

stomach, extends

the

to

irritable that

so

the stomach

eatingis

abdomen,

and

followed

succeed, and before

by vomiting,
long occur over

in the

pitof

of the

belly,ihe disease Veingthen fullydeveloped.'

Course of the diteote.

By timelyand proper treatment, the patient

colic in less than eightdays. But
as Irom
ordinary
the patientagain exposes bimwhen
to
reour
apt
"

suallyrecovers
lie

disease

i\f to

is

the conditions

ividtials,
however,
;ad.

Sir Thomas

Watson

remarkable

patientfirst became

white-lead

In-

his

case, within

affected with

own

Lead-Colic

for uinetaen

years. It is said that

Lead-Colic becomes
more

suffered Irom

once

first instance.

of poisoningby
susceptibility

in

records

it in the

In
to the excitingcause.
upon
exposure
attacks
of
this
either
before
after
disease,
or
ubeequent
recovery,
3cal palsyor fatal apoplexymay
The seat of the palsy
supervene.
a the
stretches
bands, which hang danglingdown when the patient
ut
o

to

his

the

induced

differ much

xperience.in which
fter working with
patient who has
lable

which

disease

it is the extensor
that the fingersand thumb

lalnk.

arms

muscles

This

"cover

symptom

from

palsiedmuscles

loxious conditions

as

of the thumb.

waste, and the reBut patients

often

this affection.

If, however, they repersistin exposingthemselves to the same

previously,
they will become miserable cripples,

completelyeven
trade and

affected,
chiefly

contracted upon the

characterizes the disease appropriately
termed

apparent in the ball

their

ume

are

flexed and

are

or
Vrist-drop
Drop-hand. The

ult is most

which

visceraldisease,
jid,accordingto Sir lliomas Watson, sink under some
inch are the usual effects of poisoningby lead : first comes
the colic,
several times,and then the palsy. But it is asserted that
)erhapfi
of Wrist-drop
netances
without having been preceded
occur
by colic.
Dr.
senior
t
o
of
friend,
Rees,
According my
physician Guy's Hospital,

bis is not

unfrequent ;

lis observation,the

and

was
subject

with lead.

mpregnated
"arelyattacked

in

with

such instance,which

one
a

from their

ind he states that

met
as

with

la tliu

I hava
deecTiptioQ

to
it is believed, subject

are,

frequently
handlingtype-metal
;
one

case

colic ; and

coma

have been discovered

ppearances
,tford the least explanation
of the

'

Dr. Christison,compositors
are

Load-Colic,but

lartial palsyof the hands

l.ead-Colic is seldom fatal

[caithhas taken placefrom

under

gentleman poisonedby takingsnuff

Accordingto

he had

came

in the

otherwise

or
on

this kind.

apparentlyof
rare

ctises

in which

during the disease,no

examination,which
jtott-mortem

pain or constipaticm.

in the tnaia

adopted Dr. Chiiituon's langnage.

D,j,i,i.=L,

P0I80NINQ

8M

lead is said to

Poisoningby
Albuminuria*

and

have

iu

BT

LEAD.

to gout :*
predispose

iustanoefl been

some

and

AnuBr-

ascribed

to tli"ft

cause.

ike body.
of bad mid ilt difftmonthnrngkotU
AbtorptuM
be
in
that
poisoningby lead
raightreasonably aaaumed,

A1tIioa~-

"

tlie ntei.

abeorlx"d and diffused

"ary ; for it has

The

"ct.

tbrougboutthe body,yet assumption is mn

demonstrated
by experiment that SDch i'
been detected by chemical
analysisin the j"

been
has

metal

muscles and in the brain

of animals

Watson

killed

by

remarks, it

'

of man.'

well

thronghont
with it ; but -why, as Sir Tt
poisoning
fastens solely
on
or* chiefly
particularmuscle'
as

the

as

raii-.-

slow

nerves,
nobody knows.
Blue-gum is regarded as t y
particular
of lead, and is supposed to result
of the absorption
tfe
from
TOroion of the compound of lead circulating
the
through
systea.
salphidoof lead, but how has not been ascertained with ceiu.
In cases of poisoningfrom frequently
handlingor othei-vise m":
of
metallic
minute
lead,
particles the metal and the Eupe*;
lating
tarnish of ozido, which
quicklyresults from atmospheric air.
to the food and
dnulitleas conveyedfrom the fingers
oo
pass im

Htomach.

cf

Treaiment

Roes

for the

Lead-Colic.

"

account
following

where
Guy's Hospital,
the

of
majority

nnmerons

cases

an

ounce

indebted

am

of the

to

which

of the disease

cases

friend

my

treatment

he

foD'^-

received

are

of castor-oil,
mixed

I"r.i"-

with

10 drt-

daily,and large hot poulticesof lin.At night a draught consisting

lielly.
dropsof Battlcy'Bsedative solution (Liquor opiisedatiTosl in
have been acted
is prescribed,
if the bowels
phor-miittnre,
np*:.
the oil taken during the day. In severer
cases,
accompanici
tenderness
of the bellyand retching,
bleedingfrom the arm Ti"
be practisedw^th
of 16 or 20 fluid-ounces may
amount
advac:*.
laudanum,
meal

are

is

given

twice

to the
applied

'

"

*'

'

'

and strong. Pain and spasm

tht"
are
stomEtch
loses
its
the
often
a
nd
irritabilitv.
i:
very quicklyallayed,
medicine.
and
When
afterwaids, retains food
the p"T-,
immediately
"when the

is young
patient

is less robust, the

20 leeches to the

by

to

warm

of 15 or
application
found
have
been
poultice,

oil,with Battley'ssedative solution,is

relief.

also

in

given as

Clystersof this oil may be resorted to when

irritable to retain medicine ; and in all cases
greatlysoothes the

into the rectum

injected
Ht. Williams
obtained
for

few

stomach
of

of

a--

if t

warm

^-

experience,
no

patientis kept under the infiuence

before
hours,
givingpurgativesand clysters
;

Brauiial,Betnspect

Cw"

other

unless the

'Dr.GarNd.Hedico-ChirurgicnITTnnB-

1867-6.

the

pint
patient.

states that, accordingto his

artioDH, IR54. HG; J. W. Bcgbie, E'ltnburgliMediottlJournal. 1S62: R.id Charcot, New

8fd. Soc, Year-Book, 1864.
'

belly,foUi"""

producemuch

relid
of

qi'

that vL

*VlewBjd.8oe.Ymir^oak,186L^''

'

"

Troasaeaa, Journ. de Chirur^c ii

M^ecinePmtic|ri8,1862.S3- Pl 153. Tt"
.

1 ctise

of coiiTuIsiona aeoribed

Medicine, by lead,bnt which

{ Bcm nupects ware

to p"H"t
nij friead Dr. Mcrdue to reaa} dikkx.

LEAD-PAL8T.
he

luts

spaHn

astor-oil
aiuted
ng

by

nte

beginshis treatment by administer3 or 4 grainsof opium ; and that in severe

he has
cases
from
the
effect
of
soothing
injection warm
gruel into

fieoalodoor

doee of

lot seen

of pnrgatiTes is fiitile,
of
even
clyBters
expelledwithout being soiled by feeoal matter or
the

being

627

any

that he

he rectum.
with a vieir
drngs are prescribed
Lead'Paltf.At Guy'sHospital,
the
the
excretion
of
But
some
poisonpromoting
practitioners
friction and shampooing,
to electricity
tavo
or galTaniarm,
recourse
or
wrist
order
relieve
the
to
the
muscles
extensor
in
by splints
lupport
"

"f

if the

the

weight of

the

tried

tenefit that

might

Dr. "eeB

dropped hand.
of

use

have

been

that be has

states

for this purpose,

splints

from
anticipated

but

sionally
occa-

with

not

the

the reports of other

)ractitionen in its favour

this treatment
would appear
; and, a priori,
be contra-indicated, as
"o
tending to prevent the exercise of the
ifFected muscles, and oonseqnently,
to promote their forther atrophy.
^ndral

entertained

minute

in

doses

have

to

lecm

as

With

its

be

to

recommended

of snch
without

efBcacy.
of the lead fr"m

view to the elimination

the

Dr. Bees states that

cases

the administration

opinion
; and

strychnineis not

ndisputable
proofof
;hronic

that

confirmed

powerful drug

high opinion of strychninegiven interaalty

lead-palsy
experiencegenerallydoes not
; but

the

tidneysin
has been

followingtreatment

bund

advantageous.Iodide of potassiumhas been given in doses of

Trom 5 to 10 grainstwice or thrice daily. Soon after the commencotreatment, lead has

of such

uont

been

detected in the nrine.

'ricnd Dr. Sibson,also bears testimony,

from his
the highlysatistactory
effect of the iodide upon
under Lcad-Golic.
at

Hot water

Gny's hospital.Dr.

ai the iodide of

or

of

by the

potassium,alleging

late Dr. Todd,

whereby

blackened,owing, it
of lead in the skin.

de

Mussy in

had been
mont.

The

poisonedby

the

is
patient

method

stated to have been ficially

superformation
of sulphide

adoptedby

was

of the members

seems

that the

reason

to the
inferred,

drinkingwater

This treatment

that
methods, but prefers

kidney is a
skin. Sulphnr-baths,
containing4 ozs.
hot
of
water,
were
gallons
prescribed

was

same

his treatment

of lead is either

by

the

as

active excretory than the

of potassiumto 30
sulphide

painters
labouring
employed

hot-air baths have been also

Bees has tried both

more

Mj
to
experience,

own

of the Orleans

oontaminated

to be foumiled

completelyinnocuons,

or

Dr. Guenneau

with

who
fiimily,

lead

the notion that

on

much

less bo than

at

Clare-

sulphide
the

pound
com-

of lead by which the system is permeatedin cases of poisoning

this metal. Assuming sulphide
of lead to be harmless, it is fair to

infer that this mnst

be due

to

its

and
insolubility

its

undecompos-

body ; but in that case, it may be asked, why should

who has been potscmed
not a patient,
by lead and blackened by a
ened
who
has been blackremain so as permanently
as
one
Bulpbur-bath,
internal exhibition of nitrate of silver ?
by the long-continued
abilityin

the

Prevenlite

meamra.

the consideration

"

of

'lliisis a

subjectwhich

employerswho

carry

on

demands
imperatively
operationsconnected

628

POISONING

BT

LEAD.

with lead in any fonn, but 'which,

until a comparativeWiwai y
has been grii'vouRly
neglected.'A Teiy lai^^ unmber of lui
have

women

been

as
(oontiuenlal

well

poisonedby lead at Bmelting and

thoae devoted
as
British),
especially

facture of white-lead
of

and

hare

other'
to

iV

perishedprematareW "ft"!
'

existence

of life. 1r
unwortViy of the name
victims
has been inevitable.Vjcases
hapless
alternatives being to earn
their daily bread
by honest W"i
the risk of health and life,to starve, or to subsist on public
I'he time has passed when
manufacturers
allowed t"'
w^ere
with
in
their
establishments
they pleased
respect to Bsoiur
and
the
of
modem
visions;
our
tendency
le^slationit t^''

miserable

more

the

lot of these

to

interfere with

comfort

of the

well

to

consider

adequate

to

be wise in time.

life of artizans. and

it is

health

but

work*

Capital is

not

at

practicable,

in many

w.t

entili:':'

""crifiv:

the

of theiri^^

the deterioration
as

snii['*'

'^
large proportii''D

in

are

of insalubrious

for its investment,

when
especially

the

promote

Owners

this and

return

health and

view

claseoe,who
labouring

protect themselves.

to

it nnJ'i:)

cases

to prevent those evils. Uoreover, there is gooJrW

is,easily
in a pecuniarypointof view, it will i*
that,even
believing

'

inV
of capital
highlyadvantageousto maintain Uie producers
vigour,and contentment, in order that they may render ibr
"

efGcient service.

respectto poisoningby lead,every effort should \f

provent the inhalation of lead-smoke or of air impre^if-With

'

to

dust
plumbiferoue

and

by

the

adoptionof

efficientventilation it is certain that this

contriTWbe. soilit

obvious

olject
may

'

t
works has been, to a great extent satislactonli
well-regulated
""'
v
done,
It
is
desirable
that
should
be
plished.
everything

to avert the interference of Farliaioent and the "m-''

practicable,
of inquisitorial
with
State inspection,
a
charge upon the l"'

funds for the salaries of

such

'which
charges,

if manufacturers

humanity.
Bigid attention
s

upon

'

in many
others

and

cases

would

had been

never

duly influenced hy fenu^'

personalcleanliness shoold
and
workpeople.Opportunitiea

itatei thst in hia

were

workert

in minium.
The
lainlng thii "tatein(!nl U

(uioplpdby

Say
tlie

cooptwsiRe
followB;"
na

jdud, yet

th"t

be

ment.

eijoii'

time fui]

they nay

'^'

'

tliero.)Tlie
meana

ei"^

ha've been c"

to

their

Pliny,hovevei.
prpventivaniPBSures

have

inspectors.At present 'we

verb

"

T
polini"!

the (crindingaiidaCliDC''''^
It is "Iflo ap^iedKl''";

jMliantfnoicm
ingorcoro. Pliny uwatlw'i^''
nd-kM !
iBzis TceicU
in recpinndo fur cinnabar rb well u
ne
inligiint,
the pesgagesboTeqivitedili^''''^
pemicinlem pnlverem trabnnt et tamen
ut per illaa spirtenl'*
(Lib. xicxiii.cap, which he refen. But in eill""'
vvt":
vii. Beet 39, l^illig'a
that the Boman
fd.), (Tber who
appMn
'
minium
in workiihnps careful to protmrt their bn''^.'^
pnliah (prepsre?)
"Qui minium

in offidaiB

iCQyCoOJ^Ic

PIIEVENTIVE

lutiou

be afforded.

should

lead; and

[iiitiat"dwith
should

of the

in

order

this, the taking of meals

to

operationsdealingwith lead are

and suitable placesfor that
strictly
prohibited,

of the works

rt8

Every precautionaliould 'he taken to

employed from beoomii^ con-

drink

food and

the

event

fi29

UEA8USE3.

he

where

in

carried
purpose

that the clothes should be

provided. It has been recommended
before
the works, and that during
and
on
quitting
entering
anged

hours

x)llen
mewhat

of labour

clothingshould

linen

stout

be

instead of

worn

for efficientventilation be introduced,

but if expedients
this
troublesome operation
of changing garments would
pro-

bly not

he necessary.
there is anotlier side of the

But

question,which,

in

justiceto

iployers,
ought to be stated ; and that relates to the extreme
of the employed and their babttual disregard
of the
isness
and

nple

obvious

in

^eure

of

Lnager
id,who

On
sanitaryprecautions.

insertingthe followingremarks
and other
English lead-smelting

I know

is a very

ise from

humane

and

Works,
Lead-smelting

man

never

to condense

saw

the

"

any

ind.
id

cms

to

easy

permit currents

the time

"or;

It

being.

the reckless

for

seen

with

great deal

I have

did not

witnessed

deleterious to the

very

escapes

red- and

grievesme
for

maimer,

they will not

much

to

instance,in which

it

will

is easiest

they

take the trouble to water

even

care,

their utt"r

see

It

whito-lead.

suggest remedies,but workmen will not take

of air,will not do anything exceptwhat

it

ssness,

connected

during puffsof
lead-smelting,
desilverizing,
healthyas any ordinaryoccupation.

making, as
reallyunhealthywork is the packingof

tic

experienced

an

good draught,I consider

red-lead

even

most

subjectI have

sickness which

smoke, and

from

With

from
works

I have

"

attempt*
such attempts. Bad draught is
^rkman's health,because in that case
smoke
ich

this

care-

carea

sweep

previously,

id if you do it for them they only laugh. Education, it is said,

ill cure
all this,but I doubt it." In further illustration,
I may
ention that at

largewhito-lead manufactory,baths
but they will not use them
workpeople,

ected for the

true,
rtainly
tal

have

one

as

every

that
practioB,

knows

one

artizans

many

who
seem

and

has been accustomed

to labour under

been
it is

to hos-

chronic

hydro-

lobia not of canine

origin.
with
sulphuricacid, such as lemonade
it has
been strongly
recommended, and adopted,

Drinks

acidulated

have
eacle-beer,
results.
serted,with highly satisfactory
ied in
was

1 841

at the British White-Lead

which
lead-colic,

tent,

began to

soon

iverage, and

during a

had

near

been

beveragewas

Birmingham,where

frequencyafter

periodof fifteen months

tliedirector of

M.

not

the

distressing
of this

use

singleinstance

announced, on
Feligothas recently

some

itlilead, that the introduction

has resulted in the
I the
men
m.

to
previously
prevailed

dimini^ih in

malady occurred.

of
ithority

VOL.

Works

latter

visitor; and, accordingto the late Mr. Benson, the

frequent

anagcr,

the

The

and

extensive

works

of the free

use

in France
of milk

as

the

connected
a

beverage

which
of lead-colic,
disappearance
2

had
,--

448

OP

CONDENSATION

is not

deneingarrangement
it will be found

informed

efficient condensers

most

Obsebyationb

on

completeas I could wish, bat I hope

render the principle
of construction perfectly
so

bufficientto

I am
intelligible.

in

of its kind

that

it is

one

of the

operation.

CoKDBNaATioH

the

LEAD-FUME.

Lead-bhoki

or

bt

BKinse

Shbltbb.
British lead-emeltcr,
with
experienced

An

has

made

trials

nuraerona

on

the

words

acquainted,

me

densation
con-

the results with the

present them in his

made
followingexperimentwas
of filtration could be used to
principle
The

containing it,

I constructfld

rottBOna,

remove

ascertain how
lead-fume

like-Stokoe's

many

little

far

the

from

air

(Keld Head

cular
pointsfor parti-

There
involvingany change of principle.

but not

at the bottom

to

chamber

in
condensing arrangement),
differing
water

am

large scale concerningthe

of fume, and has communicated

to
conclusions at which
ho arrived; and 1 now
own

whom

to

cool the smoke, bnt this water

was

not

waa

allowed

smoke, after having been

forced down close upon the surface of the water, in order to prevent
made
to travel up and down
fire to the cinders,was
it sotting
titions
parto

get hot enough

filledwith

to

produce steam.

small

about 1" in diameter,and

The

each
coke (cindersfrom the furnaces)
There
therefore very closely
packed.

piece
were

450

or

CONDENSATION

drawn, leavingthe bulk

It appears to
certain pointaids the fume in

of the fiime

friction

agitationor

that

me

LEAD-FDME.

OF

to

up

on

side.

one

settlement

aeeista the
from air,as etirring
a liquid
eeparating
of

Wherever
precipitate.

lead-smoke

rubs

the

on

from

it

sides of floes.

is most

copiously
deposited.
leads to the considerEttion of what has been often
naturally
of
often proposed largechambeis
a
means
tried and slill more
as
would
It luu been tbooght fume
more
condensing lead-smoke.
chamber.
Such
settle
air
in
from
at
rest
so
or
large
nearly
readily
the
of
I
have
failed
far
to
chambers, so
as
answer
know,
expectation
their designers.
The system was
formerlyiried by the firm of Mather
there fume
This

"

and Co.,but did not answer.

I had myself occasion to build such a
chamber
and 1 observed that it
or capaciousfine for another purpose,
if any, more
the uniform

did not catch much,

fume

than

an

ordinaryflue of

one-

sixth the aiste: yet

depositionof the fume shewed that
the draught did not pass straight
from the iulet to the outlet,which,
It
for
in
th"
oonstrnction of the chamber.
was
indeed,
provided

slowlyalong it.

moved

It is a fitct
regard to the effect of steam and water.
flues pass, just after leavingthe furnace, through,
^et
many
gi'ound
(Kandysoilbelow the natural drain^e level)und have always
2" or 3" of water
in them (stagnantwater
which
does not flow along
them). In these parts of the flues,according to my experience,
have not been
of them
and many
scarcelyany f^me is deposited,
cleaned out for years. Had
they been dry, tlieywould have been
full of fume long ago.
I cannot explainthis,bat I regardit as a fact
that fume deposits
in a dry than in a wet flue.
more
freely
Now

with

that

A favourite
Ko

water.

idea has been to saturHte

the stenm

condense
condense

one

in

who

moisture

hopes of

has not tried

from

the smoke

with

all the fume

finding
can

largebulk

steam

and

in the condensed

imaginehow

difficultit is to

It is easy enough
with
artificialrain, wet cokes,bricks,
to
"o., to condense the steam
mist ; biit to get that mist to settle into water
is the real diffit^nlty.
a

of hot

air.

I have

look of what
is
thought of leaden chambers,but the mere
the heat of an
requiredin a vitriol work to overcome
insignificant
fire shows
how hopelessit would be to t:ontend with the heat of a
number
of fumacea in such a way.
large
Nothing better haa I think yet been proposed than a longflue ;
but to construct
one
requirescheap land and buildingmaterial,as

favourable

well

as

well

at

first,but after

years

in

all

ration
configi]
few

serious
places,

difficultiesarise.

to the effect of the steam

owing
sulphurousacid
whole

on

of countiy. Sneh a flue answers

snd after many
places,
years in wet

the foundations.

work, and with

The

flue

beginsto

fall,

ground,"c.)and
the
Every stoppHge disorganizes

(moisturefrom

the

largefall it will requireweeks

to rebuild the

flue. I'his may happen at a time when

the smelter has engaged to
deliver a quantityof lead within a given period,
otherwise
or under
inconvenient
The

circumstances.

of
cleaning

such

flues by workmen

is

and
always costly,

the

TTS
of
flsihing

them

AND

CHABACTERS

with

out

wat"F

451

OOMPOTmON.

destroysth" fodndationB,and

soon

finds its way

from them
to pasture land" and driDking
a
nless
specialprecautionsare iaken in the drainingof the
placea,
the wat"r
]and.

good and

flues have

Long

bad

bnt
points,

are, I

think, the best

have had most

oondfiusers yet proposed.Neverthelees, those who
also those who
of them, are
would
most
willinglysee
experience
other system of condensation introduced if an equalresult could
be attained at less cost, in less compass, and with less inconvenieiice

some

attendingrepairs,
CBAnACTTEBS
It is
colour

in
deposited

from

from

the

which

chimneys connected
who

one

every

smelting works,
the

which

it travels

lead-fume
the furnaces

with

had

lead

dust, varying in

of the smoke

escaping

furnaces

smelting

"

and

opportunity of seeing leadhave observed

is due to
distance, must
"

is

rich in

of matter
particles

slowly depositedin

smelter's-fume.

may

or

i.

the

and which
along,

or

powder

whiteness

extremelyfine

It is this matter

near

has
at

even

suspensionof

smoke, as

The

Lxad-Fuh

or

the state of fine

white.

to

grey

Composition

urn

The

nated
desig-

temperature of the flues

cause

case

of the

track

before stated is then

as

be sufficient to

and attack the brickwork, in which

rich in lead may he produced.

the

lead.

more

the fume
or

to

af^Iomerate

less vitrified masses

In

with three
18B9, my
friend,Mr. John Henry, suppliedme
of fume from the lead-smelting
works at Bagillt,
of which
specimens
at

that time

he was
At those works there was
a
single
manager.
into which the smoke from the reverberatoryfurnaces,

loftystack
Flintshire

and

Flowing,

and

was
Spanish slag-hearth

tiiroughlong flues or culverts,and

collected,while

were

stack.
Mr.

The

three

the

third

Bpccimonshave

from

these two

taken from

was

been

of the

conducted

specimens

the bottom

analysedin my

of the

laboratory
by

W. Weston.

L
Frototide

of lead

4eM

*-87
Sulphideof lead
4-16
Ba3qiui"iideoFircniiiiidaIuiniii"

It
62-2fi
1-05

10-00
414

1-60

1-60

Lime

6-07

8-77

26-51

Inaolnble residne
Carbonaoeou*

"

99-87

The
alumina

insoluble
and

oxide

2578

10-12

matler

residue

consisted

of iron ;

of brick and
particles

ashes

"

3'00

Oxide of zinc

SuljAuricadd

m.
4688

1-97
"

99'43

6 73

1415
14-40

3-37
99-67

chieflyof silica with a

and was
evidentlyderived from
swept up along with the fume.

little
small
The

jOO^Ic

452

CONDENSATION

carbonaceous
I. From
The

fume

fume

at

at

90

froiii

fume.

lightreddish-grey.
portionsof the

Colour

samplemade

from

flue,into which
the smeltingreverberatory furnaces entered,

the

different diatancea out of the main

distance of about

intervals for about

r^ular

doubtlera,derived "oin Uie fuet,

waa,

alag-hearth.

analysed was

taken

LEAD-FUME.

the reTerberatoryfurnaces.

short flues from

other

in Ko. IIL

matter

coke, need in the

OF

The

50

it

yards:

distance of the stack

with

unmixed

was

the furnaces

from

mencing
com-

and

the furnaces

yards irom

10

was

at

any
about

yard".
II. From

the

pinkish tinge.

bottom

The

fume

of the

stack.

with
light-grey

Colour

fumes

analysedconsisted of the mixed

of

the

furnaces and slsg-heftrth.

smeltingthe slag-hearth.
Colour dark-greywith a brownish
It
from the fume producedby the slag-hearth,
was
tinge.
exclusively
III. From

and

taken from

was

its flue before the latter joinedthe main

flue.

of sulphuricacid requiredto combine with the

proportions
of lead, zinc, and calcium and form PbOiSO"
ZnO,SO*

The
oxides

"

"

under
as
CaO,80*, respectively,
are
Sm-FHCRic

Acm

Bbqcibed.

Fur Protoxide of lead

"

Oxide

"

Lime

;"

1689

of ZJDC

ScLPHDBic

Acm

FoDHD

in.
16-81

1-61

1-61

8-67

5'39

415
9-61

....

H'15

25-78

2651

Dofldoncy

n.
22-33

0"

16-*2

8-55

hi/Rivot. Several specimena

Anaty*e"of lead-/wme
from Ponlgffxiud
of fume collected at the Tontgibaud
SmeltingWorks (seep. 338)have
tory
been analysedby Eivot, who givesthe followingnot very satisfac"

of the system of condensation which was

that
time.
First,it is stated in a foot-note,

in

account
at

the

condense

the fumes

great ehimney have

exhausted

by

the

chimney
are

it is added
the fan,no
the fumes

there

in order

to

of the works, a fan and a

the fume
the gases and
are

been

erected

fan, and pass under

Jf needed, the gases and fumes

(p.143). In a second foot-note

said to hove

use

of all the furnaces

shower

of cold vrator

reachingthe chimney."' The gases and fumes, wo are

into a
chamber
; and thence
pass into a condensingwith
the
and
fan
communicating
great chimney by
culvert.

"

been united

into

one.

next

before

informed,

second chamber,
a

subterraneous

escape from a special

(p. 143) the two chambers
may

In

third foot-note

(p.167)

of
the greater richness in silver of the fumes
certain inference can
be drawn, because the fan exhausts
that "from

from

and roastingat
eupellation

the

same

DeBcriptiondes GItes U^Uiflres, 1851,p.

142.

time

as

those

ANALYSES
from

FROM

tli6 blast-faniftces." The

results

ehewinghow lai^ea quantityof

CouposinoH

OP

Leaii-"Viib

of itad

"

Oiidectfiiac

27

Beeidue

"

3-0

ISO

120

31

"

"

"

Insoluble in ncida...

analysesare

88

"

2-3

Awenic(?)

550

"

4'S

Bine

"

130

"

"

Oxide of iron

Sulphateof

3-7
"

"

"

Sulphide of lead

PoimjiBAm.

"

39-0

Sulphur

exist in the fume.

17'0

360

lead

u
especially
intereetiug

66-5

"

Lead

The

frok

"

Sulphuricacid
Sulphate of

are

silver may

Froloxide of lead
CarboDato

46

PONTIGIBAUD.

here

13*2

presented
justas

tabulated

hy

Kivot.

the roof of the first condeaeiug-cbamber.

Fume

I. From

and tolerablylight. 100

floccnlent,

kil. of fume

100
assay, 62 kil. of lead and 129 gram, of silver.
therefore,contained 0'248%of silver. Rivot remarks

high
temperature ia tolerably
that the fumes

should

be

in the

chamber,

kil. of lead,
that "as the

it is not

oxidized."
completely

"white,

yielded,by dry

astouishing

It is not

easy

to

explainthe formation of carbonate of lead in this chamber, through

which
Bulphurouaacid along with some
sulphuricacid must have
considerable
for
been flowinguninterruptedly
periods.
the roof of the first condensing-chamber.The fume is
II. From
reportedto be while in this chamber, grey in the subterraneous
culvert, and nearlyblack in the fan-chamber
(la chambre du centiin
Nos.
I.
it
will
T
he
be
II.,
from
observed,came
laleur).
Bpecimene
chamber
the same
(seepp. 155 and 166),yet the two analysesappear
difTerent parts of Kivot's treatise and

in

differ

widely firom

each other.
100

kil. of fume

pelded, b; drj assay, 5G

coDtainod
lead,therefore,

100 kil. of

fume, which

liil.of lead and

21 gram, of silver,
0 050% of direr.
'

nearlyblack,came from the fan chamber ;

Rivot's description,
the fame "om
la
ion-furnace
that
chamber
in its way
the cupel t
passedonlythrough
to the chimney. If so, the analysisindicates the compositionof
the roasting,
of fumes
from
mixture
a
smelting,and cupellationIII. The

and

as

far

as

can

was

gather from

furuacea.
100 kil. of fume
100 kil. of

7ielded,hy dry asaej,

contained
lead,therefore,

62 kil. of

leftdand S5 gram,

of diver.

0-OSS%"tfBilTer.

CONDENSATION

LEAD-FUME.

OF

14-

8ulphideofIe"d

"

oflead
Sul|"ha(e

65-6

3"-"

OiidBoflead

10-2

*2-"

OxideoTiiiia

13-8

Oxide of iron
Silkn and klnmiDs

"

8'*

"

5'6

17'i

100-0

I. In
lead.
"

It

bub^taDoe

have

been

to
rejiorted

"

have

hoen

in

the smoke

in fracture,dull,
In the ' EsBais,'

Loavy, even

derived

the

fume, whitih
agglomerated
borderiugupon liquidity."

reddish

and
yi'llowish

'Voyages'

tint.

furnaces
reverberatory

from

that

aU
[theadjective

referred

are

informed

are

we

from all the furnaces

which
Marilyincludingore-hearths,
II.

was

ca^itie^,very

Invglit!

"

Essais,'Berthier omits sulphideof

of softness

state

whereas
exclusively;
Alston Moor

'

openitodupon

in

with
light-groy,

it ia

in his

full of tounded

was

aud

PiitTclatBrtlltM-on carrlnl op b)'Ibe btui

tLe statement

The

must

99-0

to in the text

conducted into a longchimney."

were
preceding],
From
furnaces
at Conflans,in which
reverberatory

galena was

pure
in fracture,and

lead which

Bmeltcd.

It is described

and
yellowii^h;

had been

as

compact,

regardedas

was

opaque,

basic

at

neces-

diately
imme-

nearly
even

of
sulphate

melted.

Parlieular raiietyof fume from the

Analysisby Berthier,* Coke was the

at PonigAaud.
blagl-furaaee*
fuel employed. ITiere was
formed a largequantity""fblack powilcrwhich had to be taken out
every two or three days through the chaiging-holes.It consisted
of the debris of coke and metallic grains. It was
washed, roatited,
and smelted along with other matters.

CoHPoarnoN
MeUllic

of

tbe

Washid

"

Powder.

lead

OxMeofleo-l

of lead
Sul("liide

31

Uetallic

23

Irrin and

Cubon,

lino
uf iron
Bulphiik

etc

100

yieldedby dry assay 50% of lead and only 0-02?^of silver. From
this small proportion
of silver,
Berthier reasonablyinferred that the
cdndensation
true
was
a
sublimate,
having taken placeat
powder
It

the upper
I

Cmte
^

part of the furnace.

That

this may

occur

is shown

by

the

en
VoTBce HJlalluri^iqDc
Angleterra,pu hi H. DnOenn;, Elia de BMomont,
e'tPtr"l("niict,
Tc. dcs Ett^Li,2. 744.
1H3"), 2. p. Gfig. B"rtbiei,

Xr. dea Ess. 2. p. 745.

455

REUASES.
foct that

small be"ntiful cubical

been found condensed

hearth.

Berthier

iocreaaed

the presence

by

Analtres

of sulpbide
of
orj-stals

of zinc

Fcxb

op

vbom

GiipnxATioK-FvBMAcxs

882

Snipliitooflnad
of

in.
712

30-01

*"*

j^.g

"

AiMitiio acid

0'8

S'O

8ilirft"ndcl8j

8-4

iW'O

Carbottito of lime

3'7

17-0

Oarbonic licid

"

"

4-"
"

S'O

"

1000
*

Bestbieb.*

40-0*

"

antiiDoiif

Bi

n.

I.
OxOeoTleEid
Oxide

lead bftve

pieces of coke, at the top of a Spanishslagadds that the yolatilit}'

of the lead is considerably
on

1000

InclulTe of cubimlc

98-"

KM.

I. From

Pontgibatid.
Deposited
upon that part of the roof of a
which
ie coatiguousto the lithargefurnace,
cupellation
in the state of powder of a dirtyyellowcolour,
; it was

Cenuan
channel

II. Also
furnace
not

I'ontgibaud. Taken

from

; it occurred

white

aa

from

powder.

The

existingas snlphateis reportedto

III. From

the

furnaces
cupellation-

the

interior of the

portionof

have

been

oxide of lead

present

as

Villefort,Lozere,

at

oxide of lead was

in the state of carbonate.
almost entirely
On the pretence of golda" uxU as silver m /eod/uitur.
^Several
have

been examined

aaeertain

whether

in every

case,

one

or

bonate.
car-

The

mens
speci-

in my
laboratory
by Smith with a view to
both of these metals might be present, and
has silver been detected but gold also in

only
minute proportions.
Bemarkt."Fnma.
properlyso-called,is the productof the sublimation of lead or certain of its compounds ; but the deposit
to which
the
fume is commonly applied,
term
true
is chiefly
of
sublimate
composed
and in part of the finely-divided
carried ovtr
matter
mechanicallyby
the gaseous current
with
a
through the
flowing
pre"ty high velocity
furnaces.

not

Both

sulphideof

temperatures existingwithin
blast; and

redness,the

as

galena

former

gaseous

of lead.

metallic lead Volatilize at

the furnaces,reverberatoryas

also be

may

when

carried away
The

mentioned.

same

Sulphate of lead may,

be wholly dissipatedat

demonstrated,
lower temperature it is resolved
but

and

much
decrepitates

above

current

lead

into

as

basic

of

solphuricacid, sulphurousacid,

it

seems

should

be

result from

improbable that
derived
the

from

action

that

source.

of tiilicaupon
'

Tr, dee Em.

and

sensible

any

in

suspensionin

may

be

has

been

said

white-heat

well

salt with
oxygen

to

the

of protoxide

previously
while

at

the evolution

(seep. 41);

proportionof
Sulphuric acid would
sulphate of lead
any

2. p, 74*.

as

quickly heated

fume
also
pro-

456

CONDENSATION

LEAD-FUME.

OF

in aecountin the process of smelting. There is no diflficulty

ing for the existence of so large a quantityof sulphateof lead as
be formed
iadicated in the foregoinganalyses
; for that salt would
duced

continued
by the long-

of any

exposure

and protoxide
of lead,
suljihide
of the sulphurousacid

furnaces, to the action

the

conveyed
evolved in the air reduction process and is continually
copiously
flowingtowards the stack. Sulphiteof lead would under
such conditionB be first produced,and then gradually
changed into
less
the
the
action of
of the
more
or
comjilotely,
by
sulphate,
oxygen
atmosphericair which is always present in notable proportionin
the gases escapingfrom furnaces in the smeltingof galena. That
sulphiteof lead is formed, at least when refinery-fume
containing
from

"which is

oxide

of

fume
pass

is present, is certain, as it may be detected in the

condensers
in which the smoke
is compelledto

lead

obtained

from

The water

through water.

fmctls like

saturated

which

condenser
escapes from Stagg's
of sidphurousacid. As a
constituent
of lead-smoke, it likewise

solution

aqueous

littlesulphuricacid may also be a

would act upon the fume and generate sulphate
of lead,
had
obtained
t'n
and
certain
in
tmeltiug
ore*,
Quantity
of fume

metallur^eal
profeseet
from

connected teithlead.

found

but

few

worthy
trust-

this subject,
and I certainly
expected,that
much
of the great German
works
where
so
care
smelting

observations

on

to procure

minute

some

is taken

emanated

in the

smeltingof

lead

lead volatilized and

The

and

ores

with lead.
processes connected
such information in the numerous
had

details concerningthe tities

quaninformation would have

accurate

of
proportion

the

on

and

productsobtained,more

of the various

have

-I have

"

other

the fume

in certain other

1 have,

however, failed

treatises and

densed
con-

metallurgical
to

journalsto

discover

which

access.

quantity of lead producedfrom

the Keld

the

and

ore

slag-hearths

Head

from June,
Mining Company'sSmeltingWorks
1374 tons; and the quantity of lead ex1?5(), to June, 1857, waa
tract";dfrom fume during the same
periodwas 9t" tons 13 cwt., i.e.in
at

the ratio of 14-21

The

1,

or

quantityof hard

lOO'OO

7'03.

lead extracted from

the fame

in ore-hearths in certain

smelting7H,008 cwts. of ore

in the north of England amounted
156'08

at

ore

],

or

77%)

as

100
100

smeltingworks

cwts., i.e.in the ratio of

the
(estimating assay produceof the

0-C4, or
of lead

in
deposited

to 500

0-83,'

The

condensingarrangement

consisted of the long horizontal chimney.

In an
establishment in the North, ore, containing73% of lead
CO-0 of
assay, producedper 100 tons in the ore-hearth
of 3-2 extracted
from
the accompanyingore-hearth

slag:and

from

or

the

fume

in the ratio
i.e.
collected,

stated,yet
Ithoughnot distinctly

'

Pattinson, Oi't. 1831.

Jfat. Hist. Soc. of

Trana.

it may

of the I Part

Norlhumberland, DurImm, and NcwnuHle-upou-Tjne, 1832, 2.

of 915
be

by

lf"d,exclusive
100

presumedthat

(j-91

10'93,*

the fume

I, p. 166.

Hr. J. A. Phillipi.Lecture lexl be|fote tbe Societyof Arts, ApiU 27,ISSH.

"

458

TRBATUENT

unleaa it be in

OF

littlework

oome

LKAD-FUHB.

where

old

slagsand

other residues

aBc^ted, and there the lofw )b only in part through volatilization."

am

I^aUment
blast

it oonwBts
in

of lead/ume. The analjseaof lead-fume

furnaces,prQve that for
aa
reverberatory
"

well

as

of

sulphateof
is

its treatment

lead

and, therefore,the

simplj'the

reduction

evolved

from

the most

part

probleminvolved

of that

salt

But

that

in
problem,it will be remembered, has been previouslyexamined
of gre^-dag",which
notable
contain
a
consideringthe treatment
of lead, and of ores
quantityof sulphate
is either largely
or wholly present in the

of lead in which

the metal

state of

sulphat".
venient
powdery etate of the fume, it has been found conit into Itunpe.which
be
done
in
to agglutinate
two
may
furnace
to a d^ree
namely,by heating it in a reverbcratury
tfl the

Owing

ways,
safficientto soften it and

mixingit with
to the

cream

atmospherenntil

piecesof convenient
narj' treatment
a

ita

cause

to clot tt^ethor;or, by
particles
leavingthe mixture exposed

of lime and

then

hard, after which

it becomes

charging.

size for

desirable, when

it is broken

Especiallyis this

it is intended

t" reduce

into

prelimi-

the fume

in

blast-furnace of any kind ; for,notwithstandingthe largeproportion

of lead whieh it isintains.ita particles
are
so tine and mobile that

in

might be bluwn
The

of low

blaut-furnace, particularly
one
fume

out

is either

and

escape

treated

by

productsobtained
residuary
connected

in

the

of
Bmeltiiig

therewith.

Thus, it may
grey-dngi"inwhich

along with
bo re"juircd"
iron

tion would

though,it is affirmed,not
be smelted

in

Uast-fumace.

dimensions, much

of it

ith the gases knitted from the mouth.

itself or in conjunctionwith
vaiious
be
case

in this

case

lead

and

prooesses

Bnieited. in the

flowing-furnace
no
preliminarya^lomerabeing used as an accessory,

necessary, agent of reduction ; or it may

with
sueh slagsin the slaghearth or other
conjunction

In

the former

sometimes
are
iron-slags
li(|uid
producing a mute
el^, as
case

added,

with
the slag
the objectof
chiefly
deficient
in
from
the
alone
is
1o
of
flue-dust
bo
smelling
resulting
apt
when
it contains much lime.
In the North, fume
liquidity,
especially
is smelted in the common
heated
been
having
slag-hcai'th.
previously
make
it
cohere
into
Iho
500
to
of
cwts.
so
as
slag-lead
lumps.

referred to at p. 2Bt" were

obtained
in FlintHhy-e,
fume has been mixed
the smelting
of silver ores.

SOFTENING

The

terms

it has

marketable.

comes

from

In recent

manner.

the

times,

used in
greg-tlag

LEAD.

synonymotis with
is often so
furnaces,
smelting
uned

as

bility
to bo too haid and deficient in malleaas
impurities
various
to
beingapplied
manufacturingpurposes ;
therefore to be subjected
to further treatment
to render it

to admit

and

HARD

and improving are

calcining

softening. l.ead,as it
contaminated

OF

in this

with the crushed

with

of

Moreover, the

same

may

be stated with

respectto

its

suitableness for Fattinson's process of desilverization, only comparatively

for that process. The quality
of the lead
pure lead beingadapted

SOPTENIKa

OF

dependsless upon .tte mode

from which

ore

fomgn matters, which

and good lead, otberH

While

eome

uHooiatad

with

are

to

of the

farions

tlie

qualityof
free from

so

those

directly
yieldtoft

wbA

Matters, nttmiibUbKatLthe part of the miner, in snch a degree

on
tog most careful dreeeiug
tiiat the lead from the Bmelting-nimace
is hard

of
posititai

the

on

ores

hardness, as

communicste
are

459

LEAH.

smeltingtitan

of

it is derived.'

HARD

kinds

and

of lead will be found

Tespective
processes

of

bad.

in the

and
lead-smelting

The

c"xa-'

descriptions

elsewhere

in this

Tolome.
SoFTKKINfl HaXD
The

of

process of
matters
foreign

LxAD

BT

hard
softening
upon

AtHOSPHBKIO

OXIDATION.

lead has for its object

the

the presence

of which

separatioii
ness
qtmlityof hard-

the

depends. These matters are capableof oxidation at a red-heat,

in conjunction
with lead ; and antimony,the chief culprit,
especially
baTing,when in the state of oxide, a prettystrong afBuityfor protoxide
of lead, its oxidation is greatlypromoted by viitue of that
of expONinglead alloyedwith
as, far example,in the case
affinity,
air (seep. 87).
antimony to a red-heat with fiee access of atmo.spheric
Or thi))principle
the usnal process of softening
hard lead is founded.
'Ilie metal is kept melted, say at a dull rcdhcat, with a current
of
atmosphericair flowingover
furnace may be used,having a
constructed
The

as

to

dross which

prevent the
is formed

it.

bed

For

this purpose
made
of enitable

reverberatory

material and

eo

escape of mi"lten lead.

to time skimmed
off,and the

and
percolation

is from

time

operationis prolongeduntil the residual lead is found on trial to

have acquiredthe proper degreeof softness. Jui-t as in the process
of refilling
blister-copper, it is necessary
to oxidize a considerable
in the softening
so
quantityof copper in order to separateits impurities,
it
hard
be
of
as
or
lead,
might strictly designatedretin'rg"
it is also necessary to oxidise a considerable
quantityof lead.
"

funtaee with
Softening
with

cast-iron bottom,

east-iron

-A

bottom.

"

exactly similar

fnmaoe
reverberatory

in all respects to

that

deocribed at p. 150 as used in the treatment

of lead desilTcrizod by
is
dation,
well
suited
for
the
load
o
f
liard
zinc,
softening
by atmosphericoxiand is

accordingly
employedfor thut purpi'se- The process is
of ordinaryhard lead precisely
case
as Btat"d in the
of tlie method of deailverization by zinc.
description
the cust-inin bottom
of a softening-furnace
Accordingto Mr. J. A. Phillips,
at the Fontgibaud SmeltingAVorks, where
he formerly
officiatedas manager, is 13' long by 6' 6", ouU-ido measure
[the depth
is not given]
it
is
in
rounded
the angles
section
and
at
;
dish-shaped
with the view of lessening
its tendency to crack ; and is set on a
conducted

bed

in the

2' thick of solid

which
brasquc,

'
Id the BmclHng or poor impure ores,
whether
by tho Coniinh metho'i or in
blai^Eurnarai,all tlio leailia teparstedat
be regarded ai ei^uiTaouce, and it ma;

|Imt

rests

to

miituro

lend, wliiih

Hre

Enzl.ind b;
|kept ajnirt.
in

solid foundation

on

of

ll'o soft and

obtiiiicd
two

rich
prooetoea, and
frum

of

tlagorei
are

460

SOFTENING

OP

HAHD

LEAD.

^" in diameter at the lowest part of

masonry ; there is a tap-bole
the bottom, communicating with a thick cast-iron pipe faetened to
into the

depth of abont J" ;

end protrudes beyond the furnace.
the cast-iron pipeat the opposite
ia pluggedhy iDserting
Before charging,the tap-hole
the point of
it.
a
long iron bar through a hole in the roof immediately orer
it

stud-holtH

by

screwed

metal

the

to

Phillipssays, will not generally

stop the tap-hole
has
after
furnace
the
been working a long
quitetight,especially
time,
'i'he cast-iron
pipe is partlyfilled with bone-ash Jirmly
rammed
in, a bar of iron having been prcTiously
placedin the pipe
with
that the channel left after its withdrawal
60
may correspond
Tliis horizontal bar is said to be more
the tapholein the bottom.
bar, Hr.

This

necessary

than

the vertical

of the metal in

"

of

them

the pan

and

hard beaten

lai^

for

one

has been almost

eerviceablo

either

"

The

the

case

be at least 1' wide, and

are

two

[cast-iron
?]

space between
well filled with

working-doors,and

both
were

the other for lead reduceil "om

constantlyin
is

pan

ever."

sides of the

thick iron

The

for

use

usnal

chai^

for

one

erected,

dross

upwards

cracked, the fumaco

now

is

as

furnace

the

on

'"

the

of " years ;
tight and
is about

20

of

tons

Fontgibaud furnace-lead, and it requiresabout 130 hours to

soft for treatment by Fattlnson's procee",
sufficiently
inclusive
of
the
time expended in chargingand discharging.
days

render
or

as

regulated.

furnaces of the kind above described

lead and

althoughthe

of the latter the outflow

means

either of
In

stones.

should

Two

common

former
and

cut

brasqne."There

tap-holeside.

be

be

must

by

tappingmay

furnace," it is stated,
or
plates,

one

The

the mt-tal

percentageof

soft lead obtained is stated to be about

94-7.

The

cost of

furnacesofteningis reportedto be 3s. 4-Bd. per ton of common

lead (i.e.
obtained by smelting
the ore in a blast-fnmaoe,see p. 338),
or

1*. 6-2d per ton

In
with

of ore.'

is effected either in a reverberatory

furnace
Freibci^,
softening
in a reverberatory
furnace similar to but
a cast-iron bottom, or

of smaller dimensions

than that described

and

figuredin

on

is aided

which

each side of the

at Freiberg. Oxidation
lead-Bmelting
enters through two
twyers, one on
ITie lead is slowlymelted down, and the

surface and
after which

lithargeor

ia which

the copper becomes

is continued
with

scum

by

which

the article

artificial blast

fire-bridge.

collects

on

the

is
concentrated,

raked off;
the
blast,
gentle
impure
Abstrick beingconstantly
removed, until the residual lead

the process

Indications of the requisite

sufficiently
degree of
pure.
viour
its behaof
the
softened
aflbrded
lead
its
are
malleability,
by
purity
has become

when

heated

before

the

gravity. Samplesare
specific
examined

blowpipeon

charcoal, and

by

its

taken out of the furnace in order to be

with respect to those points. Arsenic may

be recc^uised
iia characf oris tic odour when
about 2 gran)mes are put into a
Uttle hollow in a pieceof charcoal and melted rapidly
in the reducing

by

HODG

flame and
means

keptheated dnringa
be

may

detected

antimony which

by

Mode
from

Antimony by

the

same

incrustation of oxide of

the
on
presence of both is shown
the
absence
of
its
characteristio
by

dulneas of its aurfaco,and

its coating
of

by

lead may be introduced in pigsor laded in

and keptfilled
cast-iron pot seated over
a fire-place
adjoining

of charging.The
"

an

with

The

of lead
globule

"colour,by the
load-grey
dark-grey
litharge.*

seconds.

few

the blueieh-white

is formed.

solidificationof the

461

CHAR6IKQ.

0?

molten

load.

has

Bichardson

what

described

he

as
designates

improvement in the mode of charging,which is as follows,and

is only described here as a warning,to avoid what ia useless.
A largeflangedciist-iron pot, like those used in the Fattinson process
of desilveriKation,
is fixed immediatelyover
the furnace, so that the
be
little
the
the
furthest from
of
centre
side
a
fire-bridge
beyond
may
the fire-place,
of which
that side inclines steeply
towards the bed.
It
is set in brickwork
enca*ed in a cylinderof iron plate.As far as I
Riohardsnn's woodcuts, illustrative of this arrangement,
can
interpret
there is a hole in the roof of the fire-place
throughwhich flame rises,and
after oonrsinground the sides and bottom of the pot ia expeoted
scend
to dean

which

throughthe roof of the body of the furnace at Bome distance from

In the bottom of the pot is a round hole,to which
fire-bridge.
is attached an
iron pipe descendingvertically
through, but not
beyond;the roof near the top of the inclined side of the fire-bridge.
In the axis of the cast-iron pot is a vertical iron rod, piug-shaped
and tapped with a screw
thread at the top, which
at the bottom
flat
bar
of
iron
fixed at a convenient
transverse
a
passes through
A
handle with a female screw
works on the top
heightabove the pot.
the

of the rod,which may thus be raised or lowered at will so as to drop

in and completelyolose the hole in the middle of the pot at the
bottom.
The pot is kept filled with melted hard lead, which
on
the
raising
asserts

rod above-mentioned

that

"

this form

extra-hard
softening

alwaysfull,with
Time

very

dropsinto

of furnace

possesses

Richardson

the furnace.

great advantages when

lead, as the calciningpan

easilybe kept

can

littlelabour."

required
forgoflemag.This
"

the

will vary with

qnalityof

the

lead treated,the surface of the lead exposedto the action of the air,
and with the temperature. If the lead is very impure,the dross,
to Richardson,floats in
according

the

molten

lead, and

littlelime before it
attained

can

be

must

semi-flnid state

thickened

be skimmed

the
by letting

furnace

by

off;but the
cool

"

in the

the

objectis

same

At

allegedfor

reason

froth which

into the soften ing-fuiiiace,

where

"

with

ally
usu-

of the

one

largest

kingdom,all the softened lead is poledpreviously

pattinsonization
; and
the
to
scum
or
handy put
to

the surface of

little.

it.
lead before
PalingofKiftened
patiinsomzing
lead works

on

intermixture

it

is thrown

and
liqtiates

this ia,that it is
up

in
saves

polingback
trouble

Plattaor'BVorleniDgenabet allgcmeme Hfitleokimdo,

2, p. 137.

in

"62

SOFTEiaNG

The
derilTerizing.
And

holds

OP

HARD

LEAD.

fnmace
ia Imrp^
pot fttt"clied to the softening
Fattinsonisation,howerer, is stated to be more

10 towt.

effective than

poling.
oxidaiion."
Binary of the proceM of lofieinng
ly atmotpherie
of Nevcaatle-on-Tjne,
Richardi"on,

Df.
he

the inTentor of this proceaa. In

himself the following
passage occars.*
was

examined

the

hardness

("".William

WB

mainly due

was

The

The

lat"

ima^ned

that

lead written

that its
He

of antimony.
presence
this lead,in
in which

suggestedthe erection of furnaces

by

having carefully

writer

found
Blackett)
slag-lead,
the

t"

article on

an
"

have

to

seems

fltate,could be exposedto a cnireiit of hot air. The

of a good soft lead,at so reasonable a cost
production

"

result

then

melted
the

was

to render the

as

in emett mills. Soon afterwards,

operation
process available as a rcgnlar
the first cargoes of the now
wcU-knowD
Spanishhard lead
arrived

but
Liverpool;

at

them, and

the smelters

there would

not

purchase

to Kewcastle-on-Tyne.This
tranBhipped
cargo was
lead could not be softened in the brick fnmacee, being so fluid when
melted as to find its way out of the furnace in all directions. [This

is

one

statement, seeingthat
surprising

works

brick furnaces alone

at

British

some

lead-smelting

softening
Spaniehhard leod.J
The late Mr. G. Burnett,who consulted the wiiter on the subject,
and
witnessed the treatment
of the slag-lead
works at
at Mr. Beaumont's
Blaydon,then proposedthe simple but admirable plan of liningthe
furnace with
vrith

used

are

in

laid the foundation

of a trade
metal pan.
Thus was
it
is
has gone on increarang,
said,
until,
upwards

Spain,which

of 20,000 tons of this

that country."
I have

As

annuallyproduced in

are

of

calcination
continued
become

3i

to

the

found

cwts.

as
softening,'

yon
it than the

to do with

more

It must

that the reeiduai unozidized

chargeof

might

be

about

20

cwIb.

of haid

calcined,and the remainder

have been

lead
softening

of
not

What

no

'

or

by

with
originate

is the Geiman

softening
process

the

Dr,

method
F

jointaction of

No".

21.

Kichardson.
of

But

to

further

go

in the
cupellation

the

4085.

heat
back.

earlystage but

First after fusion of the lead the

No.

as

tion
the inven-

atmosphericair and

Abtng rises

or
Specific"tioiu

Hetula and Alloji, P- 47.

1816.

slag-lead,

very, eery hard lead.

1S65, IAbriilgments of
Watta'DtctionttrTofChenuBtij,

p. Sltl.
" A. D.

lead had

withdrawn

that
justquoted proves conclusively
specification

The
did

had

of

was

until it was

soft lead.*

present mode

"

soft. In the
6

my

grantedto Walter Hall in 1816 for "A method or

The
making soft lead out of hard lead or slag-lead."
of hard or slag-lead
in the procexs of making red-lead was

patent

methods

of the

Dr. Hichardson

in the moon.'

man

the introduction

to

know, the late

'

letter from

lead

Mend, Mr. T. Lowthian

Bell,
to him from Mr. James
a note
Leathart, dated Lead Works,
enclosing
Dec. 3, 18G7, in which is the following
Kewcoatle-on-Tyne,
passage :
"

received

of
description

THE

PROCESS

BT

and is removed

to the BQr"ce

litharge

then follows the Abalriek or

and

which
impuritieB,

the identical
containing

468

OXIDATION.

ATMOSPHERIC

the usual

are

of hardness

causes

in lead. In the English process oxidation is effected in a reverberatoryfurnace at a temperature above or below the melting-point

of

the furnace-bottom

lithai^,accordingas

iron,whilst

is made

of

slagor

of cast-

of

in the German

tion
cupellation
atmosphericoxidaprocess
artificial
of
a
nd
an
melting-point litharge

takes

placeabove the
blast is employed. In the earlystage of the latter process the chemical
in the former.
the same
as
phenomena are essentially
results
of experimentswhioh
he
Bishop Watson published the
made, with

to ascertain the order of succession

view

in the iridescent

which
pellicle

of his

day, the

and

probablyhave

of

process
soon

hard lead which

to

it

day

was

at

hand,

find

surprisedtu

covered

with

that the

without

urged tillthe

The

time
the

chai^ed,and
then

an

lead

happening

iron ladle ; but

was

was

ladle became
was

red hot,the calcined

red hot also,but it was
still

parcelof lead was boiled in a crucible

during the boilinga copioussteam was

for

same

of the

sur"ce

lead,

half vitrified scoria. The

in

China

its surface, though it

the surlace of the lead

colour.

considerable

with

melted

was

that

oxpcrimont: "The

tea is importedfrom

presently
did not exhibit any colours. Imagining
dusky pellicle,
heat was
not sufBciently
strong to render the colours

the fire was

visible,

pellicle
upon

of his

account

own

of it

some

any cousiilorable quantity of

soften,which was
probablynot the
was

to

lines the boxes in which

be

was

there

desired

This is Watson's

much

softening
by atmosphericoxidation wonld
int" general
ing
come
use, that is,assum-

afterwards

that in Watson's

which

of the colours

the surface of lead when

appears
had those results attracted the attention of lead-smelters

melted

case.

on

examined, and

it had

as

is usual, became

lead whioh

remained

dis-

covered

unvitrified

acquiredthe property of forminga

succession of coloured

pellicles,
duringthe whole time of continuing
kind of lead was
a
portionof the same
exp("ed to a strong calciningheat for a long time ; the part which
remained
uncalcined did, at length,
ing
acquire the propertyof exhibit-

in

state of fusion.

Another

colours

vivid."
BUfficientlj'
Watson
that
results
inferred,
foregoing
mixed
with
which
was
preventedthe
eomethirig
iridescent pellicle,
and which
by calcination was
made
with
to discover
numerous
a view
experiments
From

the

might be, and

found

that

on

arrived at the conclusion

putting

small

that

Chinese

tea-lead

formation

of

removed.

what
it

portionof tin into

was

that

an

He
thing
some-

tin.

He

ladle full of

molten

Derbyshirelead which exhibited the usual colours, these

the tin melted ; and as to the proportionof
as
soon
as
disappeared
tin requiredto produce this effect,he writes, I have reason
to
that it does not exceed one five-thousandth part of the weight
believe,
"

of the

lead."

The

Derbyshirelead, which had lost its property of

colours on the addition of tin,acquiredit again by calcination,
exhibiting
the tin, it is supposed,
the
from
lead
being separated
by
before all the l^d is reduced to a calx."
calcination,
"

4$i

SOFTENTSG

OF

Calcined Chineee tea-lead

lead exhibited

colours

pcjK^ialenniicd
tall'iw. Zinc

fonnd

LEAD.

heated with tallow and the redoced

was

which

from

calx of tin

wan

HARD

it

(SnO*^had

teniained

the power

to have

but
property of exhibitingcolours,

in

not

the sapunreduced
by the

coucluded

was

that

deprivinglead

of

great a

fo

of its

degree as

tin.

'ilie addition of small

of bismnth to lead did not prevent

portions
coloured pellicles;*
did the addition
of silTer.
nor

of

the formation
But

littletin added to a mixture

of lead and bismuth, or of silver
a
the
of colours.' It may
lead, immediately
preTentcd
appearance
that tea-lead,subjectedto atmosphericoxidation, yields,
be added

and

accordingto Kichardson,76'4%of
SoFTEmio
A

for

patent was

OF

Haid

Lzad

lead free fiom

tin-'

Special Aois-n

bt

of

OxiDATioif.

grantedto Messrs. Fontifex and Glassfurd,in 1854,

ing
by addingto the molten metal, when contain15% of antimony,a mixture of 3 parts (by weight)of

hard lead
softening
from

5%

to

nitrate of soda, 4 parts of soda-ash, and 4 parts of caustic lime.

When
the hard lead contains Jess than 5% of antimony a mixture

eompoHcdof equalparts of
be used.
The

The

mixture

lead,which

is skimmed

mixture
may
dross may be reduced
water, which,
boiling
and antimony. Part

be

intervals

at

in

as

as

tons

of the molten
40

to

60

of lead.

lbs.
The

it may be treated with

all but oxides of lead
be dissolved out of this

"om
cinide Naplesyellowis left,

which

stated,be prepared,*

obtained

185!^

From

10

or
or

way,
it is stated,will remove
of the oxide of lead may
a

surface

usual.

common

nitric acid,whcu

Kichardson

the

on

employed with

in the

by
metallic antimony cannot,
'

above mentioned may

ingredients
in an
ordinarysoftening-furnace.

process is conducted
is sprinldedat intervals

of the

residue

the three

patent, in

which

of lead

of sugar
amongst other things,the preparation

he

by

claimed,

the solvent

of bard
of acetic acid upon the dross producedin the eoft^^ning
lead." But it dissolves out only uncombitied oxide of lead,and there

action

reinaina combined

oxide in notable

quantity.

In 1847

A.

U. Johnson

solving
patent for the use of acetic acid as an agent for disThe
the oxide of lead in old cupelsor test-bottoms.
out
reduced
with aufScient pyroligneoua
to powder and mixed
are
cupels

obtained

ac'tic acid (of sp. gr. from I'OSO to 1'048)to form a thin paste,
the
which is stirred and left to settle during about two days,when
or

of the oxide

bulk

of load will

have

silver and very

^jne-ash,containing
after havingbeingstrained,
washed,
"

lend- sni niter informa

me

bieinuth

of
brilliancj

thst be
,

think*

the mtoun
'

increases the

rather than

otherviee.

Clivmical I^lusuya,
llSi, 3. pp. 242 et

tfq.

been
little
aud

dissolved.

lead,may

dried.

Op.

"

A.D.

title is

"

cit. p. 518.

Acetic acid may

be

lead from hard lead,for ttie BepnrstJonof

the nDiuritii-s in hard li^d,and Tor the

separationof antinionj frnm these impurities."Abridgments of Specifcations

of Metals and AiloyB,p. 271.
'" A.D.
I8.S2, AprU 28. No. 11,093. Op.
I
.

The residual
used again

be

18M. July 26. No. 16M.

The
ant
soft i
ItopTuvemcnlsin ublaiuing

cit. p. 199.

466

SOFTENING

TBXAnmrt
The

droBS

reduced
in

hy heatiugit

oxidation
subjectedto atmospheric
the reduction of the droM

reduction

to

contain

lai^erquantityof

than

arise from

be

to

SomNiifO.

axj be
cftrbonaceoue matter eitlicr

the
and

be

in

with

blaet-fumace

reverberatory

LEAS.

obtaukd

productof

for tho fake of distinction may

HABD

in admixture

or

Dsoea

or

oxidized

or

OF

sofCeiiing
process

the metal

termed

which
yielded,

hard

leamd

lead,may

be

furnace. Suppoeing
Eofteniuga
ud
complete no seneible lose during
in

this teamd
volatilization,

hard

lead

must

mony,
foreignmetallic matter, each as antihard
lead
and
much
droea
must
more
original
;

the^ralor

in the process of softening

that lead. Indeed, this
contain so much
of
dross may
antimony as to be incapable
ever,
of soft lead. It may, howfurther economical treatment
as
a
source
be formed

than

second

be used for bnlleta and

converted

into
which

for inferior type-metal,

or in
Kichardson

pigment (see p. 87).

cases

some

states

that in

hie observation,
30 days were
required
for the softening
of lead reduced irom the dross of previous
tions.*
operaone

case

The
of dross

came

under

authority recommended, that

by heating it with admixture of coal in
same

in

the

the

reduction

reverberatory

is usual, about 2^% of soda-ash should be added along

with the coat ; and the reasons
assignedfor such addition are, that

fiimace, as
the

slagis therebyrendered

to work

by

at

is enabled
and the workman
fusible,
lower temperature. He givesthe followinganalyses

himself of the lead reduced

(iso.
2) the

All that

addition of

2^% of

be deduced

can

relative increase
and

more

from

dross without

soda-ash

Irom

(No.1) and

with

"

these data

is that soda-ash caused

in the

proportionof antimony reduced. By repeating

the calcining
the
of
the
on
operation
produce
reducing-fumace,
dross with the addition of soda-ash,tho
reducing the resulting

melals obtained

wore

found

to
[by Richardson]

possess

the

following

composition
:

"

ESOLISH
L

Habd

Lsad.

n.
Lad

from Dnia

m.
at

Lead from Dnw

of

LIQUATION

OP

HARD

LEAD.

SpunsH

It

Habd

Lud.

found

to separateany soft lead from Nob. III. and

impossible
them
to the softeningprocess, as all the metal
by subjecting
became oxidized.' The expense of reducingthe dross,per ton of lead
exolueive of repairs,
is givenas under ;
yielded,
WAB

VL,

"

...'.'..'..

Coal

Soda-tub

..

The

conduoted
in an
process was
fumace of smaller dimensions than
this
to

TTftB

because

the

the

prevent
of the

be

antimony volatilized

metals

can

and

state

and

we

informed, that

are

chargesare smaller and requiremore attention

antimony by volatilization." Host leadpresumed, would be well satisfied to have the

LiQiTATioN
The

usual

"

loss of

Bmelters,it may
whole

ordinaryreverberatoryredncing-

Hakd

or

in
proportions

exist in hard

"Lead.

which

antimony
admit

and

some

other

of the

partial
tion
reparaof those impuritiesby a process of liquation,
which, however,
only be regarded as preliminary and subsidiaryto softening,

properlyso

called.

concerninghard
product of

lead

The

lead

such

are

to

as

followingobservation

reduced

several snccessive

from

dross

communicated

obtained

calcinations and

as

to

me

the ultimate

reductions,will show

separate from a mixture

hard lead,containing
silver,

definite alloymay
how, by crystallization,
a
of molten
were

metals.

melted

in

About

10 tons

of such

and skimmed
Fattinson-pot

clean

on

ing,
Saturday even-

on
re-melting
Monday following,
the metal in the pot, which had partially
crust of
set, a crystallized
about 3" in thickness,appeared at the surfitce,
which evidently
consisted

fire beingleft under

of metal

separated. On

it.

On

the

which it had
that underneath, "om
raisingthis crust, the liquidalloydrained out very

less fusible than

'and left a cake of very largeand brilliant interlacing

completely,
crystalline
plates.
of this crust has
The most largely
and foliated portion
crystalline
been analysedin my laboratory
by Mr. Ward, and not a little diffi-

"

Op. dt. p.

519.

468

HABD

OF

LIQUATION

LEAD.

of analysisprescribed
tbe usual methods
m
experienced,
substance
leti4,
antimooy,tin,and arsenic were not
containing

wu
cnltj*

")r

fbnnd to be accarate.
Cbtftaujsi
Le"d

S7-83

Tin*

9-40

0-162|

Copper

2M

0- 076

Iron

018

O-OOel

0-B9

OOSlI

"

Hiokel

The

'

0- SSI

0-2301

27-5S

Antiidonj

of this

Allot.

Ameolc

O-ffi

0-008

Balphnr

0-52

0-0321

0-270

fonnula would, therefore,

following
representthe composition
:
alloy
3(PbSnCureNi)+ (SbAsS).

From

the

to be that
data,the probableinference seems
foregoing
this alloy
had been dissolved in the original
metal, and separated
the
slow
from
its having a lower
to
daring
cooling,
rising
top
metal ; but as it had a higher
specific
gravitythan the subjacent
than the latter it continued solid after the former had
melting-point

become

liquid. Dick

informs

that

me

by prolongedcontact

with

the

anloss
metal, the alloywould not have been re-dissolved,
liquid
the temperature had risen to its melting-point,
when
one
portion
would have re-dissolvDd and another richer in copper would have
been

oxidized products
: at
a redleft,perhapsalongwith partially
all
would
have
redissolved.
The
heat,and in a reducing
atmoaphore,
of
separation
molten

one

mixtures

or

more

definite

of coitain

alloysduring slow

metals

has been

solidificationof

rendered

exceedingly

probable,not to say established,

by Rudbcrg,whose experimentsun
that subjectwill be given in a subsequentvolume.
The mode
of
eristenco of silver in
may

be

more

less

or

in the hard lead when

whether
mase

such

an

liquidamalgam of that metal and

above
analogousto that of the alloj'
a

molten

alloymight

and
be

it would

bo

separatedby

mercury-

described

to
interesting

filtration from

learn
the

of load,just as silver may be separatedby the same

means
of mercury
in the state of a solid amalgam of definite
mase

from the

Saturdayit was truly

dissolved and could not have been separatedby filtration,
the temperature
the melting-point
of the crystallized
at that time exceeding
the crystals
such impure antimoniurett"d lead,
alloy.In Fattinsonizing
(he
ladle.
Either tan
which fij-Bt
floatand
be
caughtby
separate
may
atomic constitution.

Dick considers that

on

the

le

akiinniiDgs

PROCESS

THE

AT

SCHEMNITZ

the latter,
is
copper, especially
such as that in question. Further
or

of iron, tin, and

of
refining

arsenic,termed

tin, eeeniB

to be another

in the tin which

tin
On

are

smelted,and

flows from

is

SILYEB

469

WOEKa

regardedas essential to separation

The separation
of a triple
;
alloy
"

"

hard

head," which

in the

occurs

in point. This alloy

is concase
tained
the furnace when
certain ores of

in
apparently

solution in the metallic

mass.

solidifiedtin to, or just above, its melting-point,

tiie
is
left
while
the
tin
trickles
unmelted,
triplealloy
liquatesor
away.

heatingthe

hard head," which

is
liquatedtin, however, carries off some
is
removed
what
o
r
auhaequently
by
designated".boiling" "tossing."
has been investigated
The modus (^}erandi
of these operations
in my
and hae, I think, been satisfactorily
laboratory,
explained. Further
will be communicated
in an article on
informattnn on that subject
of tin. Suffice it in this place to observe, that the
tbo refining
which is occasionally
so-called operation
of poling,
resorted to after
in
the softeningof lead,produces
the "boiling"
an
analogousresult
of tin,which is onlypoling. In the article on the desilverization of
lead by zinc (p.152),
the process of poling,
conducted in the case
as
tin or lead the effectis chieSy
of lead,has been described. In poling
the removal of mechanically
Frothylead will
suspended matter,
"dirt"
"Dirt"
is
throw out much
by poliug.
anythingsuspendiKl
solve
in, but nol aQoyed with, lead. At a red-heat this "dirt" will disin lead ; but at that temperature polingwould
not separate it,
though it will at a lower temperature.
and poliTig
at the Silver W(^ka at 8chem"itz.''^-T'hBfurnace
Liquation
is similar in construction to the BIciborgleademployed for liquation

The

"

smelting-furnace
(seep. 201). Immediatelyin

"

"

front

of and

below

the lower end of the furnace,a circular cast-iron pot,like those used in
of its own.
Fattiuson's desilverization procets, is fixed over
a fire-place
iron gutter is adjustedto that end of the furnace by which molten
Over the pot
lead fiowingfrom the latter may drop into the pot
of wood placed
is an arrangement by which the lower ends of pieces
An

vertically
may

Experimentson

he

kept depressedin

this process

were

the molten

first made

at

lead in the

Schemnitz

pot.

in I860.

operatedupon is subjectedto a carefully

regulated
furnace, so that it may trickle
temperature in the reverberatory
into the caKt-iron pot in drops. Fresh lead is charged from time
to time as liquation
proceeds. 'When the whole charge is liquated,
The

lead to be

the fire under

the

lead which

it contains

on

the

the pot is increased so as to render

thinlyliquid. The crust which swims

BUi'faco

The

pieoes
wedge-shaped
are
now
depresseddeep in the metal,
and
poling is activelykept up for two hours or ho, the partially
the process
oxidized productson its surface are removed, and when
of
the
lead will
has been sufficiently
the
surface
long continued,
is skimmed
of wood

otf with

piece of wood.

above-mentioned

present the characteristic appearance

of soft lead.

In

the

pre-

DigitizecQyG

470

BEDUCTION

on
liminaTyexperimenta

obtained

were

LITHARGE

OP

the process the

results
analytical
foilowing

"

COHPOSniOM

CkNT.

FEB

H.

I.
Son L^
LIquM
98-954

Lead

Ind

pDllng.

"An

99

686

BilTOT

0-005

0001

Copper
AntimODy

0-456

0-116

0-212

00B9

Iron

0-126

0*010

ti"""

Zinc

"

99-902

09-753

experiencehad been gained and the process was in regular

working order,the lead was found to have the followingcompOEition
After

per cent.

"

09-800

Lewi
BUtm

tiaos

Cbpper

0-090

Iran

0-009

BEDDOTION

The
with

reduction of

carbonaceous

OP

is
lith"rge

LITHAEGE.

effected by

matter, such

heating it

in admixture

charcoal or bituminous
coal,say
either a revcrfor this purpose
blast-furnace may be employed. Ihe choice of
as

to the temperature of redness ; and

or
beratory

small

in some
depend upon local considerations,and possibly
the
smelter.
the
of
o"sea
prepossessions
upon
Beduction in the reverberalory
/urnace."In England, as well as in
TariouB hicalitieson the continent, the reverberatory
is prefamace
ferred,
will

furnace

in the construction of which

nothingremarkable.

slopeeither towards a tap-holein the side or at

a gutterof oast-iron is inserted,alongwhich
tap-hole

Its

bed should

the end.

In the

the lead

may trickle and be received into

lead is laded from this pot into
'

there is

size.

The

reduced
form

and

tap-holeis keptclosed

above the
over

The

ingot-mouldsof the usual

during the earlier part of the day's

while lead flows freely. The openingin the tap-hole
mediately
implate,

work

the

cast-iron pot below.

the dam

is pai*tially
dammed
tap-hole

formed

so

tap-holeis

the lead

opened,and

Towards

ruus.

the

lead which

up with clay,and
the end of the day

has been

retained

in

the furnace all day in order to prevent slagfrom sticking

to the taphole cavity
is let out.* It is hardlynecessary to remark, that the bed

"

Too

mncb

batlDKgone
~

"

-TB

silver i" repwiented

out, or

more

tban

as

trace of

pTeaeDt(?).
TAFT

hnnv

timnfl

iliifl \aaA

fll\fi

I under
".

it \a tapped
ordtnaryciTcnmatancei,
eecb daj',
in order to iee that the funiaoe
iMUom
and lo illow of
li in good order,
nnv

"

fptflmf

*'

vh"4."i

ITiflT

Iw

rpnnir"1

IN

THE

BEVEBBEHATOBT

of ilie furnace ahonld be made

How
'

of various
deacriptionB
volume.

Towards

reduction

fiimEice at

of

layerof
clay."
The

mixture

of

as

ticable.
prac-

of the last century Jars

saw

in this

litharge-

of which
Newcastle-on-Tyne,

the bed consisted of

well beaten

with

down, covered

and
litharge

intiihate,
experienceon

the

its

another

reducingagent

both

for reduction, the bed

in

are

should

layer
be

not

generally
When
particles.

largescale having shown

the best result ia obtained when

coal is used

lead

will be found in the

be best attained

lead -Bmel tingreverberatory

furnaoe"

the end

bone-ash

molten

impervioneto

as

this reaiiltmay

471

FURNACE.

ooarse

of the furnace

that

with

is covered

laj'erof slack a few inches thick, and upon this layer which,
heated,quicklyignit"e
assuming the furnace to have been previously
and
emits the usual smoky productsof the distillation of coal" the
chargeof lithargeintermixed with coal alack in about the proportion
Metallic lead soon
requiredfor its reduction is spreadevenly over.
"

beginsto

trickle towards
iresh

time

time.

to

9 to 12

Towards

ready

be

to

described.

The
of the coal with

of

and

coDtlnaes
coal

the

the end of the

be selected for reduction

The

in

above

manner

the asli

coal,and unreduced

contains

The

with that

to form

be

the

as

is

on
reverberalory,
The
large as possible.

employed

should

tap-hole
plateover

furnace is made

coal.

The

as

is
tap-hole
which

to be

lead may

the

the

dam

red-hot,and then

the bed to the thickness of 2"

partially
stoppedwith
and
the ordinary
flow,

ia to be

brought up

to

the

small coal of best

or

3".

furnace

The furnace is to be filledas full

as

shire
Flint-

opening in

a
over
clay,BO as
it need hardlybe remarked,is stoppedup.
tap-holeunderneath,

chai^

object

least ash.

under

furnace

model, and

over

sidue
re-

is desirable that

small blast-furnace,such

the

the processes of lead-smelting.

of the process ia from a British
followinggraphicdescription

eraelter.
the

smelted

which

out

furnace is

and .contains
litharge-slag,

be,

be
lithai^e-slag
may
described
slag-hearth,

on

mass

The

in the

worked

of metallic lead. It
particles
littleof this slagshould be formed as possible
; and

ooal should

from

lasts,say,

the
operation

portionsof unconsumed

any

terruptedly,
-unin-

bo

slaggyresidue is raked

should be rabbled at intervals.

residue is called

do

to

from
beit^supplied

shift,which

charged again and

with, it may

as

the end

hours, chargingceases,

of the furnace

now

and
tap-hole
and
lithai^e

of

mixture

Towards

of the fiimaoe.
bed

the

Whilst

'llie

quality

tliin is

ia thrown

cokirg,the

with, small
sprinkled
tfae
but
practicable,
tap-hole
and

which holds from 1 to

kept empty. This cavity,
2 tons of lead,fills rapidly,
and while the furnace needs no attention,
the bringing
up of the charge te the furnace is continued so that it

cavityor

may

be

readyto

long. In
and

well is to be

other

an

in,for the woik will be hard and hot before

two, accordingto the heat,condition of the charge

be thrown

hour

or

the cavitywill
circumstances,

"

be full and load will

Yayagem H^lalluigiiiniia,
ITSO,2.

S9S.

beginto

472

OP

REDUCTION

LITHARGE

If there is ao fireunder the receiving-pot,

the dam
lead may accumulate
in tbo weUis to be made higher,bo that more
Charging is coiitinncd am tlie chai^ in the iumace shrinks,the fresh
the cavityis
portionIteingspread,but the old not rabbled. When
run

the dam.

OTer

full of lend tlie last added

part of the

dam

is broken

dovn

pot will be full in a minuf" or two of red-hot lead,which

ground,and preventN tbo load from settingin the pot.
continue

overflow

to

fireis keptup. fresh

lead will flow
hard for 3

put
be

or

do

but

said that

the pot, and so

which time all the

With

tbo

The

work

lade.

When

completedin 6.

day

laded

the
the

warms

Lead
out

will
The

wise
lading continued,other-

from

hours, by

be

must

added, and

chargesare
over

into the furnace.

nothingto

pot and

into the

and

is very
will
have
been
charge
on

the work

of 12 hours the
becomes

now

lead

ceases

chargingshould
lighter,an there is
it
to overflow freely,

may
puro lithargeeiista : there is residual
rich in oxide of lead and metallic particles
matter
spreadthrough
much
and
the charge shrinks.
cinder, but which
rapidly wastes
Note the charge must
be rabbled and the fire again urged. More
lead will overflow,not
quite so good in quality,but still good
enough to Pattinaonize. The dam Is broken down iu part,and lading,
and firing
repeated.Lead ceases to flow from the chaise,
rab"iting.
and then the fire is allowed to go down
; but if the residual
product
is not to be passed
through a blast-furnace,the rabblingis continued
of the cinder is burnt out.
The tap-holeis opened to the
until most
be

no

more

in the pot is laded out, the cinder

the grate is cleaned,if need be any ^)artof the bod mnr
is fettled, the tap-hole
is closed, the dam
is made up,
whollji
expoted
The day's work is good,
and all is ready for the next operation.

lowest

of lead
point,
every particle

is drawn,

if the foreman

which
or

finds the number

will

depend a

pigssufBcicnt

good deal

skimmingsand on the coal.

anythingbut cinder

little of

of

All
with

If arsenic,antimony, tin,copper,

or

the cinder satisfactory,

qualityof the litharge

beinggood,there should remain
on

here and

there shots of metal.

other metals

more
slag,or what is called
litharge,
had
been operatedupon
purer litharge

of

and

the

were

present in the

slag,"will remain,

"

than

if

lead,reduced from litharge

becomes thick,and what is termed "frothy,"

good average quality,
setting
; and a pig of such lead givesa very dull sound when

before

struck.
The
are

skimmings from

treated

as

Pattinson's

in the reduction

of

or pot-dioes,
desilverization-pots,

and
litharge;

or

of hard lead.
calcining

so

the dross

may

a series of
softening
Pattinson's desilveiization-pots,
the skimmings from diflTerent pots
of
should
in
content
at least be reduced
silver,
they
generally
vary
be kept
and tbo lead obtained from them
respeotiTely
separately,
melted together,
apart ; for if tho lead rich and poor in silver were
would
be
inourred
in
the
subsequent desilverunnecessary expense

producedin

the

As in

ization.

According to Pattinson, in lead-works

in
quantity of coal consumed

the total

in the North

of

tbo reduction

of

England
litharge.

474

BEDUCnOH

the top of which

LITHARGE.

heavy braBque anil

floor. The hearth
sm"ltiiig-honse
at its ciris protected

which

hearth nndemoath,

cavifyor

OP

is lined "with

is level with the

cumference
iron

by

covered

is

ring,and
with

cast-

kept
iron

an

plate,except during
tapping, A cast-iron
pot

has

been

tried

as

this

for

substitute

did
not
hearth, but
ly,
firstbecause,
answer,

spiteof prelimi-

in

wmL

Fig.ui.

II

!l

nary heating it soon

cracked [orrather be-

j"

HiidiiHiuisKUoBonu"iiDeEF,fL(.i4g.

it was

cause

"J.
the lead after
be skimmed.

tappingbecame
The

gaseous

cold

productsof

secondly,
hardly
through a

it could

quicklythat

so

bad one?

P.]; and,

the fumaco

ascend

hole in the roof into a flue provided

with a damper ; and thence pass
into a subterraneous culvert leading
to a slack 150 feet high. The

by

assistant,and

smelter,an

one

labourers.

two

the dross to bo treated

As

chieflyof oxide
is

reduction
The
has been

simple operation.'

very

made
freshly

or

The

coal and
to

with

carbonaceous

in

Fnni

the

lowest
and carbonaceous

chargeof
or

"

ft

After

few

from

hours.

reducingmatters
20

The

to 25

centners

slag which

are

of about

chargedwith
adjustedas
requisite
temperature.

the

polingin

part

the

desilverizing

In

as
proportion

and Collected at the

of the bed, fresh dross

from
supplied

time to time.

of dross is added
is formed

residue produced

then intermiEcd

are

dross.

lead is reduced

tieraUMi.

the

the damper is so

potsand cinders
Fig.113.

mat-

cover

is
fire-place

maintain

with

heated

Sufficient dross,

The carbonaceous

is
repaired,

ter, Is then introduced to

T"nk^"ttkaaiiihtUn.ci".'
'"
entire bed to the thickness
3".

the bed

afterwards

and

strong redness.

duly mixed
Pi^ui

sists
con-

of lead, its

furnace, when

slowlydried
to

shifts,

in 12-hour

furnace ia worked

and

swims

at

intervals of
more

consultation with an experiencedleod-Binplter,

1 hftve Tenhimd
deviatiouB ftom the Gernum
description,
which, howeTer,are of

or

less

to m"ke

lecondji;

RESULTS

molten
completely

AT

the droea and

from 55 to 60 centners
the

slaghas

TABNOWITZ

been

of lead

ore

carbonaceous
reduced.

heated,the
strongly

Before
the

now

thrown

66

receivinghearth,so
with

the upper

over

from

to

60

In 12 honrs

and
tapping,

slag has

eolidified it is skimmed
in
off,removed
ciently
aside for smelting
in the blast-furnace. About
after which

he well rabbled

matter.

doors of the fiini"ce are

in order to cool the interior; and when

aie

475

WOKKS.

the surface of the lead must

ou

in order to remix

THE

become

iron trucks, and

25 centners

after

opened
enfB-

put

of dross

part of the bed towards the fire-bridge,

of lead

centners

that the bed

are

alwaj'sremains

tapped off into the

completelycovered

lead to prevent the adhesion of slaggymatter

which would
small coal
The lead beingstillmore
occur.
or less impure,

otherwise

poledwith the use of a perforated

ddmminga tiias fimned are put back into
the furnace.
The llthaige-slag
producedin this reduction process
is stated to be composed chiefly
of metallio lead in small particles,
and of sulphide,
and
silicate
of lead,and to contain iron,
sulphate,
is thrown

upon

it, and

skimming-ladle
; and

zinc, alumina, manganese,

In the

followingtable

the Tamowitz
same

form

as

it is

the

lime and
are

magnesia.

presentedthe

Works, during 1864

and

given in the paper above

BcDDCnON

OF

FoT-Dl)Ofi8

IS

results of the process at

the
It is in precisely
1866.

1864

referred to

FEB

Gl3(TNSR

"

OF

10
Fuel

LbAC

OBTAIXBD.

....!"!!!!""!!!!!!!!!!!!!
2-36

Huntemnoe

Smidif coeta

of fiiniacei

2-70
0-58

478

SeductioK

Ihe

in

At Freiberga
Hatl-furnaee.*
"

at p. 309 is uaed

construction to that described

ia,however, only 8'

of

LITHARGE

OP

BEDUCTION

furnace

for tbis parpose.

the hearth to the mouth.

high,from

forwards

and

downwards
and alopoa
braaqiie,

similar in

only

It

bed ia

The
3" "om

the

twyer side or back. Coke ia the fuel and no flur is required; but
is impure and impregnated it may be with marl
the litharge
when
from the bed of ibe German
10% of old load-elags
cupellation-fumace,
are

About

added.

derived

the direct

from

(between40

fiOO centners

cupellationof

tons)of litharge

and 60

ore-furnace lead

are

passed

consumptionof
through
bushels
and a yieldof
about 10 bushels of coke (about2dj^
EngliBb),
of litharge.
of lead per 100 centners
about 90 centners
During this
and
8
times
20
is
about
ihe
are
men
furnace
employed.
tapped
period
be
Of litharge
from Fattinsonized lead* only about 500 centners can
of
and
impure
reduced in 24 hours, with the labour of five men
;
aSt^r the
residual litharge
cupellation-fumace
got out of the German
be treated in the
can
completionof the process, only 300 centners
which
is
The
time.
produced in this process,
same
litharge-slag,
contains from 25% to 30% of lead. It is smelted with the addition
kind of blast-furnace as above
in the same
of 3% of iron-pyrites
luentioned ; and about 100 centners
are
passedthrough in 24 hour^.
and very impure lead. The lead is
Tbo products
are
slag,
rcgulus,
the furnace in the

Bofteued in

of 24 hours, with

courHe

furnace
revcrboratory

regulusis worked
which are black
slags,
The

up in

and

afterwards

Fattinsonized.

smelting(isee
lead-regulus
p. 316).

The

and contain on an average 6% of

and vitreous,
treated in the oro-furr^aoe(?).'Samplespreparedfrom
lead, are
have boen analysedby Hichter,wh""e
of these slogs
largequantities
results

are

as

under

"

CoKToernoN

or

LirBABSE-SLAa*.
I.

52-00

Aluniiaa

6'i2

7-iO

Lime

6-76

863

MngiK"iB

l-iS

0-81

30-12

25-11

Protoxide uf iron

838

3' 10

IQl

018

Sulphur

SUl

0-51

Inleimixed

732

210

I'rotoiide of lead (PbO

Dioxide

of oopper

(.CuK))

coke

100-37

Part
was

n.

86-66

SnW.

of the

contained

sulphurwas

combined

in the intermixed

with

9"-64

calcium, but

most

of it

coke.

*
I ' tlien the reduction of the litharge
Plftttoer'a Vorlcaungen, 2, 129.
prohave tiHoelated liters!!;
Bs far oE I thought 1ceeds more
dowly.
" There
in Uie
enoi
to be aa
deHirable.
aeeme
'
ia
sentenm
Puttinaoniztd
lead rich in silver? 1 Germfin deecription. The
" Der
hornmt
in
from
inr
Bleiateinnrbeit,
lead
Stein
I'attiiisoniied
Litharge
|
poor
obei zur Blt-isilver is as quii'kly
reiluoed as that troin die VeriindoruiigiiBchlat.'ke
,

ore-furnaoo load.
couceutiated

ateiluirboit.''
are
impuritioa
aiid ,
along with the silver,
Certiiin

IN

I. From

the Hulde

BLAST-FURNACE.

THE

477

It ia a mixture

WorkB.

of tribasic and

bibasic

silicates.
IL

the Halebriicke Works.

From

It coneiBts

of bibasio
essentially

^licatee.
At Clanstbal

Htbargeis reduced

in

"

blast-furnace about

20'

high

and not, as formerly,

in a much
lower fnmace : and with this change
of altitude,it is reportedthat the yieldof lead is greater,the reduction
and less litharge-slag
is formed.
Kerl
campaign ia prolonged,
of the furnace

dimensions
givesthe following
From

hearth

the

twyer

Height of

3' 3".

in front

1' 2".

15' 9", and

to the mouth

Width

twyer above

the

to the lowest

the

part of the

top of the

dam-plate

side)of the fore-waU

side to

from
(i.e.

;'

on

front to back, at the

the top of the dam-plate2'. From
2' 6", on a level with the twyer 3' 2", and 5' above the top

level with
mouth
of the

"

"

dam-plate2' 4".

The

the hearth-bottom

from

The
perpendicular.

twyer
the

to

back-wall

or

height

slopesoutwards

of 6' 7", above

which

4^"
it is

outwards 6" from the surface of

elopes
the brasque bed to the heightof 6' 10". Diameter
of the twyer,
which is D shapedwith the flatside downwards, 2J".
Englishlead-smelters will probablysmile at the precisionwith
conclude
vhich these dimensions are stated,and rightly
that an inch
the furnace
that
be very important,
or two
more
or less cannot
seeing
in the

of

course

one

working

may

corrosion within

by
pointin

extent

fore-wall

or

soon

become

distortion

its construction which

is

altered to
heat.

hy
and
interesting

than that

more

There
a

is,however,

knowledgeof

liningof the lower part of the

designated coke-stones." Instead- of this
were
material,bricks made of not very refractoryclay (Banuiein)
their
Hiliceons
to
nature,
highly
formerlyemployed, which, owing
were
powerfullycorroded by oxide of lead ; and as a consequence
much slagwas
generatedand a reduction campaignwas shorter than
which

be useful.
may
with what are
fiimace

with the recent

furnace.

are
them, coke-bricks,

at the Glausthal

It is the

"

The

"

coke-stones,"
or,

stated to have

Works.

They

are

been

invented

thus made.

I will

aa

designate

by East, smelter

The

coke is used in

powder,obtained by poundingand sifting;and this

until
mixed with clayand water
thoroughly
powder
to admit of its being moulded
the mass
becomes sufficiently
plastic
The bricks are only air-dried
into bricks in the usual manner.
The proportions
of these ingredients
to use.
(by weight)
previously
12" long,7" wide, and 6" thick,
28 bricks,
which
suffice to make
the state of fine

is stirred and

are

as

under

'

"

Clay

199-3

OcAe-dnrt

3181

Water

1128

potmda.
,,

,,

624-7

,,

Die Oberlmraei' HQtlenprocosie,

2'"ed. I See iJao Plattner'B Vorlesungen,
p, 126.
"
Kerl ha* given in
I have not thought it worth while to
|reduce these weightiinto Engliih.
thiiwoMexeelleutdnwiDgBofthofuniBoe.
'

IB60. pp. 272. 277,60Z

478

BEDCCnOS

The

kn

The

of

clay

Bmiw;

weightin

a,t

that

ClanatluJ

hu

OP

LITHARGE.

uDoants
to 15 lbs.
qiuntitrbj air-drring
tbe following
compositionaccordisgto

"

CuMPostnoi

Clat

or

jt

Saio

Ci^mHiL.
77-89

Alnmin*.

I3'20

~....^

of iioo

Baqnimide

$'27

....-

(krlmiute

of line.

S'I2

Cuhoatie

at

1-33

oagatwiA

100-81

the commeDoement

with
campaign is Bopplied
in
litharge-slagH,the proportions
20 ponnda respectively,
the Utter in order to
of 25, 174, and
The litharge
broken into lumps is pnt in against th"
fonn the noHC.
fore-wall and nileii.and the idags
The olgect
againstthe back-walL
of fiUin";ia to keep as much
charcoal as practicable
of this mode

fomacc

The

charcoal,which

at

of

and
in tbe fiiel,
litharge,

the twj'er and the lead, as it trickles down in front; and so

condition
prevent any reoxidation of the latter. Besides, the same

between
to

obrionslybe
might chance

would
which

The

favonrable
to

descend

to the

rednction

of any

in front of the twyer.

indications of the fnmace

oxide of lead
Three

working well

men

are

employed.
mouth (i.e.
withont flame),
of the twyer), and a tongh
a dark eye (t.e.
In
tbe
of
of
100
treatment
centners
consumed
were
litharge
tiag.
are

dark

"

Cbuvoal

II -0

Lithaige-tUja.
The

productswere

11-5

"

"

Oentnm.

Lead, conlahdng 0-375 qninlof Bilver per clr. (abonl 1} dwt.!,\go.n

and llnsll qmntitipBoFcoijper.antiiDoiij,
fttsenic,
iron,wd ifiie)
ttunwDt
Littjarge-sliigB,
Gontainlngfrom 8 lo lOlbg-ofkad
per ctr.,
, ."
Ditto re-"melted in tbe

aame

11

proecK

tlie lednced lead,containing79 lb".ofl

8kiiD[Dii)ga(Dleklteck)of

lead per dr.

Faiae,coDtaioing76 11m. of
The

total cost

of

lead per ctr.

reducing lOO

centners

"..

'

0
'

0'4

of

lithargeis reportedas

21. 2". 2d.

the

In

ia

ment
treatUpper Harz smeltingworks the above-mentioned
b
tit
for
the
dense
and
greenish-black,
bright,
adopted, only

brittle

fonaed
litharge,

middle

of the AMrich

in the

German

cupellation
process, in the
Abilrich
frothy
producedat
impure
and
the
in
the beginning
yellowAhttrich,
antimony,producedat
poor
tbe end, are treated in Scblich or fine-ore smelting. Any metallic
fashion.'
be separatedis cupelledin the German
lead which may
gravityof Clauetbal hard lead is
Accordingto Strong,the specific
ia only9-360.
The ingredientein
10-441 and that of Lautontbal
to vary in proportion
these leads are reportedby the same
authority

period.The

"

Op. ant.

dt

p. ISS.

CHINESE

479

METHOD.

77-36% to 88-84%."antimony 8-16% to 22-75%,"

0-68%,"iron and zinc 0% to 0-48%:
copper 0%
In Freiberg,
as
stated,the Ahtlrieh is treated precisely
previously
in the eame
as lithaige,
manner
tion
except that it is reduced in conjuncwith some
lead-slags.
At Praibram
75 centners
Bedvciion in the German
eupellaiumrfuntace.
melted
down
at
of impure black litharge
are
a
time,
(Abatneh)
follow:

lead

"

to

"

cupellation-fumace,
strong fire,in a German
After about 20
of heavy brasque instead of marl.

blast,but with

without

bottom

having a

the fiimace is

hoars

flow into

tappedand

brasque in

with

cavitylined

metallic lead which

house.

Any
lithargecollects
termed, runs

at

may

edgeof it. The lead,which

about from 20 to
(i.e.

the German

method.

is made

with the

as
slag,

contains

to

smelting-

been intermixed

while the
cavity,

it is

from 2 to

is
per ton),
slag contains from about 50%

3 lotbs of silver per centner

cupelledby

within

moss

the floor of the

have

of this

the bottom

the

over

the molten

The

hard
yields
of
antimony,' The
18%
24%

oza.

lead

which
(3arS)lei),
of
contains from
specialobject this
in the Abttrieh.
of any metallic lead existing
process is the separation
lead
will
desilverize
the
this
small
o
f
and
Ahtirich,
Moreover,
quantity
such a result may probablybe a pointin the process.
to

of lead,and

60%

on

reduction

30

to

Chinisi
I

indebted

am

Mbibod

for the

BiDDdsa

ot

LrrHAaaR.

account
following

to my

friend Mr,

C.

Tookey(1870).
Chinese, like other Eastern

The

proceeses on
would astonish

which

while in
"with

Hong Kong.

small scale.

nations, carry
method

of

came
Englishlead-smelters,

The

operation

was

hole in the roof, which

conducted

their metallurgical

on

reducinglitharge
under

in

my

notice

small shed

served the double

purpose of
of
smoke
and
fume.
On a
escape
the ground,a square furnace havingan internal
hearth raised 6" bom
diameter of about 12" had been built of ordinaryChinese bricks ;
a

square

admitting light,and allowingthe

there
heat
tube

coveringat the top,and as usual

is required,
a blowing-machine
supplieda
was

no

which

terminated

charcoal.

was

reduced

in

The

cientlyraised

enough

blast of air

of the furnace.
in
o
f
the
size of a cubic
litharge, pieces

and
litharge,

the workman

threw

througha
The

fuel

inch,was

the crucible

appearedto be about
the temperature had been snfliin fragmentsof roll-sulphur
until

producedto

necessary fi'om the crude manner

conducted.'
The workman
informed me

largerthan
was

been

when

much

allow of its beingladed by means

small crucible into iron moulds capableof holdingbetween 1 and
This reaction between
2 lbs.
and sulphurwas
continued as
litharge
the
crucible
lasted
the
of
as
long
consumption sulphurbeing much
;
of

lead had

where

the bottom

near

largeclaycrucible ;

half full of the

in China

in which
that the

the process

litharge
came

BEUABKS

480

THE

TABIETY

been producedin
pare, and bad probftMr
rably
toleI afterwards examined the lead,it was
6ning op"rration.

fTTHn Califonua
re

Mime

ON

soft,and

it

DOt

was

contained

little ralrer with

in Hong
'ilie blowing-machiDeanaed

Kong

of

trace

gold.

arensaally
being similar to that

and

Canton,

the
cylindrical,

of their conBtmction
principal

of wbitli

1
in ^'oL II. of this work, page 746.
at Kowloon, worked
by two men for prodncinga blast

saw

drawing

largeone

of air io

given

is

lime-kiln,where

of limestone

for want

they were

bnrning

brain ooral.
VARIETY

THE

ON

EEMAKKS

OF

LEAD-SMELTIXG

FOKEICS

DIFFEBENT

OF

INFLUENCE

THE

ASD

PB0CES8ES.
MATTEES

IN

THE

0B"

The

reader

Btmck

with

the

varietyof

adopted for the extraction of lead from

described in detail in the

and

ores,

fail to have been

cannot

that have been

methods

foregoing
pagee

its

of this volume

naturallyenqnire,whether good reasons can always be

is equivalent,
the fact ; or, what
whether any necessity
for
amigned
of
exists for snch variety. A questionof this kind ia certainly
one
to the conEideration of the
the most
difficultthat can
be presentvd
solution a combination
metallurgistit requiresfor its satisfactory
and scientific knowledge rarelyto be found in one
of practical
vidual,
indiand

he will

with local circumstances, accurate

thoroughacquaintance
knowledgeof the nature of the ores in the state in which theyare
delivered to the smelter, minute and trustworthy
data respecting
"

"

"

losses by volatilization or otherwise,

and costs," results
charges,
yields,
which
have been obtained by the exercise of equalmauipulative
skill,
and under conditions which
the
for
aro
indispensable
comparisonof
what may be designated
one
the
process with another," and, lastly,
necessities and capabilities
of the caso, such as the quantity'
of ore and
the capital
of its supply,
at
regularity
It is curious to note

the

writers
metallurgical

confidently
they
conclusions have

have
boon

in

the command

of the smelt"r,Ac.

dogmatism which has been displayed

by some
with
this
how
dealing
question, readilyand

arrived

at

conclusions,and bow

often those

proved
lot us take a very simplecaso, and
By way of illustration,
suppose
the questionto arise,whether
'the Reverberatory
furnace or the Orehearth should bo selected for smeltinggalena of such a qualityas
has shewn to bo equally
suitable for both.
Let the
long experience
reader imagine himself in the positionof a. smelter called upon to
that question,and ho will perhaps be sBtoniehed to find how
answer
will immediatelycrowd upon him, which must
many other questioTiB
be considered
before ho can
arrive at a satisfactorjdecision. The
erroneous.

first

which will yieldthe greatest

pointto be settled is obviously,
for capital
invested?
But bow
is this pointto be ascertained,
since smelters of great experience
not tbcmselvea unanimous
are
about
works in the North of England where both
it,and there are smeltingkinds of furnace are used ? Accordingto Gruner, It is evident that
the Ore-hearth ought everywhereto give
to the method
by
way
return

"

482

THE

TABIETT

LEAD-SMELTING

OP

PROCESSES.

oonclnsion on soch an appAmitiTsimple

positive
subject.
notwithstandiDgthe longperiodduringwhich each has been
it

IB

to arrive

in constant
in the

at

in
operation,

instances in the

some

establishment.

same

difficultto decide

If this be

district and

rame

it will

so,

even

much

obviouslybe

advantagesof many of
various processes appliedto the treatment
of gakniferous
ores,
of
notably from each other in the nature and proportion
more

associated

to the relative

as

the
fering
difthe

foreignmatter.

Of all the elemeuts, which

relate

the choice of methods

to

iufluentiai are

smelting,
probablythe most

the nature

and

of lead-

proportion

in the ore, and

of the foreign matter
the nature
and cost of fuel.
be affirmed that there is
Where
coal is cheap and suitable, it may
no

which, supposingit

ore

to

contain

smelted at all,cannot
being profitably
and
in
England, where that
;

sufficient lead

be treated in the

furnace

well

as

advantage
abounds

and,

the

on

might
similar

years,

somewhat

Continental
in

Yet

much

in

the

furnaces
hand. Blast-

on
lead-smelting

the

not

to

the

of
descriptions

introduced
exclusion
continue

ore

into

of the
to

be

it

not until
was
very slowly ; and
Prussia at the Royal Lead -Works
at
Prussian

England.
the

the

When

infiuence of the

ore,

nature

experiencehas

much

and

proportionof

been

obtained, and

asserted rather than

authoritatively

clearly

the

proportionof such matter is small, or what

is rich, containing,
ore
say, 80% of lead or

be its nature, is not very material.

may
the
of the various kinds of foreign
nature
concerning

in
occurring

lead-ores has

of this volume, and attention

inconveniences
which
it may

smelting.

lead in

must
metallurgists
long
of becoming acquainted
ample oppori^unittes

is equivalent,when
the
its
effect,whatever
moie,
matter

other

its way

has been somewhat

Information

that this fuel

smelting of

for

certain

made

regard to

demonstrated.

with

vegetablefuel

to suppose

the

On

lead-works, but

had

its merits in

foreignmatter

with

averred

been

used
profitably

adopted in

was

have
previously
With

other

or

have

furnaces

the
Tarnowitz, notwithstanding
with

is smelted
be

been
developmentof coal-fields,

which

it has

18C2, that it

may

also

pure
im-

most

for poor and

the fuel,especially
or coke as
has in recent
the Reverberatoryfurnace

charcoal

to the

Blaet-furuace

seen,

wood

modified.

However,

ores.

treated.

Sweden

and
extensively

owing

various

localitieswhere

Beverberatory

exists,the

have

advantageouslyapplied to

Continent,with

impure

we
same

of iron, it is reasonable

furnaces
are

The

condition

of its

structed
consuccessfully
and
for
employed
reverberatory
principle burningpeat,

in

as

in the mannfacture

also be

as

ore,

furnaces.

smeltingin

to

respect

the purest

as

in such

to admit

But

on

been

has been

given in

the

precedingpages

directed
particularly

to

the

processes of
this subject
additional remarks may
the following
occasion in the various

be useful.
The presence of this sulphide
increases the proportion
iTon-pyriUt.
of sulphate
of lead formed by calcination {seep. 47),and appears to
favour
the oxidation
of galena. In the first stage or prdiminaiy
"

DigitizecQyGoO^I

IHPLUEKCE

OF

MATTEE8

FOEEiaN

IN

THE

483

ORE.

that
oxidation of the sulplmr is only partial,
bo
calcination,
second
of

melting-downetage,any sulphideof

or

remaining nuoxidized, having, it may

iron

iron

in the

(the hiaulphide

be assumed, been

would be diffused through the mass, and contact

sulphide)
of lead would
and unchangedsulphide
products

reduced

to

between

the oxidized

less oztensive, and, pro lanto, reduction retarded.

be, conseqtiently,
But reguluBof iron and lead would
be formed, and the aulphideof
lead in such

reguluswould

action of the oxidized

be

not

accessible to the

so

productsof lead

reducing

when
sulphide
productswould be largely

ae

the

same

of those
isolated. Moreover, the oxygen
in the oxidation
of sulphide
of iron, with
of
cOQsnmed
separation
metallic lead ; and, if this be so, it is manifest that, in the absence

lead would
be reduced in a given time than
sulphideof iron, more
in its presence. The ultimate products
of the oj^idationof bisulphide
of iron duringcalcination are protoxide
and se^uioxide
of the metal
of

and

the

basic sulphateof sesquioxide

; but what
perhaps some
may
relative proportions,
under
the circumstances, I am
unable

state.

Iron-Bcales,which

than

contain

to

of sesquioxide
proportion

less

be

action when
to Berthler,no
exert, according
magnetic-oxide,
heated with galena;but when
the latter is hoat"d with sesquioxide
of iron, sulphurousacid is evolved, with
corresponding,
yet only
reduction of that oxide to protoxide
metallic
; in which
case
partial,
.

lead must

be

set

"ee, though

it may

be

immcdiatalyafterwards

oxidized at the expense of another portionof the sesquioxide

of iron
of metallic
present. Hence, under these conditions, actual separation
lead

When
and
not
occur.
liquidslag is produced,
perfectly
may
silica ia present in sufficient quantity to form fnsible silicate of
of iron, the whole of the iron will be found in the slag
protoxide
in that stat" of combination, eesquioxide
of iron being reduced at

high temperature by contact with silica to protoxide.But when

onlypasty slagis formed, or sufficient silica is not present,this oxide

exist

mechanicallydiffused through the slag. The presence of

in. notable quantity gives trouble in smelting in the
iron-pyrites
Flintshire furnace by causing the formation of rcguluB; the charge
becomes pasty, and runs
down
into the tap-holecavity,
the
or, as

may

smelters say, "it will not stand fire;" and, as a consequence, the
work does not progress in a satisfactory
manner.
In the melting-down stage in the Flintshire nace,
furCopper-pyritet.
"

the
in

same

reaction would

occur

as

in the

there would be reactions between

addition,

duringthe

first stage or

lead,and between

calcination and

the oxidized

productsof

case

of

; and
iron-pyrites

the oxide of copper formed

the unchanged sulphideof
the lead and the

unchanged

of copper.
dieulphide
Kegulns of iron,copper, and lead would be
formed, and the reduced lead would
These reactions
be cupriferous.
are

somewhat

to the sulphide
exclusive of those relating
complicated,
and sulphideof
sulphate
copper-pyrites
; for protoxide,
also some
and dioxide of copper, possibly
disulphide
protoxide

of iron in the

load,and

of copper, are concerned.

of copper (CuO)
When
sulphate
protoxide
acid
is treat"d with sulphide
of lead in certain proportions,
sulphurous
and

2
^

484

THE

VARIETY

OP

LEAD-SSffELTING

PROCESSES.

evolved,copper is separatedboth in the metallic stftte and in that

of dioxide of copper
regolusof copper and lead, and slagconeieting
and
of
lead
Bat
of
is formed.*
when the proportion
protoxide
(Cn*Oj
of copper is relatively
large,as in a mixture prepared
protoxide
the
formula
no
PhS-f-SCiiO,
regnlueis produced,but
accordingto
only brown-red slagand nearlypure copper, to the extent of about
In these cases
the action is not simple,for a
^ of the total copper.
the reduced
secondaryreaction will take place between
copper and
The
of
dioxide
of
of
lead.
effect
sulphide
copper (Cu'O) would probably
be similar to that of protoxide,
but I cannot advance experimental
proof on this point. Tho evils which may result from the
in galeniferoua
ore
presence of a notable quantityof copper-pyritcs
tho formation of cupriferous
are
after-treatment,
regulua,
necessitating
and the productionof lead contaminated
with copper.
With
r^;ard
to the action of the Bulphideof iron in the copper-pyrites,
what has
been stated On the subjectof iron-pyrites
to
is equallyapplicable
is
of

both

cases.

Sulphide
of sine. According to Kerl, the

presence of zinc-blonde
isYOurs calcination,by actingas a stiffening
ingredient
(AnBteifungsof air,
BO
acoees
mittel),
thereby
facilitating
keeping the mass
open,
"

and
of

enablingthe chargeto "stand fire."'

this sulphideremaining unchanged after

oxidized
oxidized

in

Both

elements

calcination

of any
would
be

melting-downstage by contact with

productsof lead,with tho formation of sulphurousacid
the second

or

tho

and
oxide of zinc, and separation
Some of the oxide of
of metallic lead.
zinc in the calcined ore would be reduced in the Blaat-fnmaoe ; and
it is asserted that the

promote
which

might

reduction

escape

render it less fusible.

into the
in the

escapingvapour

the volatilization both

of the

of load and
would

Unchanged

metal

silver.

enter

the

would

greatly

of this oxide

Any
slag,and

of zinc would
sulphide

in

tend

to

part pass

if regulusbe formed, and in part remain entangled

regulus,
with
slag,rendering both more
refractory
; but by contact

sulphidewould be decomposed,zinc being set free

and sulphideof iron generated. The difficultiescaused by the presence
of a largequantityof zino-blende in lead-smeltinghave
been
of
in the descriptions
alreadyexemplified
given in this volume
metallic iron the

various processes, especially

that of Fizibram ; and, it would
that hitherto they have proved insurmountable.
The evil of

seem,
a

too

refractory
slagfrom the presencje of silicate of zino or int"nuing)ed
o
f
sulphide zino may be oounteracted by the addition of fusible slag,
which, of course, impliesincreased consumption of fuel and prolongation
is
of the process of smelting,Rivot asserts that "blende
the
Blast-fumaoe
by
partially
decomposedin the upper part of the
action of the vapour of water." " But, it may be asked, whence comes
this vapour of water ? It might be supposed that the moisture in

'

ue

HOtteDd. metalluigisehen
2M, where I * Handb.
Ulit Bubjeot knnde, 1S63, 2. p. 242.
| " FrincipesG^idiani, 1S60,p. 105.

See Vol. I. of IhiE work, p.

the reaulta of

expeiimenti
reported.

on

_"yGooj^Ic

IKFLUENCE

OF

FOREIGN

IN

MATTBH8

485

QBE.

THE

the air,which is blown into the lower part of the furnace,'wo'oldbe

quicklyand whollydecomposed in its ascent through a column of

highlyincandescent

carbonaceous

matter

and

the solid materials introduced into the famace

that any
would be

in

moisture

and
expelled

descendingto that zone; where the temperathe reaction between it and sulphideof
cause

escape npwarda,before
would

tuie

suffice to

sine. With

respectto the Ironrreduction process, Gruncr states that if

to the regionof the twyers,and there

of zinc should descend

sulphide

in contact

come

and

with metallic iron, itwould

of zinc would
reealting
vapour

the

oxidized in the upper

and eo enter upon an

oxidation,and which
carbonic acid that

by the

latter ;

or
again sulphurized
part of the furnace by galenaor carbonic acid,
endless circuit,except that which might escape

would

is it certain that

But

be attacked

of the furnace.'

be evolved from the mouth

such

might

be

oxidation

would

take

placewhere

any

be associated with
necessarily

would

occur

that the so-called

largequantityof carbonic oxide? Gruner maintains

Method
of Reaction is preferable
to the Iron-reduction process, when
mixed
with
blende
is
smelted, because in the former the zinc
galena
in vapour

carry off lead, while in the latter the whole of the

be oxidized and the resulting
oxide of zinc would pass

would

blonde would
into the

slag.He

when

even
advantageous,
as

the

of the iron

source

that the Iron-reduction process is " rarely

oxidized ferruginous
matters are employed

concludes

that it is neither

blendic

nor
galenas,
pure galenaa,

which

its

which
ore

and

to

use

is mixed

rational

seems

is but

is that of

it is
pyrites,

with

quartzoseor

better to

that

is heated with

then, when

even

method

adopt the

facia to be borne

in mind

calcining

with reference

mony
when antiseparated
of antimonio-sulphide
ferred,
be reasonablyinmay

kind

sulphideof lead,a

be formed, from which it

sulphideof antimony is not reduced

metallic lead

of

the

metallic lead is not

appearingto
that

argentiferous
only case in
coppery galena,

the

deoxidation."

by
^-The
Salphide
ofantimony.
this subject
are, fint, that

of lead

galenas;that

and
slightly
argentiferous;

reduction

suitable for

when

heated

that sulphide
of antimony
and, secondly,

with

is oxidized

protoxideof lead, a fusible productoonsietingof

antimony and lead being produced,and metallic (antimois needed to settle
nial?)lead separated.But iiirther investigation
in
the
r
eactions
which
these
However,
cases.
occur
definitely precise
the lead,which results from smeltingantimonial galenain the Reverberatoryfurnace,contains antimony ; but the productof the oxidation
of sulphideof antimony, formed
during calcination,
passes, at least
when

heated with

oxide

of

for the
obtained

most

in

part, into the slag; henoe

smeltingsuch

slag.

What

hard

or

antimonial lead is
phide
placewhen sul-

action takes

antimony or autimonious add,

or when
sulphideof antimony is heated with sulphateof lead, I do
not certainly
know.
In the Blast-furnace,any sulphideof antimony
of lead is heated with

which

may

be

present, and
"

Ann.

oxide of

come

in

d. Minn, 1868,6.

contact

mi.

with

metallic iron,

13,p. 857.
DieitizecDv

486

THE

TAEIETT

LEAD-SMELTING

OF

PROCESSES.

from
resulting

the reduction of OKide of iron,will be decomposed

with
the formation of sulphideof iron and Beparatlon
of metallic antimony,
of which

with increase,
it is said, of the
part will be volatilized,

of silver and
into

lead

while
by volatilization,

the rest will pass wholly

when
is produced,
speise

the lead,except in certain oases when

may also pass into that substance.'

some

Arsenic.

This

"

other

element

in which
sulphides,

may
case

loss

be present in iron-pyrites
or certain
of
it
will
be
volatilized
some
during

but part will remain in any of the original

calcination,
sulphideleft
nnoxidized, and part in the oxidized productsin the state of basic
arseuiato.
In the succeedingor reducingstage of the smeltinf;
cess,
prothe arsenic not removed
by calcination will in part be volatilized,
and in part pass into the reduced lead. Every arseniate,of which the
base is

capableof combiningwith

heated
strongly

whollydecomposedwhen
the arsenic
acid.

The

acid

when

arscnious acid

stronglyheated

resolved

beiug

high temperature,

in contact

with

into

and

oxygen
under
of the lead with arsenic,

contamination

is accounted

silica at

that substance,
ai'senious

the circumstances,

by the fact that metallic arsenic is separated

of arsenic is brought in contact with
sulphide

for
or

lead

(seepp.

and

62

71).

It is asserted that the

of lead and

of arsenic in lead-ores increases the loss both

presence
silver irom

is

volatilization

during

the process of

smelting.'In

the

iron may be set free by the reducing

fuel and furnace gases upon oxide of iron,

Blaet-fumace,in which metallic

action of the incandescent

added, the presence of ai'senicmay give

may have been originally
rise to the formation of a speiseor Firsenide of iron ; but arsenic is
or

cobalt be present,because
be
of those metals will then be formed, from which theymay
speise
to be

not
a

regardedas

evil if nickel

an

or

extracted.
profitably

Sulpliide
of
this

upon

silver. The
"

both
sulphide,

will be
sulphides,

with

efifect of calcination

in the presence of other

to state,
It sufficesnow

isolated and

when

of air

access

fullydescribed hereafter.

that when

either it or any complex ai^entiferous

sulphideis heated
with metallic lead,the whole of the silver passes into the lead.' When
metallic iron is presentin the material smelted, having either been
"

added
and
of

to

the

or
charge,

is
lead-regulus

sulphideof

lead and
the

as

reduced from

oxide of iron

generated,it is found

silver for

that, owing

sulphideof iron,when

rich in iron,it contains

quantityof silver in

during the

the

to the

regulusis

process,

affinity
poor

silver.

more
proportionally

Hence,

will in
argentiferouslead-regulus

to that of the iron contained

degreebe proportionate
be
a
nd
the
dcsilverization
of such regulusmust
as
product,

in

tain
cer-

in that

effected

through the agency of lead,it is considered desirable to prevent the

formation
of highlyferriferous regulus,
by reducingthe quantityof
iron added

to the

charge,or

if

'

Kerl, Qaodbach,186S,2. p, 121.

"

Ibid.

"

That

no

which,
[be sepurttted.
would not

p_M5.
ia,'"
usumiiig metallic lead

such addition is made, of

to

occur

as

in the

altering

previonglyBtated,
of sulphideof

GB"e

|antimon;.

iCQyCoO^Ic

INFLUENCE
the

oompositionof

FOREIGN

OF

MATTEBS

IN

THE

487

ORE.

ameHmg-mixtureso aa to leBsen the reduction

has shewn that in deBilverizing
Experience
with lead, it is nccegaary to vary the quantity

the

of iroa in the fomace."

regulusby
of lead

used

fusion

accordingnot only to

to that of the copper when

thia metal

the

proportionof iron, but

also

ie

present; the less the quantity

of lead in the regulus,
the greater will be that of metallic lead
required to be used for that purpose."Temperature also is stated
to be not without

influence on dcsilverization by this means.

Silica.-'Kerl asaerta that silica,
when
ore,
presentin galcniferons
influence,by proonly to the extent of j% or J%,exerts an injurious
"

slag,
beginningof the calcination an ea"ilj-fusible
which
the product like a varnish, and makes
it diEGcnlt to
coats
attain the requisite
degreeof oxidation ; that 6% or 6% of silicasnfBces
hinder
the reactions (dieBeoctioneu
schon vollBtandig
to
completely
it is mixed the more
; aud that the more
intimately
ge"tdrt)
powerful
will be its action in that respect.'In support of this assertion he
cites the results of experimentsconducted
and in the
at Foullaouen
Upper Harz. Now, if the presence of 5% or 6% of silica entirely
check calcination,how, it may be asked, could the galenain the ores
of Commern,
which contain a much
be
largerproportionof silica,
converted
into
of
lead
?
calcination
silicate
356
of
this
by
(Seep.
voltune.)Although silica in notable quantitymay tend greatlyto
impede calcination,
yet it is exaggerationto afGrm that it wholly
it.
ICeither
is
it true, as has been maintained,that galeniferoug
stops
duciugeven

at the

ores

rich in silica cannot

any

case

these

must

ores

be ameltcd

in the

be firstwell

furnace.
Beverl"eratory

when
calcined,

the

In

galenawill

bo

therebytransformed for the most part into silicate of lead ; and

in which the lead exists mainly in the state of silicate,
is
grey-slag,
in
furnaces
in
t
he
of
reduction
snch
continually subject
England (e.g.
not
the Flowing-furnace),
"Whether it may
be more
to
profitable
treat highlysiliceous galenaby calcination and subsequentreduction
in the Blast-Aimace is another and widely different question.
Cta^bonaleof lime. This substance is frequently
presentin lead-ores
to stiffen the
as dressed for smeltingin EufGcient quantitymaterially
and
therefore
be
in
the
of certain
charge,
advantageous
smelting
may
It is converted into lime during calcination,
and fcome sulphate
ores.
"

of lime

is also formed.

So far

as

concerns

it
calcination,

may

tically
prac-

regardedas chemicallyinert matter ; and in the pettingnp" stage in smelting in the Flintshire furnace when lime is added
in considerable quantity,
its action, as we
have seen, appears to be
"When liquidslag is produced,as in the Flowmainly mechanical.
and
lime serves
to displaceoxide of lead
Blast-furnace,
ing-fiimace
be

"

silicate of lead, and so to facilitatethe reduction of the' lead.

of carbonate of lime exceeds
Accordingto Eerl, when the proportion

from

12%, this substance may

but, I apprehendthat it

from its mechanical

action prove injurious;*

such a precise
limit
to assign
is not possible

488

THE

VARIETY

OP

LEAD-SMELTING

for all oircamstaucefi,

because much

Dohmile.^The

will

depend upon
of the ore.
foreigningredients

proportionof the other

to

PROCESSES.

obeervatione

which

have

been

the nature

and

with respect
presented

carbonate of lime will applynearlyequallyto dolomite.

Carbonate of iron.' When
this substance is heated to redness both
"

carbonic oxide and carbonic

of

protoxideand

acid

sesqniosideof

are

evolved, and the residue consists

iron,in the ratio

of 4FoO

Fe*0'

but

much
of this protoxidemay
be converted into
during calcination,
to
seaquioiide
by atmosphericoxygen.
According Kerl, experiments,
made
the smeltingof galena in the Eeverberatory
at Clauathal on
furnace, have shown, that spathiciron-ore in the presence of silica
by giving riso to the formation of easily-fusible
may act injuriously,
silicateof iron ; but when not presentin too largeproportion,
it may
be beneficial in the subsequent reactions,rather than hnrtful.* The
action of tribasic silicate of protoxide
of iron upon galena hoe been
in this volume

described
previously

smeltingin the

(p. 58). Kerl allegesthat

in

of
Reverberatoryfurnace, the pre"^enc" of sesquioxide

iron necessitates

of what he designates
the
frequentrepetition
roast-reduction processes,"
by which it may be presumed is meant
that
of such repetition,
;"
as
a
setting-up
slagis produced
consequence
less
the
of
of lead, and consisting
containing
imaginaryojtysnlphide
of iron,
mostly of oxide and sulphateof lead ; and that Hcsquioxido
when
in
hinders
the
reactions
in
the
present largequantity,
melting'
down
stage by lesseningthe contact between the constituents of the
more

""

"

mass.'

the Blaat-fnmace, carbonate of iron will be reduced to a

the resulting
metallic iron may then act as
greater
substance ; and with a view to this action,a certain
a desulphurizing
it
left in the ore
of
in the operations
proportion
may be designedly
In

less extent, and

or

of

dressing.
Fluor-tpar-This substance,which is often associated with galena,
be regardedas chemically
of baryta
inert,except when sulphate
"

may
is also

in which

present;

it may

case

serve

as

flux to the latter when

produceliquid
slag. It should likewise
fusible
phate
readily
compounds with sulwhile molten
of lead, which
are
very liquid. In smelting
fluorine
and
of
lead, such as Derbyshire
sulphate
containing
produt/ts
fluorine
is
is shewn
as
rosion
lead-slags
{seep. 241}
disengaged,
by the corof the glaNB of windows
in houses surrounding works
in
where
sueh
treated
in
furnaces.
are
Birmingham,
slags
reverberatory

in

smeltingit

be borne

The

is desired

in mind

that

acid
sulphuric

to

it forms

which

is evolved

under

those

circumstances from
the sulpha'^ of lead,acts upon
the fluoride of calcium
in the slags
fluorine in some
and discnr,-ag(!S
state of combination
other in which
or
it is c!i|iF,Lle
of attacking
glass.

Sulpltate
ofbaryta.This
"

of Brit.sh
the

lead-ores;and

dressingof

ores

substance
on

is a not

account

containingit

must

uncommon

of its
not

constituent

high specific
gravity

be carried too

far,lest

J,2.p.*2.

490

OF

VABIETT

THE

LEAI"-SlEELTtKQ

PROCESSES.

pnportion of mcli matien, the greaterwill be that of the slag

the quantityof fuel conealirit par^ut,
sumed.
produced,and. oonacquently,
the cleaneet, contain
even
a
Hortover, aa all lead-slage,
the

eenaible

of lead, the loBS of this metal

amount

to the
proportional

be

degree
refractorythe elag,the higherwill be
its fusion,the grtater the lo"s of lead
Bomo

will in
atnelting
and
the
more
slag;
for
temperature required

the
irom

the

and
volatilization,

consumptionof fuel.

largerthe
With

in

quantityof

kinds

regardto

and

of furnaces

their dimensioDS, relative

experiencedmetallurgist
may well
in
face
raet
hesitate to attempt generalization,the
of snch a
lation
accumuand bewildering
of conOicting
accounts as have been published
the subject.But
writers
to entertain
on
some
seem
metallurgical
and have expressedthemselves with great condifferent opinion,
a
fidence
well

as

absolute,

as

the

even

most

onlyas to the methods

to adopt in the treatment
profitable,

which

not

it is best, that is,most

ores, but as to the

particular
the inflnfi)rms and dimensions
of furnaces.
Rivot writes concerning
when
the
of
of
of
ence
sulphide antimony,
proportion antimonyis
somewhat
ing
blast-fu maces
large,
ought to be employed,notwithstand-

of

"

the treatment

presents very

apply the mcihod

to

method

great difEcultios

of reactions to the

is

; it

imposBible
This

reverberatoryfurnace.

only be employed for galenaswhich contain very little

antimony."' Now, I think I may venture to assert, that
not be deterred by this
experiencedBritish lead-smelters would
from
such
in the Flowingauthoritative statement
ores
treating
JTimace ; and, provided
they conld be purchasedat a reasonable price,
would
selves
contrive to conduct
with
the operation
advantage to them("seep. 260;. It is certain that galena,impregnatedwith not
can

sulphideof

small

smelted
quantityof antimony,has been and is profitably
in
that
It
kind
of
furnace.
England
might be
reverberatory

in

imagined,that

as

the

action of the

and that of the

ores

should

be

Blast-fumaoe

Heverbcratoryfurnace

treated
exclusively

in the former

is

oxidizing
deessentially
oxidized
oxidizing,
but

may

not

grey-

slagbe virtually
regardedas oxidized ore, and ia it not dailysmelted
in some
In some
localities in England with profitin the latter?
works

where

for the

blast-furnace 8 had

treatment

of that

been

erected

at

considerable

expense

abandoned, especially
and reverberatory
volatilization,

slag,they have

been

of the great loss from

furnaces have been substituted for them.
account

on

The

problem of the
compbcatcd.and,

is so
involves

at

may
a

of

least,its solution

rules

can

best for

to which
3)oint

of tradition and

bo laid down
one

lead-smelting
pointedout' necessarily
previously
that, at
such numerous
contingencies,
a
nd
and
worthy
trustis hopeless,
no
precise
for generalguidance. A method that

locality
may

allusion has
habit.

"

and ^macc

in

has been

as

the consideration

present
be

choice of method

All

not
men

bo

worst

for another.
and

There

that is the

is

force

been made,
liable to be affected,though
are

Prindpea G^u^ux,

p. 3S.

njFLUENCE

OF

auch

Tmconsciously,
by

MATTBaS

influences

and

Uf

no

491.

ORE.

THE

persona

more

so

than

youth in the practiceof any one

and
become
of workB,
luBaa"ctnringproceaB,
eventually
theiuanagera
kind of manuManagers of equalexperienceand skill in the same
been
known
to contend
fecture have
the
for
earnestly
snperioritjof procedure
theae are the men
of their r^pective methods
as
; and
have
the amplest opportunities
of obaorvation,it is not surwho
prising
that discordance
should
like those in
prevailon matters
question. These remarks are not made with any view of disparaging
the opinionsof practical
who, althoughthey may in many cases
men,
than formerly bo ignorant of the science of the
"r
fewer now
which
a
rt
or
direct,yet have acquiredby
metallurgic
they practise
and observation that skill and, what I may term,
long experience
thoBe who

been

FOREIGN

have

trained from

"

"

which
eye-knowledge,
would
fail,even
they

are

essential to

not, however, be inferred from

of
application

the

from

Apart

and

success,

supposing them

without

eminently scientific.
just stated,that I

I have

what

scientific

knowledge

to

Let

it

value
under-

manufecturing

questionof consumption of fuel,and

the

which

the interference

which

result from the oxidizing

nature of the gaseous
may
furnace, this apparatus
flowingthrough the Heverberatory

current

is much
of

the

the Blast-fumace

for the treatment

like those of lead, in which

complex chemical reactions occur.
between the constituents of the ore, which is essential to

ores,

The

than
satisfactory

more

contact

completionof
and

these reactions,may
be controlled and

temperature may

perfectintermixture

in which
the Blast-fiimace,

becomes

operatedupon
be regarded
may

as

secured
as

be

the
prolongedindefinitely,
uniform
pretty
out,
throughby rabbling. This is not so in
as
any portionof the substance

rendered

soon

liquid,it triokles
virtuallywithdrawn

into the
from

hearth,when
further

it

chemical

action.

In the memoir
which

on

the Present

Graner, Professor of

State of the

Metallurgyat

Metallurgyof Lead,

the School

of Mines

in

Paris,has

the ing
followrecentlypublished,I find at the commencement
passage;*"I should wish ahove all, in this study, to render
manifest the advantagesand inconveniences of the methods pursued,
"

to

may

show

how, in each given case, the

be fixed

of the

elements

without
priori,

rational mode

most

neglecting,

to be studied."
question

as

far

as

of treatment

possible,
any

of the

I regret that my

information
the subject is neither sufliciently
comprehensivenor trustworthy
task ; but as the reader may desire
to enable mo
to perform the same
on

to

what

know

arrived

on

the

the

general conclusions are at which- Gruner has

I give the following
literal
subjectof lead-smelting,

translation of them.
1. The

method

ore-hearth procesi

ought ever3nvhereto giveplaceto the

(air-reduction
process).
non-qnartzose ores ought always to be treated by

and reaction
by roatting

2. Bich, pure,

"

Ann, d. Mines, 1866, 6. Mr.

18. p. 825.

4S2

THE

OP

VABIETT
The

thia latter method.

PBOCESSES.

LEAD^MELTDTG

opentioo onght

fanacfm, with easy

reverlierftUiry

take

to

pUc"

of air,proridedwith

atxvm

in

Urge
dngle

internal or external, placedin the

rec"iring-bainn,
of the fomace.
The operation
l"4"t )ieat"d region
onght always to be
oindaeted slowly,
and to conHiat of two phaeesTery dJetinct. rmutiHg
the layer
and reaetion (i.e.matnallyretlucing
action). For roasting,
of ore
exceed
from
3'15''
3'54"
in
thickness.
miiBt
to
never
CSchiichj
and onght to proceed
Uoaatingis to lieeffected at a low temperature,
far as the theoretical limit of one
oM
or two
equivalentof sulphate,
of
for
each
of
After
the
first
oxide,
(-t|uival(;tita
eciuivaleAt mlphtde.
which
twice or
tiring,
produceslead, and fresh roastingsand firings
thrice n^jicated,
the rich residues ("grey-slags)
be withdrawn
must
frifm the rcverberatory
to reuuage
furnace, without having recourse
(i.".re'luction of those rcsidneB in the same
fnmace
immediately
afterwards, as in the Cornish and Bleibergproceeaesj,but rather by
this rtfaage in a blast-fumace.
prai.-tising
the ores are impure or qoartzose,the method
'A. When
by roadimg
and redariion ought, as much
to be adopted. Limestone
as
possible,
and
lire-place

oxidizod

or

formation
when

the

should

fcrroginnUB matters

of

regulusshoald

ores

be

avoided

shoald

be

narrow

at

added

fluxes.

as

The

least

by roastingwell,
being cupriferous.The
at

without
argentiferous

are

reduction-furnace

be

the

level of the twyers, circular

in

ttt

section, having two or several water-twyere, and provided,

this level,
with cast-iron sides,cooled externally.
The shaft ought

to

be

wider

worked

from

with

that level to the mouth.

The

furnace

is to

be

closed top, and the gaees withdrawn

through a side
mixed
with
the
latt"r must
is
blende,
be
galena

oj)ening.When
as
separated,

far

1)0roasted with

slagsin

as

practicable,
by dressing
; and

much

care,

what

remains

shoald

in order

the form of oxide.

that the zinc may pass into the

Reduction of the oxide of zinc should bo

preventedby quickdrivingof the furnace and adding to

uf the chargeoxidized ferruginouseubatanoes without

the materials

ever
goiug
the oxide of zinc will be reduced by

certain limits,otherwise
lieyond

tho iron itself.

lie adoptedwhere

4. The

method

should only
ofpredpiUUion(iron-reduction
process)
fuel is deficient for roastingin the rcverberatory

furnace,

the

whoa

or

latter case,

weight

are

And
plumbo-cupriferous.

it is proper to roast

of the

preparedas
charged in

ores

in
partially

oxide,as it is suitable

has been

advanced
previously

and

long

they will not

and

varied

command

lead-smelters.
intelligent

the

to

the iron

the

be
is

it should be.
in this

examination
necessary to enter upon
any special
of Gruner.
In some
particulars
they appear to
that

order to reduce

when
reduction-smelting,
especially

the state of

the results of

in this

regulus. Moreover, the furnace ought always

for

After what

them

even

volume, it is

of these
me

to bo

not

conclusions

opposedto

I venture
to assert
experience
; and
of
unqualified
acceptance practised

OF

COMPOSITIOS"

DIFFERENT

KINDS

OP

^1!

III

'

ill
ri I p

s-

"

III

liiii

LEAD.

COMPOSn'IOS

COXPOSmOlt

DiFFEBENT

OF
TO

ACCORDING

OF

KINDS

DIFFERENT

EiNDS

ANALYSES

HADE

OF

IN

PoREiaM
THE

OF

AND

BOTAL

LEAD.

EhoUSH
LaBORATOBT

Cl.ADBIHAU

Tbevuniltjiipnmi"a"p"
In "ch

BErniED

".uil7"it

Habz

Liad.

0-03960

DesilTerizod

""??""'""
LanloDlhi]
***

.000230

000310

0-03740

000160

"0-004W

UltenBU...
0-03870

000130

0-00460

'

D-OOlOO

Deri-u. bOttcnm. ZdL

IH", p. M.

000234

LKAD,
AT

GERMAN

AND

SPANISH

I I

LEAD.

-i

-^

I I

?"

"

f:

3i

?"

"

D,j,i,i.=L,

496

PURCHASE

OSES"

OF

COMMEBCTAL

only

held

The

once.

send

Smeltora, who

Miners

their

Ohks.

or

were
tickctingB"

"

SMELTING.

DETAILS'

PuKOHABX
Ib Flintshire

OP

COST

held twice

now

are

give notice to the

samples,which are put
sell

intending to
take

samplersto

month, hut

water-proofbags,as no allowance is made for moisture in the

The samplcBare assayedby the tjmelter by the iron-dish process.
ore.
becomes
the purchaser. The ore
The highestbidder at the ticketing
is weighedat the Mine, and carried away at the cost of the purchaser.
contract
Many of the smaller Mines sell to the Smelters by private
accordingto a given Standard, say, a certain pricefor ore yielding
77% of lead by assay in the iron-dish, and if the pricefixed upon for
into

Standaid

evch

with the

be 14/. per ton, the actual

ore

pricepaidwould

vaiy

Works
being taken to the Smeltingmerly,
Under
such
an
arrangement, forweighed and assayed.
the ore
produced80%, the pricepaid would have been

actual

produce,the

and

there

lU.

15". per ten," if

and

lees than

if

ore

70%,1 ll.5". ;
be

14/. I5".,would

but

at

than

present more

given for

ores

of those

ll. 5".,

respective

produces.
in Denbighshire,
the lale
and partly
Cornwall, Cardiganshire
of Man
and elsewboro,each Mine
sends samplesof its ore
to the
the
that
to
Smelters in various localities,
with
notice
effect
a
along
In

tenders

tickets will be received up to

or

will be

opened

tenders received
is sold

dry, in

the ton

others

and

of 21
at

or

The

op

some

SuELTma

the

by

Some

3 months'
sum

highest ofler

certain day,on which they

accepted. Copiesof all the
a

In all these

Smelter.

to each

sent

cwts.

the Smelter,the

Cost

are

the

statute

Mines

ton

of 20 cwta., and

will sell at

one

month's

the

he bids is

it) thk

ore

in others

by

credit,and

but all these

which

particulars
being notified
regulatedaccordingly.

Flintbhibe

Furnace

his profits,
has
Smelter, in estimating

the gross value

caaes

to

Flintshibe.

in

take into account

the silver contained in the ore,

of the

pig-leadand
carriageto the SmeltingAVorks,loss
of smelting,interest on capital,
and other
coat of smeltinga ton of lead-ore varies,of
less

to

of lead in

obvious
oourf.e,

cost
smelting,

conditions.
with

the

The

priceof

labour

and fuel, percentage of lead, nature

of the ore, and other
circumstances ; but the average cost of smelting
good Flintshire ore
in

the

estimated

is
the

furnace,
reverberatory

by

Mr. Koates

of the
irreBpective

proportionof

at

18

inclusive of

reducing the slags,is

shillings
per ton

coat of

of

ore.

silver,which
extracting

ever,
This, howvaries with

this metal in the ore, and with other circumstances.

tins

subjectI

am

indebted

to m;

friend.

FBODUCnON

OF

LEAD

OBE, LEAD,

AKD

SILTEB

WALES.

DeUteld

SmdtinK Cantm;,

Wredimm, Ue

Brymbo OonipHiX.

"n.
a

OLAMoaouifHm

Compu;,

Dm

Bwik

and BagiUt,near

Hol7"eU.

"

Btoii umI Compuf

Pmelawdd, nor

Swunk

BCX)TLAXD.

Bocclench, Wuloek

Doke

of

iMd

Hull

HewL

MiningCouimiij,Lead Hilli.
JBELAND.

WicKLOw:"

HiuiDg ComiMiiy at IreUod, Bklljoomi.

Quumrr

or Liu"
EofODOK

Biltzb. fboducid
and
Britain and Irkland

Obx, Lead,
07

OuAT

in
in

thi

1868.

TJnitxd

IN

QBEAT

SUKKAVT

Fboduotion

nt

Table

Lk"d

pndDCfl

of t

apd

bhowixo

KmODOH

IN

u" oonUla

thx
AMD

1*00

YkABB

ABROAD.

INDIMO

FoBxiair Cousrsixa.

Urgt qiunUtf of fonlgn

10^

rrom 16

Qcantitt
EXPOBTES

AND

Yabiodb

ih

ImpnriFd iDIo On OdIM

of tiDm
t.

FiTS

TOR

of

tb"

jDdq

BRITAIN

KlnfloiBfncn Qntcc,
and
to

h tben

2a on,

of

"

~"

Impoted

on

Ibe total prndactloD. II

not
"

Ir

"

"""--..-..--

^-

at

Liad

THBUnOH

Ihfortbd
tS

ihto

1868

ADD

Hotted
thr
I860.*
186".

Foreign lead imported

Ditto
Net

exported

importof

BritiBh

li
-.-.

ICftJ

lead aipuned

* CknopllKlfrgni tlioCnilonu' ntnna.

The l"d l" nllmi
itcalUFd In the [ILhmrgr.
rrd-jFAd.wblte-lf 14. and Itad un? In
so*
ibin ud nd.le^ belDgUksi "" W/^ la wbtle-lwl u

58,731

62,218

580

58.191
51,459

irtTtgt

pnjpartUm of

la

500

CAST

SHEET-LEAD.

HlSOELLANEOnS

DETAILS.

Cast

Srkbt-Lkad.

times the sheet-lead osed for roofing

and other purposes
the proobtained by casting
; and in ray boyhoodI have often seen
cess

lu Tormer
was

in the foUoiriug
manner.'
nearlyas I can recollect,
and solidly
-constracted table of wood, usually
a rectangular
wide and 20' long,not unlike a billiard-table,having a

conducted,
There
aboat

was

5'

as

raised border 4"

or

5"

high,except at

end where

one

the

surpluslead

smooth,
top of this border on each side was perfectly
the
surface
of the
rounded off at the edges,
and parallel
to

flowed off. The

somewhat

table,which
At the

had

very

alightinclination

higherend of the table

table,and

so

that by
arranged,

be hoisted and tilted in such

lead, the metal

would

melting'potset

bo cast

to

trough. At

from
inclining

one

and

convey
The

with water

broad

the other.

width

same

as

the

lever and chains,it oonld

filledwith molten

thin

sheet

this end

over

which

the lower

the table.

layerof sand, but

of the table
it could

end

The

of iron

one
a

was

large

the lead intended

furnace, in which

from

to

that when

end

conveniently

be

of the table

was

gutter

side to the other to reoeive the superfluous

metal
it into a cast-iron pot,mounted
neath.
underwheels, placed
on
table

so

as

The

sand

and

and
solidly,

was

of

means
manner

with

over

laded into the

one

of the
trough,

Kear

melted, and

was

flow in

troughwas of wood coated

used.*
was
subsequently
cast-iron

was

from

was

to

covered with
cause

it

layerof fine

sand

to cohere when
sufficiently

riddled,shovelled

over

the

dulytempered
beaten down.

table,and distributed evenly

after each

was
castingthe same
repeated.
operation
instrument
The
used for levelling
sand
the
and beatingdovni
was
called a
woodcut
strickle,"which is representedin the annexed
(fig.
144). It conaiated of a narrow
pieceof wood about 5" deep and
"

2" thick, cousiderably

longerthan the width of the table,and rounded
the bed,
ofl"at each end for convenience
in handling. In preparing
it

was

plaoedacross

the table at

rightanglesand manipulatedby

'
A short anJ prettjnccumte
has b"e" oonectod
deKrip- foregoingrlpBcription
tion of tlie operation of o"stiogshuet-lend ! and a Ketch
of the strickle supplied
by
will be found
in the interesting
and in- i Mr. Ithodes of Nottinghem, the plumber
Btriiclive voiumeB
the Munufacturos
wliora I often taw engaged in eastinglend.
on
in Metal
in larduer's Cabinet
| ' Such troughs were also maile of castCyelopiBiron or of strong sheet-iron riretled.
di*,LoudoD, 1834, voL 3, p. 63. The

BOLLED

two

men,

the sand
other.
of

one

at each

and

then

The

sort of

HILLED

end, who

worked

or

narrow

clean and

wiped

synchronouslyfirstlevelling
,

surface of the sand

trowel
plasterer's

601

SHEET-LEAP.

down

beatingit

the lead, the lower

been

OB

iirom

end

one

afterwards

was

of the table to the

smoothed

drawn

greaeed,was

the top to the bottom

of the table, in order to
metal.
Variation
in
the thickness of the lead
raperfluoue
the

lead rather

could
lead

be varied
it

as

"om

slided

they

the

on

level surface.
perfectly
the

table than

the

borders of the

thickness

lead

Considerably
producea sheet, and

poured

was

over

pouring from

before

hardly necessary to state, that the uKtal was

precautionstaken to prevent as far as prac'
"oni becomingintermixed with the flowing metal.

still liquid,
was

end of the
lead which

laded into that pot; the sheet

removed.

Chinese, it is stated,prepare

strickle,"

table,and castingon

more

its
casting,
notwithstanding
and with

"

at the ends, then rolled up and

cut square

of them

j^ate-

and

it contained, while

one

oi

by nailingpieces

the receiving-pot
at the lower
Immediatelyafter casting,
table was
wheeled up to the original
and the
melting-pot,

The

lead

the

is

ticable any drees

was

usiially

by casting

the handles of the

sufficed to

trough, it
skimmed
carefully

was

strengthof
The

the

remove

and

varied

was

of leather of suitable thickness round

where

the

8 Ibe. per foot.

to

termed, nsed for pnmpe,

was

the sand

moisteningof
By this means

cooler.

means

its surface

rapidlyover

"om

prodnoed by slightextra

by

of copper.
Immediatelyafter pouring
side of the " stoickle,"
after having

ia seated

the floor,with

"

Two

men

are

tea-lead

by
employed:

largeflat stone

before him,
flat stone-stand at his side. His fellow-workman

moveable

stands beside him

their well-known

thinness.

on

containingthe melted lead ; and

having poured a sufficient quantityon the slab,the other lifts the
moveable stone, and placingit suddenlyon the fluid lead,presses it
which he instantly
from the
out into a flat and thin plate,
removes
A second quantityof lead ia poured on in a similar manner,
stone.
with
and a similar plate is formed ; the process being carried on
The
the
cut
off,
singular
rapidity.
rough edges of
platesare then
and theyare afterwards soldered togetherfor use.
Ur. Waddell, a
Scotchman, who witnessed the operationin China, applieda similar
method, with great success, in the formation of thin platasof zino
for galvaniopurpoaes."
with

crucible

'

BoLLBD
The

process

lead, appears
a

Company

*
Ludner'a
cit p. 65.

of

formed

Cabioet

Milled

been
for

it

Shxtt-Lkas.

termed, milling
originally
in
practised England in 1670, when
it on.*
An Act of Parliament
oarrj'ing

rolling,or,

to have

was

OB

as

was

first

antea
CTclopEidiB,

|^im
and

agHinatthe Worm, heitn tat Bailing,

Chea.petabove Cent, per Ctat. ihan
old wa; with Baardt, rAz.
LondoD,

*
detaiU are derived frato tbe
Tbe tbllmring
nourionBlitlleYolmne
entitled "The
New
1691.
tor Sheaihi'ng
InTention of Mill'd-Lead,
of \

502

MILLED

OR

ROLLED

SHEET-LEAD.

obtained,grantingto the Company a monopolyof thie Mannthe chief and

"Gture, Art, or Invention,"of which it was
alleged,
"

was

and other Veasets

to
was
importantapplication
preserve Ships,
of the King, Charles II,,several ahipo
under Water."
By command
wi^ milled-lead. The resulte,
sheathed
of war
were
(abouttwenty)
official
of the
to most
unaatiafactory,
owing
reportu,were
aooordhig
"

moat

of the iron-work,especially
with the lead ;

rapidcorrosion

the great and

mainlyto

the hcAta and rudder-irons,which

had been in contact

opinion that

but Sir John

Narbroughwas

to the copper

coveringthe rudder-irons,and

attach

of

sheathing. The

the

the corrosion

the

used
copper-nails

Company, however,

asserted

iron-work, intended
protecting

of
ordinarypractice

it with
with sheet-lead,namely, painting

omitted in sheathingthe shipswith

designedly
the results were
vitiated. By
that, consequently,

Council,
himself

being present,

^ipsdo

those sheathed

enquiry

and

wisdom,

fovourable

not

or

to have

seem

to have

order of

22, 1682, the King

directed to ascertain whether

was

at

all; and if so, the

reason.

their full share

possessed

adepts in

been

testimonyto

an

greater damage in their iron-work than

suffer

with wood,

Company

The

hair,

milled-lead

Whitehall, Decemhor

at
an

lead-sheathed

at

Court

the

at

to

the

be overlaid

to

had been
and

that

of tar and

mixture

doe

was

the valae

Portsmouth, Chatham, Woolwich,

the

of

art

of their

of

worldly
procuring highly

sheathingfrom

officials

Sheemess, and Deptford. Of tiie

of that art an indication is afforded

published
by the Company :

by the followingstatement

nature

"

Lords

Admiralty'sCommission
being determined,
make
to
proceeded
they
any Report herein, and King
to himself the Office of Lord
Charlet the second taking in (gie)
High
transacted
Admiral of England,which
was
by his Brother, Mr. Pepya
and Sir Anth. Zhan and Mr. Heieer (the one
always a
being Secretary,
Friend
to the Thing, and the other not only so, but to that
professed
time a Partner also for a twelfth share in the Work) beingmade CoM'
mi$tianert of tlieNavy, the Mill'd-Lead Company could not bnt expect
their Lead-gheatMng
would
be rettored by the Power
of these
soon
Gentlemen," eto. (p.68).
In spiteof the Company's Printing,
Proofs,
or
Proposals,"
they
OfGcers
His
could not prevailupon
for
Majesty's
Buildingand
instead of oast-lead,
to adopt millod-lead
Ordnanee
notwithstanding
the
it
less
than
the
of
at
cost
offered
latter ; and the
to
they
supply
their
that
failure is,
it was
tions
reason
assignedfor
againstthe InclinaThe

"

of

the

had

before

"

"

"

"

Profit of the Plumbers

or

Interest

enough

Works."

The

to

hinder

Plumbers, who

encounter
vigorons

in

and their Friends, "who had Power

or
thereof into the King's

the admittance
made

and

used

cast

had
sheet-lead,

printwith the

the article manufactured

by

Company,each party disparaging

the other. Inequality
of thickness,cracking,

and unsoundness
cockling,

from

blow-holes,are

set

forth

as

the

defects of cast sheet-lead. On the other hand, the Plumbers, in a

special
communication
themselves with
to the Navy-Board, thus expressed

r^^d

to

milled-lead:

"The

Mill'd-Lead

is noways

so

serviceable

RIVAL
and

where

the

it hath

indeed scaroe
not
represented,
in
evidentlyproved hy dailyexperience

the

cheap as
is

eerrice,as

crack'd,flaw'd,and

Cast-Lead

in the

GOnld be made

given yonr

of it,have

in

laet

at

of the truth

tight:

hiin

the Cast-Lead

doth

in several old

plainlymake

Buildingsabout

Lead hath been laid for

few

Yeora,

that the Persons conbo

cerned,
ridges,
in
the
Char^
dailypatch*
been forced to take it up, and lay

such time

as

the Houses

Places

or

which, several Examples can

of

upon Oath, if required. That

Honours

plaoes

most

considerable

of it,before

room

after it hath

that

rose

having been at

ing and mending

fit for any

ia

same

has been need

same

after

SOS

MANUFACTUREB8.

be

the other side,

on

for
appear its durance and service,
this City and WegtminHer,where this

yet remaineth as firm

(it)
and rightas when
firstlaid : And b^dee,the seme
is cheaperand
better to their Majesty,or any private
201.
by
per Ceitt.than
person,
the Mill'd-Lead is, according
it is now
to the Eates
sold, which
togetherwith the strengthand service is very considerable. Also
the Solder made

and

whereas
servioe,

accordingto

the

greatterm

nsed

of years,

them

by

of the Mill'd-Lead

all Solder used

by

standingBnles

of the

is humbly desired may

offered,

is

the Plumbers

fit for

is not

by Essay scaled

Company. By

what

is here

ing
by your Honours, as proceed-

be taken

the reader mark

this noble disinterestedness],
and
Duty [let
in
for
the
Persons
concerned
the
to
Mill'd-Lead,
prejudice
the
and
the
usefulness
service
notwithstanding plausible
pretences of
of the said Lead, and the disparagementof the Cast-Lead, yet the
from
in

not

PlnmberB

have not

and

and
sleightness

to discredit the Mill'd-Lead,

any like returns
not
for want
of reasons, but being assured that a short time would
make
sufficiently appear the servioe and firmness of the Cast-Lead,

the

made

the

evidenced, and
sufficiently
Consideration"
Then
been
The

enumeration

an

is said to have

which

pronounced to

were

which
interests,
in the

as

I^ead

sow

Honours'

placeswhere

taken

up

very

had

afterwards.

be "Scandalous

fierce contention

and

between

felse."
rival

teaches, a lesson of
17th

Company,

better and

issued

milled-lead
soon

ficates
containingcertirejoinder
of several of the buildings
from the ovraers
mentioned, or of
t
he
of
contradicting
agents, fiatly
allegations the plumbers,

this littlehistory
of
now

of

been

Company, nothing daunted,

their

is

(p.102).

follows

nBed and

is

charge of the other, which

humbly submitted to your

Here

wisdom, as much
practical
centnry. The moral, accordingto the

is that "AH

cheaper,to

lay aside

Kew

Inventions

ends

manufacturing
needed
Uilled-

(beingproposedas

somethingbefore used for the

same

purpose)must

expect to meet with great Opposition

; for some
ticular
parPersons,and some Trades which consist of many Persons being

ooncem'd
which
can

is

to do

in Point

they will decry that

and
others as they
as
againsttheir profit,
procure
many
too"
it
be
is
BO
asked, not this charge in
(p.93). But, may
of

Interest,
right or

to the
equallyapplicable
?
turingoperations
lead for rolling.
The metal
Casting

many

cases

"

wrong,

introducers
is

of novel manuiac-

pouredinto

open moulds

of

iCQyCoOJ^I

504

BOLLED

cast-inm,

ao

OB

in thic-kB"aB.

SHErT-LEAD.

luge sqtuuv

to form

HILLED

lecUngolATalabs

or

" sUb, while

aolidificfttioti,

Jifte^

it may

aevenl

inches

be yet hot, is
of rolls,
which,

puaed backwarda and fonrard* tbronghthe aune

pur
mann"ctoren
are fittedwith roveraing
oMuequentlj,
gear ; but many
and make a down
allww it to oocA prerioiulr,
before
beginning
casttngB
to

rcdL

metal

The

it leavea the rolla ia

aa

roller*,having their

wooden

extendingfor

ooDsiderable

piecesof anch

of finished sheeta
When

thin aheets

another

and

there

lengthon

in thickneea

the alab ia redaoed

into

in the

axes

rolla; and

to those of the
parallel

to

dimensions

aa

required;

each

made,

are

two

mpported

plane and

aeries of sach

each

aeries of

horizontal

same

ia

on

BUpportH

aide of the rolls. When

certain

degree,it is diTided
neceasarj to prodncethe kind
piece ia then rolled separately.
sheets are placedone npim
more
a

are

or

rolled together.If in

are
rolling
any de[Wc"BioDs

served
ob-

the opper snrtaoe of the alab,little Ints of aheet-lead aie

in
lead
to force the snl^acent
so
as
placed front of those depreaaiona,
on

them

into

and

fillthem

up ; and

aa

eoon

the bits ot lead have

as

served thia tcmporaty purpose, they are taken off'. The

lead may be paaacdthrough the rolla 200 or 300 times.
with

slab of
atmc^

the concavity presented

going
by the ends of the slab while underthe operationof rolling
which
it
from
clearlyappears that
;

the metal

near

the aurfacea extenda, or

greaterdegree than
in

same

I was

rollingslabs

the central

of iron.

But

ia much

hotter,aofler,and

external

whereaa

does not

aa

it is

the
portion,

in the

latter

case

portion
the

ia rolled oold,this condition

a alab of lead which
in one whit^ is ndled hot it exists onlyin a comparatively

in

exist,and

tapping,ia
to admit

occurs

than
yielding,

alightdegree.
caatinglead it ia not neceaaary to stir the
rise
meltingit,impnritieB
pot ; for,by properly
enough

of what

the central

more
consequently

metal in the

In

before

termed, fiowe,in

now

reverse

akimmed

of

clean.

being akimmed,

The
but

to the

be

lead should
not

oold

so

melting-

anrface,which,

aa

juat hot
it to

to cause

stick to the iron tools,such oa bars, which are used in the operation
;
is unsound.
otherwiae, rich akimminga are obtained and the casting
the pot should be made red-hot,
of melting,
If at the commencement
heat will suffice to melt the charge without
the
the accumulated
addition of fresh fuel,and the temperature of the metal will generally
be found rightfor tapping. However, if the lead after fusion be too

by openingthe fire-door
While the lead ia running on to the
bed,"
or by adding cold lead.
which
consists of a plateof cast-iron,it msbes
down
the
spout,"
hot for

akimming, it

muBt

be cooled either

"

"

termed

launder,with great force againstthe bed-"ame. often bursting

through and causing inconvenience

this evil,the foroe of the stream
iron rake againstit. Five
an
in the mi"de

regardedby him

of

was
or

and

loas.

lessened

or

In

order to prevent

checked

by holding

six years ago, the followingalteration

introduced by Mr. Hughes, and ia

tapping was
greatimprovement ;

as a
a sheets-ironlaunder, having
circular spout at one
at rightanglea,
end directed downwards
oonthe
lead
from
the
the
of
the
whence
t
o
centre
bed,
Teys
tap-hole
a

50$

LEAD

SUITABLE

repeat the operationuntil

bed and ndes
Some

not

are

mannfacturers

tiheeU with

better

FOB

FIFES.

qniteclean. The
anything, that is needleea.

its Burfoce hu

washed

with

over

become

aa

line the aides of the bed

edgee

with

timber, because

theretoobtained, and

are

saved; bnt the value of the timber

little "crap

burnt connterbalances

of the bed

laded into the middle

Formerlr, lead was
in order to prevent too much
sinkingin
duringcooling,
and this was
then required,because the bed was
sometimes

scrap saved.

all

over

or

by making
weight of a

through

convex

bad

it slightly
concave,
cast

the centre ;

quitelevel
But

moulding of the irou-fbunder.

that evil

was

obviated.

is

that of the

The

average

plateof lead is 8^ tons.

'Jlie details of the apparatus above described

fig.145, prepared from drawings suppliedto

Unghes,and re-drawn by Hr. William Prim.

in
Tepresented

are

by

me

Mr.

Thomaa

"BAlng IbronefaIbe root

Flii( g( vroiiibl'lnm. ti
mooUi
of Ok
iDd uljiuud bj u
pipf (til.
of the itnp (dj tifd lb* pin (rX
BHta of ibfcMrui^ f ibkk, Inia
f. Lomdir
I.

^..",.

*.j^.

^.

lii pnidiuxd,
.

IDd

IroD

.-c

kioad li

to

axTj

eff Uk
dM

"peci4llT Id melUng

bf (DTeiliicIbe

iWgc

tbtM. t- thick,ftied

"a

11 *1b
tbt

hd-

ride ot

[^"t-lron fnuuc. T' dHp, tumlnf the Metottbe

bed. ThlitnaKletntWrpltcf^arirhlditecb

the rolls used in making sheetAccordingto Mr. Thomas Ilughee,

are
always grain rolls,"cast in loam, and the dimensions of
ordinaryrolls are shown in the woodcut, fig.146, from a sket"h
suppliedby Mr. Hughes.
lead

of

"

Onaoti

pdr iifn"U" owtl tn itiUnfle"d.

LkAD

8U1TABLK

PiPBB.

of great experiencein the manufacture

Acoordingto a manager
which when wholly
lead,soft desilverized lead is the best for pipes,

composed of
mixture

it resist greater pressure of water

than
of it and inferior lead. Pipes formed by

those

made

of

melting together

LEAD

SnrrABLE

FOR

607

BED-LEAD.

Boft

pig-leadand old lead, having a littlesolder attached,are atiSer

of the former, and are much
brighterthan those made entirely
liked by plumbers, because they are
liable to flatten and
not
so
enable them
is termed
what
to make
neat job." At one
a
large
establishment pipesare
never, but sheets are
always,made wholly of
soft lead. For largepipes some
slag-leadmay be added in order to
increase their stiffoess. Daring many
years, Messrs. Newton, Keates,
and Company, employed tea-lead esolusively
for their Composition
which
hard
and
stiff.'
duced
were
Gas-pipes,
England having introvery
thin sheet-lead into China to snpersedeChinese
tea-lead,old
tea-lead came
of the Chinese and English
to consist of a mixture
articles ; and the result was, that pipesproduced from such a mixture
darker in colour,and less uniform
in qualitythan the old
were
softer,
m
ade
Chinese
tea-lead.
of genuine
pipes previously
Subsequently
and

"

the

plan was adopted of melting all tea-lead in a coke fire,and

allowingit to trickle thereiirom into an iron pot,from which it wag
laded into pig-moulds, llie pigsof lead thus procured
melted
were
in admixture
with old lead of "ir quality
and old solder-joints
; and
this metal nice brightpipeswere
from
obtained, which gave general
satisfaction. At a largeestablishment pipes,
which plumbersapprove
of^ are composed of a miiture of 1 part of tea-lead,melted as above
described,and 6 partsof desilverized lead. A Birmingham Firm adda
antimony to the lead,which it uses in the manufacture of Composition

in order
Oas-pipes,

is asserted that

snch

hard
sufBciently

to render them

expedientsas
the whims
satisfy

resorted to in order to
Lead

The
for

soitabli

that acid informed

good

ores,

is

Sulphubio

fob

Chambers
Mr.

but

very

Chuibkbs,

Aom

to have

observant

soft lead, obtained

Keates, that

found best

been

manufacturer

for such
durable, in his opinion,

more

bright.It
merely

are

of different customers.

purest lead, i.e. the softest,is stated

SulphuricAcid

and

those above mentioned

of

direct from

chambers

than

soft desilverized lead.

Lbad

bditabui

70B

Bed-lxad

to

be

dsxd

the

H"NnrAOTtiBB

or

FuHT-aLASB.
The

red-lead,supposed to

and
glass,
from

which

lead obtained

from

best for the manufacture

5%

more

the

ore

of flint-

other red-lead,is prepared

Snailbeach Miue, in
the
of
than

to be
Montgomeryshire. Opinion seems
divided on the subjectof the allegedsuperiority
of this article Scar
in question,as has been previouslyintimated.
rative
Compapurpose
freedom from copper is certainly
characteristic
red-lead
of
one

on
Shropshire,
now

the

most

be

sells for about

the borders of

suitable for the manufacture

The followingdeterminations

beach

lead have

been made

in my

of

flint-glass.
of
proportion

of the

copper

in Snail-

r
laboratory
"

UigitizeQ.yG

508

MANTFACTDBE

Fbopoktiox

01

OF

CoppiB

RED-LEAD.

cart,

PIS

Bmaoauob

vi

Ijud.

O-OOH

O-OO0S
o-oosss
oooasu
0-0021

cobalt

Ts'ickeland
The

of
proportion

and

in

the

specially
Boughtfor,but

were

copper

furnace

aanie

may

in
sensibly

vary

detected.

was

parcelof

same

ore

the metal obtained in

tappings.

succesaive

Lkad

suitablk

Wkfte-lxad.

fob

The

best white-lead,t.e. the whitest, waa

in the market
be made from what is known
refined"

none

in lead smelted troia the

supposedby
as

"

to
many
selected and

W.B.

being thoBe of Walter Blachett,the

a
nd
of his encceesor,
now
producer,
applyingequally to the name
Wentworth
Beaumont). Thia pig-leadis the produce of certain
mines on the Greenwich
HospitalEstate, in the North of England,
which

pig-lead
(theinitials

leased to Mr. Beaumont

it fetched

to the
higherprice,
So
5%
pig-lead. great was
any
the preposeesaion
in iavour of this pig-lead
for the manu"cture
of
turers
white-lead,that attempts to persuadeLondon white-lead manufacare

of from

amount

to make
Bouroes

7J%,than

to

trial of the best and

purest aoft lead

it was
fruitless,
notwithstanding

were

ton, i.e.7i% less than W.

B. lead.

other

Commercial

from

other

offeredat about 30*. per

however,
competition,

at lengthto be uprooting
which, as in the case in
prejudices
have probablyno better foundation
than traditional credulity.
question,
seems

It is to bo

judgean

hoped that now-a-days the world is growing wiser,and will

article of manufacture
by its qualityand not by its pedigree.

with articles of manu"cturo

have
been
Many illusione connected
in recent years, with much gainto the public,
and, pcwaibly,
dispelled
it will be found that plentyof lead is produced in Great Britain and
elsewhere quite as suitable for conversion into white-lead,as that

bearingthe

mark

W.B.

"

selected and refined."

HANUFACTUBB

OP

BED-LEAD.

Hittoiy.This pigment was known to the ancients. Under

included cinnabar and red-lead ; and
t^linycertainly

the term

"

minium
that

the fonuer
tbepraotioeexistedofadulteratiug
with

the latter

"

onlyvermilion.

He

lead

became

firaudnot yet extinct,as some

years ^^ I found
of an artist,which ought to have contained

ore,

which

speaksof

barren stuff

red when

heated

afterwards triturated to
etiam

accompanyingsilver and
on
being

in furnaces, and

powder constituted the inferiorkind. Steriles

plumbideprehenduntursolo colore neo nisi in fomacibua rubesexnstiquetunduntur in farinam. Hoc eat secundarinm minium

perquam
'

valuable substance

in the red crayon

minium

Gcntes

more

he states

NatnnOi*

paucianotum.'"

"

Davy infers,and probablywith

HktoriB,lib. sxxiU.

etg. tu. mcL

10.

reason.

editton,
SUlig*!
1851,S. p. 107.

PRINCIPLES"

GENERAL
'

tliat tSaa sterilestuff -vna

informs

native carbonate

that minium

60B

OVENS.

of lead.' Moreover, Fliny

the calcination of whit^'lead

preparedhj
by accident in a fire that occurred at
the Pineus, where jarscontainingceruse
had been heated ; and that
Niciae,an artist,was the firstto employ it in painting. Usta casn rein orcis cremata ; hae primnm usus
oemssa
perta est in incendio Piraeei,
or

ne

ceruse

that it was

was

discoTered

**

Nicias."*

eat

in

with

Davy detected
largeearthen Tase

clayand chalk,which

red-lead amongat the snbstances contained

filledwith mixtures of different colours
found

was

in

in the hatha

chamber

of

Titus.*
red-lead comprises
General princijiet.
The process of mannfiictnring
distinct stagea,
the firstin which lead is converted into protoxide,
"

two

and

the second in which

into red-lead,the

is converted
protoxide

the

sole ageut of oxidation in both beingatmosphericoxygen

aided by
suitable heat. In the first stage the temperature should be considerably
below
should

stage is in

colour,"and

sequel.

in the

same

In

works

in

ovens

in former

Smethwick, near

each

back to front.
The

use

whom

ie

alternately

and

"

"

of my friend Mr. Adkine, at

I am
indebted for drawings
As

"colouring"ovens.

these

of the former

of
description

ovens

will be

the-latter.

low-arched

each side towards

This bed

furnace, having a bed

the median lino,and 7" from

of brick, and is supported

plate
by a bedthe side-walls and intervening
piers

is made

cast-iron,
restingon

of brick.

"

"

other, the construction

oven

them in

ovens

"

"

conducted

product

but slightly
in
differing
and
ovens
dressing
colouring
at the present day are substantially
The woodcuts
147 to 150 inclusive,

from the woodcuts

The
Droiaing-ooen.
from
slightly
inclining

the

convenient, I shall use

colouring ovens

"

and
colouring,"

operations

times.

"dressing" and

easilyunderstood

"

are

Birmingham, to

resemble
closely

of

boUi

while in others two

represent the red-lead

both of his

to me

seem

named
employed,

are

as

localitiestenned

some

some

The
respectively.
same

"

"

these words

as

oven;

construction

the

in the second it

lower than in the first. The firststage is in

coni^iderably
and the product dross." The
droseing,"

be

second

the

of protoxide
of lead,and
melting-point

localities termed

some

"

the

has
bed-plate

raised borders

on

each side and

at the

hack, and may he desotibed as a shallow box without a front. There

three openingsin front fittedwith hingeddoore of cast-iron,
are
one on
each side,
and.a central
of the same
dimensions for introducingthe fuel,

largerone

throughwhich

is effected. The

the

oven

top of the central

charged with lead and rabbling

doorway is a littlehigherthan that
is

of t^e side

the
the

difierenoe in height,
doorways,
whereby,owing to this slight
of air throughthe side doorways is promotedas well as
entrance
of the fuel from
of
the gaseous products
of the combustion
escape

the upper part of the central doorway. At an equaldistance from each

extends
side of the oven
a low vertical wall or
alongthe
fire-bridge
bottom

from front to back, and the spaces included between

eit. Lib.

dt

xiiT.

6. 135.

these walla

cap. tI- iect. 20.

"610
and

the

adjacenteidas

without
in the clear is

of the

RED-LEAD.

oonstitute
reepectively

OTea

two

places,
fire-

any grate. The lengthof the hed "om back to front

where they
II',and the width between the bridges,

is 8' 4".
parallel,

are

OP

MANUFACTUBE

space, of which

the middle door is a

vertical platesof cast-

underneath
Immediately

the sides

are

formed

iron,the back by the lower part of

of two

largecast-iron platesupporting

the ftoat of the oven

and containingHio central doorway,and the
bottom by the floor here covered with a plateof cast-iron,
the front
and top beingleft open.
This space receives the oxidized lead as it is
drawn ont at the end of the first or dressing
stage. In front of the
above is an

oven

into a

arched space or hood of brickwork, prolonged

upwards
short vertical chimney;and Uieproductsof
the combustion of the

a
B".H

fuel

m
Front "ItnOca

gf (oloartDf-OKa.

other vaporous matters,which may escape from the oven, ascend

throughthis hood. In front of the central door a chain is suspended
havinga hook at the bottom,which Ecrves as a fulcrum for the rabble
or

The

of cast-iron standards and wronghtis firmly

braced by means
oven
iron tie-rods,
is
in the woodcuts.
The fuel in such an oven
as shown
places
alwayscoal in lumps of considerable size ; but in many ovens the firebackwards
for
are providedwith grates and
ashpitsextending

about

one-

piecesor
resembles

third of the
even
a

lengthof

the

oven,

in that

and

slack may bo employed.The

baker's oven, and has no inlet

oven,
or

case

ooal in small

it will be observed,

outlet except in front.

COLOORING-OVEN.
Fire-brick
bottom.

shoald
The

be ased

top of

the

dactingmaterial, such

Fig,lis.

VstloL

as

as

511

the internal

as well as for the

lining,
with a layerof b"dlyoon-

is covered

otbu

sand.

Bctioa
longttiuUiul

oF wloDriac-aTea

bd

Uu

Um

C D. 9g. Ito.

The construction
CWuurin^-OTien."

is shown in the woodof this oTen

and slopes
down 4 inches
147, 150 inclusive- The bottom is flat,
from back to front. There is no cast-iron bed-plate.
In other respects
cnta

it resembles the
be

drossing-oven,
exceptin

few

which
particulars

will

perceivedin the woodcuts.

Hg. H*.

V*rUal

cnia.KcUini

line E F, Bg. ISIL

ai Uh
ofcoliHiriiig^Tai

is adopted
A modification in the form of red-lead ovens, which
in several red-lead works, is shown in figs.
151, 152. This oven, it
with fire-grates.
will be obuerved,is provided

_y

612

MANUFACTDBE

The

tools

employedin

in figs.
153,
repreaented

OF

RED-LEAD.

the prooeasea of

are
drowingand oolonring

154.

indebted for detaiU of the process of nutunfactare to Mr. W.

of the lead-works of Messrs. Bawaon, Barker
Baker, formerlymanager
I

am

Co.,Sheffield, to Mr. Heron, of the lead-works

Ireland, and to Mr.
'
one
Keatee, formerly

and

at

Ballyooms

in

"

of

proprietors

the

of the lead-works

at

;
HolywelljFlintshire

and

the

to

sources

same

also indebted

am

for

working

drawings of

red-lead

I may
add
had the

ovens.

that I have

opportunityof
the

nessing
wit-

process

at several works.

DeKTiplioHof
the 9orlu
Bawion,

the

oonducted at

a"

"procet*

Meura,

of

and

Barker

Co., Sheffidd. TU
"

following
description
is

by Mr.

Baker.

floor of the
made

"sJ

The

is

oven

F1j.ihi

'

of

the median
At

line

is

oven

chai^^

of lead which

1 cwt.

from

the back

irom

the sides towards

towards

i".

the

6 A.M.

f^

UwUdb^B,
HartBaulNctkraqfcolmriiig-oTBiai

pressedfirebricks laid edgewise: it slopes

downwards
the centre i",thence to the month
li",and

about

i;

with

remained

had

22 cwts.

of

pig-lead,
including

unoxidized

and been drained

offfrom

theprevioTiB
charge. The molten
lead is kept in by a
dam

the

across

in front,

of the oven
and
the
used

for

floor

material
this dam

consists of the

particlesof

coarse

mixed
inter-

lead and oxide

protof lead obtained
in grindingand

levigatingthe productof a former charge,

of the
termed
wiiich is technically
leanings (a local corruption
it is beaten down
word leavings);
firmlywith a strong flat piece
"

of wood.
In about

The
two

lead
hours

"

forms a poolbehind the dam.

after the fusion and continual rabblingof the

quicklymelts, and

MANUPACTUBE

614

as

it iHsueB

into

the etonee

from

OF

in the state of greenish-Tellow

mud

vesael
conical-shaped

with vertical arms

termed

flows

puddler,"in which a shaft

By this means, as well
at the bottom of
water
supplies

"

of metal attached revolves.

which
by the aid of a foroe-piunp
the puddlor and causes
a constant
as

"

"

BKD-LEAD.

overflow from the top.the finer

and carried over through

particles kept in mechanical suspension,
tanks.
The
finer
thus removed
into
a longspout
settling
particles
are
yoUow, while the coarser, which remain in the "puddler,"are
are

of particles
of metallic
greenish,
consisting
:

it is the latter which

used for

are

of the oven, as before stated.

required,the depositin the

lead encrusted

with

the dam

making

oxide
prot-

in "ont

If

of lead in fine powder be

protoxide
tanks
is merely dried in the
settling
and
sievo
the
dried
oxide has a reddishthen passedthrougha
oven
;
it is keptheated in the oven
bufi' colour. But if red-lead he required
about
the
all
48
hours,
temperature beingcarefully
during
regulated
rabbled. When
the proper tint of
frequently
the chargeis drawn out of the oven, left
red-lead has been attained,
is made
to cool,and afterwards
paesedthrougha sieve. Orange-lead
the while

and

the

mass

by similarly
heatingwhite-lead and the froth which is obtained in
the process of grindingand levigatingwhite-lead.
With a considerable
the
in
of
froth
i
s
a
resulting
orange-lead
proportion
very
fine state

of division,and
According to Mr. Baker, an

by leavingIhe

feels very

soft under

red-lead
orangc-tintcd

firstproduct
(PbOj of the oxidation of

to the air until

of

carbonate

some

lead

of atmospheric
carbonic acid,and
absorption

in the

second

The

stage.

neterii

parHnu,depend upon
surface exposed. Mr. Baker
be detected

the

has

palette-knife.
be procured
pig-lead
exposed

may

been

then

formed

by

heatingit as

the

nsnal

quantityof carbonate,so formed, will,

the lengthof esposure and the extent of
that

states

of metallic lead may

particles

finely-divided
protoxide.
eondueled by tie Mining Company of Ireland at SaByat
Theproeee*
The description
communicated
conu.
by Mr. Heron, of the BalJyboth

in red-lead and

the

"

Lead

corus

Works, differs in

The

cwts.

become

into oxide.

converted

side of the

which

oven

in

Babbling is

hours,when
The

that

continned

almost the eutire

chargeis now

leavinga
equalproportions,

of Mr. Baker.

incessantly

will have
raked towards each
channel in the middle
mass

remainingin the metallic state may drain off. The

temi"erature
pointis stated to be that of "faint redness,"
up
but now
it is increased,and the charge is turned at intervals of
in this part of the process is to oxidise the
2 houFH.
The chief object
will not oxidize.
of
lead
and sweat
out what
remaining particles
from the oven, and when cold is ground and
The dross is withdrawn
The
levigated.
apparatus employedfor this purpose is represented
in the annexed
woodcut
prepared from a lithc^raph
snpjdied by

by

lead

any

to

'

of lead.

chaiseis 25
duringthe first 5

or

respects from

some

Mr.

are

Heron,
When
the

this

ground dross
heavy enough to resist

bottom

and

enters

the

there remain, while

the bran-tub, those particles

that
flow of the water fall to the

onward

the other part is carried forwu^

OBIKDINa

AND

615

LEVIGATING.

where it also gradnallyanbsides. This part of

settling-vat,
be ground so fine as not to producethe least feeling
of grittineas
when
rubbed between
the fingers.The deposit
in the
consists of intermingled
of metallic lead
bran-tub, which
particles
into the

the stnff must

and

is returned
protoxide,

and afterwards

to the

oven,

heated

during8

againground and levigated.After

or

10

hours,

the subsidence

of

SiJiil
I

D, the Bnpernatantwater is drawn off by

eettliDg-Tat
is laded into
the moist deposit
a syphon into a cistern G, after which
the second
into
and conveyedinto an iron shoot
iron handbarrow
an
in having
which differs onlyfrom the drossing-oven
or coionring-OTcn,
which
fine
particles
instead of an inclined one.
Any
a flat bottom
recovered
be carried over
throughthe eyphon are aubeeqnently
may
the stuff in the

",L^,?Googlc

fil"

OP

MANTFACTURE

RED-LEAD.

in the

The charge is from 35 to 40 cwta.

It quickir
settling-vat.
roller
when
Bmall
ia
stone
a
(fig.
dry,
154) passed over it
been formed during
in order to crush any lumps which
have
may
careful to leave all
desiccation. [In the north of England they are
and
soonest
these
colour
lumps UDcrushed, as
keep the charge open.
This may seem
In moving the charge from
strange, hut it is true.
becomes

time
hold
this

time the air gets all round

to

remarks
lumps. The same
From a Coiretprmdeni.']
After
colouringorange-lead.

of

true

"

the whole

of the

duty

uniform

as

the

and

at

is to maintain

fursace-man

nearlythe

as

the

perature
tem-

rightdegreeas possible,

to promote the absorpso as

charge over frequently,
tion
fresh
the
direct
to
action
of
of oxygen
portions
by exposing
the air. At the expirationof 48 hours the charge is drawn
out
into an iron waggon.
A sample of the charge should be examined
in order to ascertain
every 12 hours, when a change of shift takes place,

and to turn

the

whether
oiildthe

product,which

is

it is fed into the machine

pairof iron

enolosed
edge-rolls

prevent

and

lessen the

so

the manufacture
a

fine wire

remains

in

F,

made,

which

it.

case,

For

far

as

ticable,
prac-

atmosphere,
employed in

I'he red-lead thus

ground falls through

into a wa^on
edge-rolls,
completed,and all tiiat

the

is

The

pack it in

"When

consists of

in order, as

escape of red-lead duut into the

to men
to sickness incident
liability

sieve,working underneath

is to

fig.155,

the

of red-lead.

catch

placed to

been

brightred, requiresto be riddled.

this purpose
to

colour has

in

advance

the proper

process
casks for sale.

now

weight of the lead is found to be from 7% to

theoretical
manipulation. The maximum
increase should be 10'36%,i.e. 100 parts by weight of lead should
at Ballycoms
yield 110'36 of red-lead. The red-lead manufactured
has been analysedand found to have the followingoompoeition
The

increase in the

8%,inclusive of the loss in

per cent

;
"

Peroiida of lead (PbO')

18-89

Protoxide

80-5t

oriead

(PbOj

Beaqnioiidaof iron
Copper and tUver

O"terea/iMM
for the

on

Mr. Adkxn"' red-lead. The

"

of red-lead is that

manufacture

Shropshire; and no
makers.
flint-glass
been

attributed

to

the

lead derived from

course

ceased

of

lead used

from

by

Mr, Adkins

the Snailbeacfa mine,

red-lead has been held in greaterlocal repute l^

The excellence in qualityfor that purpose has
freedom

Formerlyred-lead suitable for

from

O'lQ
traee.

the

of Soailbeach

makers
flint-^lass

Bog Mine,

working, probably in

new

also in

lead
was

from

copper.
manufactured

Shropshire
; but

lode, lead

was

in the

raised which

to be applicable
and
to that purpose,
Bog Mine lead was
abandoned.
Some
from
a
accordingly
complaintproceeded
years ago
the flint-glass
makers
the
of
red-lead
made
from
respecting quality
Snailbeach lead. The glasswas
reportednot to be so brightand

ACTION

tJear

It should have

as

and gold; but

silyer,

of iron,copper,

traces

517

CROSSING.

sampleof this lead was examined in

results. It contained
Tookey with the following

been.

Mr.

laboratoryby

my

IN

SLAG-LEAD

OP

not

of tin,

trace

Antimony,arsenic,'or cobalt could be detected. HowcTor, I saw a

level at that time beingworked,
specimen of galenafrom the deepest
and

the lead

from which

the
pellation
a

lead
of

trace

gold.

Adkins'

Mr.

At

complainedof had been raised,with which

in spot". By cuof cobalt)
(arseniat^
silver
2
dwt.
12
of
taining
yielded oza. 0
grs.
per ton, con-

cobalt bloom

associated

was

works

called
technically

there

and
colouring-oven

the

levigatedprotoxide,

and

ground

into

casing,"was
put while moist
24
a high colour
hours,
during

"

heated

the

being

not

desired.
I observed
the

on

roof of

stated

have

to

considerable
the

quantityof

caused

been

subsequent oxidation.

by

An

white

and

greenishdeposit

is
works, which
of the lead,and its
splashing

drosaing-ovenat
the

analysisof

the

same

this

is

substance

given at

p. 620.

Drosnng hy machinery.
"

blades

or

wings

attached

is oval

the bottom

At

works

some

vertical shaft with metal

is fixed in the centre

When
dish-shaped.

or

of which

of the oven,

the

shaft revolves

the

agitation
by the blades,and the oxide of lead
of the rabble.
It has been
producedis heaped all around by moans
poolof lead is

kept in

asserted that several

tons

of lead

can

this is probablyincorrect,and

but

thus be

only a

operatedupon
few

cwt",

at

time,

than

more

the

chargecan be bo treated.
in the proeeu of dro"sing.
Pigs of slagof action of tlag-lead
when
struck with a hammer
lead may be easily
by the
recognized
with
emit
which
sound
as
or
pigsof soft
they
compared
sharp
ring
owed
lead; and long ago it was
rightlyconjecturedthat slag-lead
its hardness
and
ring to the presence of foreignmetals or other
average
Mode

"

especially
antimony. Mow it has been demonstrated that
and
metal
is generally,
if not always,present in slag-lead,

matters,
this

that soft and

pure lead may

bo rendered

hard and

in other

respectsto

of a
in whiteness,by
slag-lead,
particularly
have conclusively
small proportion
of antimony. Experiments
proved
that pure
lead alloyedwith an
small
extremely
proportion of
the process of droseing
in a remarkable
degree.
antimony expedites
In 1867 a friend of mine, largely
in
showed
me
engaged lead-smelting,
the followinginteresting
in my laboratory
experiment. Practically
in a plumber's
molted
9600
w
as
lead,
metal-pan
weighing
grains,
pure
dull
with
raised to
redness and stirred actively
or wrought-ironladle,
the

resemble

an

addition

Dressing took place,but slowly. After a few minutes

antimony,previouslyalloyedwith a lew grainsof load,
mediately
imdropped in, when, as though by magic, the metal was

iron rod.

1 grain of
was

affected

on

continuingto

stir it, and

the whole

mass

in

the

of

coorae

I should
fact.

few

hardlyhave
the

In

seemed

bo

to

aecoaia

the formation

anrface ; aad

The

OP

HAKUFACTO^

51S

ooaree

became

of oxide

from

puty

proceededwith

believed

without
poasible

of

miantes

some

exhausted,and
occurred

ozidatun
a

on

which
rapidity
proofof the

the effect of the

antimony

the

same

me

that ^aiao "^ antimony suffices to

does not
thoughthe droBfiing

was

the

ocular

aatimcMDy

droasingtook placeslowlyas

of another dose of
repetition

result

BED-LEAD.

at first.

followed
instantly

after the first doae.

by

friend

assnrea
My
scribed,
produce the effect above detake placequite so rapidly.
It is one
of the moat strikingand instructive experimentsI have
and
is particularly
as
ever
showing how the
seen,
interesting
of
minute
of
another
metal
affect the
a
quantity
may
presence
lead
The
of lead.
employed in the experiment
oxidizability
above recoiiled
had been preparedby my fiiend on a large scale
from selected ores, and with especial
for experimentson
care
pore
of
lead, or the nearest approach^lat can be made to it,regardless

expense.
llr, \V. Baker

as

states

that lead

substituted for
and

he

has

communicated

containingsulphur

in the manu"cture
slag-lead

may

be

vantageously
ad-

of red-lead;

followinginformation on the
subject.On examining sl^-lead from Derbyshire,ho found that it
contained both antimony and snlphur. He melted in two cmciblee,
such as are
nsed in the meltingof steel at Sheffield,
] cwLofgood
soft lead and added 2% of pure galena. It was
poured out while
to

me

the

red-hot,and duringsolidificationit passedthrougha pasty condition,

nary
common
plumber'ssolder (an alloyof lead and tin)or ordislag-lead.It was, however, not white, as is lead alloyedonly
with antimony ; and, when
broken
while sufficiently
heated to be
frangible,its fractured surface was
granular,and presentedthe
and
colours
characteristic
of lead free from antimony.
purple
yellow

as

does

Saker

asserts

that

their rod-lead

maker

found

his artificial sulphuretted

the usual slag-lead.Careful

to act as well as
slag-load
have
made
been
this
on
experiments
subjectat other British leadsmeltingnorks, which have led to the conclusion that sulphurhas
action.
only a slight
dro.'sing
from 10 to 20 ozs. of
According to Baker "o/tlead containing
oxidizes
in
the
ton
red-lead
oven
more
readilythan purer
copper per
2 hours.
the process sometimes
much
lead,shortening
He
aa
by as
has also observed that the oxidation goes on more
quicklywhen, after
the formation of a certain quantityof protoxide,
the latter is banked
the molten lead over it ; and he suggests
up Bo that the rabble splashes
that it might be desirable to leave in the oven
of the dross
a portion
from the precedingchaigein order to hasten oxidation in the next.
The
other lead-Hmelters is opposed to Baker's
experienceof some

opinionas

tA the drossiug
action of copper ; and, indeed, his own
results stated below are also opposed to that opinion. Whatever

substance

;
may bo used to promote dressingmust be added gradually
for it is oxidized faster than the lead,and either sUg-lesd or antimony
must
bo added in order again to start the action. But Baker

iCLyCoO^lc

CONCEHTRATIOK
fonnd

OP

COPPER"

OOSCREnONABT

819

MATTER.

much

in converting
more
"
copper in the lead left nnoxidked
of
lead
into
red-lead
than
existed
in
the
charge
originallead,thus

shoeing concentration
by A and C).

of copper

"^eopper

Concenlraium

(seethe numberu

underneath

in the lead

cated
indi-

remaining*"noxidized. Baker has

point,of which he has furnished me with
the fallowingparticulars.
Sampleswere taken
made

obacTTatioaa

"

thia

on

(A) Of the charge of Isad

(B) or the alag-Iesd
"0) Of thentnnu, i.a, of tha melatliolead tsppedoff
at tlie end of titsda/" wofk.
(D) Of tbe na-lead nuik.
A

ooutaioed of aopp"r

Baker
should
found

,,

iaSOOgtaint

computed that

civ

U.

1
,,

0-199

,,

giain.

0-273

,.

,,

the

he 01 80 gr. in 500

27

of
proportion

grs., which

in the red-lead

copper

nearlywith

agrees

the result

analyais.
produetion
ofred-lead, In 1847 I received "om Flattner
of
interesting
Bpecimens red-lead taken out of the culverts of an ironblast-furnace
at the Asbach
smdting
SmeltingWorks in Bhenish
on

Accidenlal

"

Prussia.
in

maHer
Concretionary

followingaccount
White-Lead
;

"
"

making red-lead. BishopWatson

gives the

"

this

of

substance

in

his

Essay

Red

on

During the making of red-lead,part of

there rises up from

roof of the furnace, and

it

vapour,

which

and

it is volatilized

attaches itself to

the

lumps. These lumps are of a

reddish
yellowish-whitecolour,mixed with pale green and some
small red crystals,
streaks,wherein are frequently
resemblingsuch as
formed by sublimingsulphurand arsenic together.
may be artificially
Ihe workmen
call the whole of what
is Bej)arated
from the lead,in
the form of smoke, sulphur; when
this sublimed matter is detached
from

the roof of the furnace, the red parts are converted,by a subsequent
into
red-lead
and
the
the
sent
to
ones
are
yellow
;
process,

fumaces,
smeltinglead.

The

to

againinto
not

from
arising

than when
free from

the colour of
to be mixed."

and

down

proportionhere assignedis

amounts

and in less time, when

as

run

in

since the smoke

furnace

be

to about 5 cwts.

this sublimate

roof

solid

forms

it

making

constantlyswept
the workmen

theycan,

because

Watson's

from

be

largermasses

with

oven."
were
performed in tbe same
colouring
of
Mr.
Adkins'
red-lead
ovens
an inspection

At

Evays, 1782,S. p. S4S.

to

portionof
which

it appears
description,
in

of red-

relied on,

the roof of the

endeavour
small

quantityof

100 tons

wholly to

largequantityof the red-lead

From

The

the lead forms itself into

it is not

it is ; and
as

lead.

it

that

keep the
injures

it

happens
droaeing

1850, 1 collected

i
DigitizecQyGoO^lc

520

MANLPACTORE

RED-LEAD.

OF

the roof of " droonng'

the concretionat?deposit
on
'vrbiclibaa been analysed hj Smitb in my laboratory
oven,
(1870).
like calcareona tnfa in appearIt is porous, liable, and somewhat

specimenof

Its

anoe.

in

is white, with a pale bnff tinge;but

pale green, and in others pale blue; a little

colonr
prevailing

|iartait is

some

brownish-red

matter

also be

may

while

it melts, and

hot

When

observed.

its ctJour

heated

to

red-

is

yellow,and when cold

of
a crystalline
a
tint; bnt the powder of the
mass
yellowisb
in colonr,being nearlywhite.
At my request,
is much lighter

nuts

it is
mass

fricud ProfLtisor Miller, of Cambridge,has examined

this sabwith
favoured
the
me
stance, and
followingnotice respectingit :
my

"

"

I cannot

from

convex

transmitted
remains

discover

any

lightbetween

dark.

I have

colour,the

crystalsin it. The reflexions are

from
with
planes. Under the microscope,
crossed Nichol's prisms,the largerportion
there, however, a small quantityof coloured
if a few crystals
were
mechanicallymixed

surfaces,not
Here

and

light comes
through,as
with a largoquantityof
But

dt^finite

been

not

copper

some

appears

in

other matter

able to isolate any

to be very

vitreous condition-

crystals.Judging by

the

unequallydistributed through

the substance."

CovposinoiT

OF

CoHCBCrioSAaT

Hattbb

DKossn(o-Ovi"r.

fboh

PwUwudeoflesd

87-73

6-29

acid
Sulphuric

11-68

699

Pioloiide of copper
Inm

O'bOS

eilTcr

0-0002

Water and ttaoes of carboniiiacid

tnce

0-10

...

99-8152

500

grains of the snbstance yieldedby dry assay a bead of silver,

which weighed 0*001 grain,
and oorreepondBto 1 dwt. 7 grainsper
acid
Hanganeee,zinc,nickel,cobalt,antimony, and hiilphurous
were
soughtfur, but none could bo detected by operatingupon 100
grains. The compositionof this substance is approximately
sented
reprewhich
by the formula i'bU,SO"-|-2l'bO,
(takingI'bO
112)
ton.

Correspondsto

the

followingcompositionper

cent.

"

Protoiideotlead

89-3"

Bulpbnricacid

10-63

It may, therefore,be regarded as tribasio sulphate

of lead ; and its
A deposit
mode of formation is probably
of protoxide
of
as follows ;
lead is first formed, and then elowly converted by the aulphurons
"

acid

in the coal used as

from the oxidation of the pyrites
resulting
fuel, into batsic sulphite
of lead,which, by the prolonged
action of
heated atmospherio
into
air playingover
it,is changed ultimately

basic

sulphate.
effeett
of the manu/aelare
of red-lead.~Tbia

Poitommi

is

subject

522

FERFOBATION

be mistakea for
by Busaian

perfectitate might
been found

BT

LEAD

OF

England,Sweden, Germany,

It has uot

of fir-trees. It erodes

reducingit to

powder, but

the

lead with

of it.

eating

none

The

yet

it ocean

entomolofpsta
; bat

in the Jura in France.

certain kinda

lew contained in the wood

French into the Crimea.

kind of wup.

in the Crimea

and

INSECTa

in

It attttcbB

its mandiblea,

insect

doubt-

was

of the boxes of

cartridges
importedby the
gnawed like those
Specimensof cartridges

in the Crimea, and in which

bad been
insects of the same
species
found IS aiiu were
submitted to the Academy by M. Bouteille,Curator
of the Alusenm of Natural History,at Grenoble,
^milar perforations
in lead have

also been

traced

Caliidiuat aas^'iwHM,of the order

to

Culeoptera.Fouchet, writingin

1867,

examined

pieceof the

gutterof

that he had

announces

church, which

recently

presented

numerons

of Callidiitm.'
species
I have been informed that a mysterious
and startling
humming
sound
heard
from
the
interior
of
to
beeu
a
having
proceed
piano,it
found tu be caused by an imprisoned
was
Sirex,which had passedita

pro"luccd
by
perforations

larva stage in the wood of the instnnnent.

In 18U9, while at Hatlock
Bath, in Derbyshire,I received from
the late .Mr. Melville,of the then cotton-spinning
firm of Arkwright
and Melville,
which had
curiously
specimensof t-beet-lead,
perforated,
served as the liningof wooden
troughsused for soaking cotton in
It

water.

the

stated that

was

liningof

entire

the

troughs

soon

firstperceived
about
thus acted upon.
The perforations
were
The troughswere
circular,
a year aAer the troughshad been lined.
and the width of the lead-lining,
measured flat,I find to be S\"; and
became

the holes

nearlyall

are

included within abont the middle third of the

are numerous,
what
lining.The perforations
vaiyingfrom about \''to someless than -^f"in diameter ; some
round and regularthat
so
are
or less irregular;
they might have been drilled,while others are more
and whar, is woi*thyof note, they are all,so to speak,countcr-snnk
on

the

cular

side of the sheet.

tame

which
pits,

or

appears,
I ascertained

wood.

; and

that

wirh
supplied

also numerous
the side of the sheet where

which

had

from

water

of red

made

were

sheet-lead
leaden

been

were

been

not

from

water

been

The

were

the Carboniferous

procuredfrom

soldered

the

numerous

in
to me,

same

The

some

The

source.

edges of
water

mill,

was

it

was

the

troughs
piecesof

conveyed
drawn,

the ootlon,
not

quality

in

'iliere

in thing
anybuted,
regularlydistrior

parts than others.

dated

Tranalatod titm the French.

identical in

was

together. The

Hr. Melville wrote

UuiTeiM.

the

Limestone, although it

cases

Petorsburghdeal.

more

with

in another

observed

pipesinto a leaden cistern,from which

the water,
change in the troughs,
The perforations
since the first use.
were
but

the countersinking

in contact

the perforationshad
the Mill-Stone Grit formation

l)een no

letter which

cir~

that the mill, in which

had
perforations

no

minute

are

believed that the lead used in both

becaui^e it had

bod

that

suppliedwith

occurred, was

was

only on

occur

There

In

January 27, 1640, is the

London, 1870. p. 210.

BY

POISONINO

528

LEAD.

be allowed to hazard a
If I may
I aliould say it is possible
that the email insect,
which
is
timber, may have perforatedthe wooden
trough, and

followingsentence

with

contact

But

the

"

lead may

the fact of the

have

worked

and
oonnteTsinking

outer

side of the sheet which

with

the wood

of the

in

common

coming

its way

through that
pittingbeing confined

had been in contact

troughis

with water

'

in

also."
to the

and

not

opposedto this view,

POISONING

Cireumgtamxt

oonjecture,

"

BT

LEAD.

im tekich Poieonintf
by Lead

of which
metallargical
operations

apt

to occur.

"

Persons

such
subject,
the manu"cture
of compounds of lead,
Buch as red-lead and white-lead ; in paintingwith pigments of lead,
the other ingredients
like honse-painters
; in mixing red-lead with
; in manipulating with
required for the production of flint-glass
liable to poisoningby
o
xide
of
lead.^are
pottery glazescontaining
the frequenthandling
in
which
lead. Cases have also been published
of metallic lead or its alloysis stated to have produced poisoning;
hnt such caaes seem
to have been extremelyrare.' The symptoms of
in

engaged
as
; in
smeltingand cupelling

this

by

the

poisoningare

of drinks

use

same

as

those which

containing compound
a

lead is the

result ftvm

of lead in solution

Lead may
he introduced into the system
inhalation of lead-smoke or of air contaminated

dust

stomach

throughthe

by swallowingfood

or

the habitual
or

in suspension.

through the lungs

with plumbiferous
drink

impregnated

with

surfaces by prolonged
lead; and through the skin or mucous
such
contact
with lead, or with various substanoes in which it exists,
as

lotions and

ointments.

Dr. Christison

considers it

probablethat

all the

preparationsof

lead

are
poisonous,
except the metal, and perhapsalso the sulphide.
What
is,that every compound of lead
sceraa
a reasonable
supposition
surfaces or the skin,
which is capableof being aloorbed "om
mucous

and

difTused

through the system,

questionarises whether

be so, the
such as the insoluble
of such

is

an

producepoisoning
; and

compounds of the metal,

sulphide,which are incapable

there

sulphateand

if this

are

and are, therefore,innocuous.

This
and diffusion,
absorption
with
reference
to
of
important practical
enquiry
subject
ventive
premethods
well as remedial measures
as
; and. Indeed, special

of treatment
are

will

such

proposedand adoptedin the belief that there

compounds of the metal. Experimentssuch as

have been
innocuous

giving dogs strong doses of metaUic lead or sulphideof lead prove

little; but the repeatedexhibition
of either of these substances
in
small doses would

shew

however

whether

sufficient of the metal would

bo dissolved,

slowly,to enter the system and cause poisoning.

a
disputedpointwhether working in lead-mines
authors maintainingvery positively
the
some
produces poisoning,
the negative. In favour of
afBrmative, and others as positively
It

seems

to

be

624

BY

POISONINQ

LEAD.

tbe latter view, Dr. ChriBtisoa cites the

for

was

some

who

tbey worked

I am
ting-furnaces.

treatment, and of many

t
hat
he
has never
seen
a case
Holywell,

miners, notwithstandingeven
But

informed

aa

subjectof

supposinggalena not

lead,if inhaled

to

Mr.

by

others

lead-mines

James

in the

where

of
lead

vicinityof

of lead -poisoning
amongst the

carbonate

is associated in considerable

galena

the colic until

the medical attendant

large experience
of Messrs. Walker, Parker, and Co., and

the works

mines

had

never

has had

Hr. Braid, who

Lanarkshire, where

that the miners

found

the smcl

at

Williams, who
is the

Burgeon

years

is raised,and

of
Knthority

at Leadhille. in

lead in many
of thote
the galenaraised.

of

quantitywith

be hurtful to health, yet carbonate

dust,would assuredlyin the course

of

in the state of

of

time occasion the disease.

Symptonu of Poisoning
by Lead,' The chief symptoms
in
the
and
obstinate constipation
gripingpain
belly
; and

the disease

is termed

remarkable

are

"

l.ead-Colic

Painter's Colic.

or

of the most

One

severe

and

conspicuousprcmonitjary
by lead is that of a
signsof poisoning
line
the
their
at
junction with the teeth ;
blueish-grey along
gums
and this appearance
which"
only first detected
strange te say, was
not many
has
received
the
of
name
Ulue-gum.'
years ago"
The
pain in Lead-L'olic may be pretty constant, intermittent or
remittent ; and is generally,
but not iirvariably,
r^ieved by pressure.
The
muscles being
abdominal
is
almost
the
belly
always hard,
rather full,but usuallythe reverse,
tbu
contracted ; it is sometimes
navel being often drawn
in so as almost te touch the spine. There ia
either no dischargeirom the bowels, or scanty hard lumpy f"ces are
passedwith much strainingand pain; and, in a few instances,it is
monly
stated,there ia diarrhoea instead of constipation.The urine is comdiminished
has

hours

in

blueiah tint.

days, pain

or

while
quantity,

the first,
but
is felt in the head

inside of the

thighs,knees, calves of
accompaniedsometimes with

the feet

"

with

epilepsyand coma.*
gloomy i and in advanced
is said te exceed

the

From

The

after
frequently

more

and

the

cramps,

few

soles of

sometimes

even

is dull, ani:iouB,and

expressionof gloomy anxiety

the

that In almost

and

and

the
especially

limbs"

legs,ancles, and

countenance

cases

is increased

saliva

all other diseases.

There

is great

'
clatuTs it mta
The worki whioli I have chieflyrondeaignatcdCaUra
fiirnietly
tlie following i" The
Bulted are
pedia FicUmvm, le. Colic of Poitou, ttie old
Cyclo-

province,from ita being eFiidemio

anvoigstthe inhabitants
1843. I. p, oftliat country(in l*tin,P"*"e"", on noplps anil Pructi(" of Phonic,
winea adullfrated
447 ; Clirlatieoii'aTnatue
on
PoiBi"n8,count o[ tlieirdrinkiiiji
183B, p.ai3i Aiidral'B CliDiqueMedicAle, with augiiT of lead. But in tlie iiomei"p. mi ; Din luetnllur- clature of discBses adupted by the Royal
hj Dr. Spillan,183(i,
in London
KrankUeilen
de" Oberbnrnsa, von
College of PliyBielftiiB
(IStSX
jiischt-n
Br, Carl Hciniich lliockmaiin,Cluuatlial,it is ti-rmcd Colum
ex
jdmabo or Cebm
1851. p. 227.
pii-iomm,
of

Pnclital

p. 142 ; Walaon'a

'

are

Till) local
DcToiishire
Hwlrid

in the West

Medieine, 1S33,

Lectures

BynonjmB

on

of this

Colio,and

discBso

Derbyshire.
Dry Belly-ache

Colic,Ikllaud

luiUeg.

I.

the Friucl-

in

lu scitinlific
nomLu-

Freireh

iu fnrnier timeii

'

never

Mr.

WilliamB

seen
or

a
ooma.

nwe

infonna

me

that

he has

occompauied with epilepsy

COURSE

SYMPTOMS"

OF

THE

625

DISEASE.

pulae is rarelyquickened and often retarded, a

The ekin hae a dull,dirtj,
being quite exoeptioual.
is
it
but not
cadaverous
hot,
;
frequently,
uniformly,
appearance
and
with
in either caae, it is bedewed
clammy perspirsirregular,
tion.
The disease may
occur
abruptly,while the patient appears
to be in good health,but it is usually preceded
by impairedappetite,
and
restleee
the uneasiness, originally
nights.
By-aud-bye
indigestion,

pToetratioD.The
febrile conditioa

confined to
the stomach
the

becomes

in the

Cramps

the stomach, extends

rest of the

irritable that

so

pitof the stomach

the
belly,

disease is apt to
to the conditions
Sir Thomas

ordinarycolic
when

reour

working with
patientwho has

after
a

liable

Uie

to

palsyor

in

records

it in the

white-lead

dividuals,
In-

of poisoningby
susceptibility
within

case,

affected with

his

own

Lead-Colic

for nineteen

suffered

once

first instance.

remarkable

patientfirst became
from

years. It is said that

Lead-Colic becomes
more

In
the exciting cause.
to
upon
exposure
of this disease,either before or after recovery,

fatal

apoplexymay supervene.
hang danglingdown when

is the hands, which

his arms
out
; it is the extensor
BO

eightdays. But
self
patientagain exposes him-

disease

subsequent attacks
local

by romiting.

in less than

the

induced

which

Watson

in which
experience,

followed

and

succeed, and before

however, differ muoh

lead.

eatingis

abdomen,

long occur over

disease beingthen fully
developed.'
'Bytimelyand proper treatment, the patient

Cowrte of (he dueate."

recovers
as from
"asually
the

to the whole

that the

muscles

thumb

The
the

which

palsy
patientstretches
affected,
chiefly

se-at of the

are

flexed and

contracted upon the

and
are
fingers
I'his symptom characterizes the disease appropriately
termed

palm.
Wrist-dropor Drop-hand. The
is most

noxious

conditions

as

from

are

to

miserable

become

some

sult
re-

patientsoften

If, however,

Watson, sink under

the usual effects of

perhapsseveral times, and

instances of Wrist-drop
occur

But

exposing themselves

previously,
they wiU

and, accordingto Sir lliomas

Such

this affection.

persistin

their trade and

waste, and the

ball of the thumb.

apparent in the

completelyeven

recover

palsiedmuscles

sume
they re-

the

same

cripples,

visceral disease.

the colic,
poisoningby lead : first comes
the palsy. But it is asserted that
without
by colic.
having been preceded
of Guy's Hospital,
Bees, senior physician

then

According to my friend,Dr.
not
nnfrequent; and in one such instance,which came under
hia observation,
the subject
was
a gentleman poisoned
by takingsnuff
are
impregnatedwith lead. Accordingto Dr. Christison,compositors
attacked
but
with
it
is
Lead-Colic,
believed, subjectto
are,
rarely
;
partial
palsyof the hands from their frequently
handlingtype-metal
and he states that he had met with one case apparentlyof this kind.

this is

Lead-Colic is seldom fatal

death has taken placefrom
have been

appearances
afford the least

Id Hum

as

colic ; and

coma

discovered

in the

otherwise

or
on

rare

cows

in which

duringthe disease,no

/wri-morfemexamination,which

of the painor oonstipatim.

explanation

I
dewriptiao

hsTs

in tbe main

adopted Dr. Chiutuon'*

language.

626

POISONING

FoiaODinghy
Albnmmaria'

and

lead ia eaid to
buve

in

some

BY

LEAD.

to goat ;* and
predispoae

instanoes been

Amanrosis'

ascrilied to the

Hime

cause.

tie bodji."
of lead and il" difftuion
ikroughoat
Altorftiott
Althongh
be
in
that
lead
the
metal
poisoning
by
niightreasonahly aseamed,
the body,
absorbed and diffuaed throughout
yet aaaumptionis unneoes-

it
is

sary ; for it has been demonstrated

iact. The metal has been detected

by experimentthat such is the

by chemical analysisin the palsied
muscles and in the bniin of man,' as well as throughoutthe carcases
with it ; but why, as Sir Thomas
of animals killed by slow poisoning
AVatson remarks, it fastens solelyor' chiefly
on
muscles, or
particular
is
knows.
nerves,
nobody
Bine-gum
regardedas a proof
particular
of lead, and is supposedto result from
the conof the abftorption
version
the
of the compound of lead circulating
through
system into
bat
how
has
been
ascertained
with
of
not
certainty.
sulphide lead,
of jwisoningfrom frequentlyhandling or otherwise mantpametallic
of the metal and the superficial
lead,minute particleu
lating
tarnish of oxide, which
quickly results from atmosphericair, are

In

cases

doubtless

conveyed from

the

the food and

to
fingers

pass into the

so

stomach.

of Lead-Colie."l am indebted to my friend IJr. Owen

w-hich he follows at
followingaccount of the treatment
In
where numerous
of the disease are received.
cases
Guy's Hospital,
of castor-oit,
mixed with 10 drops of
the majorityof coses
an
ounce
of linseedlaudanum, is given twice daily,and largehot poultices
of 40
mcal are appliedto the belly. At night a draught consisting
solution
in
of
s
edative
phor-mixture,
(Liquoropiieedativne) camdrops Battley's
Trealmeni

Roes for the

is

if the
prescribed,

bowels

have

been

acted upon

by

cases,
during the day. In severer
accompanielwith
from
the
and
the arm
of
to the
tenderness
belly
retching,
hleeding
be practised
with advantage
of 16 or 20 flnid-ounces may
amount
when
the patientJs young
and strong. Pain and spasm
are
thereby
its
a
nd
the
stomach
often
loses
and,
allaypJ,
irritability,
quickly
very

the oil taken

immediately afterwards, retains food and medicine.

of
or
application
have
found
been
poultice,

is less robust,the

by

warm

oil,with

15

20
to

leeches

producemuch
given as

this oil may

be resorted to when
irritable to retain medicine ; and in all cases
into
injected

the rectum

Mr. Williams
for

few

the

Battley'ssedative solution,is also

the

Clystersof

obtained

When

to

unless

states

the

hours, before

relief. Castorin other

stomach

under

cases.

is too

gniel

warm

greatlysoothes the
that, accordingto his experience,
no

patientis

patient

followed
belly,

pint of
patient.
a

the

relief is

the influence of

kept
opium
and clysters;
that while
givingpurgatives

*Dr.GBrrod,Modi""CliimrglcalTrBi"- I

"

NeirS;d.Boc.YaMvBonk.ieei.p.167.

el dp
actionii,1S51, 86; J. W. Begbie, Eilin- I * Trousseau,Joum, de GhiruT)rie
burgh MeilioalJournsJ, 1862; and Char- MWepinoPrdtique. 1862,33.p.153. P"t"l
cot, New
Syd. Soc. Year-Book, 1864.
!csie of convulflionB aaorihed to poiBoning
'

BrauDal, Ketrospect of

181)7-8.

HedlcisB, l^ lead,bat which tny frieud Dr. Uuicbidue to renal disease.

I aon mspecti wtn
'

LEAD-PAMT.

627

is Aitile,even
of purgatives
clystersof
spaBui lasts the nee
without
castor-oil being expelled
being soiled by faecal matter or
the

tainted
a

not

by

fiecalodoiir

be

that

beginshis

treatment

ing
hy administer-

grainsof opium ; and that in severe

of warm
soothingeffeot from the injection

dose of 3
uiy

seen

or

he has

cases

gruel into

the rectum.
At Guy's Hospital,
with a view
drags are prescribed
Lead-Paltif.
the
the
excretion
of
But
some
poison.
promoting
practitioners
have recourse
friction and shampooing,
to electricity
or
or
galvanism,
"

of

support the wrist by splintsin order

of the

weight of
tried

the

the

benefit that

use

might

dropped hand.
of splints
for

have

to relieve the extensor

Dr. Sees states that he has occasionally

this purpose, bat not with the

from
anticipated

been

muscles

tiie reports of other

this treatment would appear

priori,
to be oontra-indicated, as
to
tending
prevent the exercise of the
affected muscles, and consequently,
to promote their Airther atrophy,
Andral
entertained a high opinion of stryohnine
given internally
in minute
doses in lead-palsy
experiencegenerallydoes not
; but
to have confirmed that opinion; and the administration
of such
seem
is
be
recommended
to
not
without
a
powerfuldrug as strychnine
indisputable
proofof its efficacy.
in its "vonr; and,
practitioneiv

With

chronic
found
from

of the lead

view to the elimination

Dr. Bees states that the

cases

from

the

followingtreatmeat

kidneysin
has been

advantE^eons. Iodide of potassiumhas been given in doses of

5 to 10 grainstwice or thrice daily. Soon after the commence'
of such

ment

treatment, lead has

been

detected

in

the

urine.

My

friend Dr. Sibson,also bears testimony,

from hie own
to
experience,
the highlysatisfactory
effect of the iodide npon
painters labouring
under Lead-Colic.
Hot water
or hot-air baths have been also employed
that
Guy's hospital Dr. Rees has tried both methods, but prefers
the
that
the
reason
kidneyis a
potassinm,allegingas
active excretorythan the skin. Sulphur-baths,
4 cuts,
more
containing
of sulphideof potassinmto 30 gallonsof hot water, were
prescribed
by the late Dr. Todd, whereby the patientis stated to have been superficially
blackened, owing, it was
inferred,to the formation of sulphide
of lead in the skin.
The same
method
was
adoptedby Dr. Guenneau

at

of the iodide of

de

Mussy in

had been

his treatment

of the members

poisonedby drinking

water

of the Orleans

oontaminated

who
fiimily,

with lead at Clare-

This treatment seems

to be founded
on the notion that sulphide
of lead is either completelyinnocuous,or much
less so than the compound

mont.

of lead

by which the system is permeatedin oases of poisoning

of lead to be harmless,it is "ir to
by this metal. Assuming sulphide
infer that this mnst
and its undecomposbe due to its insolubility
it
be asked, why should
in the body; but in that case,
ability
may
who
has been
not a patient,
by lead and blackened by a
poie"Mied
remain
solphur-bath,

by

the

so

as

permanentlyas

one

who

has

been

ened
black-

internal exhibition of nitrate of silver ?

long-continued
which
lliis is a subject
demands
imperatively

Prevetilicemauurei.
the consideration

of

"

employerswho

oury

on

connected
operations

528

FOISOKINO

BT

LEAD.

with Icftdin an; form, bnt which, until a comparatiTel;

recent period,
has been grievouslyneglected' A very large number
of men
and
have

been

poisoned by lead

smelting and other works

those devoted to the manufacture
(continental
British),
especially
of white-lead ; and
hare perishedprematurelyafter years
of a miserable existence iinwortliy
of the name
of life. In many
the
lot
of
these
victims
has
been
inevitable, the only
cases
hapless
alternatives being to earn
their dailybread by honest labour at
women

well

as

at

as

the risk of health and life,to starve, or to subsist on pablic

charity.
Tha time has passedwhen
manu"cturers
allowed to do as
were
their establishments

they pleasedin
and

the

tendency of

to interfere with

more

oomfurt of the

onr

view

with

respectto sanitaryprovisions;
is
legislation

modem

in

are

and

personal
tmable
largeproportion

promote the health

to

who
classes,
labouring

and

more

Owners
of insalubrious works
would
do
protect themselves.
well to consider this and be wise in time. Capitalis entitled to an
to

for its investment,

adequate return
health and

life of artizans,and

it is

when
especially

but

the

the

at

deterioration

practicable,
as

is,easilyto prevent those evils.

not

in many

sacrifice of the

of their

offspring,
undoubtedly
for
good reason
it

cases

Moreover, there is

in a pecuniary
that,even
believing
point of view, it will be found
in health,
maintain
the
to
highlyadvantageous
producersof capital
vigour,and contentment, in order that they may render the most
efficient service.

With

to

respect to poisoningby lead,every effort should be made

of air impregnatedwith
or
prevent the inhalation of lead-smoke

plumbiferonsdust

efficientventilation

and

by

the

adoptionof

it is certain that this

works
welt-regnlated

has been, to

It is desirable

that

contrivances for

obvious

object
may be, and

great ext"nt

in

some

plished.
accomsatisfactorily

everything should

be

done,

as

far

as

to avert the interference of Parliament and the annoyance

practicable,
with
of inquisitorial
State inspection,
a
charge upon the national
funds for the salaries of inspectors.At present we
have enough of
such
charges,which in many cases would never have been needed

if manu"ctarers

hnmanity.
Kigid attention
managers

upon

"

Bdoplpd by

w^re

The

stattment

ia

in offioiniB

laiia

of
dulyinfluenced by feelings

personalcleanliness should
and
workpeople.Opportouities

itatra th"t in his

in mininm.

taining thia
Qui miniDin

been

to

their

'
Flinj.however,
preventivemeosuTeB

Torkera

others had

and

day

|dnat.yet

tlie

lliem.)

(YiupasaaRe
followa :

"

|meant
I ment.

tt

enjoinedby

time for proper

tbey mtiy see thmiuh

"potiunt" probably
of thepigi;riDdiii|;aiidnflinff
vinnowit also appliedto tjie
Pliny naea the word minium

so

The

the

be

that

wib

polianifnciem
ing of com,
in reapirando for cinnabar
,

red-lend ; and in
vtiiieisinligimt,ne
as well aa
it is not clfar to
pemieialem pulvprem trabnnt et tamen ' the paasageaboveqnuted
at per illaa gpictent
it
(Lib.xxxiii. cap. | which he refei". Bnt in either cue
Ti". sect
wen
39, Sillig's
ed.). (Ther who jappeara that the KoniaD workmen
minium
in workehopscsrerul to protect their health
polish (prepare?)
by the
tie Dp thrn
lueet in Ioobs bags. Utt I adoption of means
to prevent their in.
in respiring
dust
thej inhale the pemicions ' haltDg poisonous
,

'

'

iCQyCoOJ^Ic

530

OP

POISONINQ

been

common.*
prcTioiiHly

ANIMALS

However

BY

LEAD.

beneficial the

lactics
adoptionof prophy-

be, nothingehottld divert attention

of this kind may

of the introduction
thing needful,the prevention

one

the

from

of the

poison

into the system.

the words

with

I will conclude

and

Profit arises to Princes

Metals

is

of

Merchants

"

Mines, and

from

all Arts,

to almost

highly necessary

old author.

an

we

lives of these workmen

in duty to preserve
Cautions and RemedicA
their Viseases,and proposing

as

great

as

the I'se of

therefore

are

the

But

bound

by invefltigating
for the Bemoval

of them."*
PoisoKina

OF

Anu

als

Lhad.

bt

by Sir Thomas Watson, that dogs,cats, and rata, which

known
inhabit buildings,
wherein lead is much used or prepared,
are
to be attacked both with colic and with palsy. An interesting
contin
mnnication on the poisoningof horses and cows
made
was
by lead,
18.^2, by my deceased friend.Dr. (Jeorge
Wilson, to the Royal Society
It is stated

Edinburgh;

of

the }'car

and the main

previoushe

made

facta recorded therein

death of thirteen horses,which, besides several

have

are

as

follow.

series of analysesin connection

cows,

were

In

with the

believed to

sphere
poisonedby compounds of lead, transferred by the atmoor
by water to fields in which they pastured. He found the
those fields to be notablyimpregnatedwith carbonato of
of
herbage
and
conceived
it to be highlyprobable,
that all the deaths
had
lead,
been caused by this poison. The proprietors
of lead-works in the
conclusion ; for,after a
vicinityseemed to have arrived at the same
littledelay,they declined going into a court of law, and compensal"d

the

been

of the dead horses.

owners

and

two

had

pony
which

pasturedin

is situated

horses
on

accustomed

were

day

when

of carbonate
extent

in

the

ore

of lead,

lead entered

occurred in

shire,
Derbyand

Lead

Mine,

the hills surroundingthe

stream, proceeding from the mine, and

ran
ore,
through this field,at which the

to drink.
was

The

water,

in the form
chiefly

mentioned

taken from the stream

being dressed, contained

the bodies of the animals.

above

mare

the

had been

largequantity

of sediment, but

suspension.This, however, was

the stream

cases

In the latter,
a brood
field adjoiningthe Grecnside

Patterdale, among

Lake.

washing

in

near

head of Ullawater

employed

Eleven of the

in Westmoreland.

also to

some

onlysource whence
a
Ihiring heavy winter flood,
not

the

allowed
negligently

to burst its

barriers and

which, it is
suddenlyto overflow tho neighbouringfields,
the
covered
with
of
thick
coat
a
team
literally
from the
set
minet,so that persons were
by the Company, it was nuderstood
A portionof grass and aoil taken from the
to scrape it off tho grass.
field referred to some
months
examined
after tho overflow,was
by
stated,became

"

Dr. Wilson.

"

The

Briti"1i HedinI

1870. p. 608.
"
Health PreBcrred.

"

blades and

roota

Joarnul, Jane

11,

and
operatedon separately,

were

M.D,. Chief PnressoT of Fhyairk at

i^ini,
Paduft.

By Bera. Bama-

|2nd

ed.

Trenslnted bjr H. James, M.D.

Leodon, 1750. p. 38.

BT

ANIMALS

OP

POISONING

of lead, which,
yieldeda largequftntity

both

existed in the state

soil which

sent

waa

BeaoB

of carbonate.

along

with

631

LEAD.

he

snppoaed,probably
Kdinbnrgh in tho

in

grown

the grass, contained lead. It

and pony had during six weeks

waB

or
clearlyascertained that the mare
and
lead
in
their
food
drink.
carbonate
of
At
swallowed
more
daily
mnch
the end of this period,both animals had become
emaciated,
so
to a iield at
removed
and otherwise
out of condition, that they were

impregnationwith

miles' distance,free from

some

the

change a

of each
and

and
fortnight,

other.

No

of the

coecum

lead

detected

waa

but

pony,

rather

died

the

buried, but

exhumed,

was

of

the

of those

metal.

and

short time

of the

in the contents

portionsof tho

and their contents, stomach

viscera

The

stomach

yieldeda
had

mare

been

tines
lungs,heart, largeintes-

duodenum, Epieenand liver, and

subjectedto analysis. Gaultier de Olaubry'smethod

kidney,were

one

suddenly within

substance

email, though manifest, quantity of

They survived

lead.

and

the organicmatter
destroj-ing

acid

by digestionwith nitro-hydrochloric
phuretted
adopted in the examination ; and the tests appliedwere suland
mate
bichroiodide
of
acid,
hydrogen,sulphuric
potassium,
potash; all the Bubstances above mentioned gave conclusive

was

of

indications of the presence

amount

to

balance.
from

found

admit
But

the

of
far

as

too
lead,which, however, waa
determination
comparative ijuantitative

as

it

of

to make
possible

was

quantityand

less
relatively
spleen,liver,lungs,kidney,and
have

contained

considerable

than

the liver; and

the

Derbyshirecases,

by

the

tion
comparativeestima-

of the

quantity of lead, even

the intestines

in

the load was

precipitates,
in
the
proportion
followingorder,
intestines. The
to
spleenseems

colour

to exist in

small

only traces.

notably

Dr. Wilson

more

examined

succeed in

findinga trace of lead.

precedingdata suggestedto Dr. Wilson,
follow : 1st. That
are
as
as all the oi^ns
subjectedto analysiswere
found
to contain
lead, it is probable that, if additional parts of the
animal
had
been
analysed,they would have been found to contain
it also, so that, in cases
of slow poisoning,
we
may safelyinfer that
metal
like lead comes
a
to be diffused through the entire body, and
exerts its poiBOuons
action, though in uneqnal degree,on every organ ;
and 2dly.That lead having once
entered the body in this way, leaves
^t again very slowly,so that long after an
animal
has ceased
to
The

but

inferences,which

did not

the

receive lead in its food and drink, we

may expect to find the metal in
its tissues;and the restoration of health must always be a protracted

process.
The

letter on the subject

of
of the poisoning
followinginteresting
to
communicated
cows
was
by lead, which I have slightlyabridged,
'ITie Times,' Aug. 1, 1804, by Mr. Tuson, I'rofeasor of Chemistry in
the Royal Veterinary
the proCollege: "In May last three cows,
perty
of Mr. Mullins, of Kugby, died, after exhibiting symptoms
which
could not be referred by Mr, Watson, the veterinarysurgeon
consulted,to any disease with which he was acquainted. On making
examination
of tho cows,
a post mortem
fragments of lead were found
in their alimentary
in the reticuli,
or paunches. It
canals,especially
"

632

POISONING

thej

had

fivm

May

laat been

Corps,had

cowa

affected,
although

periodof
batte

the

their death

This

field

in

Rugby

of the

1863, been

priorto November,

immediatelyadjoiningthose butts.

examined

LEAD.

of the

1863, np to the
pastnredat a distance from

November,

Hifle Volunteer
field

BY

ANIMALS

that the whole

then remembered

wu

OP

kept in

was

carefully

Mr. \\'at"on,and among

the herbage he discoi'ered fragments
of lead, which corresponded
in every way with those found in

by

the stomacha

Now, the lead here referred to ia that

which
had been
scattered from the targeta consequent upon the
of
bulleta,and is called bullet-apray." Some of thia spray
impact
of the

cowa.

"

had been
but
the
"

feeding,it remained
during that time it slowly,
underwent
into
solution,and subsequentabsorption
continuonsly,
in
t
he
animals
a
nd
doubtleea,
so,
question.
syst"ui,
poisoned
the
precisely

viscera of
I

was

the coats
likewise

one

enabled

cows

to

cows

circumsfances

same

of the

which

while

liver and

and

the
as

owner

has

loat two

more,

those

died last was

demonstrate

of the stomach
in the

cows

several months, where

Since the death of the three

nnder
and

the

evidentlypickedup by

in their stomachs

alreadyrelated. The
for analysis,
sent to me

the presence

of lead not

only in

intestines,and in their contents, but

kidney; thus proving the

passage

of the

of
poisonousmetal into the circnlation. I also had an opportnnity
ascertain
that
to
moet
the
which
enabled
me
examining
bnllet-spray,
of it was
incmsted
with a paledrab-coloured substance, composed
of carbonate of lead" a highlypoisonous
chiefly
plumbiccompound.
It was
this carbonate of lead which, 1 believe,more
immediately

caused the death of the cows."

APPENDIX.

SVLPEIDE

OF

IkOH

heated

(Sm
la the

LiTHABOB.

mXH

p. 31.)

volame
preceding

the results which

of this work, on the Metallurgy

of Iron and Steel,
Berthier obtSiined in his eipeiimestB concemii^ the oxidizing

action of

of iron,have been recorded (p.36). When

on
litharge
proto-Bulpliide
considerablymore
lithargeie present tlian anffices for the conversion of the
sulphurinto sulphurousacid and the iron into oxide,soft metallic lead is separated
lead containing
less Litharge,
sulphideof lead is formed.
; but with geosiblj
The degreeof oxidation of the iron was
not satisfactorily
ascertained.

Beditotion

of

Sojcatb

or

Lsad

dt

Iboh.

(Seep. 34.)
Silicate of lead was
a

mixture

hours

the

in

mass.

of red-tead
a

accordingto
prepared
and fine sand
(I'b'U*)

the formula
in

2PbO,SiO*,by heating
platinum,during2}

Teasel of

so
as to frii and
muffle,at the temperature of dull redness,
afterwards raised sufficiently
Tbe temperature was
to cause

not

mett

perfect

fusion,and kept at that degreeduring about half an hour. The mixture

operatedupon consisted of 11,415grainsof red-lead and Sl^SO grainsof sand.
While the productwas
molten its colour was
very dark, and might almost be
described as black ; but when solid it was
vitreous,transparent,and of a light
It was poured out, and after solidification
the whole of it was
amber-colour.
reduced to powder,in order to secure uniformity
of compositionthronghout. Of
this powder 3000 grainswere
heated in a wrought-iron
crucible,placedin a clay
and covered so as t" protect the contents from the reducing
action of
crucible,
the fuel and furnace gases.
ness^
Fusion took ^ace at the temperature of dull red'

but
when
of

an

DO

reduction

of the

silicate

was

until
perceived

it

rose

to full

redness,

globulesof lead began to separate,and continued to do so for three-quarters

hour.
During the process the heat was graduallyraised,in order to produce
the requisite
in proportion
oiide of iron formed was
as the
fluidity
mented.
aug.After the lapseof an hour the productwas
perature
poured out at the temof strong redness,
found to be composed as follows :
and was
"

Of
same

the

re-melted and kept fused during an hour in the

slag1115 grains were
In this operation
lead to
wrought-iron crucible as previouslyused.
in the
of 13 grainswas
to 16'5 grains
which corresponds
amount
separated,

this

634

SULPHIDE

whole
have

OF

LEAD

of the orit^oal
slf^. The

HEATED

WITH

in the
Blag}""ili)ced

the following
corapoaition
per ceut

0-6*

Mcond

fusion

founil to

woa

"

Protoxide of iron
of iron
Beequioxiile
Protoxide of le*d( =

COPPER.

68-25

15-15

2-57

0-77

of lead)

0-82

Silica

1473

28-86
100-00

Hence

this Blag niij be

iron,mixed

with

silicate of lead.

tribasic
regardedas eB8entiaU7

little aesquioxide
or

The

results of the

silicate of

foregoing
experimentmay

the silicate of the feraula

Leod

presentin

Lead

obtained in the fini fusion

Lead

obtained in the second

protoxideof

probablymagnetic oxide

of iron and

be tabulated

2PbO,BiO'

as

77-21

73-73

fusion

0'55

left in the slag from the seeond fiiaten

Leodloet by volatiliiationand otherwise
Lead

O'lO
2'60

77-24

Sulphide

Lead

of

bkatbd

with

(P,54,hehce Sulphideof learjheattd

In the firstvolume

of this work

Oxide

of

Coppeb.

with tlitfixedallaUiet,
Sec.)

the results of experiments made

by Smith

in my Lsboratory,
of copper on sulphide
of lead,have
on the action of protoxide
been recorded ; and I now
the
obtained
results
insert
by Berthler,in simiUr
experimentswith dioxide as well as protoxideof copper. (!". des Essais,2,

p.

673.)
B.UO olinlilur..

")"".Utl" op"nt"d npoii tt.jtuob".

Sulphide oT Ind.

Pb8

2Cu"0

29-9

IHiuklc of copfier.

SS-C
FmDtMc

PhS

m.

PhS

: 2CuO

IT.

PbS

XL

CuO
3CuO

28-9

oT cii[i|i0'.

9-9

29-9

19-8

299

29-7

21
productswere
grme. of dry copper (cuivre rouge), 9 grms. of
and
regulns chiefly, perhapsentirely,
composEuiof diaulphideof copper"and a
red slag,
in which nearlythe whole of the lead ie present in the state of oxide.

I. The
"

II. The

productswere
sl^, of

a
glassyopaque
ot copper.
III. The
productswere
a

20 grms. of double sulphide

of copper and lead,and
fine red colour,composed of oxide of lead and dioxide

similar to the preceding,

bnt in
a double sulphide,
quantity,and enveloped in a glaeay,red, very brilliant ((rrt
of pure copper, weighing
a button
idatante)slag. By heatingvery strongly,
11-5 grms., was
obtained alongwith a glassy
red slag.
IV. The products
button ot perfectly
were
a
pure dry copper, weighing17
much

smaller

grms., and

red

slag.

COMPOSITION

OF

Bdiphidb

or

CRUST

Lsad

ON

LEAI"-PIPE.

bbatkd

536

Tin.

with

(See p. 59.)
The upper layerhas been
be rampoeed as foUovB

Ward

analysed
by

in mj

and
Laboratory,

found to

"

In

prefnringthe material for analysisthe whole of the upper layerwas

in order to separate,
to powder and sifted,
metallic
as far as practicable,
with
it
which
found to be intermixed. The compositionof this
was
particles
by the formula,PbS + 2SdS. The
upper layeris approiimately represented
reaction may be indicated by the equation
reduced

SPbS

Composition

or

+ fin' =

Cbdet

the

PbS

fobheo

2SnS

on

+ Pb" + Sn*

tub

bxtebiob

of

Ijud-fifk.

(Seep. 67.)
A

has recently
been
lead-pipe

of concrete,in what
flooring
X'ark,
Zook^ical Gardens, Hegenl's
where it had been imbedded
duringnwire than 30 years. It was thicklycoated
with compact amorphous matter
which was
in successive layers,
externally
the
and
in
and
n
ear
surface,
was
some
internally
placesblueish-grey
yellowish
in others greenish.It had become
much
contracted by the prcBsure resulting
from the formation of the encruatingmatter.
It is probable that the urine of
the animals had found its way to the eiterior of the pipe. The crust has been
and found to have the following
anaJysedby Ward in my Laboratory,
composition
was

formerlythe

Camivora

taken

House

up from

at, the

(1870).
Protoiide

Feroiide

of lead
of tin with

89-80
_

traces of

1*28

antimony

Water

"

Carbonic acid

0-96

.._

Nitric acid

Mitiousacid

6-86

100-00

The lead and tin estimated in the metaUic

state amount

to

83'36%and 1'02%

respectively.

ASDITIOMAI.

ResUI-TB

ODTAINBD

IK

TUB

UakZ

IS

CoBDOBld'e

FaoCESS.

Extracted from the Zeitechiiftflir das Derg-,HUtten- u. Salinen-Wesen

18. p. 46.
Staate. 1U70.
preussischen

in dem

the following
statement of
Wedding and Biluininghave recentlypublished
the
zinc
and
steam
of
working
desilverising
process at Lau-

the result of the

RESULTS

OBTAINED

IN

CORDDRlft'SPROCESS.

in the Upper Harz

to the lilTer-leadprodaced
u
teathsl,
applied
The quantityof lead treated was 22,033 centaera.

Lead

Works.

Pomitiga

Matkbulb

or tDM

tuutid.

Yield.
I. Merot:antabIe products:
Bliokailber,
3,S25'51Iba. containingof\
flae siWer
h
ReBned Hara lead
Good

pig-lead

Haidlead
Oxides

zlnc^free from sUver

of lead and

Litharge,6i

ctra

Total of merchantable
2. Intermediate

167

91

...

product*not

merchnntable :
ctnt. dtcas finm
liquationof thei

oontaiuingby
Eig-lead,
-ad
69

products

dross

from

68^"f

lead

9G%

assay

of

liqualionof hard)
lead,oontsiuingby assay t"6%of lead)
etrs. hparth-botlomi,
eontaiuingby'
otrs.

assay
Ill

litharge,coDluning by)
90%oriead
|
Atutrich,oontainingby asEayl
rich

ctrs.

assay
II ctn.

eO%oflead

The

2372%

of

apiareut excess

for which
cupcllHtion,

by
3%, the

no

of silver is accounted for by the loss in the assay

allowance
is mnde : essuming thia to be about

real loss of silver will be

That

there is

actual

an

0-G28"4
of the
gainby the application

steam

process

is

proved

of
by the fact that the yieldwhen the blast-furnace was used for the treatment
the argentiferous
zinc always showed a small deficiency
the
The
loss
on
assays.
of lead is said to be

the enriched

lead and

able in realityto the

than may
be accounted for in the cupellation
of
more
reduction of the litharge,
that
of
it
ia
so
no
cba^part

no

desilverizing
process.

The refined lead is that produceddirectly

from

the

desilverizing
pots by the

refiningby steam; the so-called good pig-leadis a second quality,

containing traces of copper, and is obtained partly from the shota of metals
process of
recovered

from

the mixed

of the dross of the

oxides

by washing,and

refinedlead ; the hard lead

Abstrlch,and is treated with

steam

is order to

te

partlyfrom

obtained

remove

the reduction

from the reduction of

traces of zinc and

co[f"r.

538

OF

COMPOSITION
of it after

dnmk

curront

of 3 Miles.

KEGULUS.
(aXh uptMt the
of thia jtight

What

auid,

and make Shot and Sheet-lead of it.

tbeygatherup to melt io a Slagg-heartb,
**
sometitnes
find
The;
8lagg$,3,i, or 6 foot under ground,but sucb as liiey

judge cast wide heretofore,"

CoKPiMrriOH

or

tsb

BBacLua

0BTA.U4aD

in

Aubtbaliak

bueltixh

Lead

Obb,

(Seep. 431.)
Thia regnluahu

been

annlyBedbj Smith

in tdj Laboratorj,and found to

bare the following

:
compoaition
"

CoHpasTnoN

BkclvHi

or

Iron

51-61

Laail

I3-30

Cappei

4-99

Bilw

0-077*
27-80

Sulphur
Baud

030
98-077
*

Arsenic
was

12*7^

was

The

ltiat.S4wM.

soughtfor,but

not

The

compotino

be

jieldof lead bj drj ueay

appnudmatelyrepresented

:
"

15 (4FeS +

fob

detected.

compositionof this ngulus may

b; the foUowiogformula

Tablk

ItnpciUB.

Fe"8)

PbB

Cu"

639

INDEX.

Adhina, Mr., hi" red-lead ovens, 509 ;

on, 519.
GTetionarrdepoait

ITS-*, lM-5,

189, 300,

lead for making red-lead osed by,516.

,
Adra, Carlhagena fornace at, 423, 429 ;

'

'

"

at, 244) "Uomoreat, 247, 254.

famacea, resemblance of Caithft-

Flintabire furnace

478-e.

African

nlplut* of lead.

lio lud

"

verber*

Abtnlbcn," 185.
"Abing," ei-a, 173-4, 183-5, 188.

""

"

con-

fnmaeu

genn

to,

9,212.

40.

213-21
Air-fumacea,

lilfod,!!

acid,i

Acetic

proceaa, 219, 220,491.

lead-tmelting
at, 29:1.
Ajmi'r,
lead-"mtltlDg
at, 244.
AlbertTille,
Alderlejtdge,lead in copper-bearing
Air-reduction

for
,

ot l"ad

dlMolTlagoride

from

464.
cupela,
with protoxide
of lead,
Avid,uitlTDODlaai,

itone

18.
of leid,IS.
inenie, with protoxide

scid.
hjdrocbloTicSee Hydrochloric
utloQ of,on lead,10.
nttiic,
plumbic,24.

,
,
,

of
Alkaline c"tbouateg

of lead,17.
jBlanuic,with protoiide
nf lead,IS.
with protoxide
, tllsDlc,
S'iS.
Acid-drlnki,uh of,for Icnl-woTkert,
AcMa, action of,on lead,tO-SS.
of

for

Farliimect

muiufacture

of

leu),501.
of acid) oa lead,
10-88.
of BtDiMphcreon lend and copper, 82.
of
of blcaTbonate uf lime on "ulphate

laul,40.
of boiled water

mobooaiboDat*

on

of

load,TO.
of boiling
water
of cadmium
of (arbonate

10.
npoo l"wl,
11.
nitrate of l"ftd,
of ammonift
on
lulpfaate

on

oflewl,40.
of diatilledwater with air ob
of filed alkalis* carbooaCea

phsteoflead,40.
of
of bypoiulphits

aoda

on

lead,68.
on

lal-

gnlphaleof

of lead,
of iron on snlphide
56.
of lime in yiintshire famace, 23S.
IS.
of Iltbarge,
oiidiiiog,
,
of preuure on GDel7.dirided
lead,9.
of Tapoar
lead,50, 51.

of water

on

lead,S

of
and snlphate
(tixed),

and

inlpbideof

oa
oiide
galeoa,37, 51 ; on protof lead,
15 ; on aulphate
40.
lead,
of zinc on nitrate of lead,
II.
with galena,
9.i.
Actjnolite
AdheeiTa propett; of lead,
8 ; with tin,9.

with sulphate
earthyBulphatea,

lead,43.
71.
Alloyfor lead-shot,
of lead and aDtlmony, S6 ; pDtasriiim,
SS; godinm,90; copper, 91 ; manganeae,
of

~~~

93.

milled
Action

with
; with

lead,40, 42.

1, IS.

Act

of,352.

at,255.
Alguira,lead-imetting
Alkaliea (fixed),
ad, 53
iulphid"

of antimony,copper, and nickel from

378.
bmeltlag-fnTnace,
467.
of hard lead,
from liquation
at, 255.
Almeria, lead-smelting
Alport,Flintahire furnace at,240 ; Spanish
slag-hearth
at, 419.
4
1,434.
linnets,"

"-

ing at,438.
"Alqnifonx,''94.
AUton
con(EggleatonMill),lead-fnm*
deuaingat, 447.
Atstou Moor, lead-ftime from,454.
Altenan,marl,"c. for furnace-bed at, ISS.
with iron al, 369.
lead-smelting
,
at, 382, 383.
lead-regnlua
, roasting
Rachette

"

fnmace

,
,

trootment

of

at, 38.5.

at, 888copper-slags

at, 394.
ilagsfrom Schlicg-smeltiDS
494.
of
lead
from,
49.S,
composition
,
of lead,siliAlnmiSB, lime,and protoxide
,

of water
of

at Sala,2RS.
Amalgam, native,

in, 288.
America,lead-amelting
Amencan
292 i at

ore-h"rth, 289;

Pnibiam, 293.

at

Bleiberg

o^

"c"Uta
Ammoal^
ofl"wl,40.

iti actioD

on

lolpbata

cariwntlfl ot, it* action on

(olpluta
oriMd,"0.
AmmooiDni, chlorida of, ukit inlphUi of
,

Analfi**" Regaloi, PoDtgiband, 343 ; of

.laga,3*4.
at La Piae,349.
, ilag,
356 ;
at Niioiterbnaeb,
ilagiced
OR,
,
of alagfrom the ilaggedore, 356.

lex),6".

, orea

AiutjM*" OpliotlgUn, 35.

nt lend,41, 43.
:-, aulpbatu
ron"l"d "ulphid"toflMdniidiroti,4T.
,
nnd
frota lalphid*of Ind
, regnliu
illic"M of iron,59 ; of lUg. 59.
rcguloifrom galenaand coppar, 61.
,
(parlial)of compoiltlDavC prodact
froni inlpbid* of Jud
nnd
chlorida of
"odiam, 66.
prodact boat inlphldeof lend and
,
umuoninm,

nnd

hydro-

Clanitbal

brown

criut

copper,

ftom

oiidition

,
,

crvitalliied inlphlda of lead from

,
CUoithal, 377.
from
amalting
, cryiUlUzad alloy
^^^
vorkat
alagafrom arndtlag" Scblieg,"379.
,
tegnlaa from amelting lend-n^nloi,
,
383; ofilaga,383.
of galena,
for rodnctiom
ooppar-2"g
387 ; of oat-iron frem ooppsi^lag,368 ;
of pig-iron,
390.
from
390,
lead-al^
Sophlenhiitte,
,

"

"

of land

99.

galenawith nuuigao"a"^ 95.

beamonita, 98.
deiiacified k"d, 163.
,
lead from
treatment
by cUorid* of
,
"odium, 161.
land in deiinciticatioa,
163.
,
partlydaiinciSad land,165.
lead aofteoed in capailatioli'famace,

391.

lead-regnlu from

and
,

chatle

land

deeopperiiadW line,ITS.
marl, clij-alate,
bo., for fomace-

M,

Priibtam

lead

f"m

which

"

lead-ore,Priibram, 406 ; laadregulua,407, 408 ; alag,408, 409.

Toaated

Abitrich

"

waa
,

deHred, 200.
humuthic

202.
lithar|[",
206.
cnpelling
hearth-bed,

doloDiite lor
ore

rrom
binck-elag

for FlinUhira

-_,

at

Clauathal,494.
,
,
,

317
,

and

, acceesorj
ceaa, 326 ; of
327.

enriched
,
,

routed

gihaod,341

proilnctfrom

Freiberg
pn"-

laad-gre;fainnce-bed

duct,
pro-

regnlna,Freiberg,334.
agglomerated ore, Pontbat oiiBggloia"; of routed

and

rated ore, 342.

r^nlu

need In Baker**
Derbyshireilag-laad
of lead from droa
aoftening
proceu, 465 ;
in eofteniDg,
466, 467.
from
liqaationof hard lead,
, alloy
and poled lead,470.
468 ; of liquated
476.
Freiberglithargealaga,
,
Clausthal
47"
clay,
,
diflerent kind) of lead at Vienna,493;

316.

Freiberg,317 j alag,
oopper-regnlna,
; reguliufrom alag,318.
berg,
furnace ragnlna,FreiraTerberatorj'
324; alag,324; of tlagafrom atagwith caibva,3S5.
ore-traelting

lead-ore,430;

Adatralinn

from, 536.
451-155.
lead-ftime,
,

furnace,234,

fi-om llitiUhira fuTBacg,23S.

, predicta
ling)from Lea Smelting Workt, 241.
,
Taruawlti,242.
, grej^-alag,
"
"
in
laja
Spaniih fumaca, 247.
,
Bleiberglead,36T ; gnytiag, 268.
,
from
Americao
ora-hearth
at
iilaf;
Bleiberg,292.
rowted
ere, Frorberg,308.
,
blaat-furnece
lead, Freiberg,312;
,
reguloa,313; ,higi,314.
uTea-twjer furnace alag,Freiberg,

Spaniak alag-heuth,

421.

Pnibtam

3 )9i
lead-oiea,

blende,399.

"Abing," 198.
1"9-2(K".
"Ahitricli,"

Rafai-

8,394.
,

isa
,

famace

alap from Sohlieg-ameitingin

Amacc, 364; in one-Cwjer

lee.

Kliied lead, 174.

Kachette

Schliegofea,393.

Lantenthal, 373.
lead-ape
iaa,376.

(rata

Zellarfeld lead-ore*,

famnce-lead,372.
Upper Han
from Audreaaberg,373.
laad-rtgalni
lead-reguloitrom Clauithal, 373

and

chloric
and

procen.

369.

66.

galana

product from
acid,ft2.

of

in iron-redaction

358.
richatantte,
TamowiU
lend,368.

"

chloride

naed

Fried

518.
Ballycornared-lead,
German
and Spanish lead,495.
from
matter
drtesingoencretioiary

oven, 520.
ilagfrom

redncUon

of ailicate of lead

by kon, 534.
upper
,
heated with

layerfrom

anlphide of

lead

tin,535.

535.
formed on lead-pipe,
Composition.
in,355.
Andalnaia,laad-emelting
in the, 375.
Andaa, lead-smelting
Ibr lend-paliy.
Andrei,hi* oia of itrycfanine
,

crnet

Sm

537.
174.
"lag-lead,

r
369.
Andnubtrg lead-oro,
"t, 370.
, Isad-tmelting
from,373.
, lead-ngQloa
loical eompooDdiAmn,

In Iron cmcibles without Snies,110;

wet assay, ISO.
of lead,
Assay of carbonate and phosphate
112.
of lead at Blelberg,
270.
from Lower
Assaysof copper- and lead-slags
Han, 389.
Atmosphere,Influence of, on lead,67; on
alloyof lead and copper, 92.

at,383.
, ngnlns-nnelling
98.
Anglnite,
Animala,poisoningof,bj lud, 530.
Aatbon m oiychloiide
of Imd, 80.
"Atocha," 435.
95.
10.
Atomic weightof lead,
AnttaTaciU,
gueiu *itli,
of le*d,
Antimoaiite of protnilde
83.
Aodonio,H.,lead pnxicedby insects shown
of lead,
IS.
AntinLonioiu acid with protoiide
by,521.
oiide o^ with proloiidi
of lead. Australian lead-ore,
430 ; regulusfrom,
5:)8.
ADtiiDiniy,
IS.
of
Aastro-Hnngirian
Empire,prodnction
and lithuga,
19, )l; and aalphide
of lead,
63.
of,with wlphide of lead,
, anlphid*
38 ; with lead,
62 ; in lead-on,4S5.
and lead,
86 ; lolphidei
of,99 ; cryatallliationsf,14S.
in Raleoa,
95.
111 Influence opoa ana^ with Baiea
Babylon,enamelled brick from,88.
,
1
icible,
at, 339, 239.
Bagillt,
lead-smelting
la effectin Pattini
of
galenaat, 239.
I, 138,
, products smelting
1*7.
slag-hearth
slsgfrom Spanish
at,430.
elimiDatJon of|
in cnptllation,
202.
Australian lead-ore at,430.
-,
,
and nickel alloy
from "melt'
of lead-f\ime from,451.
specimens
, copper,
3TB.
ing-faraace,
Baker,Mr., on ellminstlon of metals from
in dross from lead-iofteniDg.
466.
lead by crystallization.
144.
naed with l"ad for gas-pipes,
SOT.
concentration of copper in Pattinon
iti oiidiiing
effectan lead,
"1T.
"",
with gnlena,
S5.
Aragonite
Argol,red and white,in waaj of lead-ore,
,

106.

Arqueioa,
pyTomorpliite
fr^m,77.
lead-tmelting
at, 247, 253.
ArrayaDez,
Aneniate of lead,
74.
100; natlTe arteniate,
of
73 j with chloride
, protoiida kad,
of Lead,
74.
orotbilt with galena,
SS.
Anenic and litharge,
19.
and lead,63.
, mlphideof,
and lead,
7! ; crystallization
of,146.
in (hot,
73 ; in litharge,
301 ; in lead-

on

of lead by line,
deeopperiiatioa

174.
hard lead,
his process fbr softening
,
4"5.
red-lcsd mann"ctore, 513.
on
lead for makingred-lead,
518.
on
concentration of copper in unoiion
dizad

lead,519.

of lead,
519.
decopperizatioD
406.
on
lead-regnlus,
Balling
red-lead mannfactnn
at,514.
Bailycomi,
ore, 486.
Ite inflaence upon aaaay with fluxes In
to leadBanks,Sir J.,on a plantpeculiar
,
iron cmcible,11 El.
215,
bearing
".il,
Its effectin Pattin""n'aprvoess, 138.
Barb* on lead-smelting
In Pern,215.
-^,
Arsenic acid with pnitoiide
of lead,
18.
ftimaco with wood
on
reTcrberatory
in pyromorphile,
100.
318.
ftiel,
Anenical componods in Andreasberg
nace*, Barker,Ur. F., his drswingtof Spanish
furing
378.
419 ; of lead-fume condenssli^-haartb,
Arsenide of lead,
71.
438.
apparatus,
of lead,
Hr. J.,his iron cmcibles,
Arsenloua add with protoxide
18,
106.
,
ATHuiles of protoxide
of lead,73.
Barker and Rose,Messrs.,
on
lead-smelting
of red-lead
340.
at Alport,
Aibach,accidental prodnctton
at, 519.
Baryta,plnmbateof;how made, 25.
and protoxide
of lead,
lilicstsof,36.
lue of Iron in,56 ; in Iron
Assayof galena,
crndblei with fluxes,
and sulphide
of lead,
55 ; with carbon,
106; in iron dishes,
108 ; affected by oertaiD substances,
55.
113-119.
of. Set Sulphate
of baryta.
, solphsta
of lead-ores,
of barytaor "cawk")
Barytea(sulphate
103; sampling,103;
(iimace and implements,104; flnies,
with galena,
95.
with iron,
Basic nitmte* of protoxide
of lead,
85.
106; In eutheocTudblei
110;
.

"

on

DigiiizecQy

Buic

proloiidcof iroo, Itad-

siliral* of

"meltine with, Mi.

Bath* of Tilua, rtd-lwd

In

BaudriiDODt

of lead. H.

BtncrmiD.
on

antimony, 62.

Iroacitj

no

Mr.,

"'

on

54; Mtqaioiide of Iron,58; copper, 6i

from, 509.

ntt

Berthier

94.
"Iquifoui."
Commern, S.'iO.
at "meltiog-workaof,

tht le"il-Dr*" of

Buamonl, Mr.,

duo

aneniaretted

on

on

phosphatw

on

chloride

and

of

lead,71.
lead,76.

71
lead,and salplinr,

o(

galena.79.
ychlorideoflei

43S.

81.

pig-lad

hii
,

Becrhcr, hi"

dk

for

of

making wbit"-l"ad,

for Bmcltiug,
pit-coal

on

black

colour

on

oxide

of lead and

of

Abatrieh,"201.
biemuth,S02.

galenaand Ihne. TM,

)lagfrom Lca Smelting Works, 241.
on
adding galena to bath of lead in
German
364.
CDpcll.it
ton-furnace,
on

lead

Beck, Dr., on
oo

SB;

itnd

boilingwater, 10,

of protoildeof latd, 27,

nulphnr, 3""; vith rhircoal,
oarbunste
of nKla iiiiicharroal,

ailicitn
vith

31 ; witli
and with carb""D*tn of lime and

Xi; with
Iron
with
on

of

on

and

cbirrml,

M"iuioiide of
charcoal,3*; with loda, 36;

illirata of lead with

lewl-fume.

on

483.
galena and iroo-scalea,
china-clav and litharge.
489.
on
apeciKcgravityof lead, 3.
10.
weiuiitof'lead,

on

iron, 3:i; with

lime, "6.

on

Beneliui
L,

I
protoanlphld*I

OB
on

iron,.11.

455.

4M,

lead and ojigen. 1"

dioxide of lend,11.

ofp, iiideoflead. la.

hydrated protoildeof lead,22.
the wonl
Beckmann
lead and silicon,
on
on
27.
Kalnia,"94.
of
(srbide of lead,67.
on
Becquerel,E., on electric coudactiiitT
lead and araenic, 71, 78.
on
lead,e.
chloride and sulphideof lead,T9.
on
an
|
cryitalliiHl
protoiideof lewl,14.
basic nitrate of protoiide
of li^.8,'i
on
on
peroiideof lead,24.
nitrite) of protoiide
of lead, 86.
on
BclKiam, cost of ?attlD)OD proceu in
Beaat,Von, an losa In lead-dagamelliogat
J, 'i29,245.
Freiberg,.1,31.
Bell,Mr. I. Lowthiin,on oijchloride
oflead, Bicarbonate of Iime and sulphateof lead,40.
of protoiideof lead
79, 81.
^lubility
men.
Benson,Mr,, on treacle-beer for lead-work:. 16.
I Biot 01 lelting-point
,'1^9.
oflead. 8.
Benson
white-lead
and
Birmingham, q
Gosuge, Ueuta.,
on

"nredi

sulphideand

allieate nf

luul,48.

"

Biachors

Beresowsk,'
galenawith

:itr.ctinglead fiw

proce
carbonatad
oi

gold from, 96.

Bismuth

at, 247, 254.

BerJH,lead-smelting
of lead,T.
on tenacity
volatilization of lead,
9.
on
on
protoildeof lead with Imn-aaileB,
IT ; with Mtqaioiide of iron, IT ; mangaueie, IT; stannic add, 17; antirooDi-

Berthter

and

litharge,
20, 201, 202.

colonrs

OD

melted

Bltartrate
Black

of potaahaa
201.
litharge.

Black

oiide

lead

lithargewith seleninm, 19;

Id ; tin,20
araenic 19 ; antinioDy,

with

of nunganeaa

and

on

on

ulicate

of

for alr-rednctloa prooHa, 220.

222 ; on-hearth,222. 278 ; (or roasting
and deoiiditingpmcew,
298; for iroo-

protoiideof lead,30;

lime,36 ; with lime and alumina, 36.

tulphideof lead,37 ; with oiide of

red action process, 357.

278.
(Ore-hearth),
385.
(Eachette),
412, 417.
(Slag-hearth),
reduction
of lithai^ in, 476;
sulphateoflead,4,'i3.

OS

on

soda, 53;

with

carbonates,and
54; blat^oi

iiied

alkalies

nitre,53;

their

or

and

carbon,

54;

his refined

Blast-fumace

muth,
; bis-

aulphateof protoildeof lead,41.

snlphale of lead with silica,43;
with
protoiideof lead, 43; chloride of
lend, 43 ; with alkaline and earthy tulphatea,43; with chloride of Hidiuni or
potasEinm, 43; fluoride of calciom,44;
fluoride of calcium and lime,44.
on
sulphideof lead,with carbonate of

of
aiil|)hide

lead,494.

20; line,21 ; iron, 21,

with

by.

flui,106.

lead,54.
Blackett,Hr., compositionof
on

affected

of

{aaie

from, 454.

with

charcoal

or

coke

compared

"

with

fuel.483.

fimiice,
rererbcratory

Bleiberf,
lead-nneUingat, 261.
,

wages

aM*;

at, 267.
of lead at, 270.

BretagDe,lead-smelting
at, 244.
Breymann on copper-elagfor reduction

ore-hairth at, 292.

ComnieTii,350.
furMoe, 22% 261 ; niodified,
270; at

American
Bleiber^,
of

Bricks

Bleitrte," 99.

BlfigUni," 9*.

British

of

li-

l"ad,compmittDD of,267.
"

"

of " Kja
in Spanish foniaoo,247.
Brigantianlead,214.
Britain,gnlenaIn,95.
lead-emrfting
in, 213.

ndoctian

yriedTichihuttc,
3S3;

"

of

387.
^lena,

lead-ores,IDO; silrer in, 102.

497.
lead-smeltera,
British Uuseuni, ancient

piga of lead in,

213.

Brittany,Iaad-"nueltfng
in, 244
Blende

'

ith

Brwnefs
and

galena,silver in,399

; io

in the lele of

Blne-Titrial made
enriched
,

0R9,

on

from

Lantenthal,

and

Miller

Jamesonite. 98.

on

amdtiag

on

Brown

iron

Briiel

on

with

ore

of

regains,

galena,95,

Clauathal

and

Zellerfeld

lead-

Man, 405.

fiam copper-regulu,
333,
regnlns in minufecture
of,

335.
Bodemann

leod-r^nlw

tlag ttom
Frdbere, 317.
"Brou"e,"415, 416.

Blicknilbec,"
196, 209.
480.
Blowing-machioeain Cliiaa,
Bloe-gum, 524, 526.
Bloe-lewl,96.
"

on

Brooke
Brooks

"

Bluutone

ftimace,

373.

Spenct'*

procese, 405.
in blast-fniDBcV,
484.

"

244.

galena, 9)

ClanstbaJ and Zellerftld lead-

373 ; on ragnlnafrom
on
lead-regnlns,
383.
lead-regnlus,
"
Brunner
on
.^"ple"Yellow,"87, 88.
Brush, Prof.,on lead-smeltingin Unitci
"

"

369.

SUtes, 276.

373";on regnln"from
lead-regnlns,
383.
"maltingof lead-regolui,
on
lud-spelM,376.
Bag Mine lead for red-lead making, 516.
Bohemia, lead-sm")ting
in,398.
Boles in Derbyshire,
215, 216.

on

on

cessation of

(New York),
on

of

cost

lead-miningat

Rossic

290.
lead

(Vom

high

and

low

fnmacea, FriedrichshUtte.365.
Brushwood

as

fuel for

Buccleach,Duke

"

25S.
boliche,"
condensing

of, lend-fuine

at his works, 444.

Boliche,"222, 247.
Bolida, smeltingat high elevations in,277.
Buckley fire-bricks for furnaces,228.
rods of lead for making, 3.
Bolley on action of preaeure on finely- Bullets,
"

divided

American

lead,9.

a Bai
Bone-enrth,fluor-sjiar
for,IBS.
Bonsdorffon
of protoiideof
solnbility

lead
lead

preparation of

eroded by Insects,521,
cows
Bullet-spray,"
poisonedby, 532.
Buret on French mining enterprise,
336.
Bnrgfey,leitd-emelting
at, 357.
"
Burnt"
13.
lithai^e,
Buttons made
of qulckedglsss,
2.
"

inivHier, 15, 16.

35.
Bontemps' glass,
Boru
and salfdiate
of lead,43.
in assay of galena,106.
Borosilicaie of leaid,
2S.
plalLnumTesi"el*rar,
Boatrichns capncinna,lead perHiratedby.

"

hunters'

for,213.

-"

Bottger on peroxideof lead,26.

Boudcheo, M., hio mBchlnaiy fbr Pattinson's

0.

Cadmlam.

action of,on nitrate oflead,II.

lead-smelters in,49S.
Caermarthenshire,
of lead-ore,lead, and
production
,
ailTor In,498,
Bonm
shire
Cahen, H., on Belgiancompared with FlintBauteille,M., his eihibiti
furnace,245.
cartridges
Calamine
with galena,95.
gnawed by insects,.S22,
effect of linc-blende in,484.
Bowen, Mr., hta drawings of copetling-fur- Calcination,
at Freiberg,
307.
Calcite with galena,95.
and lead-poisonBraid,Mr., on lesd-minen
ing,
524.
Calcinm, flnoiide of. Set Flnorlde of cal"
209.
Brandsilber,"
'
Caliidiui
lead perforated
Bnnbacb, deiincilicatlon of lead at, 172,
by,
angntnanm,
process. 143.

Boolanger on BUiberg le"d^meUing, 268.

BonUngerite,98.
24.
in epecific
gravityof red-lead,

174.
,

compositionof

Brendecke

on

lp"d

oiMaoflead,

16.

M-rtTt

from, 495.

insolobilitv in water

of

prot-

oncrystalliicd
pmtoiide oflead,14.
Johnson
dilaUtion
of lead by
on
heat,3.
and

CuDpuinla

jDtDDdifolU

is

IcBd'btariaf
Hril, Caat-inm,

215.
Carbide

of

Cazboa

Ud

bDUtc

lead."7.
51
ni)pb*t"oflcttl,

irflinw and fluoride or

; with

lead,459.
500.
(heet-lead,
Caiting tea-lead (Chinew method),
f line (WaddeU"
Cait

ax-

alciam, 44.

wd

of ]tmi, with fiitd al(BllJlide

kalia
thtir carbonatn, 54 ; with
or
barjttt,
SS; with lima, 55; with oiidt
of

inni,58
in

397.
ot,In Schlieg-nwlting,
fnniaoe for aoftcniughard

at

bottomad

; with

lead,87.

'

'

"

of,34fl.
and

mlphata

of

lead.

40.
"D

with

95
gBleaa,

"

CfTUM, 68, 509.

CemMite, 70, 99.
with galena,95.
Chalcttlonj

48S.
lead-ore,

; in

in. 429.

potaahand golphideof lead,53.

Kda and lulpbideof land,53.
Cawk
with galena,95.

Caoitic

'

325.
ilag-and ort-"m"lting,

calorific power
,
OU'boBat*
of tsunooia

rolling,5U3.
CiUlonia, Cartbagena furnace

5"

for

Ctuunben

condenaatiui

of

Uad-fume,

442.
.

Charcoal,with

ailieataa of

protoiideof lead,

3U4.
reduction

of

,
'

of lime,with charcoal and lil

protoiideof lead,"3; with flnoride of
calciam,carhoi. and lulphateof lead,44.
in aMaj
of gales*,
enn
""

'

for auaj
of

Charlea

"

Id lead-

effect

on

nnttt'

are Bicarbonate.

neulml,
of
of

of

pnitoiideof

lead,70.
polaihand nlpbidc of lead,53.
Hda, with charcoal and illicate
of lead,3J
; with nlpbide

Crotoiida
lad,53.

of
of

and

ph("pbal"

11.,bb order R"r iheathingihipa

milled-lead,5i"2.

Chemical
'

lag,487.

of etrboaal*

lead,112.

with

phoaphateof lead h^, 76.

galenain iron cniciblea,

for aaaaj of

lOli.

113.

Charge

propertioof lead,10.

CheEhire,lead-nneltenin,497.
Chiidrev, J., on
lead-smeltingin Derbj"hire,21.'i.
lead-fume, 434.
Chimneys for con"lenaing
China,reduction of lithargein, 479.

489.
Chiui-clajand litharge,
ChintiM lea-lead,463, 464 ; preparation
of,
j b; caating,501 ; uied for pipo, 507.
Chloride
of ammonium
and
luli^tde of
1

in auaf
of lead-ore,
106.
and lolphateof
Carbonata, fixed alkaline,
lead,66.
lead,40, 42.
of protonideof lead,S7,
I Chloride of lead, TT, 100; with anli^te
Carbonic add from
ofleBd,43; with arwaiale of protoiideof
aalphateof barjta and I
334.
cokc-dtut,
I lead, 74 ; with phoaphats of protoxide
oiide and lulphatcof lead,53 ; and
of lead,77.
of lead bj,
"nlphldeof load,52.
"c, deiindScation
,
496.
160.
Cardigaoihiniticketing*,
of potaaaiumand lulphaleof lead,43.
prodactioD of Iwd-ore, lead, and
,
ailTer in,498,
with
of Bodium
tnlphateof lead,43;
with enlphideof lead,65.
in,254, 239.
CaHnthia,lead-amelting
deiindfication of lead bj, ISI,
compoaitionof lead from,494.
I
,
CamarranihiTC, prodnctiou of laad-orc,I Chlorine and lead,77.
"

lead,84.
523 ;
Iead-p(ri"niag,
mlneri,524; among
compcaiton,

Chlorocarbonate

of

I Christtson, Dr.,
I

I
on
OD

on
on

among
525.

on

leadimeltingalFniberg,303,308. I Cinnabar,508, 52S.

loH in lead-ilig
imelting,331.
Claremont, lead-poiunedwater at, 527.
CUuiiflcatiou of (meltingproceieee, 219.
332.
"melting-oo.ts,
of coppcr-regnlui,
treatment
333Clauithal,deailveriiatlon of lead bf line

337.

at, 159.

on

ipedfic gravitjrof

"

brown

oil,"

335.

deiindfication of lead at, 161.

deulTcrization

Carthagena,ancient rainingin,421.
fumacM, 41B, 421.
CartridgM eroded bj ineccta,521.
Cauel-fellow,SI.
Cait-imn,iti action lu fhe],349.
from

dag, 391.

copper-ilag, 388

from

deiindfication
,

bj linc at, 165.

by salphuricadd

at.

165.
FlintihiK
,

lead,

fiirnaoe

at, 244.

369.
lead-orea,
with iron at, 3T0.
lead-amelting
,
f
rom, 373.
lead-rcgului
,
crjitalliied
lulphideof lead f^m,
,

37T.

Cort

et MdnclloB

dnw*, "Mi7,*75

428
(tnj-"l"B",

of
; of

;
478.

ltlh"r|C?,
+73,

et

CrritalioriQlphldeoflead,37.
oflead, from

procen, 67.

Pattinson'd

!
of iead-reguius
In Cppfr HaM, 372.
imeltlDKlitore-henrth,291 ; in hs
Tfrbentoiy furnace compatwl with ore(furnace)of sulphideoflead, 377.
bearth, 284; ia high ind low fanuin*,
Cumberland, lead-am eitInn;in, 216.
lead-amelten
3S5; ia Carthagriu faniim, 41B, 427,
in, 497.
,
429 ; [n Fllntthin
fiinuca in FlinCahin,
productionof lead-ore,
lead,and ailrer
of

"

"

""

496.

in, 498,
of

nneltlng oppritloDi it Algui",

AliacTiii.265 , AodnlugiB, 255 ;
496 [ Frtibere, 332 ; PontgiFlintshire,
1255 ;

bind,345 ; Boule, 291 ; VonllioucB,245 ;

Taraoniti,365, 475, 47B.
for warkmen
at
Bltibtrg,267 ; in
Peru, aya ( ftr Rachetle

fumace, 395.

Cotiumlts,71.
Coureg", Ht., hit """" of (team fbr
fume coDiltniinf,
443,
Cows, lend-pdBoningof,530, 531,
Cnne
at Uinclly Lead-worki,127.
"
Cnum
bltpchei,"423.

Icid-

of tart"t fi a flni,106.
Crauu
at cartridgeIn the,52t.
Crimea, ermioa
Cromford, Mitloeklte fonad at. 79.
Crncibln

fbr

uufing

on, 15,

aaMf

of lead-orw

in,with Iron,

for uaa;' of carbonate

",

and

"

"

'

D,

104.
load-ore,
Corniih, for preparing lilicatei of
,
lead, 28, 31; lubinlphideof le"l,39;
"niphat*of load,41.
Earthen, effect of pnitoiideof lead
,

Cnpellation,
131, 177.
178 ; loa" of lead in, 185.
(CDgiiih),
coal aa
1S5 ; with
(OemunX
fuel,
ing
204 ; aoceworr
product)from,370 ; meltblack lithargein,478.
lead-fame
collected daring,4M, 457.
Cupola,Derbyshire.216,
Cupriferooalead,tiqualion"f,Bt.
Cnrandeau
on
oijchlorldeof lead,80.
and nlphBte of Ind,
Cyanide of potaasluta
45 j and lutpbidaof lad, 63.

Daltoa

on

Darf,

Sir

melting-pointof lead,8.
H., on red-lead of the aiicient",

508^.

Drt, Dr.,his acddent at a lead-condenaing

flue,437,
of lead by line,174, 519.
Deoopperiialion
of Derbyshireslag-lead,
176.
Dee Bank, Stagg'scondenser
at, 441.
Delgado,J. H., inTentor of Carthigena ftore, 421.

phoi-

Dcnbighsl

etinga,498.

lead-ore,lead, anc

of
.

fcr

anajiogtlead-ore.104.

Iron, lued

"M"T

the

at

Roral School

of

galenain,with Anna,

of

Deoiidatlon

in, 15.

for

(ilicates of

lead,28.
Siltat,tniion

protoiideof

lead

at

in,

15.

oflead

animals
bv

"

in, 530.

crTrtalliiation,

177.
by line,148 ; by copeilation,
Oausthal, 165; at Mechemich,

354.

t from

oxidation

of lead

and

copper.

DesmBTSst,M., on

erosion of lead

by insects,

521.

92;

CryatBlline
axBtem oflead, I.
otide rf lead,reduction of, 15.
deiilveriiation
of lead br,
CrfstaiiiiatioD,

Desulphuriiation of galena,219.
C. Salute-Claire,
on
Deville,
specific
grarlty
of

lead,4.

DcTonihire, prodoction

121.
^iminatlon
,

of metals

from

lead

from

roguloa,

by,

144.
"

of
lead-poijoniag

Desilveriiatinn
121 ;

of

"

proloiid* of

oflead, 230.

ores

in, 41B.
smellingold lead-slags

-,

of oiidiied

Deoiidiiiugand roastingprocess, 296.

Derliyahire,
lead-smeiting
in,214-217, 278

of

and

silver

DezinciRration

sulphate of

copper

Ci7"t"ili"dprotoiideoflead.13;

of

lead-OR, lead,

in, 498.
of iwd

bT

chlorfde

172.
Sic,IfiO; by litharge,'
of desiireriied lead by steam,

chloride

See Zinc.

:"neRd, 68.
Dick.

of

!ead.

167.

DUX.

"nlphldaof

Imi

lud

Trnpoor

tin,59 ; oopper, 60.

1 ; ud

wutfaDniMt*ofl""),BT.
PattiDson't

raflnd

of had

amonnt

on

prons,

on

certain

teat,1B4.
lithai
thane, 201.

bUck

on

of

charge

oa

336.
of Ihne

action

on

"

of ""Iqnifi"nr''lB,M.
iiM
Efffpt,
Eicb oD tl^ggrdore at HUniterbosch, 356.
of Ind by zinc In th",
dufWeriBtloo
Elfet,

in Flinlahire

far-

naos,93e.
"
OD
Boliche,"with Mal-fael,247.
"
Ronw
247, 25+.
reTerbeto,"
on
on
ameltingat La Fortau, 352.
of hard lead,
on
allojfrxda liqaatiou

of lead,3.
Elaatjclty
oondnctMty of lead for,8,
Electricity,
of lead " condnctor
of,15.
, prutoiide
Bma, lead-amelUngat, 356.
allov from, 378.
cryatalliied
-,
Enamel
eolonr,Napln yellow n"d for,89.
England (north of], ore-hearth in, 278;
in,411 ; Spaniib ilag-bearth
alag-hearth

in, 418:

468.

tNlaUtion of lead bj heat,8.

Dioxide

of

in,498.
hi,la
laHl-amelting

aiWer

lead,11.

protoiideof lead,IT.
Dfthet,iron,anajr of galenain, lOS.
nilDUolphide of copper (ar|;entiAraiii),
phale of copper "om, S3T.
Diion,Capt.,"Hi lead-mwltJDgin India,293.
of copper

to foreignworkmen, 334.
lead-emeltera
of
in,497.
lilt
prodncticn of lead-ore,lead, and

indabtad
,

'

vitb

"

the 17th

century,

178.
EnglishcnpellatloD,
furnace with coal.In Spain,252.
447.
le"l,analyM of,at Clannthsl,
521.
of
lead
Erosion
bj inaecta,
of tin and
Dobba'
patent for adhnion
of Abetrttb by, 201.
Eschka,H., analyaia
lead,9.
399.
Pnibram
on
liad-om,
the
of
table
hia
coropoattiDD
Dollond,Ur.,
Eachweiler
"7o.,compoflitionof their leaj,
of optical
glata,35.
i
("
with
Dolomite
galena,95 ; in lead-ore,
"
Esparto,"425.
488.
effect on nneltlng,
Eatremadnra,Carlhagena fornace in,429.
hearth-bed
of,20",
,
Export of lead from the United Kingdom,
363.
Donble
faniaota at Bleiberg,
"

"

nlphidea of lead and aodiiim or

potaaainm,3%.
at ComrDam, 351 ; at
Drening lead-ores,
29T.
Sail,
Droaa,reduction at TaraowitB, 4T3.
from Kflening of hnrd lead,466.
517 ; aetioD of BlagDroaaingbyraacbinerj,
Donble

499.
EitTBctioQ

of rilTer fkvra

393
BchliflgoftD,

lead,121

; from

regalna,3'

on

a, 517,

lead ic

Drouing-oven for r"d-tead making, !

matter
from, S20.
concretionaiy
51.^.
DroetiDg-togls,
Dd Bo]r",
H., bia tjpe-metalperforatedby
521.
inaects,

Dnctilitjof lead,2.
Dnmfriea,lead-mHiltera in,496.
in,2 IS.
Durham, tead-smelting
lead-nnelten
,
,

prodnctioQ of

ailrer

Dutch

in,487.

lead-ore,lead, and

in, 498.

white-lead manabctnTe, 66, TO.

Earthen

cmciblea, effect

of

protoxide of

lead on, 15.

^^^

aaaaj

of

lead-orea,in, with

iron, 110.
of carbonate
for a"aj
phateoflead, IIS.
Ebner

and

Co., tfaeir

furnace

at

and

phoa-

Co.,composition of their lead,495.

galena,95.
Fablun, pyrites in magnetic ore at, .126.
Falliie,H., his plan for eondeniingleadfnme, 444.

Fad^and

PabliHv

lead from fume, 457.

on
at,
Faltnoath, smelting in flowing-fnniaee
257, 260.

Faraday, his nse of platinum Temela for

28.
boRHilicateafleea,
36.
on
composition of opticalglais,
215.
Farej on ancient bolea,
on
enpolafBmaees, 217.
*"
209.
Feinbrennen,'
Feneutilk
on
Bleiberglead,267.
of
Ferrocyanideof potaaainm and sulphide
Ind, 63.
94;
FigariBey, Dr.,on "archifogllo,"
Bockley,for foniaeea,228.
Kire-biicka,
Filed

Bleiberg,

with

alkalita.

""

Alkalies.

Flach,bis process (or

silrcr
extracting

tnai

"

lead,162; Sit^r

oi

u,^zJi,2Goo

"

Flakt

"

lead

aetahadral cTTrtaUin
Pleiberg,

lithii^,13.

coat

"hiU, 68,

of Pattinaon

Itvat,2.

at, 139.

pmoeu

at, 186.
cupellation
lead-ameltingat, 303; in the blaat,
funuice, 30B ; in rererberatorjfurnace,
319; fieldaand loea,330; conta, 332.
German

Fliot-glui,lubatitntc

fraodtUant

of leadimelter*'

nia

namea

at, 303.
at, 333.
copper-reguloa

of

treatment
,

minec, produce of 337,

Flintsfairt-funiacc,
tmeltiug

"fteuing hard lead at, 460.

reduction of lithai^ at, 476,
-,
Fremr
protoxideof lead,13.
on
cryttallixed
of
25,
lead,
on
peroxide
B")("llt.

the, 218,

in

with Stagi;'"
condtDMr, 441.

244; Alport,240 ;
Belgium, 245; CUiuthal, 344;

Adn,

at

329;

Peru, 374; Ttmowitz, 243, 368.

iD FlinUhirr,coat of "melUDg in,496.
218, 222.
Flowing-funiaiw,

Cornw"II,3S7

id

AoilnJiiTi

; in

IW-ors

Tor lud-fnma

Freaeniua

on

for

awaiing lead.*r", 104.

aulphat"of protoiideof lead,

40.
and Spaalihlead,495.
Oennan
on
Fr"rcinet,M. ttoui de, inreator of ^anlib
418.
liag-hearth,
Sei Tamowiti.

Friedrichihutte.

conilenHtian,437.

for aaaay of
for German

Fuel

with pyromoqihite,100.
Fluor-apntite
Flnor-ipu with galciM,95.
in uMj
of leid-OR, 106.
185.
for bone-earth,
a Adi

lead-ore,104.

ItT ;
capetlatioa
procua,
of coal aa, 201.
6r"t uae of pil-"oalfor,in imeltinK,

UH

Alport,240.
at Par and Point,260.
not uwd
now
480.
in lead-ore,iU effact on imeitlDg,
Fluoride or calcium
with lulphata of lead,
iU

crndble

French

in, 4M.

Flan

Wmlei, 361.

"

Tor floi at

ma

plant!DMd

fo

Spuu'eh pmelUng-

Bleibergfnmace, 263, 263, 366 ;

bolicha, 252 ; Carth^jena furnace,
furnace, 230, 212; ore424-, FlinUbim
114,
hearth, 391 ; ilag-hearth,
oaed bj Keld Head
Mining Co., 381.
for "melting at Freiberg, 309 ; Pontgibaod,345 ; Sala,298 ; Tamowiti, 364,
for

for
with

aalphateof lead,otrbonala

of

lime,

carbon, 44; with inlpbateaof lead,

baryta,and lime, 44.
o[ laad-ore,106.
Fluiea fur unj
and

"

r-,

aaaaf of

galenain iron eruciblea witb,

in
aaTing of,by roaalinglead-reguliu
393.
kilua,
.

of lead-orea

aieaj
withi

in iron

fornnelting-fuinacetigeaeialrenur
ible. infloeaee

'

"

cruciblea
of metala

483.

npon ana
J with,
for boDe-earth, IB5.
'"

uied ai, at Alport,240.

flnot-apar
,
Forb", Mr. D., on imalting at high ele-

of lead.

Fomace

accretloni, 376.
Air, 213-215, 421.

,
"

"

,,

at

Bleiberg,223, 261.
brick, for lofteninghard lead,463.

Cartha,

gena, 433.

Foreigncouutriea,productionof
lead,aoaljKS of,493-^95.

lead

in,499.

,
,

For"Uronbolea,218.
Foster on lead-condaiu)ngAne",438.
"

Fonmeau

Fouinet

Carthagena,431.
178 ; at
at Llanellf,
Cupellation,
185 i at Friedrichahiitle,
204;

berg,
Freibram,
Pri-

479.

manche," 412.
coheiloa of lead,9.

1
on

See Blaat-fnmac*.

argeatileToaagalena

on

Aaaaying, 104.
Blast.

ration, 277.
Ford

See Lead-fume.

Fume

,
,

Double, 263.
Klintahire,21B-245,

See

nintafairc

of lead,
protoiide

on

Tolatiliiation

of

on

Breeniurell"d

lead,71.

Flowing,218, 222 ; In Cornwall,257

Walea, 2"1.
German
cupelUtion,185, 204, 479,
,

on
on

in

40.
inbtnlphideaof laid,
sulphideof lead and iron, 57
63.
(0; line, 81 ; antinionf,

,
,

Half-high, 400.

High, 362.
Kramw,

400.

Liquation, 469.
Low, 360.

RachetU, 385.
216.
Rererberatory,
tory-fumace,
SaTon-twjer,314-316.
,
,

Bererben-

DigitizecQyGoO^

fnmare. Softening,*59.
Spaniih,222, 246.
,
314,
Stolberg,
,
Treble,268.
,
FuToace-bottom,of ost-Iion,for loflemngfurDice,459.
of dolomite,and of lime-nurl,for
,
Germui
CDpetlallon-furnue,ISS, ISS,
190, 205.
of
,

gr"y-"l"g,for

Flintihire

fnnace,

228.
of

"

Uja

"

bricks,for Spacithfnrnace,

Galena,redaction

of,in ore-hearth,461,
with, 483.
Ou-pipe^ (ea-lead lued in makiog, 50T.
Oaj-Lussac, H., on sulphate of lead and
iron-"cale" heated

carben, 51.

Th^nard,UM., their alloyof lead

potasainm,88.
lead and aodinm, 90,
on
98.
Oeocronite,
German
185 ; with coal as fuel,
cupeltatlon,
producti from, 370;
acceuory
melting black lithari 1, 479.
and

and

247.

495.
n"of,

lead,c

Farnsce-bottoma, cryitalliiedcDDipouiidB

203.
litharge,

in, 325.

190.
irgiRcation,

Fnni"ce-ch"rg"i. See Chll^ge^

Funuco-Iead, Upper Han, 373.
Fumacea, lead-fame Irom, 43S.
for lead-amellio;,
choice of,490.
Set under Leid-Bmelting.
8.
FttBibiiltroflead,
of silver,
15.

Gibb,Mr., on smeltingin Corniih flowingfurnace,261.

Gladenbach, galenawith mangaDese
from,
in,498.
Glnmorgnnahire,lead-smelten
llanril on lead-smelting
in Kngland in
17 th

Glass,qulcking,1.
35.
-, optical,
dint,subatitDte
,

a.

Galena,37.
ipecific
gravltjof,37,
,
ictiOD of water

on, 37.

the

-,

the

centnry, 537.

beat

for mlniom

red-lead

for

ing
in mak-

making, 507,

rabstitate

43.
for,in potterygladogj,
and Tapoar
of water, 51.

of iron for umj

ol,56.
the ore, 94.
BHtlah
loealitiH of, 95.

tue

of
description

,
,

metals

associated

with, 95

; ailver

in,

Gold

95-97.

In

352.
95 ; in tanditone,
anthracite,
of gold and ailrer with,99.
,
effect of washing on, 96.
,
of,in iron diihes,108 ; in iron
, aasaj
cmciblea,with flaies, 106 ; iuHaenee of

in galena,95-97
201.
litharge.
its influence

in

in iron

usociation

113.

lime,113;

of

silica,
114;

of

cmcibU,

; In

npon
117.

lead-fume,455
assay

with

BtucE

made
by, 69.
526.
by lesd-poiaoning.
Orailich on cryatala
oflitharge,12,
Orandison,Lord,hia proceat for smeltingin
reyerberatoryfurnace,218.
Grass near
lead-works, carbonate of lend in,

Gossage,Mr.,
Gout

sulphateof

white-lead

induced

530.

Greece, prodnctlcnof lead in,499.

barfta, 116.

,'deaulphuriiation
of, 219.
iDielting bj

aii^reduction

procesi.

Flintih

ino
,

t raiaed

at

Linaree,

247.

emelting,346.
367.
iron,
of,
by
,
added to bath of lead In German
cupel364.
latlon-fumace,
from Friedrichsgmbe need at Tamo,

effect of free silica In

reduction

viit. see.
of the
1

Upper Hari, 369.

(or redaction
copper-slag
and blende,silver in,399

on

the Attic

99.
Griin-Brannbleieri,"
Grnner,M., on line and chloride of lead,160.
on
Brittany process, 244 ; on C'or-

of
of

Bmnbach,

Spence'e
1, 480.

process, 405,
of Carthagena, 422
Bi^entiferous,
Peru, 271, 273 ; of Prilbram, ."""
Sala,303.

drachma, 422.

"

durle's procew,
169, 171.
deilncification of lead at
on

of,385,
; in

Grot*, Mr.,

on

iron-rednc

hia
geueml
smelting,491.
,

_y

Itmmj, Dr^ hi*

fiir lud-pwMiBlBg,52T.
Guigniuid'*
gUit, S.^ ; compoutioB
it

flDFDMiD

Heron, Mr,,
Sl:i,5U.

-bathf

cradblc

HchUr

liioilu'

on

nuBD"ctan
lucil for

of ml'kad,

prepuJBg

"

Gial-

87.
lolino,"
lor "M*ji"| lnd-"i",104.
IndHilKtoberg,Dr., oo eut-irsa fna
3S1.
.Ug,
on
ScUug-siwltias is
lUgi fnm
e, 394.

Racfaetl

for bala

Hat'hillor Hig-buik, fwl

Histor7of lead,1 ;
HochMUter, Ur., on

Uken

2U.

rrom,
Haho, Dr., on

Itnl-ngnliu,373.
reTtred Itthwitk493.
"
40U.
HtlUiochofea,"
"
Halr-Kigh (anane tt Pnibnm, 400.
Hall. W., on loneDiDK haul lead,462.
Haooibal,ailnr btaa Cartlugeiu obtained
by, f2-i.
Iwl
Had
uflaBEog, 458; brick furoacw
fur,tei

drou

Mecheniich, 171, 352.

the

smelting lead-aUga,3tO. 323; am

(melting,331.
333.
OB
smeltingeopptr-regnloa,
Hodgei,J., his procMs for (bmIU^ In refaniace,31S.
Terberator)'
35.
Holmes's
opticalglaaa,
at vorki ami.
well,Stagg'aeondenan
Hirfy
on

loas in

oT laitd,
2.
Hari, lithargacrjaUln from, 12.
Cardorie'i
in, Mb;
procM*

'

"

"

Trom, 466.

of, 467.
liqiutjoa
tjigK^, 4C6 ; ^ni^b, 467.
of,"t Przibrun,479
jirodiirtion
Vpf*T Han, 47B.
ftt HUjE-lend.

-,

; in

polao

HudDMt

",

^"plied to
I
Holiappel,
Uoliappel,marjiiiiery
-

Parko'

funywa
in aeTni.4lrj*r
l"ail-imrlting

oppar-ilagi in,

lead-ameltingwith

ll|ojfrom, 37"
crystalllied
notion at, 4T9.
Hong Kong, litharge-red
alag-lieartli,
on
Hr.,
Spaniab
Hornhlower,
,

in, 316.
;)M5: with

419.

inw, 36g,

Itthvit*JB,47S.
o(,494.
,]y"t*
12.
of litbu'|",
in on
crjAtal*
Kiqniaiicleof lend,-Hi.
377.
laraiih or fuiuan-cryatala,
Aom
Mneltingalio;
crjatallized
of

"a

Pattiu-

14:1.

at, 244.

171.

pro*",

M.

3Mi
lead-aneltJBgat Comaam,
Freiberg, 320, 3'22,331, 333; at

"t

"

"

508.
red-lead,

laad and iiiiiiguft,

process, 171.

OB

rrom

lud

on

Cordnrie'i

OD

of

Uom-tnd,
'"

Homo

7a

reTerbero," 247.

de Gran Tiro,"421.
Uorooa
of,530, Kit.
Horses,lead-poisoning
for railing
bn
lead,
apparatu
Hughes,Mr.,

"

504-,'i06.

Robt.,on yield of sUrer from

10:i.
Isad-orea,
of lead
Icad-amclting,
"ulpliata
Hj'dratedprotoiid;of lead,22.
aMl.
acid aa a solrent of lead,10.
Hydrochloric
from Upper Hari, 374.
ID 1ead-rq;ulu"
of lead,
3B ; and su^te
and
sulphide
](i9.
Havre, Curdurie's proc"H at,
of lead,40.
20^.
at
Tarnuwiti,
dulooiit*,
Hearth-ixd,
81.
appliedtowtiite-leadmaaulactare,
H"aHh-eads, treatment of, 'JHU.
Hunt, Mr.

e, 378.

British

I*

"

"

Hearths,Slug, ^c* Slag-hearthi.

of lead for,U.
Heat, condueticilT
dilatation of lead by, B.
of lead,"
latent,of lead,8; ipedfic,
,
for rsductios of protoiideoflead,15.
,

Hedrphane, IW.
Heakel, Dr.* on cast-iron from copper^lags
"t AltMMU, 3IJ8,
Henry, Mr., hi) drawiaga of PBttinaOD'a
apparatus, 1^
00

430.
lead-ore,
of lead-fume, 451.
specioiena

Autralian

his
,

and Co., Partes' process M, works

4U5.
uf, l."8 ; compositioaof their leail,
their paU'ot for
and WHsaermaon,

Hertul

'--'-idficaUoD

of

lead

by

chloride

lead, 1

Herder,

a,

on

lodes at

Froiborg,JO^

of

^"

'

for extfaotion

of lead from

carbonatel

ore",4:M.

ydrogan aai
of lead,52.
lulpfaide
Hyponitrateaof prntoiideof lead,85.
Hyposulphiteof loda, actios at,mi wiphatc
of lead,42.

IndU, UMl-"n"ltiiigin, 213; in bluU

InA-pyrltM irith galtia,95

III eSect

IndiaD

methud
of nfiaing,211.
or lead br, 521.
iDMCtB,prrfointtan
of protoxideof lead in water,
Jnaolubilitj'

galena,4B3.
ihlpa in
of,502,

IroD-vork

of

cormuciD

model

of

(1851),J^tUoioq'i

lead-foDM

496.
ticketing!,
production of
^Iver in,498.
,

In,444.

(iSiiX
tnre

lotd

of columnar

witb

contaat

lead,

I"U of Mao, laad-lodei io, 102.

oondenser

ig Iwd-ore,

Iroiirtcnleisitliprotoiide^fUad, IT; iritli

16.
llllenuitiotuil Eihlbitioq
ladle in, U7,

4S2.'
"nMJtiD{f.

on

Isod-or^ lead, and

frao-

in, 3.

while-lead

dempperiiei

Iron)

Derbjibireilag-lead
at, 176.
Jacqnelainon Euqnioiide"iflead,33.
Iodide of poUuiuiP, um
on
of,toi leid-pslfj.
paroiidaof tud, 25Jamtaonite,98.
JD, 384.
Japan,lead-imelting
47L.
Jan
fni'onc*,
OB
litbarga-reduction
261.
Jewellen'"aweep"iul1owing-furDac",
Miaiug Companj o", red-lead n
Joachinutbal,compoailion of lead from,
ftctiue bf. 514.
493.
John on carbidt of lead,67.
Iron, veldiog of; iioainu'"d vUli coh
of lead,9
Johnton,Mr.,on dilntatioD of lead by heat,8
of lead from cupels,
on
diaaolvingoiide
large, 21.
liticatn of prototideof Uad with,33^
464.
aod
Jordan
Uad, double lulpbidegofj38,
(of Clauatbal)oD aulphideof lead
ami mlphaU of lead,45.
with iteam, 50 ; with lime and carbon.
and iDlphideof lead,5S.
56; ulids of
55; awquioiidt of iroj),
iron and carbon, 58.
aa
a reducing agent in Icad^ineltjog,
56.
Mr. T. B.,hit machinerf for Pallin-,
In copper-ilaga,
aon'i proceu,
141.
388; io galena,95,
and cobajt,96.
fjom aaoethal,373.
nickel,
Joy on iead-reguloa
,
in aitay of lead-ore,
106 ; in aiuy
in
iron cmciUea, 110; in aasaj witb fluiea
,

"-

"

In iron
,

cmcible, 119.

eliminatiim ot,in cupellatian,

202.
tcdDctioo

"

ot silicate of lead

bj, 533.

Baaic ailicate of protoiid*ot, lead,

imeltingwith, 384; tribauc tilicate and
"

"

"DlpbideofUad, 5S.
Carbonate
of,with galena,95
-,
ore, it" eSect on
imelting,48S.
Caat.

Set Casl-iron,

Crucible

Jliues,
104,
,

; in lead-

and litharge,
489.
Kapoik, Abatrich from, 201.
elimioation of Atimpoy, oopper, and
,
iron during cnpellatiou
at, 202.
KarmarMh
on
tauacityof lead,8,
24.
Kanten
on
ipecilic
gmtitr of rtd-laad,
Kaolin

used at the

lead and

on

Eofal Schoo

108.

aaaajrof galena in,with

Buif

flu:

of le"d-"rt"

in, without

of metaU

induenc*

Protoialpbide
of,u
,

368.

upon

aatay

of lead

witb.

ruin*

(Babylon), cuunelled

Keatea, Mr., on

31.

on

Sesquioiide

633.

"
477,
coke-ltonea,"
bUg for furnace-bed,229.

of red-lead, 512.

:iaidelniia relatiugte

of galenain, 108.
Iron-diahet,
MUf
Irun-finerjilag,360, 3()8,384.
Iron-reductiuB
proccit, 219, 485, 492.
in the Hari, HSS ; in Japan,
3"4i at Prijbnun, 398; at Taraowit/,

brick

of

manofactura

,
"

proccM,

Bleibergproce"", 269, 270.

lead-Moeltingat Tarnowlti, 361,

Kaat, inTenUr
"

Parkee'

the

on

Sair

110.
fluies,
,

91.

153-158.

on
,

coj^ht,

eiperimention

his

lead,496.
lead- smelting
and Henry, 1
ts., OD
in Wales, '2i9.
on
product*of tmeltiDggnlewi
,
239.
in Flintshire fuinae*,
Keld Head, MoelUng proce"
at, 279.
al, 412.
, ilnK-heartb
lead-fume

condentation

at, 442,

357.
,

Kerl

amount
on

of lead from

in
rttiniug

^12,

teit

fume
witb

at, 456.
under

Uaat

Eert

lt"d-imcltiogin

an

th4

Hu-i,

3"S-

383.

389; on
and I"ad-"lii!^,
"pp"rRichette
in
(nm
Sebtieg-tattlUag
"ligi
nn

of [roo from

Tslnction

on

"Inp, 397.

litnirge- reduction

Cl"mth"I

on

fnr-

Lantenlhal,compootioo of lead from, 478,

493, 494.
Laiey, laad-lodei at, 102.
Lead, hiitorjof^ 1.
of^1.
phjsicalpropertiea
,
1.
with,
coatingj[l.M
,
bulleta from rods ot 3'
,
solid
into
finely divided, prnMd
,
"

484.
calcination,
inieltiuglead-oit cantatDingoarof lime, 487 ; iron, 488 ; illica,

oa

iiao-blcnd"

on

bonatc

in

chemical

atomic
,

oC,10.
properties
weight of,10.
1, 10 ; of

487.
marl fiiTnaoe-beib,
1S5, 188.
on
38, 98.
KilbricktDitc,
Kilu, routing Uad-rcgului in, 393.
Kiauli on
lead-ieKnluifrom lead-imelting
Konten

r, 10.

w:

aDtimoDj, 86; arsenic,71 j

85 ;
bon, 67 ; chlorine,77 J nitrogen,
phosphorus,
10 ("" Oiygen)]
oiygen,
27; aulphnr,37.
74; silicon,
and

"

dioiide or taboiide of,11.

S"Protoiideof
,proloi!deof,12.
16.
and metallic oxides,
22.
ot;
protoxide
hydnted
,
23.
soquioiideoi,
,

Km ippus.
AnwriMD
K61l"
on

"rth

ore.

at Pnl

293.

K6nig)hUtt",lithargecrjatiU from, 12.

of copper-slagi
at, 389 ;
Inalmont
390.
lead-ilagi,
Kopp on dilatation of lead bybeat, 8.
Kramer
furnace,400.
Krtmniti, compotitionof lead from, 493,

sulphideof. See Sulphideof lead.

peroxideof,24.
79.
oxf chlorides of,
chlorocarbonate
of,84.
influence
on, 67.
itmoapheric
smoke
fiom, 96.
in
andsilTer
gold
Alloys of,88; with potassium,88;

,
,
,

"'KrummofBn,''412.

,
,
,

sodium, 90
,

148;
La

anthracite

CaroliDa, furnaces

lead-ore,lead, and

"ili-er in, 498.

"

at, 34"".
Pise,lend-flnelting
heat of lead,8.
silver mines, 418.
Laurium
Lanlenthal,Uordurie's proceaa at, 172, 535.

Latent

leadimeitingwith iron at, 3"9.

from, 372.
leod-regulua
crystalliied
from, 373.
lesd-regulus
at, 382, 383.
roastinglead-regulna

,
,

furnace

Kachette
,

chette

fnrnace

for

at. 387 ; tint

from, hj

cryi-

dezinciiicBtion of,by chloride of lewi,

,
160; hy other chlorides,161.
of,by linc,174, 519.
decopperiiation
,
177.
of,
rtfining
,
production of, in France, 338; at
Sola,303 ; in the United Kingdom, 498.
from
oltiug, 383; from
regalUS-em
393, 397.
Schlieg-smelting,
412 ;
extraction
of, from grey-slags,
,
ores
carbonated
from
by wet proeeas,
434 ; from lead-fume,466.
hard,softeningof,458.
,
polingof,461.
softened,
and polingof,469.
liquation
,
lithargeftDm. 47S.
pnttinsoniied,
dom,
Kingin the United
of,
-, prndaction
498; in foreigncountries, 499.
imported and eiported,499.
,
"

360-

3"8.

proceaa,

lead

La

Parkes'

in, 4
in, 4!

Landgrebe on lead and pboaphot

Lingbanshytta,pjromorphite fi
of mixing zinc and
hla method
Liiug;e,
157.
in desilrerizing,
on
lead-smeltingat Tamowiti,

;
177.
Cupellation,

213.

production of

121

proceu,

144.
talliiatlon,

127.
Ladle,PattiD)on'",
at, ini.
La Fortnna,lend-ameltini;
of
lead,2.
oa
elatticitj'
Lagerhielm
''
"
furnace,247.
Lajn bricks In SiHaisb
Miuoui
m
Lambom, Dr.,on lead-smelting

93.
91 ; maogaoese,
from, 121 ; P"t-

of silver

elimination o( metals

from, 95.

at, 255.

Laoarkite, 100.
Lanark shire,lead-smelten
Lancashire,lead-imelters

; copper,

(itraction

tinson'i

Laah, galenawith

Silicate of lead.

Ste

silicate of,

of

lead.

Ua-

corrosion

of

iron-work

in

cootaot

vith, 503.
503.
castingof,for rolling,
for pipes,508.
for sulphuricacid ehambera, 507.
for glosa manufacture,
for red-lead
,

See Red-lead.
507. 516.
for white-lend,508.

3te White-lead,

containingsulphur for making

smelting Schlieg at,

red-

load,518.

395.
n

Bt, 304.
S";hlieg-Bmeltini;

unoxidiied,concentration

in,519.

of

copper

L"Bd-Worki

J.MdWorki;_

Sardinia,499.

SaToj,244.
SchaiDniU,469, 493.
SchliHwmaar, 158-9.
ftcotland,
278; 498.
Shropahin, 497-8.
Sierra de Gador, 9S, 432.
Sierra NaTada, 429.

France, 338, 429, 4S9.

Fnibtrg, 139, 186, 303, 480,

FriedricliihiitU.

See

476,

TunooiU.

Getmu

SUte", 499.
GlunargaDihire,498.
Gnece, 499.
Hux, 171,316,385,368,47^,494,
Havre, 169.
Holrwell,441, 515, 524.
Holuppd, 143, 244, 378.
HoDg Kong, 479.
India,211, 213, 293.

Siinia.

Stt TarnuwJU.

Smethwlck, 509,
Snailbaacb,
95, 507, 516.

536.

Somcnatihin, 497-8.
Spain, 216, 222, 246, 417, 418, 425,
428, 434, 495, 499.
498.
EUffurdifajn,
Scolberg,139, 143, 314, 494-5.
Swaledale,214.

Ireland,498, 514.
Ill* of Mao, 102, 496, 498.

Swedfn, 296, 482, 499.

Japan, 384.

Tajca,

Kapnik,201, 202.

Tanowiti, 84, 139, 154, 157, 190,204,

"242,357, 473, 482, 494.
United Statat,
278, 289.

Keld Hewl, 279, 412, 442, 456.

.

:"

Rouen, 143.
SaLa, 296, 29S.

Eou, 356,
Koglud, 95, 100, 103. 213, 2TS, SU,
411,418, *97, 49B, "37,
Eitnnwdun, 439.
falmoutb, 25T, 260.
Flintahire,
216-340, 496, 49S.
3T8.

263.
Kuappotcfaa,
KonigtbUtte,389,
Ln

Carolina,255.

La

Fort ana, 252.

ihi re, 498.

Viala*,346.
429.
Villaricoa,
455.
Vlllefort,
Wale., 217, 229, 261, 418, 49a

390.

Lanark

Lancubtre, 497, 498.

U
Piie,346.
LAurium, 418.
Uutmlha],
372, .M9, 372-3, .382-3,
3ST, 394-5, 402, 478, 493-4, 535.
Uiej, 102.
24. 524.
Lead-bllli,
Llnam, i47, 252.
Uanelly, 127, 178.
244.
Uaraeillea,
Matlock,241.
Hanbach, 434.
Hecheniich,ITl, 352, 495.
Uendi

Wanlock

e, 498.

i, 213.
4B8,
MoDtgomerj-sbire,
Muhlengnue woriu, 354.
UUniterbuKh, 355.
Kantei,244.
Neat Head, 441.
Newoutle-on-Tvne, 81, 471.
New
York, 289:
Northumberland, 216, 49T-8.
Oker, 388, 393.
I-ar,257,

Hotd, 444.

WeatmorelaDd,49T-S, 530.
Wiaconain,ZT8.
Yorkriiire,
214, 497,
369.
Zellerfeld,
filtrationo^ 448.
Le)td-"mok",
Lead-apeiM,376.
Lead- wire,2, 7.
Flattaerite fbund at, 24.
Leodhilli,
inimunityof minera from lead-poiaon
,

"t,524.

Leathnrt, Mr.,

Dr.

on

poeed inrention

"

Meriui

185.

of

LiTol

on
on

OD

lead from regalni,

493,
peroxideof lead,26, 27.
lulphidaof l"ad aod ferrocj'aiude

of

pobuaium, 63.
of Abatncb, 201.
Lili,Voo, bit aiul}-"ia
on
compoaitionof diSerent kindi of
lead,439.
Lime and protoiideof lead,ai1ii:ata ot,
alamina,and proloiidt
catt of,36.
vith anorida
audiiilp)iateoflead,42;
""

of

calciam, 44.
,

of lead,aad carbon,55.
aulfdiide
in Fiint^ire

furnace,236.

of.

Set Carboiute

of lime-

o^ hotr made, 25.

Sulpliate
o
f,witti fluoride of calcium,
,
nod suiphateaof lead and baryta,44.
Liunren,lead^meiLlngat, 347, 252.
,

(Nav Tork), 28?.

Rachette

Ptambate

3e9-W.
KMlwhiitl*,

in

Schlieg-wneltiogwith,
Carbon"te

Poullaaaen,244, 487.

Kouie

rap-

462.
Lehten

Perobrokeahira,498.
Pern, 215, 271, 273-4.
Point, 257.
Ponteibaad,203, 338, 452, 454.

Priibnun, 293, 398, 479, 481, 493.

RIpoD,214.

Richardioo'i

laad-aoflening
pracea,

"

iJiintU,"
433,434,

Liqaationof cnpciferoiulead,91; of liaid

lead,467.
and polmg at Si^hemnitz Silver Works,

on

of sodium

or

Marignac,bis
Marl

468.
Uit

Harjp^tte

of British

497.
leHd-smeltcis,

for bed

inlphateof leadand chloride

polaisinm,43.
atomic weight of lead,10.
of mpellation-fnmace,185,

1S6.

Lilharge,odoar of;9.

lead-imaltisg
Marseillea,
at, 244.
Masaicot,i2.
coloBm o^ 13.
for conMather
and
densation
Co., their chamben
,
of
4
50.
black,
201;
"bnmt,"13i
"coane,"
lead-smoke,
-,
13:
"13,
Hatlock,lead-smelting
near, 241.
in orwatet
Hatlockite,79.
00, IS.
ot with metallic oiides,17.
liatthiewen,Mr., on specificgravity of
^1 fiiaibility
oiidiiiagaction o^ 18; with antilead,3.
,
eleotrie conductivity
of lead,8.
on
rnuBV, 19; anenic, IB; hiamnlh, 20;
phur,
Uaubauh, Bischof's pioceu at, 434.
copper, 21 ; iron,21 ; Kleaium, lit ; sul19 ; tin,
18; tellurium,
Mecbemich, Cordnrie's proceu at, 171.
20; line,21.
deiincification of lead hj, 172.
lead-smelting
at, 352.
,
in German
185 ; metallic
cupellalion,
compositionof lead from, 495.
of lead,8.
impnritiesiu,201 ; silver in,during pn"Melting-point
204
in
and
i-ich
203,
cuptlla- Mclviile,
Mr., on lead perforated
by iniectt,
ce",
;
poor
tiaD,207.
reduaioo
o^ in blut-toinace,302, Meodip hi 111,
presentmining in,497.
-,
4T6; in"iennaDcupellation'rumace,479; Heudipite,79.
in reverberatorj
lead,
fnnuwe, 470, 473,
Merionethshire,
prodactionof lead'ore,
from pattinsoniied
and silver in, 498.
lead,47S.
and china-clay,
Felletier on, 74
489.
Metallic phosphides,
Metals auociated
with galena,95.
revived,lead from, 493.
,
lead revived from, by coke,493; bj
with flnies
infiuence of, upon
assay
,
,
493.
in iron crucible,
117.
charcoal,
lead by revival of,from pattinaoniMd
FattinsoD'a process,
their eaect upon
,
,
138.
lead,493.
eliminated
IVom
lead by crystallizawith, 533.
; gulpbideof inin heated
,

"

"

orystali o"

12.

"

"

"

See Protoiide

of lead.

tioo,144.

German
LithnrgificBtloD,
proverbon, 190.
LlauelljLead'worka, crane
st, 127.
cupelliog-furnaces
at, 178.
London
crucible for assayinglead-ore,
104.
Lbnig OB Tarnowiti lead,3li8,494.
Lustre of kad, L
,

Machinery,applicationof,

to

Pattinson't

proceas, 140.

Uagnetic pyriC"iwith galena,95.

oiido of iron crystab in (umace-bed,
UalleabLlitr
"

of

lead,S.

41 2.
Manchia,"

of
Manganese, protoiideof,with protoiide
lead,17,
black oiide of,and sulphideof lead,
,

163.
deiincilication,
529.
lead-colic,
Milled sheet-lead,
501.
depositon
Miller,Prof.,on concretionary
Micbaelis
Milk

an

galena,95,
lend,93.
Manufiicture oflitbai^, 13.
of peroiideof lead,26.
of whitB-lead,
68, 508.
ofoiychlorideof lead,78-84

lead in

red-lead oren,

to

520.

Miuietesite,
74, 100.
Mines, lead,infrequencyof lead-poisoning
in,523.
facture
Mining Company of Ireland,red-lead manuby, 514.
Minium, 24, 508, 528.
Butietitute for,la glaaa-making,
43.
,
Uiipickelwith galena,95.
in. 213.
Missouri,lead-smelting
of litharge,
12.
MiUcheiiich on crystals
on
crystalliiad
protoiideof lead,13-15.
Molybdena, M.
of lead,TO.
Monoearbonate
Mononitrate

of

lead,85.

Blanc,Dt. Tyndall's
eiperimenta on

Mont

54.

on

aotidoU

in

and

of bine

vitriol,333, 335.

ofmiUedlead,502.
of flint-glaae,
the best red-lead
for,
507, 516.
of led-lead,
508 ; poisonont eSecta uf,
520.

of lead-ore,
lead,and "silver
in,498.
Ur"iek, Prof., on antimony, copper, and
202.
iron in cupellation,

producUon
Montgomervshire,

on

nulled

ore, 308.

regulusin slsgs,401.
,
on
lead-imelting
products,405-410.
,
in test with blast under,112.
Muffle,refining
at, 354.
Miihlengasseworkii, Itad-smettiag
Muldener
octahfdra;IfadHiitte,Freiberg,
on

crfstola
frem,2,

HallfT

OD

ciTitdliied

Em*

alloyfrom

ud

North

Kcruppt1,'3Tg.
MuDby, Ur.,oa

SpasUh pluti

mwd

""

tvx\,

411.
England slag-hearth.

of

nmberiand, 1cad-smelting
in, SIS.

North
,

lead-smelters
in,4B7.
prodnciionof lead-OR,lead,aod

ail-

in, 498.

Ter

"Noae"

3T1.
blaat-fanace,

in

O.
Odour

of

leadj9.

i.
litharge,
from
Spaniib amcltlngaromatic,
,
worha, 25S.
"
Ofenbrnch,"377.
Ohme
on
lead-regnlnifnan Clanithal, 373.
in kilni at.
Okei, roastingof lead-rtgntna
of

NnrybiDTA, compoMtioD of lead from, 493.

KiujtM, iMd-tnifltiiig
mt, 244.
"Siple. Yellow,"87.
of ironwork
Nsrbmugh, Sir J., on corrouoo
of ahipa,
502.
Kativc amalKiim at Sala, 386.
it Head. StagK*!condenser
at, 441.

Old

"
Ophthalmia, asa of " alqnifoiiifor,94.
for
526.
Opium, UM of,
lead-colic,
"^tlrian'
glass,35.
Onnge-lead, 13, TO, 514, 516.
Oiange-mine,TO.

u"ahl,"
ad,

12H.
Llanell]',
Mr. W., on
,
ll"un.,
,

Parkea"
their

procew,

Testa

177.

TO.

149-153.

Ore, white-lead,70.
for Ftiotsbi re-furnace

cupeliiDg-fnnuKca,

and

NeTille,Mr.

J., hit uie of waltr-ahower

for lead-fntne coadeniiog,
446.
tarNewcaille-M-Tfoe, litliarge-reduction

Ores

products,oxidized,ameiting of,

and

411.
of lead.

Co.,their

charge,234.
rererberatory

fUmace, 3-23.

at. 471.

nace

Kewton, Keatei,and
ing worki, 239.

"bg-smeltlag

in

tead-tmelt-

Set Lead-ore*.

Ore-hearth, introduction of,216.

of,222, 278.
description
,
Eeld
Head
at
in Derbyshire,27B;
works, 279, 382 ; Pnibram, 481.
fiimace,
compared with reverberatory
284,480.

!American,
with

2H"

; at

Bleiberg,'292{
at

293.

Pnibram.

Stagg'icondenier,457.
of galenain,481.

reduction
,

process, M.
31 H.

antimony, and copper alloy fVom

376.
ting-furnace,
Nickl"" on tuiphateof lead and cUoride of
sodium
44.
or
potassiiim,
"
SiedemchinKSsrbeit,"
357, 405,
Kitrate of lead,action of line and cadmium
,

"me]

"'

Grnner

on,

491.

307.
at Freiberg,
Ore-roaating
Ore-smeltingat Freiberg,cosu of,332.
Osann on sing from slaggedore, 356.
matter
Oven, droesing,concretionary
from,
520.
Ovens

for red4ead

Orerheck

on

Oiidation

of

manafaclure,509.
peroiideof lead.2T.
lead and copper by atraoapheric

protoiideof lead from, 15.

soda for softeoing
hard lead,46.^
of lead,"r, ; basic,of protoiideof
,

of
Kitratei

lead,Hb.
! Glide

Nitre, "c. and aniphideof lead,53.

Nitric acid,aolubiiity
of lead in, 10.
its action on sulphideof lead,37
BUlphateof lend,4U.
,

Nitride

protoiideof

on

'

and

I
-

lead,95.

Nitrogen and lead,H5.

Nolle on sulphideof lead and Iron,56-58,
iron and galena,375.
on

of

'

antimony

with

protoiideof lead,

18.

ofiead, 85.

Nitrites of

j
'

carbonic, and sulphateof lead,52

sulphideof lead,52.

of copper, sulphideof lead with, 534.

of iron,carbon,and sulphideof lead,

Patent (Spence'a),
seinnting ilnc bom

iron,in imcltlnglead-oKs, 359.

Taductionof,15.
orltMl,errstalline,

Oilde ai

bUck,

of muguieM,

aod

441.
condensation,
(Stagg'e),lead-rQme

snlphideof

protoiiJeof U"d, 16.

protoiideof lead,IT.
of
Oitdo, nitUlllc,fujcd nith protoiide
(^ line vlth

separationof
(Worsley's),

I"ul,lT.
md

orca

prodacti, smelting of,

411.
IS.
OiidiiiDgtction of litharge,
oTcn

n"r nd-lsad

OijchloridBof

makioi;,509.

(Yoong's),use of steam in lead-fuioe

446.
condeosBtina,
Pattinaon,Mr., his oiycblorideof lead,38,
78-84.

l"u) (PittiDMu'i),38, 78,

of,81.
,
oC,8i,
ginrity
"p"dfi"
,
OiycfcloridMof le"d,78, 100.
Oi7g"D Mkd lead,10.
237.
Id grej -ilag,

cryatalsof

lead,121

b; himself, 129;
modificatiDns in, 134; coat, lie. of, 139;
centration
applicationof machlnerj to, 1*0 ; conprocesa

in, 146 ; effect of

147; effect of tin,148.

of copper

antimon;
S24.
Palnttra' colic,

upon,

of

amonat

on

lead

converted

on

certain Ust, 184.

216, 285.
the ore-hearth,

on

^'o^th of

into

litbai^eon

of,316.

at, 257.
Por, imeltiDg in flowlng-FnrLace
of
Parka, Mr., his patent for sspiiratioii
148.
other
metali,
lilver lYom

Iron,359.
of dedezineifieBtion
(Coidarie'B),
sllrerizfld lead bj steam, 167.
lead-fame
(Coangc's),use of steam in

pigment,

87.
for adhesion of tin and lend,9.
(Dobbs'),
of silver from
extraction
(Flaoh's),
lead,163.
(Lord Gnodlsoa'a),lead-ameltingin
roTerbentory furosce,218.
sofleDinghai4 lead,462.
(HhII's).
(HerbitandWasMrmsnn'E),deiindllcition of lead bj-chloride of lead,160.
in reierberalead-smelting
(Hodges'),
218.
fnnisee,
toiy
diMolving oiide of lead
(JobDHon'i),
from cupels,464.
ii
of water-ahower
nae
(Netllle's),

1,446.

(Parkes'),separationof

silver from

metals, 148.

lepacationof silver and

(PattinaoD's),
121.
lead,
(Pontilciaod Gbmford'e),sofleoiDg
hard lead,464.
in leadof steam
nae
(Richardson's),
condensatioD,446.

sagarH}f-leadIWim

dioaa

417,
Engbind alag-hoarth,
imed in lithuge-reducitioD

Patttos

Parj^imouBtaio,
PaUDt
(ofteaiDghard lead,465.
(Baker's),
bj
rsdnction of lead-oru
(Cooksoa'a),

aiilimooi"teM)f.lead
(Dick's),

1, 472.

hlB proceiB, 148 ; cost of, 153 ; Karthe process

iteo's ciptriioeDti
on, 153;
io Pmwla, 171.
at, 99.
aogleaite
,

of silver from

extraction

of
description

P.

fame

works, 121

for

hia procesa, 67.

bis procesa
;

lead from

hia life and

'

other

attam, 50;

lime, 55.

with

IDUIQfilctDR

and

lead

anlphidaof

on

d-fnm.

silver and

lead, 140.

79.

ores
Pallitre*,

Yellow," 80.

Patent

"Tnmer's

(Warner's),softeninghard lead,465.
(WatsDD's),nae of eteam in lead-fume

of lilrvT and

Oxidiied

its

ores, 405.

pot,"lead-mc

of softened lead,461.
of hard lead,468.
liquation
pot-droaafrom, 472,
PattiDMDiied
lead,aaalfeisot;493.
"
412.
Pava
(alag-hearth),
421.
"Pbvo"
furnace),
(CarthRgena
Pajen on crjaUUine pratoildeof lead,14;
on
hydiated protoiideof lead,22.
Pearl-tpaT(dolomite) with galena,95.
Peat-fuel used at Keld Head worlu, 281.

Pattinsonization
with

"

e, 482.

-fors

lead-workmen, 529,
Peligot
74.
Petletier on metallic phosphides,
of
lead,
uctioD
load-ore,
prod
Pembrokeshire,
milk

on

silver

and

PerfotatluD
Pemiide

of

for

in,498.

bf insects,521.
lead,24; for softeningbard

of lesd

lead,465.
of manganese

"

for

softeninghard lead,

465.
on
apeciiicheat of lead, 8 ;
8; on latent beat,8.
melting-point,
in,215, 271.
Pern,lead-smelting
metallic riches in,S73.
,
silver and gold in galenaof,373,
,

Ferson

Flintsliire furnace
,
,

at
lead-smelting

db

in, 274.

great

eleTations

in,

274.

Petftgand,H., on lead-orea of Sierra da

Cador, 95.
on
Spenith reverberatotyfamaceB,
,

In

lofUninglead,464.
_y

H^

TtiUgai,

modifi*]

on

tai-

BMbof

AmrnnD
1 muichc," 412.
iI7, 418.
SpulitiiliiE'harthi,

OB
,

CirthagFu'
funumi,

DD

Plmoben,

421-439.

Bmoont

OD

cuUlron

of lead trvm
bottom

of

4M.
nut

on

of rednction

Prof.,on

Raman

aiid Rivol

on

minioDi,

of

ot

their

opinionof

Bad

ciut

milled

lead, 502.
tad
,

Plnmbic
"Plambnm

for plpa prcftrnd hy, SOT.

acid,24.
eandidnm," 1.

oonKDm,"

"Flambom

ftuni,457.

iuc(,

In

nbatc
of baiyta, how
a^e,
35;
line, 25; afpatari^l5; oTwda, SS.

Ur. !: U^ OB
dHU*
hruee
U
Rillllpi,
Bleibcrg,26K.
Mr. J. A^ OS whlt^nd, TO.
,
ontnatmCDtargidciuibf
wutilnK.M.
,

protectiona( worken

528.

"

on
,

"

PltHT,

-270.

BUS,

TB.

nigmm," 1.
"oftcDing-riu'-* Plambnm
at, S5T.
Point,imelting in floving-faniac*
473.
lithmrge,
Poiuning bj lead, 523; lead-colic,526;
"

527
Irad-pidiy,

lad, 213, 2U.

nductEon

of utificiil

nlphite of lead,43t.
PbnphaU of lead,99.
.a^jof, 112,
4M.
oTM
coetaiBing,
DfpTMadd*ofl"ad,T5; with chloride

; prrrentire meanna,
poiuning oFanimab, 530.
in nd-lead
manubetnre, 520.
Poitoo, lead-colic In, 524.
lead befiiTe pattinaraiPoling of Kftxaed

527;

zation. 4"L.

77.
lead,

of

Fbupbide of lead,74.
Phmpbide*. meUtlie, Pelletier to,
and lead,74.
PWphonu
Phviical properlws of lead,1.
Romui. 213, 214.
Pig-lead,
"
W. R." 508.
,
from copper^liipi,
390.
Pli;-"roa
Pigiiof aUg'laad, HDod of,517.

74.

lead-ft

-.

Pontifei

at,453. 454.

and

for

ctm

and

Glauford, Heaan., their proBofleoinghard lead,464.

VToDi],Heiara.,compotltim of

their refined

lead,494.

Potaah,carbonata

ot,and

inlphldeof lead,

53.

Rlgrim7"gn^"
fictitious87.

*"

at Schemaiti
Silnr Worki, 4S9.
Pontgiband,German
cnpclUtionat, 203.
nettingat. 3:

canatle,and unlphideof lead,53.

plambate of,how made, 25.
,
and protoiideof lead,allicata of, 35l
,

Pipe,Lead, bW ; cnut on, 535.

PirHth and Jasg'i worki,Varkei'

at,

procen

Potaaiiam

and

Itad,88

double

lalphideol,

chloride
,
.

I"Unti

for fari In

SpanidiinKlUng'Worki,

2be, 425.

d
,

natc-leid,501.
Plattner on roattlnggalena,46.
of lead
on n roaating
niTphidea
tn

of,and'aalphataof lead,43.
cyanideof,and aalphatcof lad, 45 ;
anlphidfof lead,63.
fernK janldeof,and lulphideof lead,
Iodide

Iron,

Polten'

fbr

of, ita Dae

and

ore,

527.
lead-paliy,

94.

Potlerf glaiing,aubatitnte
0"nnan

on

"

cnpellalion.

for

galena in,

4S.
of

"

Blick-

Pouchet,H.,

OS

laad

perfanted b; Insects,

illlier,"211.
American

on

ore-h"rth

at

Bleiberg,

292.
at Freiberg,
303.
lead-nnelting
blait-runiiice regulua,312
; bhut-

on
on

faniHce
on

219, 357.
Preunre. reaiatance of lead to, 4.

Freci]Htation
proce*^
ProdnctioD

ilaga,314.

bads, 325, 326.

-.

"

Freiberg,337.

Fiance, 338.
of lead^re, lead,and

direr

In

the

United

Iron In fttr-

incruatationa, 377.
on

lead at Sala,303.
at

of lead in

of baryta In
on
aolpiiate
334.
copper-regnlna,
on
sulphidesof line and
nacc

of aili-erand

ofailver,lead,"c

in f^mact-

cryitalljied
campoonda

BineltiDgof regnlai In the Han,

Kingdom, 498.
of lead in foreigncountries,499.
Products,oiidiied,
"iiielliiig
of,411.
Profoaulphldeof iron,silicat* of le"I with,

380-^82.
hia
,

Bpecimena

of

accideolallyproduced

nd'lead, 519.

PUtlnerite,24.
of
Plinr,hia dexignatiou
on

94.
galeirn,

on

lead

id

Frotoiide

of copper

with

protoiideof lead,

17.
of
lead and

Britain,214, 215.

tin,1.

"iiicnte
of

iron, lead-ameltingwith
of, ;"4.

bask

lead,12.
crraWlliied,
by wet methods,13.
reduction o^ 16.
,
.

_"y

af Itad, s

FrotoiUa

Uidlj,

'

16 ; wit

cotutnctor

of

dta-

in pfromoracid,100; on flaor-apatite
100.
phite,
ifa wdnWlitj'la initer,15.
,
on
Dulphideof lead,37.
BD
IS
ndd, 16 ; ai R bue, 16.
Rammelibarg copper oree, 388.
ind Oilde of iilver,18.
oitdeii, Raap for working lead,2.
of,with mcUIKc
, fusibilit;
on
lead"*meltiaEin Pern,
B
RatcliOe,Ur1
idd
h
(uitimoaioiu), ; (snenic),

18; (arMnioM), 18; (slumic), 17;

(oildc of),
(tiUuic),18; with imtitiianf
of),17; (prot18; with "ipper(dioiide
oiida of), 17; with
iron-Males,IT;
iiun (Benjaioiideof), IT ; with
with
(protoiide of}, IT ; with
maD^aCH
aioc (o-ideof J, IT.
n.
, hfdratcd,
aDd"nlphataoflead,43;iulphid"
of lead,45.
,'aneniat" of,73;
; aneDitn
carbmiatai

lead,74
,

chloride

of;T3.
of,6T ; neutral

276.

Rawton, Barker,and Co.'i columnar

"

of

SpaaithlUg-hearth,419.

"

lead,495.

lOS.
Red-argolin aiaar of lead-ore,
fonuce
a"
agren-twrer
Von,
Reden,

in the

310,

change of "x"lai]r when

TO:
from white-lead,
chan^
;
lead loitable fiir,
glaia-making,

Bed-lad, 24
heated,13
for

; ita

507, 516.

phoaphateiof,TS

audents,508.

to the

; with chloride

known

JSw Silicates

orena, 509.

lead,77.
,
,

iiiicatm of;2T.

aaiphateof;40,

See

Sulphata

of lead.
of manganeH

protoiideof lead,

with

ProJBia,Parkei* procew in,ITl,

Pnibrain, Americui ore-heart)i at, 293.
lead-smelting
at, 398.
,
redaction of litharge
at, 479,
,
ore-hearth
,

at, 481.

composition of I"id from, 493.

,
Piire-culoiiredoiiile of lead,24.

Pumpelly

poisoDonieffect of,516, 530.

prodoction of,519.
io making, 519;
matter
concretionary
,
Redncing igeata for assay of lead-ore,lOti.
Reduction
of litharge,
470; in Bieifaerg
Oerman
In
4T3
cnpellationfarOHce,
;
fnrnace,4T9 ; Chinese method, 479.
of silicate of lead by iron,533.
525-52T
Keea, Dr. Owen, on lead-colic,
; on
52T.
lead-palij,
ITT.
Refiningor cnpellatlou,
209.
io open lest with blast,
"
209.
Blicksilber,"
,

accideotal

17,

on

iron-rednction

proceu

Japan, 384.
of orta, 498.
lead,3.

Pyriteein magnetic ore

used for the
^rolnsite
Pjromorphite,
77, 89.

method

Indian

Porchase
Pare

red-lead,513.

with lulphideof lead,45.

apecial,
Reaction!,
Real Companin Aiturtana, eompoajtloDof

Hart,

of,85 ; monoaitraU,
85; hypouitntei and
nitrate,

of

manufiictnre

ear-

nltrato

lead,2.
deoopperiiedDerby-

from

white-lead

ahire sl^-lead,176.
"

85.
nitrites,
,

275,
amelting at higlielevatlona,

their

with

bonatc, TO.
85; banc

"

271.

of,86.

aDtlmoDlatc

of

RammelabeTg on pjromorphitewl^h aneaic

15.

of,211.

in

teat

with

blut

nnder

mnffie,

212.

3S".
at Falilan,

heat of lead,8.
Regnaalt on ipeciflc
on
solphideof lead heated in vapour

tjea, 94.

"~

"

of

water, 49, 50.

Qnarti with galena,95.

Qnicbing glasi,1 ; lead crjrtalifiirmed

at
Reguln* from lead-tmelting
operatloDa,
Ciaasthal, 373 ; Freibe:^, 306-337 ;
Laalenthal,373 ; Pontgibaad,343 ; Pr"ibram, 406, 411 ; Upper Hari, 372, 382,
383.

ii

Lead, regnluiftom, 383 ; ilagsfrom,

fn"m, 493.
sulphate of lead in, 380;

383 ; lend
,

ailrer in.

381.
from

'

fbnuce, 385, 393.

"
209.
Raffiniren,"
Rammelsberg on Abetrich, 200.
on
bonrnonlte,98.
on
jameaonite,98.
on
3T3, 374 ; on regolns
lead-ragulug,
383.
fhnn ameltinglead-regulog,
12.
on
Jjtbarge-cryitali,

with
8ohli"g-smeltiag

cast-iron,

Rachette

IVom

Rachette

diffusion

fumsee

and

of, in elaga,401

Scllieg-

; retention

Of, 410.
formation
,

in
of, by iron-pyrites,

483.
Flintshire faroace,
from

538.
ameltingAuitralian lead-ore,

RiTot and

Zeppenfeldon ailrer in litharge

2U3.
during cupllalloD,
Roaitingand deoiidiiing
proceaa, 296.

*.
bj rolling,
^'on liquation
of cnpHfenJUslead,91.

Pilliiuon'i

on

procen,

ngului in Freibergproceai,
enriched reguliu,334.
OD

m"auractur"

on

of blue

and

13T, 138.
317

tHHoI

from

4.

222, 216.

imeltingin,at high elsTitioo,274.

blut-furnac",491
compareij with

with

sulphateof

and carbonic

Uecerbentorj fDraice,'ilS,222; Bltiberg

fBrwK*, 222, 261; Cuinthiao, 269;
HinUhin, 218 ("" Flintshire furnKe] ;
Flowing, 218, 222, 25T, ZBl ; Spsniih,
,

and carbonic

hy

oxide,

62.
on

of lend to preuan,

method, 491.
of oijgeb
absorption

on

lulphideoflead,47.
on
sulphideof lead

copptr-ngaliu,333.
ReBiitaDcc

rewtlon

Rodwell, Hr.,

Roasler,H., on

l"ad and

hydrogen,52

oiida, 52.
German

lead,495.

Rohitein,"308.
Rolled sheet-lead,Ml.
"

Rolling,
castingof lead for,.M)3.
Roman
lead,atmoapheric incrustation

on,

67.
;

ore-heirtb,2S4, 430.

ilag-Bbd ore-HneltiDgIn, 306, 319,

33J.
,

worken

',

ucFHorj

product!from

reduction

of utiHcisl

bed

of,325.

of, precaution taken

bj.S
alag,where now amelted,497.
372.
lead-regulua
cryatals,
RoMie (New York), ore-hearth at, 289.
of coppot-alagi
RotbebUtte,treatment
at,
and

lulphateof

lead

io,431.
for

h"rd lead,460.
BofteninR
of litharge
In,470.
with peat l^el,
482.
500.
Rhodes,Hr., on caatingafaeet-lrad,
RichanboD, Dr., hia manulacture of lead
pigment, 81.
on
lonening hard lead, 461 ; b;
atmospheric oiidation,462 ; aoflening
reduction

load from
on

droe^ 4"6.
tea-lead,464.

coat of reduction

on

'

of
r

lung,
Kiel

at

Roral

Arsenal,bullets

made

from

roda

of

lead in, 3.
School

of

of PatUines, description
preparedfor,129.
crucible

Laboratory,iron

"ued

473.
litharge,
lead-fuma

con-

of
Ttfining

"

Blickailber," Rndberg

of lead,8.
on
melting-point
468.
alloy-,
Rugby, cows
poisonedby " bnllet-aprav
on

303.
at Freiberg,
lead-amelting
307.
calcining,
blaat-furnaoe
on
lead, 312 ; bUutfnrnace alage,
314.
on
Stolbergand ae*en-t"fer fumacea,
n

314.

proceaa

worka, 169.

Rouen, machinery applied to Pattlnaon'a

In eotlen-

211.

"

their Hacre

446
446.

*r,hof..

on

389, 390.

tinaon'a process

droai

'

on

Rothschllda,
Metan., Cordarle"s

Royal

Chineae

f^m
on
iDgar-of-lead
lug lead,464.

Rose, G..

"

at, 532,

Sala,lead^meltingat,
Salt

296

iised
in deiincification

blast-furnace

of lead at Qaua-

thal,161.
103.
Sampling of lead-ore,
Sandmaun

on

manganeae

in

galena,95.

Sandstone, galenaId, 352.

Sardinia,productionof lead in,499.
In. 244.
Savoy,lead-smelling
SchnfTner
on
bydrated protoxideof lead,
22,
Scheele

oxychlorideof lead,SO.
crystalliied
oompoondi in fur*
nace-beds,Freiberg,
325, 326.
Schemnili, compositionof lead from, 493.
and polingat,
SilierWorka, liquation
Scheerer

469.

on

on

"DirltJDg"Schlieg," 3TB; in
funucn, 383, 3M.
from I""d-r"gu1iia
smelting,S83.
of rsgnioa in, 401 ; mtgndiSosioa
",
tionofr"galii8iD,4tl).
frain Spanish ilig-huith,"17, 420.
of droaa, 475 ; of
from
ndDction
of lud by iron,
476
nf
ulIcaM
lithvfe,
;
iTom

SUgi

R"ch"tte

inoride

"

calciam,44.
lead

with

cyanideof potaHinm, 64;

"

of

siilphideof

on

with

ferr

tin, 6i

533.

Coppar, for

reduction

of

giliiM,385,
ona

from, 388 ; pjg-iron

cut-inn
,

froiD,390.
393.
for fnnMM-lwd, 226.
frDmFliot"hinfQnuiM,a35,242.
,fromSp"ni*h reTwbermbjiyfnr-

G"T,

'i

jntaaaiDm,89.
p
lilver and gold in
1
galeni 97;
galena,

lead,96 ; in lead-fume,455.
"

Co]^r-ont, Schlieg^msltlng with,

tesd and

"

Australian
on
lead-ore,430;
gului from, 538.
on
Alport " linnets,"433.
on
concretionary
depositon

oren, 520.
Smoke
from
flltnUon

nica, 251.

on

re-

red-lead

lead-smelttngfurnaces,436

of, US.

la flowingfiinuKC,361.
Smyth, Ur. Warington, on British lead268.
uuljiis oi;ij Ferientaik,
of
eitrectioo of lead tnm, 412.
Snail beach i iin",galen with
aneniate
,
in Cmrthtgra* fanuce, 429.
cobalt ftm
,
Imo-fincry,lue nf^in leul4inelting,
lead, nd-lead
iparsd from, 507.
,
,

"

"

360, aee, 384.

ttad,

ind

copper-tlsgs,ouajs

of.

Soap,chaired,for alloyof

lead and

sodinm,

90.

a, 301.
418.
itneltingof,
(.Komwi}, Spmish iliig-hearth

for,418.
4i 1 ; nt Keld Haad, 413 ; in
Slng-huu^hii,
Spain,417, 418.
mMlted
in,434.
Spinigh,"linncti"
with Sti^fi'ii
457.
coDdeDMr,
Slag-lnd of Andmsbcrg, 174.
Derbyshire,deeopperiud.176.
uwd
in Baker'i
"o(lenliig
procew,
,

in sssay of lead-ore, 106.

Caustic,and sulphideof lend,S$.

,
Hyposulphite of, iti action on snl,
phate of lead,42.
Plumbate
of,bow made, 25,
,
Soda-aih,redaction of lead from dron with.
ion

aoda

465.
,
,

nction

of,Id drouing,517

anlinionf

in, 517.

from

hydrochlorica

white-lead
kidium

and

of

sulphate ,{ lead
mannfac

lead, BO

:id

"u!phal"

of

for,44.

from, applied to

lure, 81.
doable

sulphideof.

Sl^ged-on, trtntmfDt
of,356.
Slimes (" Schliech ") in lead-tmelUag,360Smelting of

le*l-orei of

Commem,

350.

phoophnte nf lead,433 i containingmlphiit"of lead,430.

nf ronaled lend-regulni,
382.
of oiidized ores
and products,411.
Set
Smelting processen, 220, 296, 357.
Lead-sroelting.
Smetbwick, red-lead otsds at, 509.
Smith, Mr. R., on protoiideof lead and
nrMDioug
acid,18.
on
lithsrgeand sntimiHiT,19 ; snd
iron,21; tin,20; line,21.
-*

"

on

Bilicales of

protoiideof

lead heated

Sorbj,Ur.,

his

microscopicinTeitigations

Sound
of lead,2 ; of pigsof ilng-lead,
517.
Spain,lead-smelt iof;in, 2IS, 246.
in, 417.
slag-boarths
,
fuel in,425.
used
as
plants
,
coal-fields
,

in,438.

productionof

lead

in, 499.

eoi.rHit"E.

(bolicheX^^^" ^^

SpiaUh fnnutce
laad,compoaitioD of,495.
dsg-heirth,418; "linnsti"

smelted

(0,434
iDcreneed
by
3
gravit
Sj""cilic
J of l"ad, ;
into iheet,4.
roliiag
37 ; of gHUua with manof gulDoii,

Snb-oiideoflead,11.
SatHmlphidas(mipposed)of lead,39.
hard
from dross in sofleuing
Sugar-of-lead
lead,464.
of lead
Salpbateof baryta,with salpbates
,

of

treatment

24; rod-lead,
lead,84; peroxideot'lsad,
24 ; wliitc-lead , 84 ; of lead of diflereat
|[ind^493.
in aulof KilatioD of copper-ragulna

from, 334; white-lead

"

in

"

concentration

of cobalt and

in,

318.

Lead,at Andreasborg,376.
,
of galena and
Spence, Mr., hia trtalmant
405.
blende,
lead,
prodDctionof lead-ore,
Staffordtbire,
illrer

and

Stagg, Mr.,

in,498.
bii lead-fUme

condenser,441,

Stannic acid nith protoiidaof lead,IT.

Sta",hia atoaiic weigbt of lead,10.
Staitfarth aalt for deiincification of lead,

Its
lead-ore.

of copper, made

machineryappliedlo

PattiDsoo^B prt^

ce""at,143.
fbroKe, ,114,
of lead from,494, 485.
, coinpoiition
Strabo

on

Strahlstoin

422,
mine) of Carthngena,
witb galena,95.
Raclietl" furnace for Schliegon

Stianch,E.,
imelting,395.
graTitrof lead,3.
Streng on apecilic
on
Bleiberglead,2t"7.
387, 390 : lead-sUgs,
on
copper^tags,
"

remoTal

of

"

"

of iron in

hard

lead,478.

493.
litharge,
lead,493.
pattins"niied
500.
Strickle nied in making cast-lead,
95.
Strontianlls with galena,
527.
use
of,fiirlead-palsy,
Strychnine,
on
Uriiek
copper,
and
antimony,
Storm
202.
and inn in cnpellation,
on

lead flT"m revirad

Iron

of
sulphate

copper,

837.

bonates
lead,40; with Gied alkaline caror
lime,42; with silica and some
of lead,
42 ; borai,43 ; proteiida
silicates,
alkaline and
43; chloride of lead,43;
43; chloride of sodium
earthysulphates,
44 ;
fluoride of calcium,
43
or
;
potassium,
bonate
carand
lime, 44;
fluoride of cslcimn
of lime, flnarido of calcium,and
of barytaand lime
carbon, 44 ; sulphates
of
fluoride
and
calcium,44 ;. lead,45 ;
45 ", iron,45 ; suLof
potassium,
cyanide
gen.
phideof lead,46 ; carbon, 51 ; In hydro-

midt, 52.

hypoanlphltaof

,42.

assay of,1L2.
380.
in Toaatad lead-regulus,
430
smeltingof ore containing,

reduction af,431.
artificial,
458.
fume,
of lime with sulphataaof lead and
barytaand fluoride of calcium, 44.
alkaline and earthy,with aulSulpbates,
phate of lead,43.
of lead,100.
Sulphati".carbonate
of
Sulphideof antimony, with sulphide lead,
62.
38; with lead,
ing,
smeltits afTect on
in lead-ore,
,

In

485.
of arsenic and

lead,63.

533.
of iron with litharge,
of lead,37, 94.
witb sulphideof antimony,38 ;
1
oiida
with other metallic aulpbide^38 ; protof

390.

on

lolphataof

of

~-~-

on

coppet-iegalus,

from, 337.

lead

Stokoe'a lead-fame
condenser,442.
lead and boiling
water, 10.
on
Pattluoa'a
of
coat
process at, 139.
Stalberg,

amelt-

on

diimlpbide,
argentiferons

from

of

Stolba

effect

337.

galena,^.

deiincificatioD of desilveriied

from

52 ; in carbonic

bj, 167.
condenato lead-nune
iti application
,
450.
444,
ing,436,
at
and
line deailveriiiug
process
535.
Lantenthal,

acid

from, 334.

333.

182.

Steam, action of,on

copper-regulus,

ing,488.

"

galena.

cokenluat,carbonic

and

acid,336.
pfanric
373.
of lead-regnln",
of opticalglau, 35.
314; of
from biut-(\irnac",
of uagi
and
324;
tnm
ore-amelting,
liag"lags
of Hlaguid rsrulua,410.
8.
heat of lead,
Specific
Speise ia Freibergprocew, 313.
nickel

of

It* infiuence in auay

116.
334.

"

44.
calGiuni,

galena,95.

witb

95.
guwse,
1 2,
of lithsrge
cryitsls,
of li"rd [ad, 478 ; of oiyehloridaof

of

and Suoride

"

'

access

ture

lead,.
45; hulpbateof lead,46

of air in admiiof air, 46 ; accesa

47 ;.silicate of
with other sulphides,
48; in Tapour of water, 49; in

Ifiad,
hydrogen,52

with
52
; la carbonic oxide, ;
caustic
of soda or potash,or
53 ; liiad alkalies or ihair
soda or potash,
carbonates and nitnt,and nitre or other

carbonata

oudiiing sabatancai,53

fixed alkalies,

2 0

?",l.^,Goo

airbanatH, and carboD. 54;

lime and cHrbnn,b^j ; baryta,
bnrjrtnand cnrbOD, !""'"
\ sesquioiide

their

or

Tiblei:

"sd

iroD,56
carbon, 58
of

IroD,56

j oiide

and

of Imn

; triba"ic silicate of

'

"

of

ronated

uid

66.
65 1 chloride of ammanlDm,
SnlphMe of lend, apecinlreact ions
Dceled

;, 178.

Antimony,

air,

SiWer

cod-

ailver

lead-ore,ita

in

effect

Composition of char^ for,and greyslag from, Flintshire fnnace, 235.

Composition of products of mtelting
239.
galenaat Dagillt,
at
Smelting in Flintshire furnace

os

In

line

fumacn,
lead-rnnelting

377, 378.
lead-ore,it* effect

In

ing,4S1.
of
9iil|"hid"

on

imelt-

Tamowiti, 243.
lead and

of BclKisn compared with

furnace,246.
week's
of one
Results
smelting of
at Keld Head, 283.
ore

Ke*ultii

antimony, 98.
and

double, of lend
,
taasiuni,as.

aodlum

with

metallic,heated

or

mlphide

Flint*hire

poof

same

Results

lead.3B.
See aim

"

"

Galena.

IS.
litharge.
lilicata of protoiideof
with, 30.
and

at

lead

heated

and
lead

ore-hearth

American

from

at

292.
Bleiberg,

(Sob.) of lead,39.
Sulphar

in

FriedridiBhiltte

1864-5, 208.

imeitlug,486.
of

litharge*during

and

lead

in

cupelUtion,204.
(Jupellationat

38S, 376.
of

lead

copper,

20^.
during capeliation,

of,producedid fumacn,

crratila

at Claustbal,
in desilv

of metals

with,45.
,

Fat-

lead, 145.
lead,162 ; by chloride

I"eiiilTeriiatio[iby line
167.
Elimination

of

63 ; chloride
with acceaa
of

in

of lead, 161.

protoitde

potaMtum,

of ailrer

of

DeiiocilicatiDn

"

of iron, SB; lio,56, 535; copprr, 60;

Olid* of copper, !iM; line, 61 ; anlimonj,
62 ; cyanide of potaiaium. Si ; ferro-

cjanide
"odium,

Concentnttlon

"

tinson'a process, 137.

PercenUge of nickel in

lime, and

lead.37.

Yields and loss in smeltinglead-slogs

Freiberg,331.
at Freibei^.
332, 333.
SmeltiEg-co*t*
Leod-reguluifrom Upper Han, 373.
Yield from
Schlieg-smeltingin Ra-

chette furnace

for making red-lead,

containing,

Assay* of

513.
527.
Sulphur-bath*for lead-poi"ininf,
Snlphnric acid and lead,10.
solntion of copper-re jnloi in,33-!i.
in lead-fume,
451, 452.
chamber*, lead Ibr, 507 ; lead of,
eroded bf iniecta,521.
In,214.
Swaiedale, iead-amelting
Sweden, leod-imeltiog
in, 296.
of peat for amelting-fnmaceain.
ute
,

I.aatenthal,396.

at

389.
ieod-dags,

and

copper

Priib

ing,409.
Kcld

ilag-hearthnt

from

Results

Head, 416.
Coat

reduction

of

grey-ilagain

Loss of lead in biast-rumace

Litharge-reducti at
Compositionof diffe
analysed at Vienna, 4'

"

"

482.

tmeUing,

Tan

"

prodnctioDof

-,

of

Carthagena furnace,429.

lead

in,499.

Lead-ore,lead, and

ailver

prodoc-

tion,498, 499.

Import* and eiporttof lead,499.

Tenacityof lead,B.
Silicate* ofprotoiideof lead,
29; with
of
34.
iron
and
charcoal,
MH(aioiide
Compositionof opticalglnss,35.
Hulphideand siiicnte of lend,4S.
of luiphldeof lead by iron,
Reduction

Tabtea

"

"

;"

Proportion o( ailver
presence of gold,97.
Silrer in British

Assay

of

sulphateof
antimony, 119.
with

Lead

treated

galena

and

Result

"

the

and

desil-

steam

LdUtenthal,536.

percentage of silver
troy weight of silver per statute
'

r.jov'

used
native

Twnowitj,

for

cupellationat,

chlorocarbonate
chloro.

of

lead

at, 34.
carbonate

cost

114-U6;
silica,
baryta,116, 117 ; with

desilveriintion

process.

of

process at, 139.

l"ad bv

linc

st.

154; cost, 157.

.

Pattinson'a

of PaltinaoD's

of

with

by

line

from

TcriEingprocess at
Computing from

lead-oras,103.

(galenawith

lime, 113, 114;

in

"

fumace-bed
at, 190.
cupellation
coal at, 204.
with
German
cupellation
lead-*meltingat, 242, 357; use of

Flintshire

flimoce

at, 242.

Tamowiti,

Irou-ndnetion

Bleibergfurnace

proG"w
fotredactloD

of

iDtrcdnction
,

at, )157.

urpot-

nreibtnUtrf

tat-

Tyndall, Dr.,

at, 4S2.

"ua

his

eiperiments

dd

Mont

Blanc,277.
Type-meCatperforatedby insects,521
its (fleet on compoalton,525.
,
bullion

compoeitinnof lead from, 494.

,
Tatte,abMDce of,in lead,d.
Taylor,Ur. J^od coetofPaUiiuaD'iprocsis,

on

139.

Hc"n., theirnusltiDg-workiatPost-

^baud, 338.

i
'

]
I

Tai-lud, 463, iGi.

preparedby casting, 501.
UH
of,ID making gas-pip",507.
,
TcichmaDn, M., oa llthai^ la Gemuui
cnpdiatioD,ISA.
German
vith omI, 204.
m
cupellatioD
at FriadrlehBhUttc,
on
lead-Bmcltlng
"

lead

importsand eiporta,499.
SUtes, lead-region
of,278.
ure-hearth in, 278,

United
,

357.
Tellnrium

aod tithai^ 19.

71.
"Temper" for lead-shot,
Tenacityof lead,7.
Test for cnpallattoo,
ISO.
with blut, 209.
, open,
ThamcB, the, fictitioua " Pilgiimi'aigna
from, 67.
69.
Thdurd, his while-lead,
212.
Thomas, Mr. E., on Indian cirfns,
Mr. J. L.,on lead-nnelting
at Linarw,
"c, 247, 25^.
coat of amelting io CaithagcD*
on
funuce, 427.
ThomtoD, Mr., his drawiaga of lead-fame
"

CDudeuMr,

Vailliot,
Manbat, hla exhibition of eroded
531.
bullets,
Vanadinite,100.
Vauqnelin on oiychloiideoflead,BO.
lead and potassium,89.
on
chloride of lewl at, 77.
VeiDTiU8,crystalliied
Vialas,lead-smelting
at, 346.
Vienna,analysesof lead mule at, 433.
"VillacherBlei,"267.
Villaricos,
Cartbagena furnace at, 429.
from
VilleTort,fame
cupellation-furuice
at, 45S.

447.

Volatilization

"TickeliQps"*96.
"Times"

Lanrinm
418.
on
(ilver-mines,
of eown, 531.
lead-polaoning
Tin. Pliny's
o(, 1.
deiigaaCioa
and lead, 9; and litharge,
20; nilphide of tend,59, 535.
and lead,ciyetsUiiation
of,146.

of line In

on

"

ila effect npon

colours

on

Pattinson's process, 148.

melted

lead

aflected

by,

of

lead, 9;

of

proloildeof

lead,15.
325..
ilag-and ore-imelting,

Waddell, Mr., hla method

platesof liuc,501-

of

thin

caiUug

463, 464.
W^esatBleib*", 267.
introduced from, 217.
17.
Wales, "cnpotaj"'
peroildaof,sod litharge,
TiUoic
acid vith prgtoiide
of lead,IS.
lead-smelting
in, 229.
,
for lead-poisonAi mace
Todd, Dr.,his inlphnr-bathi
in, 261.
flowing,
ing,537.
SpanishBlag-hearth
in, 4 IS.
,
list of lead-emelters in, 49S.
Tookey, Mr., on spedlicgiavitjrof pure
,
lead,3.
production of lead-ore,lead, and
,
,

on

lead snd

un

ore

sodium, 90.

for FlinUhire

furnace,
234;

silver
on

grey-jlagftom, 2a5.
Chinese litharge-reduction,
479.
on
Sunilbeach lead,517.
on
"
Touch -paper,"85.
Treble furnaces at Bleiberg,
268.
Trlbaiic
silicate of protoxideof iron and
sulphideof lead,5B.
Trowell
with
Uoot, undstoDe
galena at.

in, 498.

Walker, Mr. A., on frandnlent use of leiidimettera' names

303.
at Freiberg,
Wanlock
Head, lead-fume condensation
at,
444.

Ward, Mr.,on
oflead
on

brown

and

crust

copper,
slag from

Crom

oiidiiation

93.
ore-hearth

it

Keld

Head, 282.
"

on

Australian

lead-on, 430.

on

alloyfrom

liquationof

hard

lead,

467.
on

heated

"Turner's

Patent Yellow,"80.

"

"

"

on

upper
with

layerfrom

sulphideof

tin, 535.

crust formed

on

535.
lead-pipe,

lead

hli proccM
for MfteniDf hud
WeatDD, Vr., on eompaaitiimof lead-fame
Wumr,
465.
lead,
! Wet
Wuhlng. iU ciTitcton giileu,96.
method*, crjatalliiedprotoiida of
of
lead by, 13.
Co., nWDufiictarc
WubiagtoD Chcmio]
!
inapplicabilitj
of,to Iead-or",
auav.
ai^chlonda of liud bj, 82.
'
of India, 15;
Water, ulabilitrofpnitoiida
103, 120.
of iDlpUlc oT Ind in, 40.
bonated
lolubillty
proresi for eitncting lead from car4M.
inlphidcof lead heated in rapour at,
am,
lOS.
49.
While-argolin aiaaj of lead-ore,
'

bailed, iti actioD

-,

of
~

lead,TO.
iU
boiliDg,

actloD

cold,sctlan

of, on

"

530.
Watar-ihowar

tor lead-fume

coodenutioD, i

"

of

nte

.,

hjdrocblorieacid

making.

In

on

"mellingold Indiiagi, 418.

colonra

the

od

aurface

of melted

redacUoa
of crjitalliDc
on
oiideofleod,15.
on
hydrated protoxideof lewl,22.
of lead,23.
on
"eaqaloiide
Winkler oa Oennan
cup^lUtion,185-187.
of " BlicfciilUr,
208.
on
refining
303.
at Freiberg,
on
lead-ameiting
Win, Lead, 2, 7,
Wtaconain,reTcrbentory fainaeei in,278.
Wobler on oiide of aiirer and protoiideof
lead,16.
oa
peroiideof tewl,27.
Workmen, their diiregardof

"

"

inimaia,S30.

1,219.
SOB.
pig-lead,
Wedding, Dr., on lead-uneltingat Fried357.
ricbthiltte,
wet
oa
proceei for eitractinglead
Way

B,"

carbonated

orex, 434.
Parkca'
on

and

on

animaia, 530.

from

in

Krani

and

Winkelbiech

507.
lea-lead,
on
nakiag
concratlonarjmatte
nd-le
",518.
of eondeDuog
Hr. H., hit method
lead-fnme,446.
525.
Sir T.,Da lead-colic,
lead526 ; on
on
iead-poiaoaiuK,
'

in,528.

making, B2.
coodictiTitjof
8.
lead lur hnt
and electricitT,
Williama,Mr.,on immunity i^mioert from
524.
lead-poiaon,
of opinm for lead-colic,
-^26.
uae
on
Wilaon, Dr. Geo., on
lead-poiuning ol

Chiaeae

oa

workera

ore, 70, 89.

"
of " whiting
uae
,

| Wiedemann

Md, 463.
-

to
injarinni

coka-duat

for.50a

rarfrberatorr
furnace,218, 319.
on-beartha, 278.

00

aulphata of tiarytaand
appliedin making, 334.

lead-ore In

on

on

I,176.

lead aaiubie

44S, 450.
of
Wat"n, Biabop,cm ameltinic
Derbjihin, 'il4,215.

W.

"

'

"

"

lend,10.
moiten giirna,31.

on

actioD of,on lead,6S.

diitillcd,
rram lead-work*,
carlioBata of lead in, I

'

"

White-lead, GB.
,

Brlouing

Fraaiia, 171;

on

Cordurie'i

Lautenthai,535.
Weinbleieri,"99.
Weldiog of iroa compared

proceM

in

proesaa

at

"

Bcpantion of

Wonley, Mr. P.
and lead,140.
| Wright, the inr.

lilrer

"f the Flintahire

r"-

|
iritb cokeaion

of

Mr.

T.,OD

Roman

lead,213.

Wertheita

on
tenacitjof lead,S.
Weitmorelaad, lead-imeltenin,497.
production of lead-ore,lead, and
,

lilTtr io, 498.

Tield

of animak
lead-poisoning
in,630.
Weeton, Ur., oa ore for FiiuUhire furnace,

of ailver in Britith
of

'

metali

335.
oa

prodacti

Fiintihi"
on

of

smelting galena

in

farnace,239.

amelcing proceu

Keld

Head,

and

lead^re,102.
by aoay affected by other
by aDn-metailiferona matten,

U3-117.
ft^inireverlieratory
furnace
with

at

lead

compared

ore-hearth,284,

from

Scblieg^ameltlngia

Ttachette

foroace. 396.

Yotke, Col., hia cryttaltof protoiideof

lead,14.
of protoxideof
oa
tolubility
on

(lag

from

SpanUh

aUc-hearth, '

30.
"

oa

lead-fume

442.
coodeaiing,

load

ia

water, 15.
oa

aclioa

of diitilled water

with

air

moDooirboiuits

tu
Yorke, Col.,

of

Ind, 70.

Zfnc, deailveriiatioD

Torkthln, iMd-niHltlDg

Id, 214.

"D,497.

iMdimelUn

"

prodactioa of lemd-ore,lead, and

rilvn

of

lead

bj, 148, 154,

165 ; by line and ataam, 535.

of ailvar from, 163.
eitmctlon
,
"

"

of lead by, 174.

decopperiintion
funuire,839.

in Fliolahira

in,498.

Tonng, Heaan., thair oh

ftnaa condnuiDg, 446.

ot itani

for lamd'

,325
eitmrat

colours

"

ZaIleifBid and

Claiuthal

l"d-ar"s,369.
jd
lithargeduriag

Zeppanftld on ailTsr
303.
cnpellation,
339.
lead-am eltiogat Pontgibiiad,
on
ZiDC, sctioQ of,on tutrate of lead,11.
and lithu^, 21 ; and
inlphida of
lead,61.
201.
In galena,SS ; in litharge,
,

its lufluedce

upon

taaaj

irith fluxea

ininHicnidbU,llS.
and lead,
aepanlionof; 148.
Cordurid:

Dgiind"atioii.

Stt

I^rket.

aim

on

meltad

lead

of

affected br,

464.
,

csatingthin plataaof, for galvanic

pnrpoaaa,
Oilda

601.

protoxidBof lead,17.
laad-ameltingfor,
itieflacton
in
lead-ore,
377,
378^
nacaa,
"melting,484.
98.
Zinckenite,
Zinrek on Tamowita
lead,368, 494.
Zooti^cal Gardani, encnuted
'Iead-[iip"
from, 535.
,

of,with

Solphide of,

in

Ltn

W0RE8

i iMMd

PTTBLtCATIONS

ADMOlvn

iMtuwii

n
A

OP

by dlnetim
lir tb*

MANUAL
BCIEHTIPIC
ENQI^BT,
OF
Edll*dbTftlrJonF.HnHHn."ii"IB"URHAu,]lA.

AND

HAOMETICAL
tetMT.

NETEOKOLOaiCAL

TO

C^dofM

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DaolptloaafAttulmallL

ol 1U"
n
ISU. 41.
1*11. LoMltafa
of T*lMtU

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OBBKBTATIOHS.

[CbnmoiMUa]).
tt.

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RSflULTS.

ASTRONOKIGAI.
HAOKETICAL

AND
Si."Hb.

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SEDUCTION
ISSO.

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~~

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to UTl.

THE
OBBEKTATIONB
MLOuh.

ito.

OF

LmfAR

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UANSEITS

TABLES

DC

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LA

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ini.

1840

OMKBTATIOKI.

lata.

isn.
18H.

of TnnUwi.
nurlk

Um

Wi.MCli.

BarHUa.

APPENDICES

IWL

tt (ha Lordi

of tk* AOabMO:"

I7T*.

1890.

4to.

ITM

IDi.attiii.
4to.

El.

Sn.

ArtKlBH.

_y

It.

PUBLISHED

BY

PuBUCiTion

Admikaltt

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wiihUwTiUH,iBn.
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DISTAKCBS

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tm.

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TABLES
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of LoiaiTum

be

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IQa. U.
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Sir Thomu
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(tf Sftle'aBrigade in Affghuilitaa. Fo"t8T0.2a.

NuratlTB
Life

Amj

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the

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Vl"iiattea. 4 Tola.
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of German
(Bin Alh.)

by Pnu

ConmaBAM.

QORDON'S

(nmUMWuvCLIberatlMi.

(LiDT

GBGECE.

FoatSro.

See Oaon"

QBET'S

Skith"

Tarlur, Iten

IBaO

for

GBUNBB'3

the

(Lawia)
fromurerul

aad

QDIZOTS

prlDtad

Id

(U.)

i Vnli.

ol

ImpnTimaDt

Terra-OotU

Dnwlngi

on

K.

Paitlll.

RalatloBbiBoclatJ'udOplnlop.

QBOTB'S

Fart

(Qioaoi) Hiatoij of

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of

I. Tba

Greece.

aod
with
fijiMm.

North

Ital;-,
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H.

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of

Dar'

and

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th*

fbt Witch-

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HedtUUoDi

Sra.

ooi

inil Rsitirulasa,

Coloun.

Trial

WilUun

King

with

to 1831.

QoTenunent

FarUsmentuy
SagggiMoDa

Seenea

StDdent

(Easl) Correapondenoe
Sir Heibart

Ambei^Witch:

Dutf)

Life, ud

S". U.

the

on

Bellgioui

Put

II. PnaenI

Vila.

PoatSro.

From

the

Eaaaoca.

Earllert

BtUe.
Kl

Times

totbaiisaaodlia

*il)" Dm d*Ub
of Atuuidar
(ensiatlga entamponiT
IbaQiMt.
PorbvlI.M^c'aad Pluu.
10 Tola.
LOrart XtUlan.
8*d.
13CU. OabbHt XiitUm. Portnlt
and Plaoi. IS Voli.
Poal Bra. Si. uefa.

pLAto, and other CompanioniofSocTates.STola.8to,15"^

Aitutoni.

a Toll.

Sto.

by

Professors

Biia

and

Bobkbteov-.

With
Critical
Works.
Bemarks
Cbanotsr, Wiltlaga, and Bseachsa. Bt Alix.Bik,

Minor
InlallHtul
Portrait.

8to.

Panonal
"^'

Edited
sit.

"

on

hjs
LL.D,

Hi.

Life.
'-

Compiled
nod

Original

from
Latlan

Family
to

and

Docnmentij
bom

Vartona

D,j,i,i.aL,

LUT

14

(T. D.) Sebool

HALL'S

EinlM.

Cot4"Bi
"

"

rtnt

Chlld't

HALLAITB

of

L"tiD

""

laa

"

School*.

ElemaaUiT

TtmI-

Bj*taB"Ue

"

Pruh

of

HlftM7

to th* Datta
Oh SiTMitk
" T"l". Bw). "0t. CbUHlJWUo^a

Bludont'i

HUk

sf

Kimm,

AiS*o-

U"J.

CoiutUiiUoid

WMm.

Jftrary

for

Book, tnclndiDg

Umo.

HwT

Qtrnmu.

EngUth

Onmmv

PnaniHlUliHi,

(Hmt)

Aiiiirtii

of

U.V.

EngUih

No
tlM
DMtoT
OtM,
Ud PnMOH.

WOEES

Manul

Iteo.

Primaiy

"

or

of tlie

Editiom

tka

(Iw

iHiBd.
F"at8"0. U(.

Omci*
VnU.

"boTe

ftom

Iii(UBd.
tl

vork.

Bdlted

ij

ST*M.

"n.

Studoni'i

Wh.

Bmitm, DjCX.

of

ToMSto.

!". M.

MMIt^

tn

LOrart

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rwp.

Doenmenti

(81B J.
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ud

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Sn.

att.

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in

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Din"on")

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Quartertt amdAimiiaaf.)

8to.

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Bwbuj,

Wild

lU

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li.

(8h FMaou)

LifB of Blr John

Ti. M.

FonBTB.

f "ap.

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ud

Stoken

(Sib Bdmdvd)

Bh*n

Hjmna

"

UK)

Bucn.
Kiwunoi,

HATHEBLBT'S
brlha

adapted to

uitaUd

jWaSMln.

HOOK'S

feap.

of

Chnrch

Puit

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lAmo.

and

nfiJar
In

1*. 9d.

Bdited, with

iDd
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by Cxiroir

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oar

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8i"

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or,

the ChoKh

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br

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blitaria], ethnognphlul.

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niriSMimL,

UNO*.

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in

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the Loadon

ud

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Poetical

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; or,

Si.

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2". Sd

Svo.

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FdMSi^.

lUilvar-

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the Funpu.
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ffom tha Bnumen
of Ifuno.
IIlDttmtioiu.
BnbblM

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LIST.

Binn

b7

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ABICT

Dm.) DiniiB

(Rn.

ab.

Hittorj of the Ortntdier

In tb" Bolla'

II"orli,"i.
WlihlllulnlNnu.
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"".

Edilad

"". td.

(Gih. Sii F. W.)

Orilful

HAHNAH'S

rotten.

work.

(Abtbdb) Literuy Bemtini;

HAHILTOK'S

HATS

VoU.

"

abov*

Sn.

FaitnlL

HAST^

Iha

" Vsli.

Ctatiula.

Ffna

KUKn,

CkMiKi

History of Knropc, during Ui" IStk, ISth Kid

Ut"nnr

"

17tk

Ml.

BdiUon

nTibs
SdUiim.

Norway.

Tnoiiu

Feap.

JAnna.

Dictionary.

P"t

TtnA

(TaB"iioia)LilB,ByJ.O.LooKHUT.

Deelared

tai

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b.

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Bto.

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1".
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U.V.

Ubo.

lUlm.

of

Chnreh

ths

Bngligh,Franoh, Osmui,

THATBL-TALK.

"

in

HANDBOOKS.

FOREIGN
HAITD-BOOK

IIUBKAT.

Worship

(A. J. BuiMroui)

UK.

BT

FDBLIBHBD

Utp

Svltarlud.

to

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udFUai.

'-

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MEDITEEHANEAN"

THE

OF

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th*F;nDHi.
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TBAHCB,
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BiHk

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TO THE
TTBOL,
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SOUTH
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^
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knd
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SPAIN,

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The

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AMnrlu,

Iitn.TlM

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Bilurio

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Mordi,

H,

P"ia*a.

Map.

"

Piedmont,

ITALY,

NORTH
Puna,

Lmnbirdj,

laUndi,

Uiid"iii,uul

PoMSrii.

lui.

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ITALY,

CINTBAL

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lIuehM^lInibria.iuidUi"raaiiaoiirar8LP"ls'i.llip. PoMBto.
BOMB
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lOi.
ltt:f, PottSTO.
ITALY.
TO
GUIDE

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Bf

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BUSSIA,
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DENMARK.

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16(.

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Italian

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'

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KNAPSACK

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IN

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the

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HOEWAT.
-

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HANDBOOKS.

ENGLISH

LONDON.

HAHD-BOOK"HODBBN

l"mo.
St.M.
Map.
AHD
NOBSUFFOLK,

CAHBBIDOE,

CbolaiMrdL
"1j. VtwtBokat,
CalahHtn-, HiUoti. CmbtldM.
FOLK,
HiiiT, l"'i^WoodbTUM.Falli"Ievf,L"tuta(^l"orwU"i,YuBO"lk,
IJi.
PoUSro.
CroBHrriio-HipwHinui.

of Oxford, Feierbotongh.Nonrleb,

CATHBBBALS

SUaSBX,
C"ntcrbarj, Dorer, I
ChUbuo, WwlwlEta, BrighlOD.C

AND

KENT

iMta S"i*eni*w. BoehaMar.

Lawgn.
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~TBI^

QolMftri,

Kla,

HANTS.

DoiklDR,

BEBKS,

Boiblll,

Sto.

iw.

^^"WILTS,DORSET,

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OXON.

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SOMEBSET,
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COBNWALL,

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Flrmoalh. DarDupoR,
TalanoHutb,
Liolai, BldnwnUi, DawtUh,
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of Tineheattf,

CATHEDRALS
irella,CMobaatar,
tVoll,

Crown

S"o.

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Tai^

End,

Sdiabuix, Bxatar,

With

110

lUsMratloiu.

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GL0UCE3TEE.

Unl.

Map.

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AND

DEVON

AND

Uwrbonw,

Wirnunlli.

CblDMnham,

Bel-

WInibMlar,

AND

BUCKS,

Poat

Map.

Kingston, CroTdoa,

HtmlaT, Uh dtr ud
AflaaliDiy, Dibridca, Vfjcaab*,
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of Oifcrd, Blaatialm, and
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AND

HBBEFORn,

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Hap.
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BnOKdoii, Llasbarii, Dolgatlf, Cadai

Idrii, Conwaj,

Ao.

Hereford.

Sro.

lb.

Boanmarie,
Map.

Pom

18

HOHB

AND
tarOuir

All stnlH

I. HEaS

BIOQRAPHY.

AMBKB-iriTCH.
DcnOoama.

Br

U.

U.

BDNTAK.

of

OF

SKETCHES

CBOU.

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WORKS

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OP

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ti.

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slf.

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WITH

LORD

InlndiuIlDD, bj W,

BoDUM

(B. J.) Sketches

ftod Btudiee

; Historical

and

Descriptire.

Ui.

an.

KIRK'S

nUri

U.td.

"

KIKG'3

Puk

lo

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la, M.

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for

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(B. UuooLH)
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lluo.

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tei

to

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HOUSE
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(J. FoSTU)
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fmtj.

EIBKBS'

Handbook
Bucn,

KUOLBB'S
tmOim.
List

Hiitor;
t Voli.

of

of Chftrle* the
Bra.

P1ijb1"""("7' Edited

b; W.

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LIST

33

MASCO

Book

Th"

POLO.

WOBKS

OF

Sot

dI

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ths

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VeneOtn.

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sT tha Ernl.
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Brg.

Foal

Wuodoiti.

Sum.

pMlut

Minor, unl

Ail*

Penli.

With

DARLINGS.

IUiMtr"tioni.

16mo.

Sto.

Sa.

E*.

Penoiwl
in Spain. From
Archlteetnre
With
StuitdUiUim.
JourHii.
dartng aiTina

{O- B.) QotWc

OtMrnUoDanada
niutnllaBi.

Oothlo

Bora) Sto,

Xt.

ArehiloctBTe

Nctaa
Wltk
VtTbla.
WlthOOIIIniCratloDB.

of Tenia

In
In

BuytlBro,

Italy, chiefly In Brick

Iha Martb
Mi.

of Half.

Stmt*

ud

JUiUm.