THE

CUPOLA

FURNACE:

PRACTICAL

TREATISE

CONSTRUCTION

ON

AND

THE

MANAGEMENT

FOUNDRY

CUPOLAS.

COMPRISING

THE

BEST
SHAPED

METHODS

HEIGHT

CUPOLAS;

LINING;

CONSTRUCTION

OF

SPARK

OF

CATCHING

CHARGING;.

DIRECTIONS

OTHER

AND

AND

DEVICES;

METALS
WHAT

PLACING

CUPOLAS;

FOR

OF

MOULDER

Author

of

The

Founding

ILLUSTRATED

AND

WILL

INDUSTRIAL

CONSULTING

of

and

"
AND

Street.

Walnut

F.

125

N.

MELTING.

Cupola

on

Practice.

BOOKSELLERS

"

MELTING;

ENGRAVINGS.

LONDON
E.

Papers

BAIRD

PUBLISHERS,

IN

EXPERT

Numerous

CAREY

8io

GAUfiES;
SCRAP,

ETC.

MELT;

PHILADELPHIA

HENRY

TUYERES;

TIN-PLATE
IN

SEVENTY-EIGHT

BY

OF
AIR

KIRK.

MELTER,

o/ Metals,

PIPES;

IRON,

EXPERIMENTS

CUPOLAS;
CUPOLA

SHAPES

BLAST

DIFFERENT

CUPOLAS;

TUYERES;

MELTING

EDWARD
PRACTICAL

OF

BLOWERS;

THE

IN
A

MANAGEMENT

SPON,

STRAND.

iSgg.

Ltd.,

CO.,
IMPORTER

27863

CuPYRIGHT,

1899,

BY

EDWARD

TWO

KIRK,

OOPIfea

MAR

HtsueiVBO,

18

1899

Printed

WICKERSHAM

bv

)!

the

PRINTING

53

and

55

Lancaster,

North

COMPANY,
Queen

Pa.,

U.

Street,
S.

A.

99

/-^9

PREFACE.

Although

it is

that

is still in

book

tendered

for

foundrymen
.him

work
the
of

construction
iron

these

the

books,

given

left to

and

the

to

grope

the

to

of

many

aged
encour-

public.

long felt, for

want

been

give practicaldetails regarding

of

Several
and

and

much

very

has

requests

offered

supply

to

Metals,"

of

cupolas, has

on

lication
pub-

the

cupolas, and

valuable

founding

have

books
and

iron

of

melting
been

steel,but

in

foundry, but comparatively littleattention

cupola ;

experience, in

own

now

management

in the

as

urgent

treatise

would

moulding

Founding

reception which

work

designed
that

the

the

since

years

The

modern

foundry work.

for
on

the

is

melting

on

more

"

The

demand.

prepare

volume

written

is

to

twenty

volume,

it, together with

to

This

author's

the

of

than

more

now

in the

the

dark, and

construction

melters

and

foundrymen

to

and

been

have

their

rely solelyon
of

management

their

cupolas.
This

condition

subject, have
work

to

combined

endeavor

with
with
these

the

things,and

of

to

the

best

to

induce

develop

cupola, its

the

the

great importance
the

vital

most

and

construction

this country.

practiceof
the

latest

works

on

the

its use,
to

of

will prove

workers,

the

United

to

both

be

here

States.
useful
and

He

aid to

foundrymen,

abroad.

( iii )

together

lifelongexperience

foundry

therefore

present

accomplish

practice,and

visitingleading and thoroughly up-to-date foundries

parts

the

nected
principlescon-

In order

ends, he has supplemented his almost

by consulting

in

author

of

trusts

that

whether

by

in different
this book
owners

or

PREFACE.

IV

As

the

the

is

work

well

subject

general
to

as

in

be

it

supplied
full

very

both

of

custom

with

which

index,

prompt

the

and

they

publishers,
table

copious
will

render

February

22,

i8gg.

caused

contents,

reference

to

easy.

EDWARD

Philadelphia,

of

have

KIRK.

as

any

CONTENTS.

CHAPTER

The

I.

Furnace.

Cupola

PAGE

of

Advantages

for

required
decrease

the

melting

iron
of

amount

in

fuel

for

foundry

various

kinds

consumed

of

in

Quantity

work;

the

furnaces;

Attempts

to

utilizing

by

cupola

fuel

of

the
1

of

Description
Foundation

casing;

materials

and

used
and

scaffold

its

brick-work;

cupolas;

Height

of

the

bottom

of
3

of

Support

the

and

door
it

of

stack;

the

its

Various

doors;

Construction

of

for

cupolas;

of

cupola

place;

charging

the

of

Location

in

Construction

Sizes

the

doors;

doors

of

Forms

.........

over

beneath

Bottom

the

holding
Stack

supports

Pit

plate;

furnace;

cupola

large cupola

iron

of

cupola;

Bottom

the
of

Advantage

The

furnace

cupola

heat

waste

the

the

the

devices

casings

Tuyere

for
4

...

holes
....

construction;

of

Lining

the

casing
6

.......'.

Construction

location;

of

Size

scaffold;

the

of

the

scaflFold

CHAPTER

II.

Constructing
location

Proper

of

The

cupola;

Cupola.

scaflFold

8
......

of

Conveyance

coal

or

coke

scaflfold;

the

to

foundation

Cupola

and

its

construction
Prevention
Best

Height

9
of

for

supports
of

cupola

walls

for

the

of

support

cupola;
10

Provision

bottom;

cupola

Brick

settling;

uneven

for

the

removal

of

the

dump;

tom
Bot-

doors

Casing;

11

Material

Strain

upon

the

casing

casing

due

for
the

Contraction

of

the

or

to

shell

of

the

expansion

stack;

modern
and

and

shrinkage

Prevention

and

cupola

of

.12

sparks
.

What
Table

constitutes

giving

diflferent

the
the

height
approximate

of

cupola;
height

Utilization
and

size

stack;
its prevention;

of
of

door

the

heat;

waste

for

cupolas

of

diameters

13
...........

Melting

capacity

of

cupola;

Charging

(v)

door;

Air

.14

chamber
.

vi

CONTENTS,

PAGE

Construction

air chamber

of the

placed

of the
and

Location

outside

the

upon

Admittance

when

shell; Air

of the

blast

of

arrangement

casing

the

of the

capacity

and

air

when

chamber;

air chamber

the

to

inside

placed

air

the

15

chamber

when

the

tuyeres

are

16

placed high; Tap-hole

when

Arrangement

of

Tapping
of

Location

the

of

shape

Height

at

which

high

large
the

Grouting

of

by

of

many

the

of

lining;

Illustration

the

of

of

Material

laying

up

lining;

Stack

iron

angle

The

Mode

Sheet

.21
.

the

laying

brick;
22

the

N.

of

in

putting

angle
24

size and

from

casing

rusting

into

of moisture

the

in

tuyere

of the

weight
off

at

the

position

tom
bot-

bottom;
.25

lining

in

the
of

Fire-proof scaffolds; Exposure

lining;

the

fold
scaf26

fire-proof; Novel
in

plan

of

construction

of

Detroit, Mich
scaffold

scaff'olds; Cupola

Newark,

Mode

out

the

reducing

of

house

J., and

of the

27
in

the

foundry

Straight Line

of

Engine

Gould

"

Co., Syracuse,
28

tuyeres

or

the

tuyere;
stave

tuyere;

cupola

tuyere

cupola; Epidemics

Tuyeres.

furnace

holes;

of tuyere

Arrangement

III.

of

with

Former

and

air; Admission
present

of

the

air

melting capacity
30

invention
round

tuyeres

in

the

old-fashioned
31

cupolas

Expanded

32

tuyere

33

tuyere

blast

Blakeney

casing
of

three

or

fire

to

cupola

supplying

round

Doherty

two

cast-iron
Oval

with

......

brackets;

to

Cupola

of

the

lining

CHAPTER

through

Arrangement

tuyeres;

Manner

lining by burning

scaffolds

safest

of

19

capacity

lining

for

triangular-shaped

supports

and

Eberhardt,

Modes

casings

or

23

plates.

make

to

N.

large

.....

of

rows

for

tuyeres
boxes

Tuyere

cupolas

melting

the

absorption

bottom
its

and

of

20

preventing

of the

Prevention

scaffold

area

in

more

or

in

of the

and

doors

Best

tuyeres

small

rows

for

iron; Reduction

Devices

for

of brackets

Preference

and

Two

cupola linings;

of

Arrangement

Form

of

Number

cupola;

tuyere

Lining;

mortar

or

Settling

Number

placed

are

Increase

rows;

Thickness

small

tuyeres;

of tuyeres;

rows

for

tuyeres

number

of

17

combined

of

to

Objection

Area

struction;
con-

slag

slag-holes ; Tuyeres

tuyere

cupolas

its

and

spout

.............

; Size

of

The

required;

are

18

cupolas
Best

tap-holes

two

tuyere;
tuyere

Horizontal

slot tuyere;

Mackenzie

tuyere.

34
.

35

Vii

CONTENTS.

PAGE

Horizontal

and
T

Reversed

tuyere

Triangular

Water

vertical

36

and

horizontal

tuyere;

slot

Vertical

tuyere;

slot
37

.......

38

tuyere

..........

in

Results

Furnace

Magee

tuyere

reducing tuyere

reducing

Lawrence

slot

or

Truesdale

tuyere;

melting

Co., Boston,

this

with

obtained

tuyere

the

by

Mass

39
40

tuyere

Colliau

Whiting

tuyere;

Chenney

Consumption
in

tuyere;

Cupola

of

of

Size of tuyeres;

with

Size

to

tuyeres

Port

of

rows

N.

Chester,

Production

combustion

of

tuyeres;
.43

Y.
.

by consuming

of heat

fuel

.44
.

45
Drill

Manufacturing

Co.,
46

tuyere

........

of

bottom

this

in

and

47

tuyere

by

country

B.

Hibler;

H.

Thomas

D.

48

tuyere
of the

combined

tuyere

difference

Great
at

various

of

area

opinion

of

distances

the

ments
subject; Experi-

this

on

above

.49

cupola

sand

50

bottom
.

hard

soften
in the

by bringing

iron
of

bottom

cupola;

molten

the

in contact

metal

given

Reason

in favor

high

of

51

tuyeres

.............

in stove
in

Tuyeres

foundry cupolas; Location

machine

jobbing

and

of

foundry

tuyeres in smaller
and

cupolas,

in

cupolas.

cupolas

53

............

Number

of

of

Arrangement

improve

Objection

tuyeres;

sufficient for the

a

to

the

of

use

largest cupola

in

double

tuyeres;

quality

the

of

row

only

tuyere; Two

one

tuyeres
54

use

Shape

of

Tuyeres

tuyeres;

to

iron

of

55

boxes

56

CHAPTER

Cupola

Necessity
cupola

of

learning

cannot

be

the

run

IV.

Management.

peculiarities in
by

given

any

rule

of

working

the

set

or

cupola;

rules; Drying

of

the
58

lining
Drying
the

backing

doors;

Support

52

for

work

heavy

Tuyere

cupola;

Bros.,

Diamond

mouth

tuyeres

charcoal

Tuyeres

the

tuyere;

Experiment

in
42

Three

bottom

with

placing

the

tuyere

tuyere

cupola;

the

patented

the

of

in

from

Bottom

Pa.;

tuyere
on

Height

Pennsylvania

covering

Bottom

double

of

Adjustable tuyeres

the

Birdsboro,

double

by Abendroth

gases

Greiner

West

in

Mode

tuyere;

for the

placing tuyeres

escaping

Mode

fuel

constructed

Cupola
Object

of

double

Claims

cupola;

41

tuyere

The

tuyeres;

Ireland's

the

vertical

Devices

of double

or

fillingbetween
for

raising

doors; Sizes

the

the

casing

doors

of props

into
to

lining; Putting

and

place

support

the

up
.59

bottom

60
.

CONTENTS.

Vlll

Ring

attachment

the

Sand

bottom;

and

other

of

Cause

leakage

of

Effect
the

Objection
kind

sands

clay

to

of bottom

62
.

into

sand

61

prop

the

63

cupola

bottom

sand

64
.......

to

of the

of the

the

Bringing

the

best

very

regarding

melters

releasing

purpose;
the

makes

bottom;
in

bottom

Pitch

bottom;

wet

in the

pitch; Change

high

pitch

Slope

sand;

due

of iron

Boiling

which

in the

of

for this

employed

bottom

the

Wetting

doors; Modes

Sand

sands;

of older

Superstition

prop;

the

Dropping

prop;

Sand

the

to

of

action

bottom

the

How

of the

slope

or

bottom

65
.

iron

the

the

at

spout by

made

be

should

.66
.

with

cupolas

lining

tap holes; Spout; Spout

two

material

67

of

Effect

the

of

Mode

Building

of

use

making

the

up

sides

the

up

much

too

clay

in

sand

much

too

lining;

the

68

lining

spout

of the

of

or

.......

of

lining; Place

greatest strain

the

the

upon

69

spout lining

shape

Proper

of

the

Removal

spout;

Material

Front;

lining;

spout

slag

of

from

for

used

of

Cause

the

putting

in the

forming

70

spout
in

iron

of

pools

.......

the

front; Mode

of

in

putting

the
71

front

Eflfect of working

material

front

the

too

due

Troubles

wet;

to

front

poor

72

material
Sizes

of tap

Slag

hole

Slag

hole

front; Chilling
up;

Mode

in the

Patting
The

bed; The

To

find

Cause

.......

in

and

in

shavings

the

cupola;
76

in

point

and

wood

the

cupola;

The

lighting
melting

of

location; Necessity

.77

up

mination
deter-

and

zone

discovering

melting

the

77
78

for

required

Old

Charging;

way
of

way

in

bed

after

melting

in

trouble

Modern

wood

the

75

melting point

the
of

tap hole

good melting

do

to

in the

arranging

its exact

in order

slag

fuel

melting

of

of

placing

of

bed

of carelessness

point

73
.

74

Lighting
Effect

holes

hole; Locating the

of

stocking

diameters

.79
.

putting

or

cupola;

Fuel

newly lined;

been

has

cupola

of different

cupolas
loading

fuel

the

Correct

and

iron
of

theory

into

melting

cupola;
in

iron

80

cupola
Practical

working

charges
"weight

of

of the

Mode

first

in the

Variations
of

placing

charge

of fuel;

Poor

melting
of

of

njay

cupola

iron, and

of

the

of iron

cent,

pieces
due

to

cupola; Charging

Blast; The

phenomena

old

and

the

charges

of

heavy

too

fuel; Variation

in

the
81

of

to

pig

additional

Charging
be

theory

of

Effect

of iron

charge

per

upon

heavy

too

this

modern

bad

the

fuel; Placing
other

or

iron

ways

; Distribution

of

the
83

iron
......

and

charging; Improper

flux; On

82

charges

what
of

the

giving

quantity
blast

to

proper
of flux

the

ing
chargdepends

cupola;

84

Blast
85

CONTENTS.

IX

PAGE

Melting;
the

time

putting

for

of

iron; Running
size of the

the

the

Chief

Steel

fuel

from

hardening

cupola

to

Indication

of

of

first

the

the

reducing

keep

it

how

the

of

hot; Proper
is

cupola

.88

tap-hole

the

in

required

practice; Necessity

in

and

theory

of the

account

of iron

amount

melting

of

of

cutting

for

an

.90

old

"

of

story

not

enough
91

of blast.
.....

of

sizes

92

bars

tapping

bod

the

away

The

cupola;

volume

even

and

bars; Shapes

in

iron

of

melted
.

Necessity

bar

.86

on

in; Mode

to

as

89

of

object

Tapping

in

work;

of iron

flow

accurate

an

blast;"

put

opinion

tuyeres

Amount

keeping

iron

molten

hand-ladle

of

melting by
Fuel;

is

blast

in

87

holding

in

management

Poking

the

stopping

without

heat

before

blast; Chilling and

the

on

Difference

cupola;

tap-hole

advantage

No

iron

the

charging

for

time

Best

in

melting begins

When

ation
sticks; Combin-

Bod

tapping;

before

93

stick

Objection

the

to

Bod

cupola;

stick;

combination

material;

Number

material

of the

Importance

bod

of

sticks

for

of which

the

each
bod

is
94

composed

.............

Mixture

for

Tapping

and

Bod

good bod;

Mode

stopping in;

cupolas; Qualities

for small

the

making

of

bod;

of

How

bod.

good

the

make

to

95

96

tap
Mode

skill

Removal

of

Breaking
iron

from

of

Theory

No

fire

Putting
to

Chipping
Not

Thickness

of the

of excessive

Shaping

in

the

99
......

ous
vari-

and

dump

the

Removing

dump;

the

it

picking
Chipping

dump;
to

of

ways

recovering
101

out

iron

prevent

Different

over;

running

from

picks

into

the

tuyeres;
102

.......

103
of

using

advisable

daubing
lining

of the

adhere
fill in

to

104

applying

of

ing
daub105

lining

the

of

view

lining

the

to

at

over

the

tuyeres;

melting

the

zone;

106

projections

or

Sectional

daubing;

clay;

the

linings

new

that

offsets

mixing

for

lining; Object

the

making

slag

required

with

cheap daubing

poor

of

and

sudden

sand

Shaping

Mode

or

to

the

100

Amount

off cinder

necessary

above

used

lining;

Objections

and

daubing;

the

on

fault

cupolas

small

of

over

bridge

the

theory; Cupola

clay;

advantage

is the

purpose

melters

Materials

Daubing;

Bridging

removing

dump

this

to

melting

Uneven

98

handlin_^

this

the

some

Objection

Soaking

of

the

up

in

..........

props;
of

for

devices

seen

small

mode

tap-hole;

at the

Dumping

methods

Various

the

melter

the

and

tuyeres

assist

to

............

of the

melter;

of the

in; Devices

stopping

in

97

in

stopping
The

in; Difficulties

stopping

of

......

cupola, illustratingeffect

.107
.

boshed

cupola; Special

directions

required

for

CONTENTS.

PAGE

keeping

and

shaping

up

of

lining

the

the

odd-shaped

and

patent

109

cupolas

.............

Thickness

repairing;

and

Relining

on

of

Length

time

of

cupola

lining; Location

the

Destruction

lining;

the

lining

of the
will

lining

of

and

at

the

last; Burning

est-wear
great-

the

below

eres;
tuy-

of

away

the
110

lining
Thickness
at

of

the

lining required

melting

Repairing

zone

the

protect

Mode

CHAPTER

opinions

cupola
of

which

at

charging

Experiments

of the

Arrangement

learned

was

for the

cupola
High

of

from

took

in

point

the

to

as

Different

place;

ways
113

iron

point

what

is

really

in

melted

114

cupola

.....

this

for the

experiment

next

experiment;

116
.

of the

Arrangement

bars

and
.117

heat

next

of

115

pressure

112
.

.........

of iron

bars

........

experimental

an

experiment

first

actually

cupola

definitely at

learn

to

of the

What

loading

or

by foundrymen

of iron

melting

Construction

cupola;
Results

the

split brick

Melting.

in

held

formerly

V.

Experiments
Various

.111

making

of

lining

the

casing; Repairing

split brick;

with

lining

to

blast

be

may
of

Arrangement

the

almost

bars

due

wholly

for the

the

and

size of

the

to

heat

next

the

eres;
tuy-

of

result

this
.118

experiment

of

Arrangement

the

the

for

cupola

and

heat

next

of

result

the

ment
experi119

Fuel

by
Fire
Low

in the

used

blast

the

under

and

the

Charges

used

Charges

with

Cause

of iron

cupola

Melting

passing

with

with

zone

in

melting

120

cupola

the

122

tuyeres.
of

melting

zone

in

123

zone

melting

melting

124

zone

....

in

zone

practical melting.

tuyeres

the

in

bottom

certain

above

hard

near

the
the

of heated

fuel
127

.....

made

dull

128
....

Experiments

tuyeres;
top;

charcoal

cupola

experiments;

these

Failure

iron; Experiments

through
of the

in

amount

cupola

cupola being

placed

state

done

was

through

125

.126

zone

coal; Softening

to

of the

formed

was

by passing it in molten

melting

blast

high

the
the

of

melting

melting

most

the

zone

melted
of

depth

depth

the

melting

cupola

experiments

which

Development
a

and

the

low

location

the

raising

the

in the

of

Necessity
a

location

with

experiment

an

and

to learn

Experiments

before

of

What

in the

zone

in

121

determines

cupola; Lowering
Change

fuel; Melting

melted

in

..........

Results

zone;

is not

iron

why

Reasons

of the

flame

tuyeres

tuyeres;

Melting

experiment;

in

of this
in

129

plan

softening

its descent

with

from

iron
the
130

CONTENTS.

XI

PAGE

Time

time

proper
for

charging

Devices

for

for

charging;

and

putting

raising the

for

Device

DiflFerence

charging;

for

opinion

of

among

Experiments
the

on

133
134

the

of limestone

use

what

On

the

in the
of

Weight

How

of

charging
in the

Slag

slag;
Shells;

it pay

Does

of

Use

of shells

iron

of iron

Heavy
upon
Fluor

silicon

of

at the

in

present

breakage

due

of

and

spar,

its

iron

other

to

Per

use

the

flux

silicon

carbon

from

described
Practice
The

of

and

Stationary

with

cupola,

bottom

144
.

irons; Effect

of

carbon
145

iron
....

147

VII.

of

Cupolas.

Style Cupolas.
this country

many

years

ago,
149

illustrated

casting

reservoir

Use

......

throughout

use

contain;

iron

molten

Styles
Old

general

143
.

146

Different

in

per

.........

by boiling; Poling

style cupola

as

high

of

use

ruined
in the

fluxing

may

of

iron

southern

cheap

view

the

is often

iron

an

142
.

Increase

and

noise

crackling

with

fluxing;

141

slagging

spalls

melting

silicon

of

of the

the

drawing

for

cost

iron

why

and

of

cent,

of free

as

of the

materials

Reasons

silicon

time

Marble

them;

CHAPTER

Old

140

shells; Cause

melting

method

General

......

of the

chemical

iron;

high

138

.....

slagging;

slag hole

melting by improper

iron ; Removal

cast

in

trouble

and

iron;

on

time

Cleaning

and

improper

by

lost

iron

upon

cupola? Estimate

malleable

slag;

139

first strikes

heat

fluid

.......

flux

of

produce

to

137

cupola

The

mineral

cheap

foundry

cent,

Effect

the
with

Experiments

slag

stone
lime-

.....

required

cupola; Importance

to

oyster, clam

when

making

of

of

use

.........

Cause

limestone;

the

bottom

the

136

large quantities

lining

on

cupola;

135
....

cupola by

of

fluxes; Purpose

as

pig-iron

in

limestone

from

used

of

cinder

slag; Efi'ect of

of the

slag

to

in
of

quantity

of fluxes

action

brittle

slag drawn

Constituents
The

production

Limestone

depends;
Variation

of

Cupolas.

in

fluxes; Materials

in the

making

VI.

Iron

of

of

Use

flux;

132
....

doors

Fluxing
a

charging

time

proper

........

CHAPTER

of

the

the

to

as

doors

bottom

raising heavy

Definition

ascertain

to

after

blast

foundrymen

the

of the

use

described

cupola;

and

old-style cupola

151
....

152

illustrated
.....

Old

style English cupola,

described

and

trated
illus154

Expanding

cupola,

described

and

illustrated

155

xii

CONTENTS.

PAGE

Ireland's

cupola,

Ireland's

center

Voisin's

blast

described

cupola,

Objection

this

to

bottom;

of

with

Working

of Mr.

described

Pevie

favor
and

made

Whiting

Crandall

The

described
Mode
Claims

of

cupola;

of this

of

181

Elizabethport

at

illustrated;

and

184

cupola,

Stewart's

cupola;

described

the

The

Greiner

patent

economical

cupola,
188

..........

consists

invention

189

of
illustrated

cupola

Greiner

of the

190
.

191
.........

Greiner

description

Colliau

cupola;

patent

hot-blast

cupola,
192

of the

described

cupola,
the

Jumbo

improved

and

aud

results

obtained

in

melting

196

illustrated.

198
200

cupola

cupola

with

Johnson

patent

center

blast

tuyere,
202

illustrated.

for

the
the

air to
Crandall

193
.

194

illustrated

and

described

for

cupola

furnace

Colliau

for the

applying

this

203

cupola
cupola; Blakeney

cupola,

described

and

204

illustrated

Advantages

180

illustrated

and

made

....

illustrated

constructing

in

workings

cupola,
table

178
.

179

steel, described

melting

conclusions.

in

and

of test-heats

illustrated

of the

described

History

Elizabethport

and

this

of

Greiner's

N.

Elizabethport,

used

the

in

iron

186

novelty

Principle

ordinary

from

cupola

blown

177
.

............

and

the

"

182

illustrated

Charge

the

...........

described

melting

cupola

eliminated

are

at

at

Herbertz

cupola

for

used

bronze.

cupola,

Jumbo

in

draft

create

to

the

silica

in the

than

Results

cupola

Melting

The

of

hearth

this

176
from

and

carbon

gases

cupola

melting;

escaping

Herbertz

in the

of

Claims

jet

steam

cupola

cupola

of the

Points

of

Herbertz

less

why

Herbertz's

Mr.

.......

illustrated; Movable

and

of the

hearth

What

170
172

cupola

application

the

Herbertz

Rapid

169

.175

Explanation

and

sand

the

on

illustrated

and

described

Composition

Object

charcoal

of

quantity

England

Mackenzie

the

heats

Pevie

described

cupola,

173

cupola

Process

reservoir

or

.............

Advantages

The

in

described

cupola,

cupola

the

....

Tank

by putting

of tanks

of the

Herbertz

Test

iron

cupola,

Management
The

Soft

Use

Mackenzie

163

illustrated

and

...........

of

161
.......

described

cupola;

....

167

illustrated

Production

of

style

159

illustrated

and

illustrated

and

steam-jet cupola,

Woodward's

and

described

cupola,

157

illustrated

and

described

of this

cupola

20?

CONTENTS.

XI

CHAPTER

Art

11

VIII.

Mei"ting.

in

PAGE

The

melting

of

art

chance

work

in

and

mode

and

Location

of

of the

iron

in

cupola

understood

of

do

to

the

melting

good
of

the

many

melting.

understading

Preparation

tuyeres;

by
in

experienced

Necessity

of

operation

arrangement

Troubles

in art;

or

little

but

cupola

foremen;

nature

heat; Lighting

Melting

in

foundry

and

foundrymen
No

iron

206

struction
con-

207
.

cupola

for
208

up

cupola

practiced; Necessity

simple

of

close

Things

process;

to

materials

of all the

study

and

learned

be

used

in melting
209

should

What
of

be

foundry

aim

the

being

the

Duties

melter;

of the

SCAI.KS
of

What

the

scale

accurate

an

of iron

melting

melter

210

USE.

THEIR

AND

scaffold; Size

the

of

reduced

when

cupola,

foreman

the

IX.

upon

in

of
....

CHAPTER

Necessity

Advisability

moulder;

of every

to

required;

scale

art, consists

an

211

in
Division

of

fuel

the

understood

by

the

of iron

charges

and

and

cupola records;

report of Abendroth

Cupola

report of Byram

Daily report
Melting

212
213

of

Cupola

slate

Blanks

for

on

for

over

iron

labor

N.

Lebanon

215

Stove

216
.

Works

217
.

218

Works

219

mode

and

essential

by

Mould
the

220

cupola report

records

Pig

and

Shop
and

slate; Correctness

in iron

214

accounts

Detroit, Mich.

Works,

to

of

the

value

CHAPTER

Saving

the

Chester,

Port

Iron

Stove

in

and

keeping

of

Co.,

Accounts.

Department,

charging

reports

X.

CUPOI.A

Bros.,

of Syracuse

castings

Report

calculating

Manner

"

Foundry

of

sheet

of

not

condemned

scales

Cupola

melting

of

methods

Incorrect

The
of

theory

fuel

CHAPTER

Value

The

charges;

foundrymen;

many

of old, worn-out

Use

into

iron

for

use

making
of

them

cupola

out;
account

Report
221
.

XL
Over

of cast

iron

Iron.

pig

moulds

for

collecting
222

CONTENTS.

XIV

CHAPTER
What

XII.

Cupoi,a

Melt.

wii,i.

PAGE

Chief

of

use

other

cupola furnace;

the

than

purposes

Quantity

iron

of

cupola

be

may

melted

in
"

Pratt

heavy

be

can

weight

cupola; Charging

Whitney

of cast-iron

piece

iron

of

Melting

Conn.;

the

at

scrap

cupola
Number

cupola;

of

large pieces

Co., Hartford,

government

furnace

for
223

in

melted

Size and

run;

the

iron

melting

that

of

Employment

Eobdell

that

can

be
of

foundry
and

cannon

other

Co., Wilmington,

Wheel

Car

hours

the

at

of

of

224

Del

CHAPTER
Tin

Melting
Various

of

ways
tin

the

deposited

for

scrap

in

Cupola.

charging;

iron; Quality

the

upon

Scrap

Plate

the

preparing

XIII.

of the

Attempts

molten

to

metal

recover

the

from

225

scrap

Susceptibility
metal;

of the

Production

of

of metal

lost

amount

Action

molten

of

tin

as

the

effect

from

the

with

melting
of

in

Tests

scrap;

of

Uses

learn

to

the

.....

iron; Uusuitability of galvanized

the

Doctoring

cupola;

tin- plate-scrap

melting
of

227
.

for

cupola expressly

metal
.

melting
228

tin-plate-scrap

.....

melting tin-plate-scrap and

profit in

CHAPTER
Cost

Unreliability of melting

business.

the

229
.

XIV.

Melting.

of

accounts

....

generally kept; Objection

as

to

ing
measur-

in baskets

fuel

of

Results

of moisture;

226

scrap

tin-plate-scrap; Construction

Fluxing
of

the

melted

for

tin-plate-scrap; Process

from

Cost

melting

when

scrap

to

metal

gray

in

flux

sheet-iron

metal

the

accurate

an

the

method

Proper

of

account

book;

Cupola

melting
of

in

figuring

foundry

the

cost

of

in

New

sey;
Jer-

melting

per
231

ton

CHAPTER
Examples
of

Necessity
the

giving

of the

Remedy

melting

E.
view

Paris
of

"

at

of

poor
"

of Perry

trouble;

of the

of

causes

foundry

stove

Cause

Bad

230

Sectional

XV.

Bad

Melting.

melting;

Trouble

Co., Sing Sing, N.

views

of

lining

out

with

the

cupolas

at

233

of

shape

236
.

240

troubles
a

West

Co.,

locating

West

the

Troy

Stove

Troy,

N.

Works;
Y.;

Visit

Inspection

at

the
of

foundry

the

of Daniel

foundry

with

242

trouble
.

........

CONTENTS.

XV

PAGE

Trouble

due

of

Experimeut
tnelter
Result

Trouble

of the

Remedy

melting

melting

Poor

in

condition

in

of the

cupola

the

the

Objection

of

the

reduction

of

fuel

246

Locomotive
248
....

bed

being

caused

melting,

of the

Providence

the

....

the

to

247

.......

of

plant

cupola
due

Bad

one

of

burned

and

foundries

Sectional

cupola;

249
.

by wood

leading novelty

much

too

in

elevation

coal; Cause

Philadelphia
showing

250

the
251

the

bed

foundry

the

at

cupola

burning

Uneven

still further

foundry
to

Cincinnati

fuel

trouble;

the

less

244

with

Heats

melting

poor

of

of poor

with

243

with

.........

Visit

cupola;

fuel

cupola

in this

melting
a

up

Works;
Cause

running

much

the

experiment;

of the

Warming

of too

use

experiment

the

to

of bad

Cause

the

to

of

for

; Reason

"

Perry

the

of

necessity

dumping

Co.

253

.......

CHAPTER

XVI.

MEI.TERS.
due

Respect
of

of poor

of

cupola;

good

proper

should

What

be

foundryman

for

tools
aim

the

his

keep

to

Expi"osioN
Conditions
wet

Cause

which

under

the

cause

spout
of

or

sparks;

due

to

up

melter

255

....

posted

melter

256

....

Molten

iron

is

Iron.

explosive; Explosions

caused

by

bod

wet

making

out, and

XVII.

OF

molten

chipping

of every

CHAPTER

position

frequently

melter

254

furnishing

of every

Interest

tnelter; Unfortunate

melting

Necessity
the

with

Interference

melter;

poor

scientific

practical and

the

to

Various

257
of the

causes

thrusting

piece

of

of molten

explosion

cold,

wet

rusted

or

iron; Explosion

iron

into

molten

iron

258

Explosion
mould

or

"

very

with

wet

burg,

rusted

at

foundry
of

of

damp

in the

Accident

foundry

rusted

or

of Wm.

chillMcGil259

when

at

foundry

the
of

Buffalo

explosions

into

poured

Accident

scrap;

the

poured

into

Pa

iron

Accident
the

when

sand-mould;

wet

of molten

Pa.;

Explosion
Prevention

iron

molten

Co., Sharon,

Explosion

the

of

in the

foundry
the

of

Skinner

School

mud

or

of

foundry
North

contact

Marsh,

Lewis-

Bros., Philadelphia, Pa.

Engine

Furniture

brought
James

into

Co., Erie, Pa., and

Co., Buffalo, N.

Y.

260

at

261
.

262

CONTENTS.

XVI

CHAPTER

XVIII.

Spark-Catching

Devices

Cupolas.

for

PAGE

in

Spark-catcher
Spark-catching

old-style cupolas

device

for

263

modern

264

cupolas

flue

Return

cupola spark-catcher, designed

spark-catching devices

Other
The

best

spark-catching
Prevention

cupola;

of

device;

by John

sparks being

266
.

268

sparks being

of

Cause

Keefe.

O.

carried

of the

out

thrown

from

stack;

Enlarged

stack

269

CHAPTER
Hot

blast

Hot

Cupola

cupolas
the

at

with

exhaust

Heating

the

pipes
blast

utilizing the

Cupolas
the

Cupolas.
Treadwell

by Jagger,

Ransom

"

Co., Albany,

off

cupola;

Carnegie

from

Steel

in low

Explosions
the

blast

Works,

which

blast

the

Y.;

Arrangement

Plans

cupola;

for
274

......

Homestead,

Prevention

Pa.;

of
275

XX.

During

pipes,

be

can

from

cupola

blast

taken

Blast

blast

cupola;

Banking

"

Cupola"

Blast

Gates.

gauges,

off

is taken

Heat

Pipes,
in blast

N.

cupolas

Blast

the

271

Perry

273
heat

Waste

CHAPTER
Taking

"

...........

escaping

of heat

escape

of

for

heat

the

at

Blast

constructed

foundry

XIX.

in

melting; Length
of

Management

of time
from

cupola

off

276

........

Banking

cupola;

Bufi'alo
Blast

of

pipes; Importance

of

Table

prepared

iron

Buff"alo

the

blast-pipes; Friction

in

pipes

of

showing

blower

the

and

being

intendent,
Super-

cupola

of

arrangement

277
.

blast
279

in the

used

construction

in

280

Co
,

Buffalo,

proportion

to

N.

Y.,

the

as

length;

guide

for

Diameter
281

........

condemned

increase

necessary

Foundry

banking

on

pipes

pipes

cause

Knoeppel,
Y.,

........

Forge

of

the

N.

blast-pipes; Materials

diameter

Frequent
Table

by

Mr.

construction

pipes

blast-pipes; Galvanized

increasing
of

the

blast

underground

to

from

Forge Co., Buffalo,

pipes; Underground
Objection

Communication

as

in

being insufficient.

diameter

for

the

282
.

diff"erent

lengths
Connection

283
of

blast

pipes

with

cupola

; Combined

area

of

the

branch

pipes
Table

284

of diameter

Connecting
chambers;

blast
Poor

and

area

pipes

of

direct

arrangement

pipes
with
of

285
; Perfect

tuyeres

pipes

in

connection

"perfect cupola"

of

air
286

xviii

CONTENTS.

"

TAOE

of

Speed

cycloidal

surfaces

of

Table

form

to

321

"

the

tact
con-

322

cycloidal

Connersville
of

capacities, etc.,
Vertical

by ordinary speed;

meant

.........

for the

numbers,

hypo-cycloids

epi- and

the

...

impellers.

of

claimed

Advantages

319

320

blower

combining

of

value

Special

in inches

dimensions

by steam,

blowers

foundry

Connersville

driven

blowers

foundry

Staudard

blower
.

cycloidal blowers;

the

and

blower

engine

823

is

What

on

bed

same

326

plate
electric

and

Blower

327

motor

Root's

for this

Claims

blower

positive pressure

rotary

328

blowers

City positive blast

Garden

330

blower

CHAPTER
Cupolas
Kinds
Coke

the

required
Rule

for

placed
Function

Highest

charging

Tests

to

have

to

in

placed

the

the

iron
too

per

the

that

of
be

can

great

Best

be

an

to

upon

in

each

iron

keep

doors

334

for

of the

top

required

that

the

cupola

melting

to

335

zone.

and

charges

charge;

the

General

sumption
con-

336

......

in

required

melting depends;

Advisability

system;

of

Necessity

keeping

of

accurate

an

record
......

paragraphs
sections

XXIII.

by

Mr.

obtaining

Scraps.

illustratingimportant

of the

C.

337

......

country

practical results

Remarks

in

should

of fuel

Cupola

ent

fuel

claim

and

required

is

of the

melted

of the

collect

to

charging

What

fuel

amount

of fuel

melting

low

to

country;

amount

cent,

tuyeres

Fallacy

high

Determination

melting;

of

the

tuyeres;

CHAPTER

Brief

of

332

distance

or

the

tuyeres

in this

use

ascertain

reducing
cupola

work;

foundry

Quantity

work;

333

below

placed

fuel

cupolas

of

what

foundry

for

bottom

large casting; Objection

amount

On

iron

furnaces

of

cupola; Height

sand

the

above

economical

do

for

fuel

of

melting

Date.

to

up

......

of the

for

Practice

the

kinds

different

in the

it is necessary
hot

in

universal

almost

XXII.

Cupola

and

employed

furnaces

of

329

.......

for
A.

reliable

to

melting

Treat;

principles;

indicate
for

the

general

Terms

melting
foundry

Difficultyexperienced

cupola reports

for

publication

used

of iron

in

in

diflfer-

cupola.

work

343
.

by

339

foundryman
344

....

NOTE.
Paxson-CoUiau
Index

Cupola

345
347

CHAPTER

THE

The
kind

of

cupola

furnace

furnace

for

melts

It

furnace,

be

can

small

or

with
the

less

and

little

furnace

in

primary

all

fuel

and

without

in

heating

iron

be

melted

may

the

in
be

readily

the

the

importance,

in

strength
is

cupola

fuel

out

of

be

to

the

of

of

damage
Large

cooling.

and
in

and

other

any

great

any

cent,

per

put

where

cases

other

any

than

cheaply

more

contraction
of

over

work.

difTerence

can

advantages

intermittently

quantities

very

FURNACE.

many

foundry

run

expansion

from

CUPOLA

has

with

iron

I.

furnace

same

and

consumed,
blast.

the

quently
Conse-

metal

is

preferred

for

to

cwt.

of

not

foundry

work.
In
is

the

reverberatory

required
the

In
of

ton

melt

to

iron,

cast

coke

of

and

two

ten

twenty

fuel

of

iron.

ton

one

and

from

of

ton

one

furnace

pot

furnace

is consumed

half

in

tons

melting

in

melting

of

ton

steel.
In

the
in

In
to

It
minimum

thus

be

waste

to

attempts
of

heat

ton

of

ton

pig

coke

is

sumed
con-

iron.
is melted

iron

of

is

fuel

passing

do

the

have

with

from

172

the
in

still

cupola

melting

three

or

furnace

of

iron,

times

that

ton

four

we

have

the

although
ically
theoret-

work.
been

consumed
off

in

fuel

of

consumed

required

amount

that

seen

consumption

Many

of

cwt.

coke.

of

amount

of

furnace

twenty-five

to

twenty

production

cupola

lbs.
will

furnace

the

the

224

the

blast

from

made
in
the

(I)

decrease

to

the

top

cupola,
for

heating

even

by
the

this

small

utilizing
blast.

the
But

work

cupola being only intermittentlyat

the

such

cupola

casing

is

furnace

resting vertically upon

in the

opening

bottom

the

the

of

blast.

forced

furnace

plate, is arranged
An

furnace.

the

side

with

fuel
the

above
heat

and

have

cupolas

this

in
it

feeding

is constructed

to

carry

has

ofif the

is made

At

height

to

the

and

the

present

iron

steel

or

material

same

give draught

to

heat

cylindricalor

the

of

stone,

one

cupola,

wrought

of

escaping

and

for

The

gases.

universally adopted,

almost

been

entirely in

is made

sufficient

in

in

Frora

used.

been

casing

encased

least

at

in

country.

Those

them.
to

constructed

are

the

of

large

size

weight,
The
the
laid

and

are,

level

of

in cement,

when

is

the

cast

sizes,

supply

charged
a

very

solid

generally

foundry
or

to

are

require

foundation

various

of

foundry they

of

immense

work

to

been

placed

almost

casing

stack
up

and

bottom

Cupolas

up

the

The

is extended

lighting up,

have

bottoms

and

plate.

drop

for

casings.

been

constructed

are

ellipticalform,

and

have

tuyeres

drop

iron

wrought

and

more

or

stationary and

boiler

is made

escaping smoke,

off the

have

they

and

shape,

iron

cast

hundred

time

the

from

cylindrical,elliptical,
square

constructed

been

in

oblong

brick,

furnace

near

gases.

Cupolas
and

the

bottom

the

metal

chimney

or

This

by draught

with

level

molten

carrying

for

air

of

the

lining

provided

are

an

when

sand

charging door,

of

top
stack

door

charging

the

as

the

furnace.

with

ofif the

the

at

on

of

the

admission

opening,

iron, and

and

the

known

casing

of

openings

drawing

for

opening,
the

of

small

shape
covered

more

for

plate, having

diameter

doors

or

bottom

inside

the

to

iron

Two

is in blast.

furnace

shape

with

the

to

hollow

refractory material,

other

or

iron

cast

equal
in

is closed

opening

all

rendered

consisting of

furnace

fire-brick
a

centre

corresponding

and

vertical

with

shell, lined

or

has

futile.

attempts

The

or

FURNACE.

CUPOLA

THE

floor;

iron

with

with

of

iron

solid

this

upon
or

ments
requiremetal.

molten

foundation

made

columns

suit the

to

is

and
to

fuel,

of

support

stone

placed

posts, for the

work
brick
sup-

CUPOLA

THE

the

of

port

is set

cupola

the

of

use

iron

the

of

breaking

the

admits
the

their

the

bottom

floor

depends

from

fourteen

varies

is

stream

ladle

work

inside

the

hard

the
This

it

The

cupola

three
of

and

free

liabilityto
in

falling,
ing
remov-

feet.

fire-brick
centre,

any

molten

cupola,

beneath

diameter
the

The
set

and
iron
and

the

of

on

from

of

in

the

of
of

the

and

the

the

end

under

floor

the

teen
four-

pedestal
to

ladles

The

lined

pedestal.
the

men

full ladle.
make

to

removal
made
to

with
from

flow

In the

the

from

less than

hard
the

cupola outward,
will

as

three

or

be
a

the

wide

two

not

an

of

as

distance

sloped

dump

falls

it strikes

burning

the

of

it

set

forward

the

inside

pit is

its removal.

than

flying when

necessary

the

hand

or

changing

pit should

pit is

edge,

facilitate

back

lift the

This

For

oblong

length equal

high

ends, than

mass

to

higher

moved

from

cupola.

fallingwithin
thus

both

permit

lining.

the

bottom

bottom

hollow

liabilityof

it to

be, and

can

little

low, it is then

very

of

be

one

ladles.

the

at

it easier

too

placed

and

spilled

the

filled,

fallinga long distance,

cupola

in

be

and

in

then

If

to

by sparks

prevented

renders

pit

to

is

ladles

the

above

placed

is lost

iron

open

iron

reduces

repairing

plate

the

the

cient
suffi-

when

way

the

of

upon

can

and

is set

or

the

is collected

and

feet

the

bottom

is

catch

and

ladle

stream,

conveniently

times

cupola

in

ladle

high,

floor,and

excavation

dump,

the

five feet.

to

to

place

pedestal, and

the

If

at

pairing
re-

swing

to

the

of

size

stream

the

rest

arrangement

about

to

inches

the

the

upon

difficult

more

floor.

the

catch

to

and

cupola supports
out

the

of

the

it is better

ten

or

upon

doors

the

of

dump

placed

are

the

brick-work,

to

the

removes

back

inches

from

inches, and

eight

drop

used, considerable

ladle

sized

drops separating
the

the

arrangement

being put

the

height

moulding

for

posts

admit

to

preferred

or

by striking the

doors

floor

removing

where

cases

dump.

The

and

permit

This

of

in

columns

to

be

to

are

all

In
the

from

freedom

apart

them.

height

The

cupola.

they

more

lining.

between

and

supports

distance

and

bottom
sufficient

at

admit

they

as

iron

FURNACE.

from
centre

quality
edges
so

to

that
under
of the

CUPOLA

THE

the

pit under

cupola

block

securely placed,

upon

of

the

doors.

bottom

The

thickness

sufficient

it is then
it in

the

by
The

weight

bottom

doors
iron
of

made

are

when

are,

spring

when

cast

wrought

or

plate

in

dry, running

wooden

additional

more

but
is

they
the

have

be

and

molten
to

reason

The
made
the

sand

plate

and

bottom

the

sliding door

cast

iron

are

iron
bottom

ratchet

the

they
and

of
are

cannot

cast

bound

the

but

they
be

and

in the

iron

or

one

or

bolts
in

doors
the

been

arranged
the

from

of

case

the

sides,

cupola.

leakage

sometimes
and

withdrawn,

place,
which

prop,

dump

are

sand

Numerous

of

of

bottom

sprung,

the

to

made

stout

are

sand, when

holes

to

made

the

the

cast

but

whether

cupola

in

of

dump,

plates, have

bottom,

cast

the

or

Bottom

handle,

to

safety.

windlass

or

is seldom

made

in two

Those

prevent

in favor

more

made

firmest.

holding

for

manipulation

easy

Those

in

or

place.

light,or

for

under

the

of

in

place

ports
sup-

put upon

made

place by

are

slide

through

casings

doors

put

iron

in two

or

doors,

in

abandoned

into

the

will be

making

and

or

of

iron

the

prevent

as

upon

into

place, to

devised

hold

so

flanges to overlap

Sliding doors,

by

to

easiest

or

supported

are

been

withdrawn
admit

They

fast

to

in

when

all been

safest.

rollers

upon

on

have

latches

and

it

heat

door,

cracks

are

props

bolt

iron.

by

wide

when

doors
; and

prop

The

through

out

and

generally

are

stifitest and

warped

iron, have
other

The

bottom.

be

to

of

removed,

piece

one

lightestand

place.

each

and

in

wrought

or

the

are

liable

more

cast

place, the

in

iron

wrought

also

of

be

be

raising them

facilitate

to

must

stack.

and

made

are

support

not

strain

uneven

large cupolas they

sections

four

no

the

to

firmly placed

cupola

doors

For

sections.

the

of

that

so

iron

of

ribbed

or

can

securely

be

for

prop

iron, and

cast

place, it
to

block

heavy

the

rest

of

in

when

work,

or

properly flanged

plate must

brick

or

it

The

place.

to

impossible

almost

stone

made

and

If broken

breaking.

is

plate

bottom

of

which

is

iron

FURNACE.

of

burnt
for

this

used.
or

wrought

in staves,

iron

which

plate.

are

together by wrought

When

put in place
iron

bands

THE

these

bands

being

sections, which

are

the

together by

kind

on.

placed

one

and

constructed

is made
two

or

the

The

stack
the

of

casing

stack

The

is

the

foundryman.

but

throws

gives

in

be

from

feet.

inside

of

admit

of

holes

the

cupola

and

blast.

tuyere,

or

are

cupola casing

the

to

and

An

enlarged

but

hills, the

or

necessary

and

roof

they
to

vary

twenty

riveted

or

the

to

lining, and

the

support

stacks

sized

the

give

throws

able
objection-

very

sometimes

of

fancy

draught,

different

to

tracted
con-

good

high,
are

is

or

or

top.

foundry

are

out

as

cupola casing;

weather,

of

casing

taken

liningare

bottom,
These

for

perforated
the

tuyeres,
with

the

supplied

from

connected

are

stack

material

buildings

height

above

strain

replaced

without

with

or

ing
remov-

lining.

casing and
the

by high

angle iron

being

the

sparks

in all kinds

feet
of

sections

near

few

gives

in others,

not

the

requirements

at

As

top.

three

cupola,

it is very

sufficient

of

Bands

entire

forced

blast,

made

the

unless

the

as

stack

surrounded

lighting up

for

thirty

The

the

at

one

those

same

the

of

size
to

with

great.

very

the

of

iron.

piece.

sparks

many

draught,

sparks

is not

more

cast

together

rivets, and

umns,
col-

is

of

sufificient,as

made

one

contracted

great

When

height

the

in
same

localities, and

must

draught

poor

some

used.

stack

few

in

out

very

are

made

that

stack,

iron

casing

than

be

to

brick

by four

iron

continuation

the

made

casing

of

row

enlarged according

or

stack

is

generally being

two

out

one

generally

and

cupola,

est
poor-

riveted

properly lined,
is

is the

time, and

time

plate, securely

casing, when

cracks

wrought

present

bolted

casing generally

iron

cast

cyHndrical

another, and

of

short

apart, is generally found

upon

the

of

in

cast

are

plate supported

rivets ; but

of

rows

inches

that

boiler

of

the

at

kind

The

used.

generally

top

in

they

on

the

iron

cast

generally employed
It

Or

This

With

upon

FURNACE.

shrinkage

casing.

of

is

shrunk

flanges.

expansion

from

CUPOLA

either

on

the

admission
when

outside

of

by
air
or

with

branch

chamber
inside.

tuyere

more

by draught

air

supplied

blower
an

two

pipes
riveted
The

or

forced
to

each

to

air chamber

the

is made

three

is made

opening

short

through

small
level

is

spout

This

of

iron

number

of

hours.

An

opening
is

door,

the

of

is

frame

placed

swinging door,
closing

when

the

or

filled with

deep flange

The

material.

with

down

and

and

up

laid

hinge

casing
with

with

up

lining

is

cast

localities where

quarries

or

is the

generally

door
the

from

grout

the

clay.
are

composed

fire-brick
bottoms
Some
also

of

not

can

of

small

grades
employed

of

of

soft

sandstone
for

for

tory
refrac-

iron

door

frame

moved

which

frames,
hold

up

is moved

the
for

to

the

door

sion
expan-

refractory

is laid
or

lining.

the

of

fire-brick,
for

sand, is used
be

can

top

In

obtained.

procured, soapstone

creeks,

used.

fire-clayand

be

for

plate with

other

room

plate

material

such

where

plenty

bottom
A

This

"

door

wrought

or

top, and

heat, and

with

refractory material.
a

the

by

door

an

door

swing door,

is lined

localities

in

substances

or

the

the

The

or

lining

lugs

of

weights.
upon

with

the

boiler

of

to

diameter

cast

cast

fire-brick

by

hung

balance

grooves

shrinkage,

and

stack

or

made

consists

door

frequently get warped

The

The

in

down

grooves
fast.

lever

be

the

door.

six

from

iron.

are

of

for

charging

protect

which

holding

sliding

the

to

and

large

in blast

as

fuel

from

provided

consist

or

lower

slag

when

kept

to

sliding

may

for

fire-brick, and

filled in with

the

in

fire-brick,

all around

inside

charging aperture

frame

is

sometimes

the

for

the

except

and
other
An-

the

height varying

outside, upon

grooves

off

plate, according

on

the

ladles.

under

just

cupola

is

An

cupola,

the

it into

used

is supplied

blower.

the

from

drawing

or

at

putting
the

upon

the

furnace, known

opening

casing

or

door

the

pipe, and

lining,just above

made,

the

and

bottom

This

and
iron

never

cupola

the

frame

the

around

iron

in the

cupola.

iron

cast

is

blast

it with

running

tapping

for

feeding

above

feet

twenty

molten

opening

for

placed

the
for

is melted,

amount

casing

is sometimes

tuyeres,

cupola.

the

provided

opening

the

of

the

of

area

pipe connecting

plate, for drawing

bottom

the

blast

FURNACE.

the

times

four

or

the

from

CUPOLA

THE

up

other
Native

with

from
a

fractory
re-

refractory
refractory

CHAPTER

II.

CONSTRUCTING

about

When
the

work,

first
this

deciding
the
stock
should
to

as

than

cupola

should

possible.

It

be

the

from

before

it

If the
molten
small

to

metal

is

should

that
all

is all

the

be

the

of

parts

by

placed
end

or

light

the

metal

loses

cupola

stock
in

object
the

for

great

this

For

the

so

the

mould,

the

of

work

distance

fluidity

its
fails

in

the

be

may

cupola
near

small

the

the

rapidly conveyed

the

cranes,

the

cupola
But

yard.

bull-ladle
of

centre

and

the

of

part

swinging

foundry
or

the

greater

or

the

near

near

iron

the

and

traveling

hand-ladle

located

molten

the

heavy

is

handled

side

iron

be

constructed.

was

cast

be

one

work

cupola

be

may

at

if the

in

work

work

located

it

molten

It

to

to

that

molten

iron.

it.

from

the

of

material

more

at

ation,
consider-

molten

mind

located

the

into

in

In

getting

convenient

as

fluid

is

that

poured

which

for

purpose

so

be

can

obtain

the

away

borne

cupola

floors

moulding

taken

located
be

is to

if the

and

cast,

be

is

into

the

of

away

foundry

for

location.

taken

are

there

be

to

also

cupola

that

is

must

which

of

iron

proper

be

to

are

taking

mind

melt

to

is the

on

points

the

cupola

constructing
to

in

borne

the

reason

decided

important
and

CUPOLA.

cupola

of

most

cupola

be

to

number

two

be

taken

construct

thing
a

the

to

to

the

work,

moulding-room
to

the

moulds

the

mould-

room.

SCAFFOLD.

It

is often

ing-room
for
it.

When

found

and

to

the

the

yard,

to

place

to

it and

location

getting
this

difificult, owing

the
is the

of

stock
case,

the
must

means

(8)

shape
the

molten
be

of

cupola
iron

provided

ient
conven-

away
for

from

getting

CONSTRUCTING

stock

the
which
At

the

the

the

to

molten

metal
low

present
scafifold

cupola

and

cupola

be

can

difficultyof locating

be

overcome

place

constructed

size

to

pig

and

The

hold

one

The

is

no

weather,

as

benches,

core

cupola

trouble

from

is often

the

be

its

and

core

of

then

floors
sand-

oven,

roof, and

home

at

of

cupola.

under

in

stock

and

cupola

proper
tons

for

ladle

to

may

moulding

staying

the

size

hundred

as

oven,

men

when

case

utilized

supplies are

cupola

made
a

may

scafTold

material

necessary

can

The

coke,

or

yard

sufficient

and

roof

coal

of

of

cost, and

the

to

fuel.

and

moulds.

moderate

very

convenient

foundry

scafifold

for

or

iron

all the

the

to

from

point

steel, a fire-proof

and

scafTold

for

cars

and

the

under

etc.

there

bad
out

are

doors.
When

bucket
or

coke

or

car.

this

arrangement

elevator

should

the

to

placed

once

arrangement

ling of
iron

lost.

should

scafTold

and

fuel

annually tramped

also

incurred

in

for

the

fire-brick

to

with

and

fuel

gives
uneven

it is

the

weight

of

top,

amounts

iron

for

and

way

the

to

taken

to

heat

to

cast

replace

in

scrap

in the

labor

short

this

and

This

rehand-

yard and
the

will pay

time

kind

at

large amount

in the

mud

many
many

iron

of

scafTold.

bottom

in

cupola

stack, when
and

tons,

lined
when

dation,
foun-

with

loaded

more.

If the

bottom

is broken

tons

cupola

is rendered
the

putting

and

cupola

settling,the cupola
impossible

and

FOUNDATION.

be

cannot

care

in

constructing

CUPOLA

much

stock

and

truck

melting.

loss of

the

coal

the

it is broken

for

into

pig

for

or

the

from

for

the

prevents

chain

convey

car

expense

fuel, and

in labor

the

convenient

and

saving

to

provided

from

iron

expense

Too

be

considerable

saves

The

extra

the

endless

an

it is shoveled

as

is thrown

iron

upon

adopted,

constructed

fast

as

elevator

the

as

is
be

scafTold

Another

iron, and

of

iron

at

cupola

the

two

or

light work

bins,

the

yard

under

scrap

space

for

of

of

iron

wrought

of

at

rapidly conveyed

by constructing

the

be

be

located

cupola

constructed

the

take

the

can

price

CUPOLA.

dation
foun-

practicallyworthless,
with

new

one

by
for

without

taking

the

out

it in

should

foundation
foundation

good

work

should

be

bottom

thick

walls

walls,

sufficient
the

walls

columns

projection
at

less

the

in

sufficient

is made

cupola

shell

than

The

plate

supports
to

hold

take

up

these
of

only

plate is used,

or

when
them

the

inches

curved
in

place.

or

the

used, the

the
be

plate does

bottom

placed

the

for

top

the
must

bottom

good

plate
the
and

require to

largest sized
be

at

swinging

doors

not

and

round

iron

of

the

are

made

when

doors

cupola

than

drop

with

being

cupola

can

iron

cast

bottom

top,

polas.
cu-

the

and

used

than

thick
at

are

the

for

of the

of

columns

dump

the

reason

slightly larger diameter

and

air chamber,

the
at

posts

this

square

under

room

permit

to

let

admit

not

round

the

of
to

removing

apart

and
or

less

are

made

be

tween
be-

pit is required

the

supports

slightlycurved

When

foundation
more

best

when

distance

round

The

do
for

that

supports

apart

inches
iron

construction

admit

to

distance

way

them.

between

column,

walls

low

it

cupola,

three

in the

plate must

ring

by railroad

When

them.

This

and

so

iron

the

the

They

when

and

is set

the

prevent

dump

the
used

to

two

The

breaking.

of

them.

posts.

columns,

be

each

from

upon

of

support

supported

or

to

tent,
ex-

dump.

the

for

large

ring

floor

in the

plate.

supports.
the

heat

to

for

post,

bottom

are,

Separate
or

the

if

and

driven.

iron

cupola

square,

dump,

sufficient

T-shaped

the

keep

to

as

column

cast

below

the

cupola

employed,
for

bottom

removing

outside

between

swing

the
the

the

heavy

time, seldom

of

built
are

placed

in

when

crack

constructed

prevent

present

removal

the

to

be

and

inches

made

freedom

Even

so

work,

stone

each

for

the

set

ribbed

strongly

the

at

is

of

by

are

plate

and

to

broken

and

brick

When

are

breaking

several

placed

solid

of

built

unevenly

which

upon

being warped

pit

and

expense,

plate

had, piles must

by placing

prevented
stone

built

be

settle

settling and

Uneven

for

be

never

they frequently

are,

the

brace

or

be

cannot

piers should

stone

of

bolt

to

much

place.

The

the

entails

lining,which

entire

impossible

it is almost

FURNACE.

CUPOLA

THE

10

bolted

cupola.
to

the

CONSTRUCTING

HEIGHT

The
above

the

work

of

to

be

is

floor
For

and

CUPOLA

small

depends

hand-ladle

small

large

for

should

spout

or

gangway,

for

II

BOTTOM.

cupola

or

inches;

20

inches

30

of

cast.

to

OF

bottom

moulding
to

height
24

the

height

CUPOLA.

be

bull-

and

crane-ladle

the

upon

work

placed
class

the

proper

hand-ladle

work

work

three

five

to

feet.

difficult

It is very
a

large

pieces

from

stream

only

are

of

which

the

work.

for

When

the

in front

done,

floor

pit should

keep

to

be

cupolas

used.

is

in

room

for

cupola
to

it to

middle

into

six

way

when
in

the

place.

For

place
doors

from

and
are

out

dig

large

under

the

back

large

pit in

is

one

for

quired
re-

the

moval
re-

wall

spout, and
part

this

removal

can

of

the

of

the

not

be

dump.

bottom

drop

door

is

diameter

the

door,

if

one

large

that

there

would

very

large cupolas

the

the

to

bottom

used, but

dump,

and

would

without

foundation
be

the

when

they

require

are

difficult

and

is cut

each

on

be

setting the

heavy
door

not

in

side.

always

Four
in

the

in putting

care

more

the

supporting.
made

of

inch

and

and

diflicult

to

are

much

generally

half-inch

frequently

very

doors

large they

are

the

door

hung

and

that

the

large

so

sometimes

are

taking

of

and
of

use

made

the

but

is of

be

clear

and

doors

for

catch

DOORS.

cupola

would

one-half

and

and

swing

high,

too

raise

The

piece,

one

floor

situated

so

and

by constructing

around

diameter,

the

be

done

constructed

small

when

But

made

of

the

up

and

cupola

when

must

the

low

ladle

be

BOITOM

For

hand-ladles

cupola

room

may

under

the

When

cupola.

low,

This

cupola

the

lowering

in

the

the

set

is set

dump.

the

of

to

cupola

the

of

place

to

ladles

change

to

occasionally, requiring

cast

it, in

dangerous

high cupola

it is better

crane-ladle,
front

and

heavy

to

an

cast

iron, and

half

ness
in thick-

vary

in thickness,

raise

lighter and

into

place.

easier

to

and

are

If the
handle

CUPOLA

THE

12

when

made

the

equally

purpose
the

lugs

on

and

the

lugs
the

from

away

propped

the

of

well

made

and

when

way

iron

back

be

opening,
further

drop

back

swung

the

removing

If the

the

doors

may

answer

one.

from

the

long,

dump,

braced

properly

stififer cast

set

are

the

of

the

as

doors

heat

out

up

plate

the

on

well

as

bottom

if

iron, and

wrought

of

FURNACE.

and

dump.

CASING.

The

casing

iron

of

rivets

depends
The

new

in

the

stack

is

often

support

and

the

stack

The

shrinkage

may

be

The

only

to

way

fire-brick, and

tendency

to

by cutting
made
of

sized
in

inch

one

bottom

thickness

The

other

any

is

requires

less
the

Where

the

at

below
the

material
number

for

diameter,

are

very

it is better
or

to

gives

casing

sparks

of

sparks

neighborhoods,

This

cupola.

and

and

thrown

objectionable, as
to

enlarge

make
the

the
stack

door

and

may

be

made

of

any
made
the
tracted
con-

smaller

draught
it also

cupola
in

cupola
from

Plate

generally

better

the

be

almost

lining; but
from

weakened
should

for

stack

door,

charging

the
and

wear

casing.

charging

The

point.

same

the

the

are

properly
im-

selecting

and

enough

casing

and

casing.

of

it is also

the

moved.
re-

expansion

greatest

of

is

when

; but

in

The

heavy

at

thickness

kind

care

part

stack

and

cupola

lined

slag holes,

and

replaced

expansion

to

sheet, and

front, tuyere

inch

take

lining.

lining in

and

strongest

is to

the

up

than

or

than

diameter

same

this

iron

beginning

blast.

the

apart

the

fire-brick, the

of

stack.

and

cupola

sufhcient

due

two

or

cupola lining

properly

piece, the cupola ending

above

the

laying

the

^^

or

tear

is in the

rust

cupola.

stack

up

in

in

to

one

while

the

casing

quality

poor

of

when

great when

prevent

heavier

of

y^

as

the

upon

be

is made

plate required

months

few

must

lining

with

the

of

stack

the

of

renewed,

every

casing

and

with

great

so

the

very

lined

height

is seldom

removed

strain

is not

and

and

together

thickness

The

seam.

diameter

one,

cupola

modern

plate, riveted

the

cupola

with

each

at

the

of

boiler

upon

lining

the

to

steel

or

of

rows

shell

or

when

and
creases
inin

closely built
and

the

stack
bottom

of
of

CONSTRUCTING

the

door.

charging

ring

the

upon

brackets
the

riveted

is of
The

height

of

bottom

plate

to

have

plans

construct

from

it.

deal

of

only

all the

But

the

the

with
heat

more

melt
of

be

the

at

height

at

this

down

aperture

is

bar,

and

made
limit

almost

to

the

escaping

through
at

too

door

for

the

great

cupolas

be

trouble

which

at

we

of

heat

have

giving
different

up

dislodged

the

and

be

produced
the

will

limit

to

be

can

quently
settling fre-

the
a

diameter

stock.

long

bar

If

the

takes
with

to

be

cupola by
table

height

and

be

may

seems

one

should

remedied

in

deal

lodgment

following

approximate

diameters

by

there

but

it

low

aperture.

large

of

arranged
the

when

one.

is

in

at

with

cupola

iron

cannot

is

point

than

hangs

height

height desired,

any

the

crease
in-

high cupola

There

charging

Cupolas

stops.

and

to

from

the

bottom,

has

small

and

lining

the

charging aperture

is small

the

by

great

great

low

less fuel

in

aperture

stock

the

practical observation,
of

the

diameter

against

height

gases,

with

and

in

that

founders

time

the

the

melting

of

iron

to

Still

than

is then

for

ignite it,

to

stock.

high cupola

Therefore

which

placed
the

near

is to

combines

aperture

quantity
the

way,

cupola

it escapes

is shown

the

charging

above

given

occurs

worked

place

in

in

from

cupola

this

This

Many

heat

before

the

of

top

discovered

cupola
in

top.

aperture.

low

the

at

the

far

highest practicable point.

where

for

lodges
When

flame

among

in

the

settles

the

stack

waste

in

utilized

sufificient

diameter.

same

placed,

in

fierce

iron

placed

the

stock

from

known

more

the

the

as

is utilized

It is well

is not

lost

unconsumed.

gas

in

cupola

from

so

heat

stock

heat

oxygen

escaping

burns

The

upon

if the

charging

means

by

shell

out

utilizing the

practical

escapes

in flame

the

it

stack

thrown

iron

cast

supporting

the

distance

of
for

the

heating

gas

which

bottom

placing

the

into

are

is the

high cupola.

in

few

very

by

placing

fall back

devised

the

utilized

the

been

but

cupola,

and

shell, and

shell, and

cupola

done

cupola

then

sparks

height,

good

the

be

may

the

of

to

The

ring.

This

top

CUPOLA.

the

from

size

melting capacity

The

One-fourth

used.

the

by

of

be

can

of

tapping

lined

with

made

of

door

is

closed

door

charging

wire

little

but

of

the

during

give draught

to

the

thrown

sparks being

in

of

in

is

creased
in-

greatly

tuyeres.

The

frame.

is

only
and

lighting up,

the

during

be

charging

it is

as

and

it may

fire-clay; or

heat, and

scaffold

sections

two

or

melting,

the

when

the

one

iron

an

of

cupola

seldom
service

of

to

prevent

latter

part

blast

may

of

CHAMBER.

AIR

air chamber

The

the

placed inside,
the

at

enlarging
large

the

this

increases

chamber

dumping
formed

plate

at

outside

or

cupola

must

to

diameter

of

the

the

bottom

to

with

cupola.
cast

end

iron
and

the

and
the

for

and

the

but

small

sufificient

When
staves

against

the

to

chamber

of

cupolas
extent

to

When

without
the

cupola

the

cupola

rest

casing

at

upon
the

be

cannot

admit

of

interfering with
the

be

tracted
lining con-

When

placed inside,
made

the

boshing

without

inside

shell.

cupola

cupola casing.

melting capacity;

the

one

room

with

tuyeres

boshed

be

make

being placed
of

inside

readily be done,

at

the

supplying

bottom

can

its

contracted
air

for

either

constructed

be

with

part

upon

heat

per

coke

with

hour

fuel

of

heat.

the

is

in

made

importance

greater

to

be

placed

gauze

kind

DOOR.

daubed

or

the

per

number

and

slag

may

fire-brick

melted

melting capacity

the

CHARGING

The

with

varies

cupola

iron

more

coal, and

with

than

FURNACE.

CUPOLA

THE

14

chamber
the

an

the
may

bottom

other.

The

THE

be

should
of

the

admitted

where

way

they

the

When

extend

to

down

plate

must

back

for

be

shell

the

to

piece
the

lead,

chamber

fill up

during

tuyere

three

over

and

that

with

of

inches

plate
These

the

for

openings
six

from

to

curved

inches

rounded

or

at

ragged

very

This

time.
bolted

the

to

through
with

the

being pushed
cupola.

the

iron

But

large

end

out

by

For

is removed

the

small
in

be

the

inside,

into

into
be

not

or

of

the

of

the

made
be

each

the

and

in the

vided
pro-

blast.

made
be

ribbed,

made
to

and
in

eight

one

tons

high,
the

use

short

casting
almost

extend

slightlytapering
the

iron

retained

tap hole
of

are

presents

iron

large cupola

large ladles, but

casing

prevent

molten

of
a

to

cupola.

through

cast

bottom

inches

nine

been

with

should

or

the

from

brick

lining has

the

at

opening

by

pressure

over

casing

to

The

or

cupolas,

large cupolas melting

in front

run

escape

iron

lined

casing

the

with

lighting up,

should

seven

top.

casing,

The

lining.

the

the

cupola

should

tap holes, and

formed

should

opening

in

and

after

appearance

may

molten

wide

cupola lining is generally

be

injure

placed

that

the

riveted

should

not

when

and

be

HOLE.

as

the

and

covered

cupola

prevent

the

known

be

openings

placed

of

are

eight

to

and

should

and

out

slag

or

in diameter,

are

removal

the

iron

any
These

orifices

more

or

bottom

slag running

or

should

to

and

iron

flow

will

TAP

One

made

front

away

opening

tuyere

molten

opening

door
tight-fitting

the

chamber

An

each

tuyeres

heat.

injured.
be

slag holes,

bottom.

any

An

four

or

tap and

under

so

removal

the

for

top

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giving draught

for

tuyere

and

of

chamber.

the

each

way

the

from

cut

the

placed high,

are

air chamber

sheet

of

and

case,

the

of

out

may

this

side

slag holes.

both

at

In

chamber

the

pipes

chamber

plate.

and

larger

the

of

in the

made

bottom

tuyeres

out

up

the

the

each

on

knocked

be

to

placed low,

made

the

placed

to

likely

top

the

places

are

tap and

the

When

least

the

from

arrangement

are

tuyeres

chamber

the

to

This

cupola.

FURNACE.

CUPOLA

iron

from

is

front

in

which

required.

per

hour,

the

which

from

holes.

Two

the

moulds.

side

by

the

side

This

and

in front
the

that

be

may

two

tap holes

the

other

moulders

will

be

cupola

on

the

back

side

or

in each

iron

through

properly put
is

other's

be

placed

cupola,

when

way

of

capable

the

of

to

placed

put in they should

are

in the

not

is

cupola

tap

order

front

iron

two

sometimes

in better

if the

all the

ofT

run

also

kept

carrying

of

are

practice, for

will

When

melting.

each

is bad

tap hole

one

one

that

so

holes

tap

in

placed

distance

ladles, require

sometimes
the

two

hand

in

are

shorten

to

And

heat.

in,

holes

tap

sides

opposite

is taken

iron

CUPOLA.

CONSTRUCTING

so

catch-

ing-in.
SPOUT.

THE

short

A
iron

from

made

of

the

tap hole

from

from

one

three

In

longer.

much

together

put

up

should

spout

of

center

the

fill a

to

the

by

be

the

and

sometimes

when

done.

When

should

be

When

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of

up

the

time

of

longer

time
the

remove

cupola,
2

to

than

than

two

ash

of

prevent

is struck

the
a

run

hour

an

hours
the

in

and
and
over

careless

each

heat.

each

heat,

handling

dump,

cupola

or

half, slag

and

place

be

may
the

of

spout

plate.

half,

dross

The
the

in

damage

the

small

very

and

fuel

bridging

bottom

held

after

much

be

foundries

material

the

removing

of

to

only

spout

place, when

way

bolted
to

of

and

near

many

is removed

only

may

stream

great

is

sections

it is filled.

the

plate, and

front, and

of

in the

it is desired

length

bottom

spout

securely

In

great deal

out

not

throw

to

is

section

when

down

filling.

the

upon

knocked

and

taken

and

work

it is made

two

additional

an

ladle

work

in

with

wide

long spout

is made

that

so

ladle

molten

generally

inches

small

for

where

is

spout

eight

large

spout

ladle

the loss of

entails

and

long enough

ladle

making

This

ladles

large

is laid

spout

cleats,

with

high,

foundries

some

occasionally required, the

put

to

For

long.

feet

two

to

inches

six

the

conveying

This

ladles.

the

is from

six

to

for

provided

to

iron, and

cast

sides

be

must

spout

of

for

greater

large cupola
must

the

bunging

be

for

tapped

to

iron

from

the

up.

The

slag

hole

which

from

hole

in

The

slag
hole

slag

the

will not

iron.

The

the

in

the

be

the

iron

hole

is

back

of

or

upon

soon

as

the

hole.

slag
in the

closed
is

drawn

placed
the

cupola.

the

sand

slag

has

the

the

iron

cupola

inches

The

bottom,

then

and

the

slag

hole

to

the

molten

slag

and

the

hole

of

blast.

the

If

the

slag
the

at

molten
be

may

remain

large

bottom

sand

lies upon

allowed

and

formed,

the

the

the

melted,

as

face
sur-

and

the

of

escape

fast

as

The

withdrawn,

the

above

slag

surface

above

it in

until

slag hole,

the

prevent

the

with

placed high

is

the

the

upon

cupola

be

upon

tapped.

falls

and

must

is

floats

and

the

catching
placed

at

or

that

so

be

iron

in the

falls below

three

or

the

rises

to

when

to

plate.

cupola,

hole,

tap

should

bottom

hole

bod

hole

how

risen

from

two

slag

When

cupola
with

is held

slag

it has

when

the

and

iron

the

the

bottom

the

of

four

to

provided

is

the

the

tuyeres.

three

from

of

back

of

row

apron

moulders

of

the

to

molten

or

the

from

upon

metal,

accumulates,

remaining
must

depends

If the

to

way

which

at

molten

slag tapped
iron

distance

in the

height

the

cupola.
body

be

lower

it will fall clear

at

between

placed

lining

spout

placed

cupola drops

of

be

and

short

the

of

casing

that

so

possible

bottom

sand

slag

out,
should

greatest

slag

the

is

tapped

level

lower

and

diameter,

the

carry

the

FURNACE.

is

slag

through

is cut

inches

the

below

and

tuyeres,
A

CUPOLA

THE

iron,

opened

as

out
through-

open

heat.

TUYERES.

number
the

near

the

cupola
are

shapes

of

bottom
from

known
and

as

sized
A

the

number,

cupolas.
greater

have

shape,

size

For

small

number

the

and

been
in

These

to

be

tuyeres

bridging.

ings
open-

They

of

all

in almost

learned

by

considered

be

position of tuyeres
two

into

designed

is little to

ing
lin-

and

blast

the

cupolas

only things

cupola,

promotes

casing

pipe.

have

placed

there

them, and

admitting
blast

or

been

position, so
with

for

Tuyeres

tuyeres.

sizes, and

experimenting

cupola

air chamber

the

through

made

are

the

of

the

conceivable

every

are

openings

for
are

different
sufficient.

should

be

CONSTRUCTING

in

placed

in the

meet

lining at

cupola

the

small

cupola

cause

less

small

cupolas

required
belt

In

make

pipes

little difference

and

that

reason

The

to

material

of

The

height

sand

bottom

there

is

height

at

to

where

the
and

done,

in

heavy
tuyeres

the
work
are

the

iron
the

works

from

should

iron

must

it

be

drawn

running

into

bed

and

is cast,

hot

make
and

placed high,

the
so

When

iron.

iron
that

to

handled

large

reduce
In

amount

to

as

tuyeres

In
can

the

are

as

foundries

readily be
of

quantity
in

which

large ladles,
of

the

fast

as

foundries
in

the

feet, and

cupola

this

case.

above

five

tuyeres.

poor

the

the

the

from

the

with

founders

among

lining

the

cupolas
to

the

to

is sometimes

inches

low

placed

are

lined

in hand-ladles,

is all handled

tuyeres

when

in

boxes

bolted

or

as

times

tuyere

through

placed.

be

three

blast

two

or

be

slag hole.

or

to

The

apart.

tap

two

should

They

of

placed

opinion

of

from

should

out,
are

one

they

prevent

shaky,

tuyeres

difference

which

outlet.

escape

and

which

blower

any

grouting

varies

placed low,
melted,

at

wide

old

be

iron, and

cast

prevent

the

and

the

of

made

are

the

eight,

to

distances

should

the

for

four

tuyeres.

placed directlyover
area

area

it becomes

when

fuel

the

shell

cupola

be

selected

from

uniform

at

stock.

the

to

the

to

upright-slot tuyere.

varies
and

blast

evenly

the

than

cupola

placed

tuyere

than

casings

the

of

bed

required

and

never

combined

greater

less

it

but

sufficient

of

of

amount

tuyere.

makes

are

the

and

each

selected

generally

are

provided,

are

they

in
fuel

of

amount

with

distribute

tuyere, and

direct

as

for

These

required,

tuyeres

will

shape

is not

proper

tuyeres

size

oval

tuyeres

long

so

to

as

tuyeres

size

same

should

tuyere
The

the

to

the

of

of

the

of

blast

against the

best

in the

two

connected

the

they require

number

according
be

oval

or

thrown

or

cupola

melting,

arranged

so

flat-slot

The

the

admit

to

be

The

flat-slot

only

shape

in the

number

and

cupola,

or

the

not

the

upright-slot tuyere.

or

When

generally

are

that

little difference

around

large cupolas,

size

but

bed.

the

so

force.

great

the

than

bridging

for

with

triangular

chamber

air

blast

is

and

cupola,

point

one

any

I9

opposite sides,

on

the

of

center

CUPOLA.

iron

may

the
be

THE

20

accumulated

in the

CUPOLA

cupola

FURNACE.

fill a

to

large

ladle

for

heavy piece

work.

of

We
never

not

be

placed

bottom

for

the

from

believe

do

which

cupolas

the

above

bottom

the

of

tuyeres

This

small

diameter,

the

at

quantity

fuel

of

placed high.
this

class

iron

out

with

Cupolas

heat

they

for

without

fuel, and
make

hot

ladle

do

the

the

iron

than

heat

cupola

size

were

for

let the

to

kept running throughout

stream

cupola

It is the

two

or

When

cupola,

melted

and

is

kept

in

the

iron

ROWS

MORE

more

or

in

rows

large

one

row

are

number

as

OF

is

hotter

hotter

low

melting

fast

gained

kept

with

not

than

condition

melted.

as

TUYERES.

all the

extending

tuyeres
around

frequently placed
of

be

can

do

of

cent,

per

Nothing

better

of

throughout

high they

iron

for

class

this

for

iron

fuel.

of

practice to place

common

level,

same

by tapping
OR

fluid

extremely

amount

in

employed

hot

are

cupola,

TWO

other.

of

less

tuyeres

the

or

out
throughmuch

extraordinarily large

an

any

iron
in

throughout

But

is made

not

are

tuyeres

with

molten

of

use

and

the

the

and

produce

not

high tuyeres,

at

and

of

three

iron

in

iron

cupolas

and

if the

retained

never

In

even

than

bed

tap hole

high tuyeres

when

by holding
in

is

the

melted

as

the

front.

holding

back

hot,

that

bottom
the

at

for

properly charged,

for

iron

and

insures

quired
re-

low

the

inches

the

in

iron

so

of

tuyeres.
at

or

heat.

the

work,

Molten

fast

as

is

required

work,

of

This

cupola

is

the

hot

and

tuyeres

is allowed

front.

if the

heat,

the

the

two

foundries,

inch

three

sand

tapped

than

placed

one

or

into

running

inches

two

two

be

more

stove

are

within

the

to

employed

below

room

it

of

danger

inches

four

of

and

In

tuyeres

to

above

placed

are

up

back,

the

gives plenty

without

diameter

is made

on

be

should

they

is not

slag

bottom.

heat, the

the

throughout
sand

sand

large

of

if

not

claim

inches

12

or

and

should

cupola, they

inches

lo

work

of

and

high tuyeres,

than

more

kind

any

three

the

in

rows

are

one

in
the

cupola

cupola.

above

employed,

the

they

CONSTRUCTING

in

decrease
the

and
two

rows

one-tenth

area

the

When

three

the

When

apart.
the

tuyeres

inch

one

above

each

The

in the

the

it made

Some

by

those

than

one

capacity

much

which

there
the

through

row

upper

latter

in

per

or

the

the

way

up

rows

to

I2

area

inches

lO

second

from

row.

one-half

to

all

lo

very

first

are

inches

14

is

whether

no

results
that

observed

never

placed

were

two

better

much

have

they

with

cupola
hour

of

is

fast

two

or

the

same

three

tween
be-

or

over

melting

of

the
fuel

small

the

and

heat

for

the
of

rows

in

size of

tuyeres,

required

in the

bed,

fuel

in the

charges

by saving

melting

tuyeres

one-fourth

about

additional
is

of

rows

diameter,

increased

gained by

recompense

heat, and

that

we

between

placed

rows.

larger quantity
is

be

claim

plan, but

the

placed directly over

may

men

When

heats.

be

may

it, or

is secured

cupola, nothing

since

first

placed

are

to

are

the

from

cupola

the

above

and

lower

row

melting large

in

the

of

with

the

those

cupola

this

melting

melting

in

tuyeres

one-fourth

row

placed

are

is made

row

third

placed

are

difference

any

Faster

second

the

rows

beneath

row

ones.

obtained

are

in, the

is

row

from

above

height

placed

are

second

the

to

other.

in

lower

rows

the

when

greater

diameter,

tuyere

tuyere

only

and

the

charging door,

made

at

row,

and

second,

and

put

are

first

the

two

of

area

When

one-half

from

first,it is generally placed

first row,

rows

of

area

the

the

the

top tuyere,

together.

is made

and

the

to

close

row

If the

21

lower

very

first row,

apart.

they placed

are

second

the

of

of

above

small

in, the

inches

that

inches

to

the
1

one-half

of

put

CUPOLA.

the

from

generally placed

are

are

8 to

from

gradually

area

rows

of

is seldom

for

great object

any

heats.

small

LINING,

The

casing

be

may

refractory

substances.

obtained,

native

are

to

be

fire-brick, soapstone

lined

with

In

localities

refractory materials

preferred

to

native

mineral

where
are

fire-brick

used;

substances.

but

or

cannot

other
be

fire-brick

Cupola

brick

are

made

now

lining, and

be

can

shape

any

purchased

at

brick

set

end, and

on

lining, the

material

refractory
leave

grouting

crevices

into

made

When

fill up

to

grout

is laid

course

broken

the

make

flame

materia]

that

to

do

and

the

casing,

do
the

to

heated

when

casing,

should

are

laid

to

give

with

sand

always

be

in

prevent

it

made

one

the
end

one

the

plate.

is slushed

top

the

next

joints are

close

in

is

upon

together

possible, and

as

corners

pene

material

The

laid

are

and

the

case

to

vent
pre-

grouting

out.

expand

is filled

properties
the

burns

expand

not

from

space

the

away

flame

upon

the

same

out

hand,

way.

small

as

burn

joints,and

same

brick

them

and

that

inch

an

the

between

good

Those

casing.
inch

and

the

spread

the

up,

and

the

in

is

laying

of

This

grout

laid

cracks

the

course,

burning

is not

Brick

all

be

the

in

the

been

grouted

crevice

the

has

When

brick.

layer

in

the

as

wedge-shaped

used.

which

taken

laid

and

up

each

at

circle

or

thin

is then

and

grout,

course

with

the

in

dipped

brick

The

plate.

bottom

and

the

it will not

of the

edges

grout,

that

so

price

should

used

brick, into

the

away

thin

brick,

the

between

burns

and

trates

the

as

generally

mortar

or

cupola

brick, laid flat, make

than

lining

in

required

reasonable

curved

most

are

size

or

as

The

durable

and

compact

more

up

almost

of

FURNACE.

straight fire-brick.

common

CUPOLA

THE

22

laid

from

laid

for

room

of

an

expansion,
of

known
un-

from

distance

expansion

by

the

to

Brick

short

close
fourth

grout.

or

burst

being

are

the

of

lining.
lining is

The
selected
small

of

size

cupolas,

cupolas

six

inches

is seldom

cupola

or

false

fire-brick

and

is not

four

very

give

the

for

great, and

stack

The
any
a

to

sized

four-inch

of

heavier

brick

than

diameter
In

lining is seldom
as

lining

lasts

lining.

lining

is put

cupola,

brick

in

the

shell.

and

is used,

reduce
the

of

red

common

thickness

lining

lining.

heating

lining of

inches

desired

in, except

put

shell.

the

brick, and

of

thickness

five-inch

or

nine-inch

prevent

fillingor

than

to

four

or

of

the
for

these

wear

In

large
nine
of

the
a

cases,

in between
made

is

the

heavier
upon

number

it
of

rivets.

The

bracket

from

made

about

from

two

but

little in the

latter

that

so

disturbing

the

of

the

lining but
better

hold

the

is

as

cupolas.

The

inches,

for

One

be

in at

put

thin

very

at

to

put in

be

placed

should

be

The

half

circle

melting

this

point, even

below
the

the

put in

weight

at

cupola lining is
it not

the

were

the

lining they would,

be

reduced

thin

more

lining at
or

even

to

for

powder.

rapidly
the

at

melting

less, in

few

or

crush

the
zone

the

heat

the

It is not

and

zone,

three

feet.

upon

the

to

lower

bottom,

and

is reduced
this

out

reduced

the

the

ing.
cas-

lining
should
burns

one

should

they

up

in

courses

cupola brick,

placed

of
upon

them

in

them,

it becomes

happens

one-half

two

necessary

this

sides

burns

it often
to

soft

three

great weight

lining

first

from

the

of

to

or

the

supports

the

the

made

to

support

No

to

off when

through
to

the

modern

half

of

ally
gener-

lining frequently

most

be

burned

and

given

As

heats, and

or

zone,

the

support

by

be

not

and

one

has

the

and

fit the

to

all

in

single heat.

placed
to

difficult

should

to

out

iron

are

catch

support

more

casing.'

for

of

two

sufficient

respects

some

even

is put

the

only support

may

sufficient

melting

every

and

iron

zone,

in

brick

of

liable

fit the

edge

upper

around

in

more

than

are

to

way

work

iron

more

are

inches

all the

that

and

let the

and

the

any
at

they

thin

form

brick

do

they

and

casing

support

They

angle

or

the

lining. Still,angle

up

brackets

of

brackets

becomes

lining

if the

if

give

the

support

brackets.

sand

or

are

for

not

casing, and

it is sometimes

laying

the

bands

lining than

use

place

extending

rows

brackets

brackets

to

in

replaced without

and

out

These

grouting

their

from

out

lining.

casing, and

when
the

the

the

to

the

for

taken

it.

These

brackets

and

lining,and

up

be

in bands

to

casing

other.

preferred

brace

with

taken

of

many

the

around

may

the

is

lining

The

long.

around

laying

the

of

support

inches

two

each

when

all the

place

extend

above

riveted

lining between

brick

feet

It is put

and
act

lining,but

apart

by

support

in

feet

remainder

lining.

casing

two

section

iron

Angle

to

way

the

for

half

three

to

FURNACE.

shelf

or

and

one

placed

are

CUPOLA

THE

24

that

the

its thickness,

lining often

has

to

CONSTRUCTING

support
and

lining

in

some

these

bricks

when

subjected

crushed
This

the

that

size

of

lining when

weight

the

the

least

of

time.

brick

can

chamber

the

are

the

To
be

laid

formed
is

doors

settles
the

the

so

full

and

bottom

three

the

doors

full size
in

few

this
inches

around

supplied

with

the

of

the
air

reduced

first

edges

in

large
six
be

will
as

the

to

the

sand

absorb

one

the

first few

plate
on

to

out
with-

from

falls

dump

eaten

cupola
from

the

of

less

use

from

made

the

and

quiring
re-

to
quired,
re-

freely as

cupola.

are

the

be

the

casing

all round

constantly

are

light casings
prevent

the

entire

the

arrangement

be

the

reducing

can

lodging

this

or

large cupolas

inches

sand

constant

and

the

edge

may

and

for

way

dumping,

from

two

removed.

plate

six

to

in all

the

preventing
of

great

so

casing, and

support
or

lightened, and

lining

the

to

put in every

to

In many

the

not

are

plate, and

short

chamber

in
the

Therefore,

on

is also shown

bottom

sand

into

bottom

that

maintain

subjected

out

lining. By

much

very

that

Cupolas
moisture

it to

enough

lining to prevent

diameter

doors

back

sloped

the

the

lining

interfering with

the

the

from

around

for

when

shaky.

frequently

be

burned

bottoms,

of

and

been

bottom.

cupola

brick

inches

ten

are

around

casing

when

should

the

bottom

plate

cupolas

results

of

has

sand

the

of

the

they

becomes

door

rebuild

to

heavy

the

at

regular thickness
of

the

iron

angle

(Fig.

of

into

courses

and

and

the

to

of

cupola,

heated

high temperature.

made

illustration

in

to

section

heavy
extend

force

qualitiesof brick

some

over

best

support

be

rusting off

from

the

or

the

for

should

and

in the

and

settles

cupola,

cohesive

heat

pressure

necessary

brackets

In the

arch

heated

and

feet

casing

the

give

not

pressure

three

riveted

frame

no

The

lining.

entire

opening.

do

cupolas,

great

the

for

intense

great with

so

it becomes

Brick

by the

2$

thickness

stack

the

so

aperture,

the

full

CUPOLA.

lining gradually

having

low

size

to

settling is

charging

also

is reduced

and

cupolas

almost

of

cases

few

by

away

casing
at

around

wet

or

this
small

great deal

two

and

the
in

rust
courses

small

point.
holes

of

of

air

If this

through

26

the
is

bottom

iron

FURNACE.

casing, the

or

latter

is

and

kept dry

rusting

prevented.

in

tuyere
to

frame

in the

set

Bottom

edge,
flat

plates
shown

as

; but

top

on

bead

the

cause

cupola

small

with
be

may

be

cupola,
iron

cast

with

connected

with

connected

(Fig. i),
them

place

an

with

the

upon

the

made

perfectly

small

flange

or

finished

more

around

light flange

cast

in

have

to

with

to

shell

the

is, for

may

bridging

prevents

cupola.

cast

better

tuyere

tuyere

illustration

the

it is

holding

for

the

triangular-shaped

is formed

they

or

be

may

in

It

each

around

extending

This

shapes.

shown,

as

the

other, and

any

lining,and

pipe,

separate

air belt

best

very

is shown

lining.

than

extent

the

of

one

in the

position

greater

(Fig. i)

illustration

the

In

CUPOLA

THE

thus

plate,and

look

or

around

the

bottom.

PROOF

FIRE

The
are

charged

the

floor

For

cupola.
three

work

cupola

distance

scaffold

the

give

to

the

floor

this

scaffold

floors

frequently placed

or

four

The

for

any
the

and
other

under

side

of

suit
stock

part

are

two

on

the

of

door

floor

that

kind

upon

with

iron

of

scaffold

the
are

the
thrown

be

to

for

live

scaffold

considerable

for

around

below

door

the

three

or

melted

or

the
to
are

floor, and

when

the

yard.

fire

than

thrown
molten

its supports

force

The

varies, and

sparks

against

but

it.

from

exposed

more

for

upon

the

clear

way

distance

with

level

foundry,

frequently
the

upon

its supports

charging

iron, slag, etc.,

the

it to

placing

scaffold

almost
from

below

feet

facilities

is about

stock

it

generally

spout

generally placed

is

feet, but

door

is

all the

extends

from

charge

front

the

from

placing

for

scaffold

charging
are

and

to

iron

scaffold,

or

to

the

cupola, leaving

room

platform

work,

frequently

more

of

construct

and

height

which

ladles

crane

great

so

from

the

of

at

fuel

stock, and

heavy

sides

of

placed
to

the

place

to

on

is

cupola

which

through

opening

or

it is necessary

swinging

light
the

that

the

placed
the

into

which

upon
into

door

charging

SCAFFOLDS.

and

dump-

CONSTRUCTING

ing the cupola.

scaffolds
set

it

fire.

on

the

Numerous

fire-proof
In

scaffold

is

with

covered

and

scaffold

it protects

the

wood

wood

becomes

very

the

dry wood

be

the

and

seen,

is

cupola

go

the

covering

sheet

iron

destroy the

and

leaving
which

it in

wet

and

is then
when

covered
and

seen

the

is

house
the

into

or

this

way

in iron
iron

roof.

twelve
was

feet

of

iron
to

they

were

saw

plan

scaffold

and

and

twenty
was

contracted

above
and

heat

the

the

years

the

house

ago,

of

wood
as

be

may

their

after

and

molten

small

iron

run

wall.

the

putting

at

that

up

to

an

on

foundry

constructed

The

walls

floor, and

small

was

brick, the

joist,the

scaffold

extended

fire

building

floor, and

cupola

iron

the

home

perfectlyfire-proof.

by

work
wood-

entirely fire-proof by putting

constructed

supported

five feet

and

night

heat, and

extending through

brick

or

by

foundry buildings

it and

made

iron

an

and

square

be

may

all the

for

wooden

for

very

the

fire and

ignited

foundry

cupola spout

Mich., about

novel

scaffold

We

the

dump

during

each

leave

the

of

many

outside

joist and

in Detroit,
upon

by

if

it cannot

readily combustible

so

men

constructed

room

foundry

is not

with

fire concealed

leave

the

after

iron, and

At

placed

and

the

where
the

forth

to

thin

in contact

iron

to

the

leaving

rust,

come

break

exposed

before

with

smoldering

is better

and

sheet

is done.

cupola

brick

with

extinguished

work

day's

In

kept dampened

time
The

wetting down

before

places

exposed

sheet

may

It

foundry.

entirely uncovered

the

while

fire, it

short

away
and

work
wood-

the

combustible.

pass

after

men,

home

carefully,may

under

in

are

molten

the

of

with

and

eaten

may

floor

practice, for

contact

very

soon

sparks

bad

render

to

from

covering

is very

and

ignite it

and

The

buildings

the

of

them

protect

direct

dry

which

through

side

being

from

and

wood,

make

to

foundry

of

being wetted,

iron

sheet

to

way

from

it from

holes

this

in

prevents

of

iron

devised

foundry

under

dumping.

also

covering

and

sheet

been

wooden

entirely

supports

iron, slag, etc., when

of

the

of

2/

the

prevent

constructed

light

have

plans

many

fire-proof the

CUPOLA.

house

scaffold
were

from

sufficient

was

floor

dicular
perpenthis

point

height

to

28

THE

form
at

stack

three

side

one

extended

formed

was

There

were

above

stock

upon

and

fitted

tightly closed.

the

door

Sparks
floor

and

house

the

upon

the

gas

from

on,

and

the

when

the

The

or

and

floors

and

made

of

other

readily combustible

distance
of

the

from

"

Gould

size

and

tons

of

strength
pig

material

and

scrap

required

building recently

supported

roof.

It

ample

room

thus

iron, and
the

extends
for

doing

the

iron

size

with

was

ings,
buildproof
fire-

as

was

blast

was

weather

warm

or

all the

yard

in

coke,

of

wood
In

the

which
of

the

at

Line

and

storing

iron

hundred
and

other

foundry
pany,
Com-

entirelyof
the

foundry,
all
such

safe

sufificient

Engine

support
the

of

iron

new

or

foundry

one

shavings

or

wood

is of

is constructed

for

columns,

constructed

Straight

length

entirely

of

walls, and

car-loads

The

iron

scafifold

J.,is

brick

columns

cupola-

or

being placed

storing iron, coke, wood,

away

scafifold

the

admit

to

material

scafifold

entire

the

constructed

those

are

cupola.
by

scafifold.

this scaffold

supported by

and
two

up

the

cupola.

N.

erected

by the

in

Newark,

carry

for

scafifold

cupola

N. Y., the

Syracuse,
and

to

burned

scafifold

when

The

columns

door

adjoining

scafifold

the

and

cupola.

iron

supported by

the

and

scaffold

stack

to

moving
re-

which

of

when

of

the

for

doors,

from

great objection

cupola

Eberhardt,

and

the

of

roofs

sufificient

both

fell upon

top

the

scafifolds

brick

walls

the

closed

upon

with

blast

its

opening

one

below

cupola,

and

the

of

top

cupola-house.

one

frames

spout

floor, and

only

and

cupola,

or

in the

safest

brick

door

were

heat

the

up

in

upon

got low

stock

scafifold

the

open

the

of

placed

was

and

scafTold

cupola charged

The

cupola

intense

the

house, and

from

doors

; the

walls

the

roof

stack.

the

best

iron,

the

brick

thrown

foundry

when

as

when

cupola

lighting up, the

to

cupola

The

above

When

the

never

were

and

of

the

from

foundry

iron

and

opened

was

the

the

give draught

to

cupola-house,

the

with

could

closed

the

making

were

was

top.

contracted
in

dump

the

feet

the

openings
be

into

windows

placing

the

at

two

by

no

for

wall

about

extended

FURNACE.

and

room

the

through

cupola
stack

feet square

this

of

CUPOLA

iron

foundry

afifording

cupola

plies,
sup-

material, and

CONSTRUCTING

placing
Scaffolds

cupola
buildings.

them

of

stock,

the

under

this

and

kind

also

roof

foundry

greatly
reduce

and

the

reduce

the

29

CUPOLA.

rate

of

convenient

expense
insurance

for

use.

handling

of

of

foundry

CHAPTER

III.

CUPOLA

The

cupola
combustion

the

for

stack,

high
blast

to

bottom.

These

prime

these

for

generally

and

are

are

been

and

made

ter
mat-

ject
sub-

by

given
these

to

the

in

holes.

tuyere

or

has

the

near

tuyeres

years,

advancement

is

forced

sides

cupola,

by

men

construction

cupolas.

of

It

is

only

poured

few

heat

large

for

two

part

melted

in

hundreds

of

tons

due

of

country
has

it

into

discovered
these

have

improvement

been

epidemics

in

steel

in

the

size, shape

tons

are

work,

and
out
with-

works

in

improvement

the

and

60

light foundry

cupola

one

This

the

to

have

periods
look

bottom.

for

be

is

melting

and

ment
arrange-

tuyeres.

There
this

in

Now

to

was

time

same

melting.

hours

four

casting

the

at

considered

was

large

run

in

tons

15
a

were

melted

are

the

dropping
largely

in

cupola

one

when

consumed

day

to

lo

and

cupolas

more

of

since

years

cupola,

or

greater

in

the

for

of

attention

of

practical foundrymen

credit

tuyeres

constructing

deal

great

and
the

in

shape

air

the

as

required

by

or

the
in

air
induced

steam,

case

known

are

of

either

the

draft

openings

and

importance

which

eminent
is due

openings
size, number

location,

to

In

jet

through

cupola

natural

by
by

blower.

with

supplied

fuel

created
or

the

admitted

of

the

of

fan

be

may

vacuum

from

The

furnace

TUYERES.

been

in

the

been

cupola
in

the

epidemics
placed

past
almost

for

of

twenty-five

the

of

the

tuyeres

of

shape

in

great
tuyere
almost

cupolas,
(30)

and

and

years,

impossible

fear

inventing

tuyere

for

secret

and
every

great

several

times

during

these

an

outsider

to

of

melting

would

made

public.

conceivable
results

in

get

be
ing
Dur-

shape
melting

CUPOLA

THE

32

still

tuyere

is

tuyeres

can

but

in
oval

or

of

of

tuyere, which

admits

smaller

Fig.
It

used.

is shown

is

the

cupola,

made

supplied

from

requiring

hot

very

low, generally

and

bottom,

sand

not

of

the

as

freely as

of

the

stock

cupola

is

is to

chill

admits

It
be

of

preferred
larger

of

tuyeres

than

two

of

lower

Fig.

3 is

seen

and

the

same

area,

in

at

CUPOLA

TUYERES

the

outlet

foundries

inches

above

the

bottom
the

on

blast

to

quently
fre-

back

bridge

the

round

for

the

tendency

of

form

very

cupola

the

tuyere

than

is the

placed

are

the

the

same

tuyere,

cupolas requiring

area.

the

expanded

TUYERE.

tuyere, which
Fig.

Fig.

generally

settlingand

round

and

tuyere

and

of

3x8,

and

tuyeres
the

bed

diameter

other

of

admits

the

This

slope

of

round

EXPANDED

In

than

extensively

lining

three

the

tuyeres

the

to

mits
per-

bed

now

They

or

the

with

the

work.

tuyere

the

over

the

being 2x6,

bench

bottom

tuyere

greater

no

capacity.
and

This

rounded
to

the

to

cupola.
a

their

large cupolas

it up

brings
side

in

used

stove,

than

more

in

and

area,

air chamber.

by
for

blast

suit

to

flat in

belt

iron

large

sizes

laid

used

used

of

flat

the

replaced by

oblong tuyere

or

sizes

outside

an

commonly

most

one

oval

are

inches,

or

the

TUYERE.

common

They

volume

of

tuyere

different

of

most

inches.

4x12

the

been

being

where

cupolas
exceed

to

same

fuel

OVAL

In

not

the

round

small

generally

of

amount

with

used

in

diameter

it has

be

could

made

large cupolas

used

extensively

be

FURNACE.

is made

larger

3.

2.

"

OVAL

than

EXPANDED

TUYERE.

at

the

inlet.

It

is reduced

TUYERE.

at

the

inlet

so

CUPOLA

the

that
of

combined
blower

the

cupola
outlet
the

in such

sufficient

length

inlet.

oval

The
on

The

the

the

cupola.
the

is from

the

the

The

be

closed
the

is

is

by

Fig. 4

Mr.

is

Doherty
Pa., and

used

preferred by

lining and
the

through

connecting
the

with

spiral motion
the

cupola

than

when

melting
cupolas
3

no

done
and

two

tuyere

of

delivered

saving

in

account

tuyeres

were,

the

it
the

the
that

over

settlingof

in front

the

than

oval

it.

of

tuyere

time.

tuyeres, designed
phia,
Philadel-

Doherty,

generally
give

the

blast

took

its action

making

the

from

of

after
was

this

however,

at

the

the

more

blast

pipes

angle

as

whirling

or

same

blast

the

ago.

passing straight
The

at

was

placed

tuyeres

of

do.

placed

The

fuel

round

it, instead

to

that

twenty-five years

more

or

were

cupola.
by

long.

as

present

of

"

about

to

tuyeres

deceptive, and

on

the

at

two

same

Doherty cupola, a cupola

angle

an

appearance

was

that

of

plainly seen

appearance
found

in the

object being

in the

be

it had

at

from

longer

cinder
to

the

inlet,and

for

many

still be

may

lining,the

Bement

of

Philadelphia

each

the

one-half

or

the

of

TUYERE.

late firm

lining as

tuyere,

could

the

in

to

Doherty arrangement

consists

arrangement

in the

as

of

of the

extensively used

employed

extensively
The

the

seen

that

iron

into

inches

readily by

so

front

is made

claimed

only advantage

the

entering

twelve

flat in the

DOHERTY

In

as

the

to

six

the

at

tuyeres

blast

tuyere

outlet

expanded

it,there

of

one-fourth

chilling of

and

volume

the

entering

the

in

of

part

up

same

is laid

tuyere

account

settles

inlet and

is the

it cannot

and

stock

full

It is

freely from

escape

the

with

blast

of

air belt.

for

at

volume

close

to

outlet

and

expanded
this

case

tuyere

is that

stock

to

outlet

tuyere,

tuyere
the

the

the

of

blast

as

wide

of

the

33

correspond

may

the

from

way

into

pass

width

the

inches

four

in

opening

to

tuyere

the

and

area

equalize

tuyere

permit

to

cupola,

The

and

each

at

tuyere

to

tuyere

TUYERES.

desired

course,

charging door,
heat

intense

in
But

straighttuyere.

and
the
this

investigationit was

careful

hotter

effected

or

faster

motion

of

the

blast.

The

of

proper

pro-

constructed

or

portions, and
in

cupolas

were

and

foundries

improvement

the

of

is

Fig. 5
Fig.

slot

horizontal

of

slot

iron

blast

sheet
used

for

the

to

than

than

of

other

any

the

bottom.

stock, and

does

fast

almost
be

other

any
run

Fig.

is

the

the

economical
to

and

successfully for

in

as

fuel

cupola

the

blast

bridge
cupola

greater

of

the

being
at

the

equally
in

melting

cupola

tuyere,

of

amount

placed

weight

is known

tuyere

smaller

bars

short

is greater
this

with

length

time

of

hours.

two

Mackenzie
This

by

separating

cast

tending
ex-

is formed

slot

It distributes

TUYERE.

MACKENZIE

In

The

one-

slot

continuous

are

tuyere

and
of

tendency

the

cannot

tuyere

It admits

above

with

or

This

heat.

the

by

tuyere.

But

which

of

one

side,

extending

plates being pressed together by

bed

heats.
than

TUYERE.

wide,

cupola.

the

around

warped

height

same

5.

BLAST

inches

two

each

on

plates, on

or

to

one

cupola

way

the

prevent

lining

from

the

around

cast

the

tuyere

4.

all the

to

to

TUYERE.

consists

two

This

tuyere.

SHEET

third

is attached

TUYERE.

Fig.

DOHERTY

in

placed

were

importance

no

BLAST

the

seen

them

tuyere

blast.

SHEET

In

but

still in use,

small

the

on

of

Many

time.

that

are

spiralmotion

the

decided

at

use

FURNACE.

CUPOLA

THE

34

is

6
of

seen

Newark,

continuous

the
N.
slot

tuyere, designed

Mackenzie

J.,and
or

sheet

used

in the

blast

Mackenzie

tuyere, but

by

Mr.

cupola.

differs

from

CUPOLA

the

just

one

bosh

described
the

overhangs

protected by

the

in
slot

TUYERES.

that

from

four

is boshed

cupola
to

bosh

overhanging

SHELL

the

35

six

and

The

slot

closed

up

inches.
be

cannot

the

and

is

by

IRON

ANGLE

^BED

PLATE

MACKENZIE

the

tuyere
belt

box

constructed

are

at

through

each
a

of

end

two-inch

of

oval

an

blast

The

air chamber.

The

stock.

the

settling of

the

slot

TUYERE.

Fig. 7

cupola

is

seen

constructed

the

by

or

cupola,

extending

M.

air chamber

and

passes

all the

with

with

an

from

into

way

round

used

in

this
inside

tuyere

the

cupola

the

cupola.

lUYERE.

Blakeney

The

cupolas

oblong shape,
the

enters

BLAKENEY

In

Mackenzie

Steel

tuyere

Company,

the

Blakeney

Springfield,Ohio.

36

THE

This

tuyere

blast

tuyere, and

is

CUPOLA

FURNACE.

modification

all the

extends

is conducted

The

blast

and,

striking

all around

passes
the

and

cupola

tuyeres

above

described

may

Fig.

is

AND

This
one

was

designed

cupola,

for

40-inch

the

be

used

VERTICAL

AND

coke,
one.

One

blast

chamber,

the

of

centre

freely and

evenly

with

All

is done
with

into

pipe,

one

of

rear

shell.

either

it.
coal

SLOT

TUYERE.

and

vertical

or

slot

to

the

coke.

tuyere.

8.

SLOT

VERTICAL

and

in

the

to

through

tuyeres

melting

Fig.

HORIZONTAL

chamber

curved

horizontal

the

seen

riveted

sidewise

admits

good

HORIZONTAL

In

the

tuyere
very

air

spaces

through

This

furnace.

the

blank

the

air chamber

the

to

It is

cupola.

TUYERE.

belt

outside

an

sheet

7.

BLAKENEY

from

the

on

the

around

way

Fig.

supplied

improvement

an

or

we

have

tuyere

TUYERE.

seen

was

it used

placed

in
on

but
each

CUPOLA

side

extended

wide,
vertical
above

could

cupola

inch

be

for

run

Fig.

is

also

tuyere,

seen

and

12

tuyere

did

two

to

three

inches

two

to

eight

of

to

the

to

be

REVERSED

Figs.

principally

TUYERE.

in

cupolas

twelve

inches

equal

distances

11

are

from

long,

two

and

two

by

Fig.
Mr.

cupolas
one

12

opening

eight

or

ten

tuyere

inches

in

from

are

From

long.

cupola, according

for

coke

melting.

Fig.

10.

SLOT

Fig.

TUYERE.

VERTICAL

vertical

diameter
three

to

used

bridging.

prevent

placed

are

TUYERE.

tuyeres

wide

and
in

and

II.

SLOT

slot

inches

more

to

ten

cupola

at

apart.

is

that
or

the

seen

Truesdale
in

or

this

reversed

or

extensively used,

the

to

slot

been

has

small

of

TRUESDALE

In

placed

seen

the

and

bridging.

twelve

are

VERTICAL

and

in

to

tuyere

the

placed

were

melting,

without

slots

9.

10

excellent

ten

tuyere

excellent

made

are

and

long,

inch

and

cupola,

horizontal

The

tuyeres

This

an

Fig.

They

these

diameter.

is said

In

wide

the

tuyere,

TUYERE.

and

for coke.

used

each

of

inches

long time

vertical

slot
round

REVERSED

In

37

way

wide
The

shown.

as

horizontal

one-third

slots,
it

The

cupola.

the

of

TUYERES.

of

REDUCING

Truesdale

Cincinnati,

vicinity about
tuyere

tuyeres

were

TUYERE.

reducing
Ohio, and

1874.

The

placed directly over

put

in.

The

lower

tuyere

designed

extensively
tuyere

used

in

consisted

another

tuyere

until
was

of

six,

made

38

THE

three

inches

four

or

placed

inch

one

FlG.

CUPOLA

in

FURNACE.

diameter,

apart, and

and

each

made

one

above

tuyeres
of

it

smaller

were

diam-

12.

O
Fig.

Fig.

13.

14.

O
TRIANGULAR

TUYERE.

o
TRUESDALE

REDUCING

LAWRENCE

REDUCING

TUYERE.

until

eter

tuyeres

they

in each

smaller

the

the

of

chamber,

melting

fast

it could

not

be

the
of

in

In

Fig.

Frank

coke

is

Lawrance

cupola,
or

13

is still in

built

the

seen

him.

melting,

small

and

the

but

is

in

use

so

Lawrance

This
works

ward
to-

were

belt

Very

the

dency
ten-

great

that

it gave

cellent
ex-

foundries.

numerous

REDUCING

were

tuyeres

stays.

tuyere,

diameter

inside

an

the

the

cupola

cupolas

from

on

this

TUYERE.

reducing tuyere designed by

Philadelphia, Pa., and

of

by

with

the

which

to

cast

apart,

large cupolas, however,

LAWRANCE

In

to

The

supplied
staves,

cupolas
of

blast

of

row

apart, and

further

bottom.

dovetails

cupolas

results, and

the

bottom

inches

less

iron

The

placed

tuyeres

or

in

used.

six

were

at

cast

cleats
done

was

and

admitted
than

and

by

bridge

to

bed

formed

attached

were

and

row

inch.

one

four

two,

diameter

top

to

succeeding

generally boshed,
air

reduced

were

placed

were

tuyeres
of

TUYERE.

tuyere

was

equally

used

in the

designed
well

with

for

Lawrance
either

either.

coal
The

THE

40

CUPOLA

FURNACE.

WATER

In
be

to

the
or

is

tuyere

exposed

tuyere

hollow

and

thrown
shown

where

filled with
the

where

hot

water,

end

or

one

exposed

in illustration.

The

in the

is left open

the

heat

from

is also

pipe

tuyeres

been
bottom

slag.
of

the

used

spray

pipe,

with

coil

16.

TUYERE,

The

and
When

cupolas
exposed
used

bottom

being placed

water

and
at

is

the

sides

in

which

the

to

the

in this way

the

is made

from

sufificient

used

never

heat

the

of

height

was

molten
is

tuyere
to

above

in

water

the

when
it has

but

in

placed
iron, cinder

placed

feet

stantly
con-

cupolas

cupola,

tuyere
of

TUYERE.

which

through

tuyere

tuyere
in

placed

are

in

the

inside

cast

flows.
the

is cast

small

made

COLLIAU

gas

of

15

WATER

of

bottom

and

Fig.

Fig.

melted

opening

tuyere

end

tuyere

be

to

of

part

is used.

the

to

designed

or

liable

and

blast

surrounding

whole

placed

tuyeres

is

tuyere

the

heat

intense

an

with

metal

or

against

to

This

tuyere.

furnaces

or

case

in furnaces

or

water

cupolas

is the

injured,as

The

the

seen

in

used

cupola

as

is

Fig. 15

TUYERE.

in the

long,
sand

the

the
and

centre

mouth

bottom

to

CUPOLA

molten

prevent
the
is

iron

protected and

For

this

hollow

or

in the

up

prevented
the

purpose

Victor

late

the

above
The

first

bottom

this

gas

pipe tuyere

from

made
the

first

the

row

furnish
create

with

the

pass

straight

to

second

The

of

111.,was

the

designed

Detroit, Mich.,

Whiting

as

tuyere

is

the

from

arrangement

shape

and

made

Colliau, and
apart.

cupola.

Both

the
the

the

in

rows

Whiting,

upper

and

in

tuyeres
the

lining,

at

second

sharp

is to

row

escaping

and

gases

than

is obtained
fuel.

of

amount

same

are

Company,

not

lower

Chicago,

Colliau

tuyere.

but

differs

somewhat

to

first

The

second

row

the

placed
rows

tured
manufac-

the

on

tuyere.
the

cupola,

of

practical foundryman

tuyere,

Colliau

are

the

of

to

row

The

Whiting

larger in proportion
two

made

are

downward

Equipment

tuyeres, and

slightlyexpanded

2, and

TUYERE.

double

12

flat,slightly

cupola through

the

sand

from

row

diameter.

from

tuyeres

the

second

melting point

improvement

an

the

the

at

Mr.

by

in

object

one

rows

long, according

the

Foundry

Whiting

inches

the

Colliau

above

are

consume

tuyere, used

Whiting

row

Fig.

pointed

are

to

in

14

the

into

heat

intense

shown

inches

cut.

oxygen

single row

by

the

ordinary cupola.

second

first

tuyeres

row

in the

the

the

in two

height

and

6 to

in

in the

The

WHITING

The

than

designed by

used

same

row.

The

from

more

heat

of water.

is better

placed

as

the

and

and

sufficient
a

the

to

stream

tuyere

are

row

to that

cupola.

shown

angle, as

first

wide

in the

those

and

one

about

similar

inches

round

tuyeres

of

at

the

above

of

double

ordinary cupola

tuyeres

size

the

place

placed

expanded

the

of

part

TUYERE.

CoUiau

cupola

in the

to

the

melting by

Detroit, Mich., and

of

in

is

row

inches

the

seen

other

as

18

is

Colliau
In

cupola.

to

The

exposed

from

coil

it.

tuyere just described.

spray

Fig.

into

and

cupola

COLLIAU

In

slag overflowing

or

tuyere" extending

TUYERES.

at

pass

are

lower
so

row

are

the

of

than

row

great

straight

The
in

flat,
same

the

distance
into

the

CUPOLA

THE

42

FURNACE.

CHENNEY

The

Chenney

tuyere, designed

in

similar
the

tuyeres,
lower

to

difference

being

downward

point

rows

at

THE

The

double
and

designed
a

two

or

of

tuyeres

that

time, the

apart.

in

of

those

diameter

tuyeres
The

run

out,

as

hole
for

heats

great

the

obtained

by

abandoned.

Mr.

in Woodward's

Colliau

therefore,

by

the

but

heat

double

liningis
on

not

been

the

double

tuyere

in

was

also

lower.

the

which

raking

or

cupola
but

appear

of

also

used

patents

tuyeres
in

was

Voisin's
and

constructor,

English cupola,

an

short

in

recent

more

and

of

cupola,

row

this

into

introduced

were

his

long heats,

in

the

number
in

These

upper

jet cupola,

the

double

which

country

fuel

proven

tuyere

hand,

at

this

that

many
Mr.

by

point

saving

any

and

than

the

tests

second

sumes
con-

row

single tuyere,
in

melting.

and,

That

at

the

melting

for

the

destruction

the

single tuyere

cupola

disputed,

by comparative
cupola

the

is efifected

in the
be

the

that

with

escape

cannot

greater

other

tuyere

is created

tuyere

much

the

the

the

dumping

days.

results

great saving in

intense

more

for

gases
a

without

inches

18

one-third

were

in

about

1876.

It is claimed
the

Ireland

those

about

only

as

land's
Ire-

In

England

twice

English cupola designer

they

about

in

of

Ireland,

builder.

rows

row

hours

double

steam

before

years

by

Ireland

another

in two

and

first been

have

to

use

satisfactory,and

so

The

cupola, by

used

good

not

were

upper

in

very

in

lower,

many

custom

given

they

also

lining.

1854 by Mr.

were

the

in

and

upper

the

to

cupola

and

row

the

Whiting

the

appears

were

upper

in

was

was

have

to

the

tuyere

and

both

about

placed

were

placed

were

slag

was

tuyeres

Those

which

of

CoUiau

that

practical use

many

double

TUYERE.

practical English foundryman

cupolas,

Chenney,

Mr.

is

sharp angle

DOUBLE

rows

into

put

late

the

arrangement

only

the

by

Pittsburgh, Pa.,

of

practical foundryman
very

TUYERES.

with
in

fuel

made

is

in

single tuyere

zone

of

effected

has

melting

with

cupola,

when

CUPOLA

constructed

properly
been

proven
in

fuel
than

faster

undisputed,
a

the

and

lining.

and

as

small

of

made

than

greater.

with

heat

each

the
that

so

and

the

the
best

number
of

rows

can

of

be

results

obtained

have

the

of

one

present

time

Chester,

N.

the
best

is

Y.,

to

melt

with

The

and

72

blast

from

rows

10

tuyeres

second

This

inches

square.

which

is

the

same

inches

inches
in the

for

the

number

apart,
first

This

row

the
of

in

for

double
should

capacity

melting.

the

60

in

melting

done
work

at

use

diameter

at

is

and

in each

the

third
in four

row.

in the
row

hot

hours,

country

requiring

the

zontal
hori-

in three

in this

and

supplied

those

iron

the
Port

pipe

square,

of

ably
Prob-

soil

being placed

tons

than

Bros.,

cupola

in

three

cupola.

kind

door,

those

light

with

melting

faster

inches

inches

and

fastest

hours

melts

cupola

tuyere

work

Abendroth

tuyeres

square,

be

amount

its fullest

this

of

is 6o

are

of

above

as

double

the

tuyere

charging

12

do

in

large

must

greater

plate, sinks,

stove

cupola
at

inches

probably

doing

by

36 tuyeres, placed

row

iron

bed

constructed

double

constructed

plumbers' fittings.
tuyeres

in

melting cupolas

one

but

the

ordering

to

run

been
of

or

the

the
or

fuel

of

'ITJYERES.

purpose

single

will

be

may

large cupolas

with

done

double

great height

no

with

cupola

the

than

more

tuyeres

and

that

OF

for

only

to

the

to

constructing
one

due

upper

bed

ROWS

tuyeres,

it is

When

; for

the

the

on

THREE

is

bottom

cupola,

smallest

is

single tuyere,

This

above

When

single.

melting

the

as

sand

height

diameter

double

lining.

bed, owing

the

charged

cupola,

selected,

same

single tuyere

be
the

for

above

same

can

tuyere
be

much

in

iron

of

is

required

and

iron

capacity, the consumption

it

the

lower

its full

to

ical
econom-

melts

same

in

of

expense

the

about

the

saved

about

tuyeres

upper

time

most

tuyere

the

of

it has

contrary

is the

double

single

is

fuel

of

the

the

cupola

cupolas

extra

run

On

the

iron

heats

amount

the

is

in

the

the

for

That

between

whether

cupola

ton

per

single tuyere

single

43

managed.

that

compensates
tuyere

and

the

question

TUYERES.

for

iron.

THE

44

In

the

be

placed directly over

be

double

In Ireland's

placed

in the

the

In

of

tuyeres

in

object

of

the

lower

the

number

of

lower

row,

each

filled with

lower
to

the

consume

theory
the

the

first

be

charge

it settles

only

the

the

upper

the

lower

and

not

rows

large

too

is too

the

theory
made

big,

point that
cool
to

the

iron

force

To

zone.

be

two

supply

to

as

the

to

gases
in

tuyeres

the

the

to

second
lower

the

such

blast

than
into

heat
the

tuyeres

large

high

it.
bed

But
and

of

in

and

in

than

in

cupola,

are

the
made

oxygen
effect

cupola

oxygen

effect

of

the

of

fore
be-

gases

are

second

give

pose
pur-

tuyeres

rows

in the

they

this

the

of

tuyere

their

gases

melting

supply

volume

this

between

gases,

double

the

placed

were

the

modern
for

out,

rather

of

the

row,

If

greater

third

or

oxygen

burned

gas

all parts

unconsumed

the

these

times

escape

ence
differ-

consumed

for

it for

to

combustion
In

the

oxygen

the

be

can

is

cupola

escaping

number

three

or

proper

between

consume

the

is filled.

prepare

should

they

the

it and

The

any

tuyeres

bed, and

ber
num-

supply

the

of

row

small, and

admit

if

the

melting

carried

and

the

and

If

or

to

they

one

escaping

the

over

cupola

is correct,

be

iron.

is not

the

and

before, is

make

only

are

should

so

for

placed

consuming

heat

to

proportion

great

cool

to

in

tuyere

above

iron
the

If the

tuyeres.

lower

by

cupola,

of

tuyeres

permit

the

fuel

placed

into

row,

at

which

heat
of

in the

should

tuyeres.

tuyeres

with

gases

combustion

point

any

the

as

producing

of

lower

are

one

row.

gases

not

that

tuyeres

stated

as

were

same

lower

the

tuyeres

so

upper

at

it does

tuyeres

the

unconsumed

point, and

upper

long

so

fuel

this

at

the

ones,

from

of

cupola,

may

higher

row

the

the

in

the

burn

to

is admitted

gases

in

tuyeres

oxygen

whether

those

at

lower

and

row,

may

they

or

row

cupola

tuyere

in each

row,

in the

tuyere

double

these

blast

in the

were

between

combustion
of

double

as

placed

are

the

the

amount

as

tuyeres

modern

placing

supply

from

at

lower

row

generally placed

are

to

the

placed directly over

between.

tuyeres

upper

in

cupolas

upper

the

cupola

tuyere

the

level.

was

FURNACE.

triple tuyere

or

between

placed

CUPOLA

would

placed
deeper

row

is

this
are

at

be
low

one

to
so

melting

CUPOLA

and

zone,

fuel

their

and

do

cupola

is to

cause

than

melting

faster

the

of

effect

TUYERES.

is

Fig. 17

device

of

zones

in

box

of

the

the
inch

cupola

about

the

charging

these

small

amount

of
the

burn

the

and

carbon

effected

cupolas

of

be
or

adjusted
the

save

small

or

to

with

this

iron

in the

bed.

the

iron

this

be

They

is drawn

the

device

and

gas

are

preparing

melting
in

saving

great

in

use

zone.

Europe,

country.

with
is to

tuyere.

greiner

it reaches

TUYERES.

in

placed

conform

the

way

fuel

sometimes

are

by

tuyeres

ADJUSTABLE

Tuyeres

to

fuel in its ascent.

in this

number

that

cupola

before

17.

near

by consuming

melting

number

the

from

Fig.

fuel

sufficient

the

at

in the

saving

tance
dis-

produced

formed

acid

for

quite

oxide

pre-heat

to

and

to

the

sumed
con-

into

is claimed

to

oxygen

are

gas

short

zone

admit

pipes

is thus

iron

large

It

carbonic

absorbing
in fuel

melting

door.

carbonic

the

utilized

upper

wind

lining
a

the

gases

it

extending

from

apart,

into

branch

with

the

blast

this

of

vice
de-

the

of

cupola,

the

when

upright

top

through

above

of

heat

This
of

diameter

foot

the

iron

novelty

combustible

the

zone.

the

to

around
of

admission

and

number

attached

pipes

the

melting

consists

pipes

cupola

melt

the

single tuyere

The

tuyere.

charges, thereby effecting

to

necessary
reaches

Greiner

judicious

the

descending

the

in

done

of

TUYERE.

cupola, whereby

within
the

the

seen

consists

is

combustion

rapid

more

diameter.

same

GREINER

In

45

size

the
drawn
are

from

cupola
of

from

placed
the

the

heat

the
low

cupola

they

that

so

cupola,
when
as

fast

melted

be

to

and

the
as

may

thus

heat

is

melted,

46
and

placed high

held

in the

when

cupola

arranged cupolas

The

air belt

about

bolted

door
has
each

hold

and

the

removed

in

is desired

the

and

who

they

can

once

or

make

their

adjusting
from
of

can

three

or

the

tuyeres

one

to

charging

the

other, is

cupola,

BOTTOM

In

Fig.

tuyere,
the
to

tuyeres.

is

will

as

the

seen

be

center

of

the

It is not

by forcing

the

blast

the

cupola

designed
through

brick

are

the

at

top,

when

the

it

top and
With

and

cost,

the

make

fuel

old

the

been

bed

plan

of

other, and
the

by raising

since

the

from

so

casting

The

above

long

foundry-

such

of

can

placed high

way.

one

at
to

the

blast

center

or

passes

through

of

the

from

the

tuyere
modern

abandoned.

TUYERE.

bottom

observed,

instead

cupola
the

shell

fire-brick,

the

practicable with

has

and

the

cupola.

tuyeres

heat

not

On

adjustable tuyere

an

in this

the

during

shell

box.
to

from

only

holes

tuyere

the

ing
slid-

clay, and

or

great deal

arranged

tuyeres

bottom

has

placed

the

their

iron

cupola

tuyere

moderate

and

cast

height

and

up

belt

very

the

to

is riveted

removed

air

save

of

daubing

have

must

length

tuyere

are

The

the

making

at

way

year,

in two

putting

way

brick

large casting

twice

the

style of

they

lower

to

Pa.
shell

box

box.

desired

the

of

the

is filled in with

any

best

to

belt

this

of

iron

slot

left at

when

in this

think

by having

pipe

bottom

Whiting

arranged

men

The

little stiff

full

angle

of

of

it the

raise

the

the

bottom

place by

to

at

Colliau
be

the

cupola

nearly

front

box

it is desired

from

held

The

the

be

Birdsboro,

this

From

is to

of

is riveted

down

of

is

opening

One
is the

seen

cupola

extends

piece

iron

Mfg. Company,

length

each

slot

When

bottom.

placed

full

when

or

work.

of

plate.

lining in place.

tuyere

and

this

of

"

the

shell

of

large

have

we

tuyere.

extending

side

is

around

the

slot in front

kind

bottom

each

of

heat

Drill

the
to

FURNACE.

large piece

this

of

from

in front

plate

for

extending

4 feet

air box

the

Diamond

Pennsylvania

to

CUPOLA

THE

up

through

change
molten

the

level

same

the

bottom

admits

sides, and
the

tuyere.

nature

iron

in the

the

This
of

blast

as

the

side

of

the

iron

bottom

of

48
molten

bottom

placed

cap
and

on

The

arrows.

in

doors

and

must

after

they

are

broken

have

bottom

leakage

be

the

The

foundrymen

with

old

the

Ireland

1867.
many

been

The

brought

bottom

foundrymen
Thomas

West,

D.

his

this
read

Chicago,

West's

article

had

the

general

use

in

country

by

before

the

111., October
with

cupola
number

the

an

of

been

number

cupolas

in

their
found

men

doubt,

no

before

prominently

who

August

tuyere

it would,

this.
before

ably written

article

Foundrymen's

18,
tuyere

1893,
and

Since

foundrymen

in

which

claims
the
have

of

bottom

country

practical

Western

quite

it up.

this

used

was

country

bottom

lining.

versing
con-

about

the

of

tuyere

brought

was

time
met

by

In

new.

at

these

side

times

had

in
a

it, and
heat.

spoils a

tuyere

given

Hibler

tom
bot-

Massachusetts

sections
and

sand

in the

fast

one

It

prevent

removing

have

we

being

the

it to

nothing

in

used

and

experiments
and

H.

Voisin

into

great saving in fuel

Mr.

B.

over

tuyere
of

at

describes

it

is

and

ago

and

great many

40's, and
;

dump.

in

bottom

different

ago,

in

the

years

"

and

the

there

by

years

advantages

have

in

in

patented

was

that

tuyere

tried

and

way

in the

slag, and

foundrymen

foundrymen

foundrymen

tried

cupola

old

back

away

been

doors

it

gets

burned

or

periods,

learned

we

iron

has

often

tuyere

frequently

are

several

State

tuyere

The

iron.

in the

around

the

bottom

same

support,

an

fore
be-

prevent

heat

carefully

very

up

the

by

the

to

hole

to

the

by

iron

daubed

and

in

removable

and

different

at

ago

popular

made

dried

dumped,

falling or

tuyere

with

in that

is

molten

indicated

attached

withdrawn

cupola

in

be

rounded

the

as

cap,

carefully

descent

cupola through

place through

and

up,

the

their

with

off

the

to

cannot

gets filled with

bottom

years

put

men

it sometimes

any

in

molten

of

and

13,

be

adjustable

an

must

had

It

injured

or

be

must

the

throw

to

under

it in

is done

is admitted

tuyere

put

This

tuyere

place.

before

removed

other

blast

tuyere

it is put

must

the

into

dropping

the

of

the

FURNACE.

cupola.

top

around

opening

the

of

slag, and

20

fuel

iron, slag and

the

to

of

CUPOLA

THE

for

the

by
sociation
Ashe
it

publication
published

CUPOLA

their

with

experience
in

saving

lining

discovered

by

and

some

But

with

their

make

cupolas,
with

opening by

loses

same

the

as

the

the

the

from

same

volume

the

with

power

required

small

which

passes

into

the

force

behind

the

blast

that

to

the

does
follows

blast

run

the

blower

was

one

of

into

small

the

that

stock

drives

Neither

is

It is the

ume
vol-

is

into

by increasing
blast

it

in

gained

tuyere

the

force

to

It is not

cupola

is lost

from

it, its velocity

of

nothing
a

small

blast

melting.

through

ume
vol-

body, just the

blast.

that

much

from

the

small

same

large tuyere.

the

of
a

the

the

the

through

tuyere.
small

tuyere

have

we

placed

were

blast

velocity,and

great

old-fashioned

the

the

into

from

further

from

tuyeres

center

air

front

blast

the

the

When

any

small

blast

solid

of

forcing

the

the

in

fuel

penetrate

It therefore

cupola

but

it strikes

solid

not

but

blast.

melting by

The

into

come

velocity than

greater

the

which

velocity of
of

never

driven

large opening.

it will

center,

be

may

velocity when

and

velocity at

it to

not

overlooked

was

placing

it to

driving

large opening,

strikes

tuyere

is gone

the

air

in

putting

of

Air

with

its

mistake

and

blower.

from

opening

than

that

it will

ago,

have

foundrymen

tuyere

great

TUYERES.

view

force

blower

air

of

with

the

OF

great

greater

with

cupola

small

it effects

use.

Foundrymen
cupola

if these

it years

SIZE

in

all claim

in the

feature

new

49

and

tuyere

fuel.

experimenters

general

the

TUYERES.

in

melting
of

in

the

the

In

only

two

tuyeres
and

30-inch cupola,
modern

tuyeres

greatest

cupola.

stave
seen,

the

cupola
and

the

is

these
of

the

or

made

cupolas,

many

inches

due

admission

to

of

in
of

diameter
in

made

improvement

largely

free

mistakes

the

ment
enlarge-

blast

to

the

cupola.
The
three
blower

combined
the

times
is of
4

tuyere

area

proper

of

size

area

the
for

of

outlet
the

cupola
of

the

cupola.

should
blower
These

be

equal
when

to

the

dimensions

50

THE

large

may

seem

the

size

not

represent
the

or

or

the

tuyere.

the

tuyere

This

the

volume

When
is

filled

which

the

fall in front

tuyere
more

and

for

liable
this

Small

admitting

the

by

off

stopped

and

they

should

never

but

HEIGHT

to

There

is

the

height

above
the

at
2

the

sand

height

of

hot

for

think

in

above

nor

the

hot

very

the

In

cupola,

the

tuyeres
that

hold

at

is it wasted

have

under
away

the

and

heights.
the
to

the

tuyeres
any

as

extent

wide

fast

we

tuyeres

not

by

different

claimed

melted,

in

these

heat

do

in

the

melting

effect

of

experiments
in

or

and

distances

the

consumed
the

iron

various

observed

by

it

keep

light castings

made
at

by
have

to

and

hold

to

from

at

variation

the

being

as

have

learned
is

This

making

closely
We

cupolas

cupola

high tuyeres

placed

opinion

of

to

as

cupola

it is necessary

in the

iron

experiments

have

different

fuel

to

bottom,

sand

that

in

in

it

foundries,

iron

foundrymen

extent

some

Foundrymen

draw

many
we

to

molten

iron

it necessary

cupola.
iron

to

be

to

points.

difference

bottom.

work

heavy

cupola.

bridging by

placed

placed

are

sand

is due

large casting.

requiring
not

high

tuyeres

the

ones,

liable

certain

be

is this

great

in different

done

making

foundrymen
the

above

in

the

tuyeres

large

more

among

should

tuyeres

tuyeres

work

of

that

time

opinion

of

So

Small
than

at

of

TUYERE.

tuyeres

bottom.

5 feet

to

classes

difference
distance

or

present

inches

in the

wide

OF

it and

remove

promote

blast

of

fuel

of

large piece

placed

to

is represented

pieces

way

of

iron.

of

outlet

the

only

tend

amount

the

and

be

not

in front

tons

useless.
this

are

also

by

cannot

rendered
in

fuel

down

blast

cupola by

space

Should

blast

the

to

does

is in

cupola

between

closed

insufilicient

an

the

tuyere

in blast

is not

the

tuyere,

that

remembered

blast

escape.

furthermore,

tuyeres,

in

be

to

reason

admitted

the

may

closed

be

crevices

of

when

weighted

of

blast

of

be

may

are

mouth

number

tuyere

is

fuel

be

cupola

may

cupola

with

the

by the

fuel

that

it must

when

the

of

blast

FURNACE,

sight, but

tuyere

area

of

fuel closes

through

first

at
of

area

CUPOLA

melting,

molten

iron

CUPOLA

in

coming

of

bottom

heat

and

be

may

it correct.

through

combustible

can

be

the

of

there

is

length

that

fluid

for

have

to

in

only slag

light fluid

on

the

it, and
bottom

only

iron

reaches

closed

the

with

the
the

be

drawn

drawn

the

the

to

slag
for

the

slag

iron

prevent

The
as

slag

then

it is drawn
the

escape

is

of

it flows

is that

and

slag
iron

to

is

rests

iron

fill up

to

the
the

soon

as

slag
it.

slag

in

sand

with
hole.
is

cupola
the
be

must

cupola

through

hole

the

while

the

The

or

molten

it is

placed high, slag

and

out

covered

cupola.

hot

kept

between

As

falls in the

blast

in

any

practical
be

permitted

hole.

for

w^hen

no

is

minutes

off

hot

long heats.

its surface

few

then

molten
is

hole

slag

upon

charcoal,

can

in

point

any

cupola

heat

through
the

stock

sufificient

among

be

can

the

the

ladle

not

are

support

iron

there

at

cupola

likely that

or

slag

of

when

When

drawn

iron

can

top

the

high tuyeres

of

tap

on

in

are

up

only

iron

it

to

slag hole, however,

front.

the
to

be

favor

cupola

when
raise

and

time

high

floats

be

may

drawn

then

may

of

of

of

air than

in

that

tuyeres.

be

can

fillingup

from

that

slag

and

molten

Slag

slag

bottom
this

them

cupola

the

given

reason

necessary

length

found

and

the

fact

molten

metal

and

molten

of

our

iron

is not

well-known

bodies

exclude

to

Another

large

greater

charcoal

it is

in

No

wood

keep

to

all

is to

If there

consume

heat

and

time;

of

to

this

in

tuyeres,

tuyeres

the

consumed.

are

the

under

the

cupola

coke

and

during

lighting

at

being
the

substances

it is not

tuyeres.

sufficient

not

combustible

below

the

of

foundrymen

with

fuel

bottom

soft

cupola

in

remained

having

it

molten

the

the

in

before

tried

cupola,

used

after

coal

above

cupola

in the

in

of

wood

tuyeres, then

hard

have

bringing

bottom

charred

dump

the

melted

function

the

If these

under

less

and

the

by

front

consumed

We

dump.

placed

prevent

the

be

not

iron

in

of

heat.

consumed

charcoal

in

hard

to

through

will
the

in

found

Pieces

found

air

charcoal

be

may

is taken

care

of

soften

to

with

in contact

in

the

on,

experiments

often

admission

by

is put

if

Charcoal

it.

and

cupola,

consumed
blast

with

contact

TUYERES.

with
hole
Iron

iron

tapped
the
must

face
sur-

be

tapped

THE

52

permitting

after

CUPOLA

cupola

FURNACE.

fill up

to

to

high slag hole

is

always

dull.
When
the

fill up

cupola

slag

be

may

hole

slag

the

drawn

regulates

itself

not

drawn

cupola

be

Hot

handled

placed

low

so

than

more

not

Tuyeres

hold

molten

very

hot

and

that

stopped

cupola
is made
In
fast

fill

that

tapping
full, and

to

placed

give

fill the

from

the

of

6 to

cupolas

melt

10

to

in

small

slow

as

iron

that

the

ing
havare

not

front

bottom.

iron

them

to

must

be

melted,

as

fast

it

as

and
be

can

working

The

tuyeres

large ones,

if

free

in any

provision

melted.

section

sufficiently
the

seconds

10

the
be

may

iron

or

above

bottom,

sand

collected

catching

before

hand-ladle

seconds.
the

diameter

above

in

sand

is not

every

of

las
cupo-

are

below

as

melting

of

inches

about

inches
so

fast

in the

man

very

in these

high

tuyeres

those

fast

as

iron.

hand-ladle,

quantity

ladle

as

for

cupola

capable

not

from

each

as

iron

pound

sufficient

low

as

with

cupola

space

iron

accummulate

iron

foundry

the

cupola

the

in

Molten

and

work,

melt

to

when

to

up

placed

40

the

from

cupolas

cupolas

placed
small

are

give ample

only

handling

smaller
to

In

be

for

tuyeres
so

it is

may

way

large enough

handled,
it is

above

is drawn
is

cupola

inches

of

be

may

iron

cupolas

the

of

2}4.

kind

hold

iron, the

back

slag

of

large diameter,

of

bottom,

this

for

slag

in stove

molten

the

at

in

sand

ox

iron

and

cupolas

the

in this

placed

In

remain

to

cupola.

made

tuyeres

for

those
above

than

more

the

inch

be

more,
further-

flow

hot.

it

the

for

It is, therefore,

that
to

keep
in

The

size.

high

the

surface

that

blast.

proper

not

cannot

low.

bottom

large

of

to

and

reason

always placed

are

is

or

ladle

this

for

permitted

is it necesssary

nor

light work

for

and

tuyeres,

in

and

place tuyeres

to

large casting

iron

hole

the

tapped,

cupola, and,

of

waste

be

can

have

to

necessary

the

of

opened

without

cupola,

for

should

when

slag

bottom
be

heat

it is not

before

the

may

necessary

from

iron

off

hole

slag

low

placed

with

throughout

open

is

the

sand

if the

tuyeres
bottom.

iron

is drawn

should
These
as

be
very

fast

as

CUPOLA

melted

the
the

from

cupola
until

cupola
large

body

machine

and

placed
The

cupola

for

are

of

the

from

be

sand

bottom

at

that

at

so

be

in

inches

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is

in

flowing
if in the

holding

by

sufficient

is all that

supply

to

used

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placed
low

in

at

that

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they

tuyeres
heated

is
in

value
use

of

the

not

the
of

the

be

can

iron,

placed

bottom

the

fuel

great

the

year

cupolas

in

cupola

for

in

this

should

the

is sufficient

cupolas

in

because

be

placed
facilities

under

the

by being
the

dump.

States

United
to

the

were

wasted

burned

that

work

and

cupola

is

and

height

cupola

and
and

for

of

melting

to

above

feet

cupolas

placed

not

the

of

many

all

crushed
every

in

in
size

in
and

so

placed

is

large ladle,

in

at

be

in

constructed

the

wasted

high tuyeres

the

melted,

sand

slag

room

placed

are

Tuyeres
for

when

of

tuyeres

works

consumed

fuel

with
as

should

bottom

placing

or

cupola

cupola

Slag

place tuyeres

to

work

abundance

an

for

the

slag

ladle.

fast

as

and

the

level

necessary

sand

probably
first

on

above

heavy

for

The

height.

the

handling

cupolas

steel
are

not

the

is drawn

inches

iron,

from

slag.

tap

necessary.

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tuyeres

to

iron

more

removing

Bessemer

bottom.

if the

or

cupola

slag

the

into

is not

high tuyeres

separating

for

the

in

this

The

with

hole

running

of

iron

these

slag.

erally
gen-

bottom.

explained,
for

tap

are

sand

hold

is to

before

invented

back

the

high

tapping

it

tuyeres

above

reason

the

at

been

gives

while

is

off

cupolas

as

for

above

This

iron

holding

But,

is, therefore,

height

tapped.

rich.

it

so

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i,

It

to

tuyeres

point,

drawn

tuyeres

from

the

the

that

point.

The

the

than

inches

24

preventing

from
at

great

to

have

and

drawn

it may

The

iron

foundry

necessary

spouts

iron

may

i8

is drawn

cupolas

number

for

the

is collected

jobbing

placing

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many

as

iron

advisable.

or

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large casting.

necessary

be

ladle
of

from

in

object

or

the

to

that

small

so

53

stream.

In

is

is

stream

TUYERES.

make

by
man

THE

54

CUPOLA

FURNACE.

NUMBER

cupola
one

on

side

of

in

this

the

against
lining
tuyeres

than
other

Any

have

given

in the

small

of

the

bed,

and

if

Buffalo
with

they

School
blast

sides.

This

cupola
in

did

with

stove

use

lining
two

with

would

tuyeres.

in

of

The

show

to

blast
When

The

to

the
a

bed
number

ber
num-

evenly

tuyeres, which
and

oftener

are

obtained

are

blast

with

N.

Y.,

inches, placed
inches

these

the

Mo.,

about

inside,

saw

20

years
from

tuyeres

large
are

struction
de-

large

in

use

and

ago,

these

nothing gained
by

the

dimensions

obtained

evenly

opposite

on

We

the

supplied

tuyeres, and

above

is

is

two

of

diameter

light.

there

of

in

two

is very

by

large cupola

Buffalo,

results
that

tuyeres

large

numbers

blast

results

supplied

60

only

in St. Louis,

melting.
go

be

is

about

and

them.

12x18

melting

blast.

cupola,

four

or

the

iron,

Better

may

which

tuyeres

foundry

and

Company,

melting

the
small

of

tuyeres

cupola,

excellent

cupolas

fewer

lining

the

large

put in small

to

of

of

by

place

to

each

amount

in

two

distribute

big enough.

are

two

excellent
of

ones.

in

these

necessary
to

it

be

tuyeres

40-inch cupola,

than

melting

large

equal

placed

But

fuel, cinder

Furniture

by

in

of

opposite

against

on

and

center

destruction

in

two

located

are

located
an

of

least

at

in the

be

used

advisable

and

largest cupola

tuyeres

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than

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uneven

cupola

the

by

large tuyeres

The

in

and

admit

blast

destruction

reason,

are

may

It is not

it is not

useless

rendered
from

results

the

ranged
ar-

the

by

this

unevenly

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tuyere

one

greater number

to

larger cupolas.

tuyeres

easily closed

are

have

cupolas.

same

an

to

and

placed

tuyere

one

driven

meet

apart,

desired

tuyeres

better

no

will

cupola they

forced

in

cupola,

When

being

is

For

blast

distances

lOO

as

heat

cupola,

prevent

number

greater

in

from

objection

great.

stock.
a

the

the

the

in

blast

the

and

of

high

as

to

heat

number

and

of

the

all sides

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from

side

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at

on

that

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placed

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blast

point

through

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way

sides

opposite

but

cupola,

always placed

are

diffused

the

TUYERES.

with

supplied

opposite

this

at

be

may

OF

two

in distributing

number

placed

it

in

of
one

56

THE

They

have

each

been

other

certain

at

the
the

is

quality

given

into

the

tuyere

the

in

comes

is the

result,

tuyeres,

if

claimed

that

the

in the

fuel

shape
the

the

fuel, and

blast

bed

be

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the

carbon

of

acts

of

with

the

iron

as

what

efTect

same

the

iron

the

on

melted

blast

by

iron

tuyeres
when

cupola
making

or

the

burned

point

desired

casing,

or

lining at

to

the

to

it may

the

but

be

in

iron

point

an

the

lining

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the

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stated, the

is

changed

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by

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size
one

cast

very

they

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into

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and

at

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tuyere.

lining or
This

bolted

to

placed

in the

boxes

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very

ture,
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desired.

insures

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purpose

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the

iron

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up.

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brick

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support

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formed
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regular shape

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cast

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laid

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shape
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gas.

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blast

zone,

acid

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going directly into

boxes

the

of

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brick, but

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or

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shape

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it

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carbonic

as

the

of

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it is difficult

Tuyeres

box

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away

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of

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BOXES.

TUYERE

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to

the

of

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the

of

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until

at

amount

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center

shape

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across

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fuel

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with

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to

than

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in

point

absurd

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combustion.

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in

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combination

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iron

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point down,

up,
to

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fuel

through

passes

nothing

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by

point

to

it strikes
to

FURNACE.

angles, and

The

tuyeres.

tuyere

placed

There

cupola.

CUPOLA

well

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are

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bolt

them

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blast

Tuyere
when

the

TUYERES.

CUPOIA

is

lining
is

removed

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and

between

cupola
cold

The

cool,
water

only

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to

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part

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groutthe

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than

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fill

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box

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box

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protect

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good.

cupola

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settles

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the

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when

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5/

at

the

thickness

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daubing.

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injured
this

point
of

the

CHAPTER

CUPOLA

The

learned
be

it

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be

by

working

it

much

latest

This

working
in

of

of

favor

question

the

It is

personal
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in

length

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draw

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directions

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successfully

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finds

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give

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to

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conditions

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will

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of

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foundryman

of

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to

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every

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foreman

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business

of

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effect

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about

and
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practical

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cupola

every

different

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that

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in

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cupola,

of

successfully,

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patented

or

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working

whether

disputed

improved

style.

the

before

done

very

MANAGEMENT.

in

peculiarities

IV.

apply.

not

ing
work-

proper
the

results

to

or

when

founder

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set

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data

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overcome

difficulty.

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to

cupola
lining

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prolonged
of

brick

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for

heat

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is put

THE

been

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first

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heat

required
in

LINING.

DRYING

and

laid

but
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up

(58)

lined,
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in

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when
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only
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be

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high

or

ness
thick-

lining

'CUPOLA

be

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But

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;

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far

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jarred

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than
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PUTTING

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filled

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up

is

sooner

early

too

clay

wet

out

and

and

making

bottom

Httle

cupola

casing

drying.

casing

with

sand

melting.

lining is put in in this

covered

started

fillingwill crack,

crumble

will

out

the

or

the

heat

the

and

between

required

are

care

backing

the

be

not

much

too

will retard

which

fire for

must

59

fire after

wood

by starting the

or

usual.

MANAGEMENT.

soon

in
When

been

get

out

arranged
order

of

manipulation,
the

cupola

supported by

an

and

is very
iron

raising

for

the

from

they

bolt

doors

heat

have

small

the

of the

almost

and

attached

the
to

all
door
the

60

THE

under

side

the

of

bottom

readily withdrawn
the

doors

under

Double

doors

settling of

the

A
the

one

great

heat

setting the

plate

done

by
the

times
the

support
All

this

lO

inches

The
the
a

size
size

For

cast

cupola

for

the

small

The

iron

distance

to

the

high
the

and

it

is

or

being

two

men

placed

are

taken

the

with

down

two

right position

In

by

and

for
for

but

to

small

pressure
is

the

to

cupolas

large cupolas
are

not

seldom

therefore, if light,liable

the

to

be

floor, will
the

for

is

from

only

have

pulled

out

and

prop.

depends

inches
a

of

upon

supported
in
the

entirely by

3^

and

square

lining,while

3 to

bent

disturbed

the

stock

made

from

with

bottom

almost

are

large cupolas

they

against the

props

inches

foundation

sure

support

supported

the

level

extend

being

bedding
im-

foundation

or

It must

not

block

end
a

fioor

its

by

saved

upon.

insure
A

time

the

rest

to

makes

and

and
in

dump.

required

stock

block
prop

cupolas

props

support,

too

this

they

and

into

and

under

While

up

avoided

the

out

prop

extent

diameter,

are

heavy

cupola.

of

large

put

gotten

be

can

displaced,

of

cupolas

to

labor

long, placed

be

be

to

it is

sand

more

which

in

sand

short,

too

frequently requires

position

often

before

shoveling

seldom

has

sufificient

when

cramped

extra

the

down

which

prop,

the

make

doors.

under

iron

den
sud-

but

placed

or

little sand.

away

by

or

prop,

often

little

prevent

foundation

main

is

to

center

permanent

long

too

prop

in the

plate upon

plate

hinges.

melting large

the

small

by putting

scraping

cupola,

three

or

the

raised

in the

the

under

The

heavy

handle

to

it.

upon

making

be

must

lowered

down

the

iron,

post

or

when

occur

place

be

can

But

prop

doors

and

no

it

bottom.

prop

the

fuel

have
to

by laying

prop

low,

too

or

which

upon

iron

of

may

melters

stout

iron

end
the

as

the

opposite

stout

charging
stock,

drop

edge

each

at

many

cupola

every

by

front, where

to

the

near

light one

when

under

the

at

hook

iron

an

supported

are

springing

chunks.

plate

door

the

generally

them

with

FURNACE.

generally supported by

are

placed

and

CUPOLA

to

to

large
prop.

inches

diameter.

greater weight
the

twisted

dump
to

such

and
an

CUPOLA

extent

made

often

the

of

the

bottom.

Quite

from

the

is

placed

in

releases

useless.

For

actually

necessary

is

number

ring

and

the

to

this

and

dump

When

prop.
the

ring

the

it is at

it, and

as

and

bottom

or

be

The

it.

which

long loop

removed

quick jerk given,

drawn

once

top

is to

are

adopted

heating

prop

loop

or

the

support

have

avoid

hangs loosely, or

the

for

near

prop

they

reason

foundrymen

of

the

it from

large

out

which

draw

to

ring is made

hook

than

attaching

of

which

stands

them

heavier

plan

with

render

to

as

MANAGEMENT.

the

under

from

cupola.
Some

and

measure

Many

of

would

not

give

up

now

as

the

of

older

cut

them

are

they

melter

20

years

Such

DROPPING

When
the

it is desired

laid

the

sudden
of

the

and
the

is then

main

jerk

of
a

permit

the

always

bar

the

be

than

door

or

it down.

which

the

dump

10

in

the

doors

to

this

is

with

top

Bolts
falls

many
are

slowly, and

by

with

inches
to

the

straight bar,

sometimes

are

the

but

small

on

bolt

can

hook

hook

the

hind
be-

By

bottom
of

place

blows

more

also

the

of

it.

but

prop,

can

prop

the

it out
or

fully
care-

large

from

knock

release

strike

Two

drop.

are

heat

the

cupola

to

used

and

and

made

first taken

are

end

blow

thrusts

only

bent

12

The

way.

when

find

by removing

props

one

or

to

necessary

hit, and

bring

the

sufficientlyhard

released
at

under

hook

as

left.

hammer,

be

not
on

about

and

the

handle

placed

sometimes

are

by striking it
missed

the

plentiful

so

we

it is done

small

of

will

they

but

them

doors
The

stroke

with

prop

prop

bar

bar

the

bolt.

that

long

other

the

by

so

away

dump.
on

released

being

out,

the

drawing

or

props

rather

would

DOORS.

THE

drop

to

of

cupola

began traveling

Canada,
few

the

not

are

heat.

every

think

they

first

we

and

still

are

and

but

prop,

cupola

melters

when

ago,

iron

they

prop,

country

there

visitingfoundries

new

try it.

this

through

their

for

prop

the

than

were

the

use

superstitious that

so

without

job

never

wood

new

melt

their

melters

be

it

of
can

released

it is oftener

required
cupolas

generally

be

to

from

with-

62

CUPOLA

FURNACE.

hammer

without

THE

drawn

by

blow

If it cannot
the

it

in

hook

in this
is made

that

so

with

struck

the

withdrawn

be

meher,

placed

of

the

door

them

when

dry

with

bed

be

to

tough

is

that

mass

in

and

be

and

action

of

Mixtures

and

makes

stove

makes

cinder,

the
soft

remains

bottom

and

other

from

the

the
very

and

with

sand
best

new

molten

of

the

for

bottom.

pliable,packs

too

the

sands

hard

to

very

drop

not

for

sand

limited

the

slag.

do

suitable

ones

cupola

resist

form

and

door

are

not

and

cupola,
the

after

do

hard,

extent

sand.

are

No.

the

They

burned

with

gangways

around

fire

and

only

been

foundries

kind

are

the

before

melt

burn

the

than

used

doors

into

bar

place.

sand

has

through

hard

burn

inplace

well, but

are

that

the

the

form

permit

all

lining

out

in

iron

sands

sand

cupola, passed
and

dug

keep

molten

purpose

permit

and

bottom

Parting sand, sharp

to

this

when
to

as

is known

and

melt

or

escape
covered

which
for

iron,

of

then

are

ported,
sup-

burned

might

away

cupola

for

the

to

be

to

burn

friable

used

clay and. sharp

better

scrapings

iron,

has

loam

and

bottom,

In

the

The

well.

or

dry.

adheres

difficult

of

bar

plate

sand

doors

doors,

so

it when

thin

employed

the

it be

when

dumped.

friable

ring

been

in thickness,

cupola frequently

small

dropped

can

sands

clay

the

to

must

The

will

that

have

bottom

sand

fall from

not

through

run

The

The

get down

will

the

inches

quality

neither

dropped,
iron

of
to

that

or

properly

and

may
with

clay.

several

bottom.

iron

molten

which

with

sand

of

not

must

mass

closed

sand

the

as

bolt

hooked

place

that

holes

or

through

are

in

are

carefully covered

are

all cracks

and

the

of

ing
burn-

of

BOITOM.

doors

or

openings

any

through

melter.

danger

with

drawn

the

to

long straight bar.

SAND

When

end

the

be

it may

without

way

on

danger

large

collected
riddle

cupola

floors

gangway

to

in

front

the

recover

bottom.

It is clean

close, resists

the

of

sand

free

action

the

scrap

This
and

the

from
of

the

64

CUPOLA

THE

The

first sand

with

the

hands

from

to

in it is

down

obtained,

which

the

to

The

cupola.

all

smoothly
with

edges

the

around
its

lining

is then

bottom
small

cupolas
the

called

pitch

the

throw

the

carefully

brushed

bucket

thin

and

front

slushing

the

of

caught

in the

bottom,

and

rise of

the

iron
and
the

bottom

it

working
The

bottom.

off, and

is sometimes

wash

bucket

it

as

in

thrown
This

out.

runs

give

to

be

may

the

prevent

smoothed

is done

is

evenly

of

sand

and

clay

the

to

throwing

edges

and

lining

or

bottom

spots there

and

off

layers

carefully around

the

iron

the

of

rammed

butted

soft

any

edges

in

of

for

goes

raises

slightly

to

bottom

evenly

bottom

for

the

balance

thickness

next

feels

and

is

slope

or

the

and

melter

between

down

way

in at

hands

the

it.

wants

around

the

layer

he

as

inches, according

3 to

The

lining, and

the

near

each

in

As

over

required

given,

over.

his

tight joint.

desired

is then

front

the

is from

sand

carefully packed

spread evenly

until

trampled

the

is

thick, and

inches

in

insure

to

shovels

helper

thrown

is thrown

sand

the

his

inside, and

goes

FURNACE.

smooth,

is

hard

surface.

The

bottom

sand

metal, but

molten

place

bottom

this

kind

the

used

filled with

and

slag by

the

or

bottom

covered

is

cinder

iron, and

the

renewed
with

it is

ofif the

only

the

whether

gets

of

sand

from

wet,

hard

of

the

sand

that

become

question

bottom

the

into

the

bottom

into
new

of

has
worn

converted

and

up

addition

the

layer

cut

sand

bottom

by
a

heat

it has

stop.

by placing

Sand

them.

until

readily

of

stroyed
de-

to

the

of

prevented

support

bottom

is difftcult

the

takes

iron

loosening

or

be

can

to

in

When
be

cracking

to

and

up

molten

of

springing

to

This

cut

or

that

cupola
due

doors

running

stands.

it must

the

over

molten

in

occupied

and

lining.

and

over

the
be

the

under

leakage

may

impervious

penetrated

case

of

charging

props

way

bottom

around

more

of

when

doors

out

the

from

Leakage

which

remain

always

not

is sometimes

it, in

by

been

does

this

sand,

time

gives
tion,
condior

the
sand

molders'

heaps.
Molten

iron

will

not

He

upon

substance,

but

will

CUPOLA

boil

explode

or

placed.

If the

hard,

rammed

or

will boil and

which

and

bottom

iron

if the

in

rammed

ashes

after

such

an

Even

and

place

and

if all the

great

flow
deal
of

flat,molten
As

to
to
a

the

change

shall

leak

have

we

We

after

given

for

bottom

the

to

from

do

with

temperature
the

lies in the

bottom

of

falls into

this

melted

iron

to

all parts of

When

cupola.

limited

very

be

may

the

blast

when

is

dried

give

to

the

for

time

bottom

sand

preventing

the

leaks

fail,

melter.

tap hole
the

in the

putting

the

cover

attempt

it occurs,

under

it from

after

not

for

down,

Water

cracks

sand

as

wetter,

comes

it.

wet

the

iron

the

used.

slope given

or

out,

to

long

same

sand

coke

or

upon

other

no

protect

bottom

is when

leak

remedies

down

and

"

bottom,

iron

dried

only

ing
boil-

the

the

for

coal

leak;

is concerned,

as

the

any

every

worked

wet

before

out

wet

very

stopping
a

worked

comes

be

not

to

be

be

evenly

as

it is

dried

were

stop

pitch

working
dull.

to

should

sand

that

iron

is started, and

fire

iron

for

it is time

to

the

should

molten

was

or

through
have

we

sand

up

about

cupola

ram

down,

cut

too

before

came

soon

shavings, wood,

from

if it

directions

iron

the

the

on.

any

as

it is dried

extent

before

dripping

The

that
of

seen

then

should

soon

and

the

far

not

the

rapidly

so

and

cut

iron

cuts

being

out

not

doors,

bottom

if the

dried

it,but

the

pounder

through

cut

of

sand

for

degree

bottom

with,

well

bottom

the

too

bottom

cases,

molten

rammed

to
a

the

it,it did

the

rammed

impression

to

and

; and

these

with

down

heavy

was

when

place
sand

the

heat

bottom

harder, and

The

bottom

In

wet

mold

no

mold.

stone.

it is

lie upon

When

it to
a

or

not

it gets

attribute
take

wet,

will

through.

Ihem

the

contend

to

have

until

which

upon

too

iron

they generally

the

elements

run

or

was

took

In

and

the

in contact

cases

day.

sand

material

is made

the

as

came

once

sand

seen

dry,

the

up

frequently

sand

such

we

melt

hard

molten

at

up

have

as

very

in

cut

we

worked

but

bottom

melters

through,

cut

unevenly,

it will

soft ;

and

65

MANAGEMENT.

the

molten

bottom

has

the

iron

is made

too

low

and

becomes

of

bottom

the

cause

the
iron

cupola

and

drop by drop,

nice
and

it is

66

chilled

instantly

This

is dull.

slowly, and
when

efifect is
low

iron.

run

continuous

It is
the

stream

the

ladle

hole

with

quantity
is

spout

the

pitch

the

made

iron

may

be

made

hard

they

be

may

the

the

or

center

great

bottom

the

open

that
the

the

small

iron

impossible to stop

front

body

with

out

long

as

The

iron

the

of

the

at

bottom,
iron

soft

be

made

with

outside
the

an

in

iron

forced

be

is any

out

by

tap hole

the

instant

as

if the

do

it is almost

great force, and

there

as

soft

indications

would

therefore

iron.

of

hard

weight places

ton

the

at

concentrates

as

may

iron

never

the

hundred

few

front

rushes
it

This

spout.

way

flat,and

were

comparatively

is

the

the

extremely

should

around

all

great the

all the

pitch

and

hard

how

quality of

the

by

bottom

high

upon

pressure

iron

flow

spout, while

the

the

on

the

bottom.

fly,giving

and

The

and

in such

from

tap

entirelystopped

of

the

of

the

But

matter

action

smooth

in the

be

over

high pitch,

cupola.

no

pitch

shooting

has

to

order, and

freely from

may

The

extremely

center

iron

expert

deceived.

in the

the

best

the

to

the

sparkle

The

trough

slag

with

bottom.

in

it

bottom

bottom,

by

run

to

in

be

in

outlet

to

the

cupola.

deceived

only

cannot

hollow

the

in

iron.

it is

and

of

entirelychanged
be

spout

little
with

may

when

ver}'-

impossible

spout

flows

make

such

prevent

Slag

iron

of

to

men.

tap hole

iron

of

the

is very

slag

of

it is almost

and

iron

tap hole

the

with

very

dull

very
to

from

tap hole

the

of

cause

iron

cupola

cupola melting

cupola

the

from

is consumed

the

from

the

by changing

the

closely watched

stream

from

slag

of

in

fuel

of

throws

keep

to

be

there

when

even

quantity

burning

the

be

may

stream

must

and

drawn

marked

bottom

difficult

more

when

iron

spouting velocity,and

and

force

FURNACE.

more

high pitch

great
a

the

and

sufficient

hot

CUPOLA

THE

molten

iron

in the

cupola.

with

only
out

from

the

should

bottom

The

back
foot.

slight rise

more

to

This

than
front

has

made

be

the

around
or

should
been

flat and

inches
not

found

the

to

more

be

than

side

from

should

lining,which
from

be

level

lining.

sufficient

to

slope

side

not

tend
ex-

pitch

The

to

inch
to

to

throw

all the

iron

melt

that

the

little

iron

But

ordinary cupola.

an

slope

more

and

rapidly

more

be

may

in

cupolas

given,

prevent

to

as

so

it

chillingon

be

sloped

bottom.

all the

that

them

of

with

provided

as

serve

the

in

guide

to

slope

this

for

The

that

so

should
for

gauge,

each

of

tuyere,
be

it may

he

reason

melter

other

bottom

bottom,

put in alike

and

so

either

from

what

see

some

or

or

the

sloping

and

pitch

proper

top

drawn

alike.

stick

the

from

be

cupola,

slope

notched

must

can

melter

the

get the

down

measuring

cupola

inside

seldom

bottom

the

difficult for

when

bottom

in the

iron

It is very

giving

many

tap holes

two

melted

tap hole.

be

with

cupolas

In

is

in

front

slowly

very

concentrate

the

the

to

6^

MANAGEMENT.

CUPOLA

to

given

heat.

every

SPOUT.

The

old

pig

of

piece

build

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about

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nice

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line
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most

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up.
crust
wet

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the

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and
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68

Some

the

of

alone

linings
materials
where
a

CUPOLA

THE

loam
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destroying

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procured

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FURNACE.

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CUPOLA

little

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than

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more

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69

MANAGEMENT.

making
and

make

up

one

of

the

tap

hole.
When
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if the
up

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70

THE

the

tap bar

if not

heated

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over

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heat

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be

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tained
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FURNACE.

tenacious

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CUPOLA

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opening
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CUPOLA

THE

72

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CUPOLA

hole

tap

Hning

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MANAGEMENT.

be

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drawn

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inches

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,

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HOLES.

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the

described

cupola

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LOCATING

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and

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TAP

is made

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melting capacity
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SIZES

The

73

two

inches
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be

kept

in

tap hole

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tap holes
two

better

spouts
order

THE

74
for

off

drawing
too

case

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great

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both

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time, and

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catching
SLAG

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CUPOLA

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MANAGEMENT.

CUPOLA

The

opening

oval

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plug

inches

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thick.

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make

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hot
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"J^

CUPOLA

THE

FURNACE.

LIGHTING

When

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the

charging

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wood

pieces

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from

the

the

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time

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layer

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MANAGEMENT.

CUPOLA

the

or

out

bed

will be

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if the

it smokes
fuel.

in

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the

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when

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bed

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volume

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out
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of

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nature

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in volume
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with

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zone

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to

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determined

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lowest

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points,

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location

exact

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properly,

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volume

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wood

wood

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only

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iron

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to

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in melt-

high melting point, and

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soft, combustible

fuel
both

point

low

fuel

melting point,

fuels.
must

be

discovered.

78
and

only

the

sufficient

the

of

top

bed

anthracite

hard
coal

in the

top

of

bed

the

inches.

coke

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and

the

rule

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the

charged

down

the

the

the

latter

end

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of

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bed

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charge
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in

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proper

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results

if the

bed, it should

charge, the

the

of

of

bed

the

bed

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is too

placed only

half

hot

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it should
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is dull.

melting
up

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part

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for

the

bed, and

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the

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on

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bed

at

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up

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to

down

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is

comes

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when

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be

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point.
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on

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and

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at

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to

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iron

by comparison

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25

blast

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of

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be

is

bed

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of

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be

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to

hard

20

So

good.

learned

upon

melting

end

iron

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the

after

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should

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with

volume

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above

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fuel is

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out;

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by

hold

always

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and

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iron

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14 inches

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18

When

sufficient

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of

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the

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is to

melting point

rules

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to

up

to

FURNACE.

quantity

coal, the

Connellsville

at

CUPOLA

THE

the
the

bed

the

melting

weight

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done

charges
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of

light.

of

found

iron
to

indicates

iron
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raising

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lowering
decreasing

80

CUPOLA

THE

FURNACE.

CHARGING.

The

old

stocking, loading
place

to

the

in the

This

The

fuel

fills

great deal

to

and

layer
a

of

layer

the

the

iron

and

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when

charge

point.

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melting

the

charge

and

melting
of

melted

fuel

settles

places

the

ready

to

top
melt

iron

is

this

top

top

of

the

with
the

the

bed
next

is

in

the

and
of

iron

until

iron

melting
to

of

obtain

that

of

the

in

the

the

cupola,

best

results

less.

melting
of

fuel

the

top
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been

bed

and

melting

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with

each

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heat.

and

fuel

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the

on

so

is about

zone.

has

with

iron, and

throughout

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top

amount

down

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at

charge

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of

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again

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at

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fuel

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than

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in this way

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fuel

separated by

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a

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way

on

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bottom

theory

followed

this

put in the

iron

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the

of

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to

zone

of

charge

is lost, and

and

of

cupola

in

in the

iron, and

charge

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above

layer

placed

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the

be

melted

iron

and

is to

layer

consumption

the

of fuel and

must

200

proportion.

melting capacity

and

the

on

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charged

of

cupola

melting point

charge

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be

from

to

50

with

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cupola

fuel

filled

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of

succeeding
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to

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to

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melting point together.

charge

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to

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in

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the

of

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on

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cupola's melting capacity

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bed

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fuel

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fuel

fuel

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of

way

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of

iron, and

of

placed

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pounds

fuel

iron, according

of

to

one

the

this

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still in

way

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pounds

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and

way

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from

is

practice
a

cupola.

CUPOLA

let

The

theory.

point

bottom

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point.
the
dull

all

iron

are

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and

the

the

end

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is

of

either

but

rule

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of

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cupolas

height

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than
made

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weight

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of

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to

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light

too

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iron

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of

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fuel
of

four

is
iron

charge

than

charge

coke

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ally
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full

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charge

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all

bed

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iron

of

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of

rule

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at

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required for
settling

in
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varies

weight

weight

of

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always placed

charge

one-half

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in

correct,

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the

first

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of

realized.

weight

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of

comes

stoppage

heat, and

the

amount

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charges

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patent cupolas have

same
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iron

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fuel

of

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be

to

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of

to

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weight

charges

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with

charge
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bed

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cupolas

the

one-third

from

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of

melting

melts

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approximately

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other

charges.

is

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bed.

that

iron

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one

weight

that

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of

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sizes

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coke

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to

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cannot

proportion
or

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result

both

cupola

of

to

the

at

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are

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definite

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progresses.

too

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the

of

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are

exact

melted, when

heat.

heat

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hot

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charge, changing

heat

fuel and

of

Manufacturers
for

the

iron

of

melting capacity
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as

melting.

hot

comes

each

if the

and

charges

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of

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heavy

too

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of fuel

charges

in

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and

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amount

to

zone

charge

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of

in the

required

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amount

are

upon

be

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of the

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two

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of

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bed

of

amount

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of

amount

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practical working

in each

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charge

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consider

us

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described

having

Now,

MANAGEMENT.

of

from
of

the

one-half

the
first

times

82

THE

wide

These

the

variations

proportion

in

iron

variation

estimating

the

for

bed

is also

due

the

weight

of

the

bed, the

the

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experiments
largest amount
that

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iron

or

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amount

of

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charge

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iron

to

give

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of

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iron

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produce
good

way

pounds

from

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in

judgment

poor

14

to

cases

be

to

of

hot

per

cent,

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to

fuel

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heavy

iron

for

the

iron

to

the

as

all

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the

of

the

pound

heat,
iron

pound

fuel

this

is

of

fuel

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be

of

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of

coal
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fuel

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or

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coal.

to

in many

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bed

of

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to

iron

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of

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of

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of

the

safety, and

of

In

pound

cent,

per

as

of

heat.

charges

pounds

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the

working

good

iron

15

quality

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to

in the

made

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through

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make

to

or

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weight

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from

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temperature

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of

coke.

iron

even

an

weight
varies

hotter

large

bad

should

placed

frequently changed

is

the

largely due

very

every

proportion

iron, and

of

are

to

be

with

making

for

definite

any

will

be

first

proportion

it will melt

always

rule

no

in

the

the

cases

charge

made

iron

of

with

many

first

bed

cupola

average

be

the

of

of

and

charge

the

weight

tuyeres

in

first

better

of

in

the

weight

the

weight

height

required

But

the

to

FURNACE.

in

in the

difference

fuel

CUPOLA

charge

will melt
the

only
be

can

obtained.
PLACING

The

charging
so

the

cupola

pig

or

the

bed

pieces

the

the

is very

high

placed

and

how

see

upon

iron

when

the

iron, and
can

other

is made

bed

melter

is

scrap

of

top

placed

the

in.

in the

level

as

smoke

place

to

bed
up

The

cupola

of

to

all have

the

the

fuel and

pig

should
the

before

disappeared

charges.

When

the

plate

other

light

stove

prevent

with

it

as

must

hundred

few

breaking

thrown

CHARGES.

THE

the

or

heavy pieces

settling down
be

end

broken
toward

into
the

of

into
short

lining.

The

pieces

each

is

charge
cupola

and

fill up

with

charged
when

in with

go

The

placed

level

the

the

charge

fuel

of

iron

and

and

is distributed

each

evenly

iron, and

the

second

charge

of

iron

is put

first,and

the

second

charge

of

fuel

the

so

until

on

the

is then
When

opened

and

be

melted

is

on

the

is

cupola

charges

of

door

charging
fuel

burning

the

iron

charged,

and

it

At
the

to

this

stage

heat

is

fuel

of

waste

the

heat, and
in

the

When
so

be

intense
thrown

door

on

is

iron

light
door

charging
that

the

of

the

shovel.

men

that

is

be

or

the

door,
the

of

pieces

or

that

low

in the

is in

at

this

melted

on

the

the

limited

the

the

in

charged.
and

cupola

tion
condi-

bad

only

is

fuel

already

quantity

of

it.
is

opening

it, and

the

scrap

iron

must

of

the

into

the

alongside
around

the

of

stage

the

by standing

throwing

been

at

heat

near

iron

It

iron.

has

very

cupola

but

go

going

is finished

sometimes

more

the

cannot

and

melt

opened

is

to

place

to

sufficient

is

so

cupola

and

scrap,

distance

heat

is

can

iron

charging

melted

is not

stock

it into

door

prevent

charging

all

iron

to

the

all the

sparks

on.

goes

scafifold.

more

the

charging

only

in from
out

that

charge

to

the

ing
Charg-

blast

difificult

prevent

there

the

at

When

nearly

or

work,

heat

intense

cupola
the

cupola

the

of

resuming

for

the

off

so

to

is discovered

pour

the

upon

all

is

flame

closed

thrown

being

When

cupola

is

hot

properly.

first,and

door.

to

of

the

as

charging
door

and

same

the

until

charging

men

charge

settle, and

the

the

for

iron

and

the

the

until

While

cupola.

making

it hot
fuel

the

gates

riddlings

the

as

before

as

the

or

over

in

to

to

generally

of

charging

begins

used

charge.

same

closed

stock

filled to

kept

and

makes

which

in

placed

door

the

continued

charging

igniting

gas

the

the

melting begins

is

the

and

stopped

filled to

is

cupola

is

scrap

to

as

gates

are

top

on

gangway

shovels

few

The

scrap

so

stack, and

and

pig

Old

charge.

the

top.

on

the

of

top

together

up

be

can

heavy,

few

it

on

when

barrel

gates,

its escape

as

the

up

pig

Rattle

light.

level

close

placed

are

prevent

as

are

and

iron

and

made

scrap

holes

other

or

heat

all the

utilize

to

pig

of

83

MANAGEMENT.

CUPOLA

84

melting

Poor
should
falls

it falls

in

cupola,

and

the

and

side

way

one-half

of

the

box,

or

evenly

over

iron

shovel

be

done

This

way

the

be

never

in with

thrown

it is desired

generally

flux.
the

of
of

flux

iron

has

when

heat

with

melted

the

around

iron
to

and
admit

the

slag
to

is

cleanse

the

of

in

have

of sand

the

it is

the

in

impurities,but

slag being

not

drawn

from

if the

quantity
propensity

charged,

flux

large

and

If the

melted.
of

except

required
of

cent,

per

been

milled

and

flux

is used

only

in small

ties
quanti-

are

on.

charged

ton

charge

cupola

The

iron

iron

or

without

iron

of

tributed.
dis-

iron,

of

required

amount

dirty scrap

of

iron, and
the

near

slag through

of

it of

charged

heat.

of

iron, the

to

is

the

of

ton

cupola,

charge

not

or

evenly

slag-producing

the

to

pounds

outside

the

is
the

tap slag and

the

in

it

through

and

charge

every

where

gates that

to

10

large body

of

iron

and

charged

sometimes
a

spread

fuel with

each

heat

condition

is all clean

desired

brittle
from

of

the

heavy coating

If it is not
a

the

and

iron

on

the

on

upon

pounds

is sprues

in

used

and

100

melted

be

to

make

put

been

used

to

30

is less than
the

is

required depends

is from

cupola properly

the

put
of

charges,

two

or

one

material

the

from

be

cannot

hands,

of

top

on

one-sixth

about

amount

proper

and

cupola

be

can

FLUX.

cupola

that, flux

After
last

the

is sometimes

flux

The
but

cupola

only

tap slag,the slag-producing material

to

the

in

charged

is

the

charge

To

iron.

of

iron, and

into

place

one

and

of

emptied

CHARGING

flux

fuel

one

on

is about

charging

of

the

of

fuel

the

where

fork.

or

When

with

melting capacity

charge

all be

must

cannot

side

other

it all

for

generally lays

the

to

fuel

or

barrow,

iron

rolls

mixing

of

from

fuel

it all falls in

for

the

The

other.

should

Fuel

basket

the

on

old

to

realized.

the

iron

the

equal
about

the

Iron

charging.

cupola

cupola.

melting

good

bad

to

into

the

of

pile,and

due

dumped

side

one

on

be

may

be

never

FURNACE.

CUPOLA

THE

sufficient
which
not

the

to

in

is

quantity
filter the
sufficient

cupola.

This

placed
Flux

lining.

to

to

is
duce
pro-

molten

quantity
way

of

works

fluxing

overheated
when

the

slag

the

boiling
hole

be

bottom

fills the

drawn

the

be

to

tuyeres,

the

from

has

generally

long heat

impurities, becomes

and

cupola

cannot

in

of

amount

the

in

slag

the

and

large

up

heat, but

short

boils

and

and

in

absorbs

sometimes

slag

well

very

85

MANAGEMENT.

CUPOLA

cupola

at

dropped.

BLAST.

the

Before
closed

to

luted

and

the

of

way

the

on

blast

the

from

only

begining
melting

good

way

the

remedy
blast

evil

the

blast

dust

to

the

bursts

into

stock

is

kept

height

good

chargers

to

cause

any

dropped,
to

prevent

where
The
more

one

or

gas

it is liable

than

the

of

from

the

to

explode

we

care

to

blast
of

tuyere

the

of

the

here

the

this

are

into

to

give

to

volume
colored

If

still lower.
in

door

they

the
are

cupola
is

bottom

once

the

of

the
at

cupola

aim

until

before

ofif from

doors

for

by

of

settles, changing

point

heat

it is the

is shut

rush

by
bluish

stock

destroy the
blast

door

charging

the

vary

melting.

sinks

cupola passing
and

same

properly,

never

indicated

stock

the

the

work

but

follows
as

abandoned

given

not

ignite,and

up

end

more

the

not

the

the

full consideration
space

with

When
at

or

the

as

stock

the

keep

flame

does

gas

through charging.
for

flame
level

up

the

bluish

old

in the

charging

Then

stack.

hot

yellowish

the

at

The

cupola charged

does

it is

the

is the

improve

to

ing.
escapand

ing
decreas-

or

heat.

charges,

on,

and

the

up

put

time

This

the

cupola

heat

is first

tap hole

passing

which

gas

of

in

the

start.

is

ing
dur-

to

once,

been

has

of

done

at

tightly

is not

increasing

cupola

end

If the

parts

blast

the

from

be

can

by changing

in different

When

the

to

described.

before

manner

the

and

blast

time

the

heat

the

of

speed

from

and

light

the

the blast

full

cupola

blast

stages

the

to

up

all

from

and

out

of

any

examined

be

the

of

escape

are

doors

tuyere

blown

not

practical foundrymen,

by

of

should

given

different

at

the

speeded

blast

of

putting

it

of

is

the

on

prevent

they

blower

full volume

put

luting has

the

The

is

to

heat, and

that

see

blast

opened

blast

pipe,

pipe.

cupola

it and

would

would

take
lead

up
our

86

THE

readers

far

too

therefore

the

from

leave

CUPOLA

FURNACE.

subject

working

of

it for fuller consideration

cupola.

under

another

We

shall

heading.

MELTING.

the

and

exact

molten

iron

three

hours

high,

iron
the

after

is put

the

blast

burned

the

high

not

doing

the

fire

the

blast

its work

We

is put

early

wasted

when

the

off,

for

to

claim
the

the

on

blast

in both

three

to

has

very

the

case

the

this

charge

of

the

is

iron
hole

tap

bed

is either
the

the

iron

off

from

light

the
and

first

charge

iron

is

charging

for

fuel

bed

is

soon

the

door

heat

ready

of
to

iron.
melt

blast
that

draft
is

iron

is

with

is

fuel

rises

from

except
shut

in the

blast
the

to

the

and

and

iron,
of

fuel

in

it is utilized

blast

comes

the

be

and

that

iron

is on,

supplied

cumbustion

and

charged.

charged

the

only

charge

to

slide

the

When

is

cannot

no

air

as

before
are

iron

prefer

we

there

hours

power

the

as

and

When

the

and

before

by lighting

three

or

fuel

claim

cupola,

is wasted

two

blast, and

charging

the

molten

properly lit, and

when

the

heating

fuel

it is generally

; and

begin

the

strong

filled

in

melting point,

is on,

before

cupola

is very

high.

too

the

at

ways,

pipe.

bed

5 to

surplus

appear

as

the

the

blast

the

does

iron

hours

off

shutting

shut

minutes
the

is not

any

that

others

through

draft

or

too

in from

before

time

cupola

the

will

blast

the

the

to

while

iron

to

to

two

six

and

hour

been

not

charging

on,

cupola

an

after

Some

two

down

If iron

on.

is sometimes

as

pipe

hour

as

melted

from

melting

differ

by putting

iron

when

bed

when

of

efficiently.

and

is put

have

come

fire has

Foundrymen
blast

it to

minutes

the

or

melts

on,

is not

to

tap hole

if the

iron

tap hole.

20

or

is filled

bed

charged

the

at

charged

three

is

high,

uncertain
an

iron

is put

appearance

is

the

in from

appears

cupola

permits

half

15

too

the

and

at

appears

the

iron

is too

from

the

iron

and

on,

blast

by the

the

goes

When

bed

it is very

When

tap hole

the

the

after

soon

is indicated

blast

on.

after

time

the

from

is

cupola

tap hole.

immediately

up

within

of

before

the

and

length

flows

on,

When

at

minutes,

20

in

begins

Melting

is put
down

on,

in

1
THE

55

the

as

the

is set,

bod

should

other

it too

in the

high

is

cupola,
melted

or

When

round,

the

to

is all

into

gangs,

the

iron

the

of the

iron
at

the

If it has

melt

not

been

the

next

latter end

charge.
very

latter
is

of

slowly
at

the

at

done

take

and

between

there

is

catches
the

and

poured,

away

melter

the

how

indicates

cupola

the

heat, except

the

will

stream

the

melts

iron

charges
and

beginning

latter end

of

and

iron

of

the

hot

of fuel

are

iron

too

be

and
When

dull

as

heavy

the heat, but

at

the
too

are

of each

heat.
grows

throughout

charges

charges

of

will

get smaller

of the

end

slowly

charge

the

if the

to

divided

throughout

the

the

be

properly charged

every

When

end, and

dull

tap hole

temperature

even

If the

flow

When

an

it is not

iron.

fast toward

progresses.
of

be

spout.

it is sometimes

the

when

so

the

gang

cold

so

hand-ladle

should

is not

If

cupola

this purpose.

men

as

work.

cupola, but

each

get

can

temperature

is used

fuel

the

from

long heat,

the

iron

iron

of

hot

making

quantity and

melts

the

If this

it

is not

at

in

before

not

for

the

men

melted.

as

in the

hand-ladles

with

men

slowly

melts

large cupola

of

fast

as

the

to

in

as

stop in the

gang

iron

iron

for

heat

dull

collect

chill the

very

the iron

in and
in

and

ladles

much

the

small

the

cupola

too

is very

pouring

never

ladle

large-ladlefrom

remove

men,

flow

give

to

of

melting.

in

iron

in

cupola

cupola

ing
melt-

dull.
in

in

from

should

we

only enough

fast

as

is blamed

in

foundry

poured
with

they

even

handled

stop

large number

is

be

to

stop

to

necessary

The

it

or

cupola

necessary

that

drawn

hot

or

by melting

and

iron

as

be

can

hardened

it slow

plate

cupola by

it

foundry

of

stove

run

molten

kept

kind

in

and

should
as

to

with

fast, and

and

any

burned

melting

be

can

get enough

to

all

iron

fast

running

except

iron

as

were

full

it

for

and

is not

and

for

enough

gained by holding

it hot,

keep

cupola

it is burned

cupola

hot

bod

the

through

melted

fluid

and

fast, but

and

Nothing

we

be

lightcasi;ings.Iron

it hot

tap hole

new

from

hot

if it is not

should

drawn

be

never

work

cutting

Iron

bar.

tap

FURNACE.

CUPOLA

beginning
heavy

the

and

fast

charge

are

charge.

also

is

too

If the

heavy
cupola

CUPOLA

melts

unevenly

the

it is not

should

charging

of

beginning

the

to

being

be

is

bright

end

The

cupola.
and

make

the

cupola,

front

blast

fuel

with
to

bar

let the

blast
the
the

at

blast

at

the

stock

and

the

of

into

the

end

of
of

the
out

heat

the

in

the

natural

passages

are

closed

up.

working

to

slag

have

tuyeres
The

only

cinder
as

into

escape

to

or

run

the

time

slag

door

should

away

with

has

bar

to

in

same

to

poke

front

get

into

fuel

of

for

in
the

The
when

as

the

tuyere

each

of

tuyere

which
less

made

and

opened

should

be

iron

opened
the

this

and
iron

the

off

only
is

cupola

than

entered

the

of

into

into

cinder
the

the

after

before.
when

is

The

blast

the

it in such

or

stock

the

bar

tuyere.

slag

running

of

most

for

way

with

stock.

bored

hole

no

enters

up

opening

this

at

the

into

entering

for

in front
into

poked

well

poked

formed

or

molten

prevent

blast

close

only

are

made

there

and

passing freely through

tuyeres

is

settle

cinder

not

forming

has

and

stock,

it

be

may

opening

from

be

the

often

If the

blast

new

of

and

prevent

top.

lodged

then
a

but

the

tuyere

stream

cupola,

poked

been

in

fuel

black.

and

the

to

the

open

heat, slag and

around

bar

cinder

or

fuel

to

pieces

cold

necessary

cold

long

The

remain

just

air

no

tuyere

openings

cupola

presents

remove

the

not

opening

an

each

of

the

by

cupola.

the

at

is

the

tuyeres,

But

tough

it

away

bottom

the

stage

break

or

Toward
chill

and

hot,

was

not

becomes

the

into

passes

from

tuyere

tuyere

admitting

does

on

each

of

the

between

way

fuel

evenly

blackened

and

and

up

these

the

after

blast, therefore,
the

its

in front
and

passing in,

in front

and

tuyeres,

of

passage

works

but

the

of

soon

large opening

fuel

chilled

first put

when

blast

the

closed

being

of

appearance

mode

TUYERES.

on,

blast

melt

it does

the

and

heat.

THE

it is

cold

of

until

the

of

is first put

hot, but

and

volume

large
the

blast

the

properly worked,

changed

POKING

When

89

MANAGEMENT.

way

tuyere
broken

tuyere.

THE

90

CUPOLA

FURNACE.

FUEL.

Theoretically

coal, and

anthracite

of

ville coke.
in

the

to

melt

to

iron

is

the

this

and

the

of

fuel when

charging,

or

to

in

melter

generally

next

put

will

heat

to

the

the

on

misled

only

pounds

of

accurate

We

pounds

to

the

cupola
the

found
per

of

he

pound
in every

cent,

of

the

of

met

iron

to

iron

of

core

he

to

one

and

foundry

to

the

the

it

cause

does

comes

come

of

they

of

iron

hot

the

are

not
often

melting

are

they really are.

fuel

how

is to

melted

many

have

and

delivered
that

amount

fuel

are

exactly

and

bought

of

heat, but

than

are

The

shovelfuls

know

amount

men

foundrymen

fuel

before

uneven.

any

every

pound

it any

pound
with

was

that

fuel.

get

suppose

can

fuel

or

extra

much
three

two

iron

way

of

few

pare
com-

for

have

may

an

the
been

ovens.

fuel ; and

to

size

in the

but

too

extra

if the

this

foundryman

melted

found

the

for

put in

from

few

pound

from

or

iron

put in

In

the

of

amount

iron

in

are

melting

kept

recently

compare
the

is

in stoves

consumed

melting.

melted

burned

and

if the

foundryman

deducting

after

iron

of

good

are

to

when

time

report

to

melter
been

it hot, and

iron

he

fuel

Connells-

of

full heat

iron

of

charges

blamed

cupola

the

has

same

report.

account

cupola,

the

cupola

iron

it with

bed

shovelfuls

the

to

circumstances,

the

for

the

up

at

way

in

done

pounds

generally put

of

iron

or

more

pounds

considered

favorable

extra

pounds

The

be

office

little

Six

of

pounds

can

the

make

the

by

more

14

fuel

he

heat

next

work.

Connells-

of

foundry
a

pound

amount.

level

shoveling

the

foundry

necessary

shovelfuls

dull, and

it takes

fewer

above

It is sometimes

is

and

under

foundries

of

than

fuel

of

than

cupola

majority

and

the

in

by practical foundrymen

little better

of

coal

for

with

pound

is done

foreman,

cupola

anthracite

ville coke
A

in

melted

are

with

pounds

melting

the

of

iron

of

15

this

But

mind

of

pounds

ten

the

who
of

fuel, but

fuel

bought

only melting
the

about
is claimed

There

is

he

thought

about
same

to

be

when
and

melting

was

he

came

to

delivered

for

pounds

iron

would

results

melting

of

very

be

large

nothing gained by saving

CUPOLA

few

cents'
work

of

worth

by using

cupola

too

is not

melted

is

the

to

make

required

melted

using,

little fuel

in

If the
his

it

his

iron

he

better

that

they

cupola
melts

to

off

how
an

than

the

pound

melt

the
stream
a

his

and

it

or

to

pound

of

foundryman
hot

the

amount

of

stated, iron

cannot

of

either

their

melt

to

of

the

either

too

his

neighbor

much

too

iron

size

be
or

too

as

hot

they

much

are

too

or

of

iron

except

of

get smaller.
his

from

the

cupola

blast,

iron

nor

size

even

the
If the
with
too

end

of

melter

an

or

the
to

only

make

If it is

given

cupola

fuel, is the

he

cause

will

out
through-

this

run

too

ence
differ-

long heat, when

cannot

parent
ap-

the

on

any

has.

get

story

cases

melted

blast, then

even

much

of

of

blast."

enough

temperature
a

to

founder

old, old

heat, the

and

guide

little,and

not

of

long

melting

majority

the

how

the

as

the

too

cupola

size

pounds

many

haven't

being

the

better

faster

It does

zone.

toward

do

the

in

throughout
an

soon

than

little blast

blast

of

stream

heat

melting
how

the

As

We

blast

and

how

will hear
"

is due

hour,

him

and

he

much

cupola

or

fuel.

cupola,

per

will get

asks

neighbor

is

melt

heat, he

of

blast

of

he

does

what

kind

is at
of

the
of

fault,

the

even
un-

melting.
We

have

fluid

cupola

in

and

using

foreman

too

the

much

neither

and

of

may

stream

with

the
iron

an

not

if he

his

have

volume

even

run

by

in the

edge

in

are

to

deficiency

upper

is

only

melted

tons

from

cupolas

fuel

have

many

melter

much

with

What

before

cupola

will ask

imitate

to

both

More

be

how

results

from

As

can

him

undertakes

melted

tap hole

it.

fuel

melting

of

casting, regardless

in

foundryman

it take

run

much

too

fun

be

can

nothing gained

melting.

cupola,

does

the

for

castings.

the

at

foundrymen

know

to

make

sound

fast

iron

of

produce

and

as

cupola

to

to

hot

fast

in

for

is

worth

little fuel.

too

as

dollar's

losing a
there

fuel,

of

well

as

cupola

little fuel, and

and

iron

and

iron, and

quantity

cupola

dull

by

melted

from

enough

in the

pounds

many

fuel, but

fuel

great
dull

how

wants

floor

makes

Iron
learn

the

on

fuel

of

MANAGEMENT.

watched

the

charging

of

cupolas

in

great

many

THE

92
and

stove

machinery

in

in

because
a

hot
and

cupola

liave

must

iron

to

iron

even

too

his

in

iron

in

rotating
end

is drawn

bod

and

down

in

be

the

opened

with

each

for

the
small
or

and

small

that
made

or

when

the

are

then

be

made

pointed
of

point

slightly curved

at

but

is very

rapidly

are

when

with

after

generally

molten

made

round

to

suit

all

are

of

point

iron
at

few

the

the

made
times.

forge.

for

They

hole

can

dressed

are

point

square,

so

be

to

tap

given

are

leaves

been

sizes,

the

that

square

large

straight except

bars

heat, and

and

slag

any

long spout.

The

taps have

few

made

spout.

rotated

two

or

and

different

point, so

work

of

the

each

keep

the

the

of

are

side

size

same

iron.
sized

bars

the

fancy.

may

difificult to

The

near

before

forge

be

from

with

line

melter

round

contact

they

the

the

very

become

is done

bars

may

filled.

the

is provided

one

hole

only

provided

the

size, except

by

is

it cannot

are

all of

made

one

bars

are

different

for

hole

hand

six

the

away
are

that

for

other

bar

than

clearing the

it

used, the

be

tapping

into

carried

This

more

same

for

The

sledging

for

bars

handle

cutting

for

inch

hand

as

tightly closed

to

to

The

serve

seldom

the

of

small
to

in

the

use

from

end.

ladles

provided

are

or

ladle

of

founder

stove

tapping.

one

so

the

is melted

ladles

bod

in

iron

large

be

to

bars

at

three

when

are

of

when

The

bar, and

all made

may

the

bar

becomes

From

and

are

that

When

the

hand

the

which

ones

dirt

tap hole

cupola,

tap bars

end

one

tap hole.

cupola.

working

cannot

long.

feet

lO

long sharp point

case

at

iron

long sharp point

the

making

for

ring

to

round

to

withdrawing

straight with
used

oval

an

and

he

or

simply

BARS.

of

from

are

with

made

are

made

are

and

the

is

is

work.

bars

diameter,

bad

sumed
con-

than

This

with

fuel, and

of

is

foundry

foundry.

worked

cupola properly

fuel

more

machine

produced

TAPPING

Tapping

rule

stove

quantity

as

be

cannot

great

the

pour

and

iron

hot

making

FURNACE.

foundries,
dull

making

consumed

CUPOLA

and

shape

any

cuts

away

nice, clean

hole,

they generally
and

they

For

this

come

reason

CUPOLA

Some
which

they

never

the

getting

into

part

it

the

and

points

rack

should

in which
There
than

to

heat

is

post

from

the

kinds

wood

inches

and
as

stopping in,
until

it sets
heat

small

larger
The

combination

inch

of

the

of

from

object
heat

of

length

of

be

when

against

up

in

the

They

are

generally

to

number

tap

takes

fire

hole
from

become

soon

for

of

When

in the

ofT;

made

other.

they

this

and

necessary

stick.

iron
i

bod

sawed

cupola;

from

the

some

than

to

the
inches
is to

spout

every

rod

is

end

rod

to

3 feet

of

the

time
made

for

the

prevent

the
to

An
of

long

rod

diameter,

diameter

same

long.

feet

to

stick, and

rod

the

the

is of

and

On

the

the
of

the

diameter

to

of

stick.
I

stick

from

end

one

to

use.

foundry

equal

an

account

to

reason

sometimes

in diameter.

stick, and
on

about

stick

longer

long.

feet

against

have

and

for

and

round,

or

this

them

wood

and

the

an

hole,

tap

floor

stopping

for

10

one

the
set

or

fallingdown.

and

On

made

always

are

to

hole, and

ends

about

combination

is held

spout.

the

used

prefer

stick

the

of

are

wood

soft

in the

near

they

the

STICKS.

the

dangerous

to

vent
pre-

bars, and

wanted

time

BOD

the

until

bad

just as

and

straightening

of

around

lying

from

some

and

octagonal

are

and

hard

wood,

the

end

on

all the

are

and

diameter

each

bars

stick

sticks

both

the

bod

stick

bars

for

reach

the

anvil,

an

from

but

remove

tapping,

cupola

easy

to

and

dross

or

within

it is

they

of

the

near

slovenly

and

hammer

point,

tapping,

do

before

spout
A

before

they

flat

sharp

bod

This

cinder

tap

tap

run,

the

ladles.

more

which

The

the

placed

the

place

being

wood

from

provided

nothing

The

hole.

93

bar, with

away

the

breaking

have

Two

the
be

be

to

is

bod

should

block,

steel

cutting

opening

of

greater

of

use

short

for

it for

use

iron

have

melters

MANAGEMENT.

is

iron
round
is

cupola

from

placed

in

the

being

correspond

ring is placed
of

placed

is

wood

iron

carrying

stick

the

as

round

the

stopped in,
to

the

end

button

bod.

burned

The

by

the

and

the

length

of

THE

94
the

The

spout.

button

the

does

ojection

not

button

and

rod
the

heat

it cool,

This

repeated wetting
with

and

fly;

An
in

the

this

for

the

at

even

or

rod

iron

grandfathers

our

sticks

bod

four
on

end

of

the

the

in

and

of

keeping

without

bod

is

is

desired

nice

the

quickly

made

hand

make

made
in

after

for

Some
and

is

it will fall off.

edges

come

and

sparkle

stick

sticks,

is also

used

by

used

not

were

Three

melters.

They

reach

easy

stick

the

all

or

placed

are

bars, within
each

time

the

of

metal.

of

the

easily

the

of

time

clean

hole.

Some

bods

in their

native

bar

of

iron

bod

is

and

an

the

the

state, and

clay,
and

be

point

of

the
sands

molding
are

be

is

forced

out

several

used

to

it
be

can

stopped
the

by

holds

and

also

with

is used

hole

bar,

it

as

away

that

is

tap

become

to

cupola

bod

is
not

flies

sand

clean

if the
may

to

friable

excellent

there

have

nice

bod

if

cut

do

bod

does

and

be

the
to

it

permitted

sledge
If

the

sputters

it cannot

and

the

fire

of

well, and

make
with

the

size.

hold

not

away

bar

When

it

and

great deal

rapidly,

that

proper

loams

cut

hard

heavy

the

length

largely

If the

so

has

when

cupola,

hole.

tap

hole

tap

from

composed

the

or

hole.

it does

iron

of

is

the

closing

stopping in,

it bakes

of

MATERIAL.

combination

easily before

any

pressure

the

hole

but

to

up.

cupola.

on

of

of

bar, and

crumbles

iron

with

kept

for

bod

clay,

water

perfectly dry
the

the

fire

of

out

the

they

is

flow

working

of

up

comes

if the

but

tap

used

the

stop

which

of

composed
give

plug

to

the

with

is used

is in blast.

bod

material

stick

and

wood

the

BOD

The

the
and

the

of

alongside

stick, and

them

each

for

the

wood

prefer the wood

popular

not

are

tap hole, and

cupola

founders

provided

are

rack

most

is that

the

bod

it makes

stopping in,

for

the

out

buttom,

iron

button

foundries

some

dry

as

stick

time

every

the

expense
and

well

as

wet

rusts

molten

combination

bod

will

reason

extra

the

be

must

FURNACE.

to

the

carry

keep

in contact

CUPOLA

well

leaves

make

materials

good
that

96

THE

CUPOLA

TAPPING

When

the

blast

is left open
the

hole.

blast

This

is

bod

each

on

stick

it adhere

the

to

taken

is

be

it too

wet

stopping in, and, furthermore,

when

too

the

bod

with

stuff

the

small

shallow

and

it

be

can

is

that

The
and
with

the

ladles

work

is

the
made
the

and
start.

the

at

the

the

handle

but

bod
same

end

it

or

when

molders

go
is

tap
and

kept

time
the

and
that

so

the

hole

of

iron

pointed,

and

and

in

stay

in

dulled
work

is

their

half

around

in

the

to

heat.

the

the

to

warm

If the
remove

dampness

this

point

tap is

bod,

small

of

back

and
or

the

clear

to

regular pouring

the
a

removed

is used

heavy

forward

it into

stream,

be

minutes

by

by placing
it

to

enough

few

small

has

through

with

on

in

first iron

the

the

pressing
bar

hot

and

made

giving

When

hole

and

spout

open

chilled

But

small

distance,

the

hole

comes

tap is made

been

of

hole

soon

is

the

from

closed, unless

small

has

The

the

into

at

tap bar.

flows

hole

the

the

the

back

minutes

large,long

is made

stick

When

large body

of

depend

very

short

well

the

of

few

made

until

hold

tap hole.

of

fly

handful

end

tapping.

in

stopped

with

in

when

away

well

bottom.

against
and

and

that

sand

hole

pressed

is then

light,a

iron

the

melted

tap bar

the

into

must

iron

is made

in for
bod

bod

chills

generally

size

the

the

removed

first iron

hole, which

any

be

the

and

make

to

not

bod

care

small

bod

and

be

to

the

shape

he

the

does

the

on

is used,

broken

cupola,

it may
until

place

stick

has

or

firmly

only stopped

only pressed

in the

collects
so

bod

bod

by taking

it

and

tapped

and

quickly

large

size
is

small

is

time

iron

the

is made

pressing

The

the

hole

the

bod

and

hand.

how

upon

The

but

it will make

or

iron,

The

sand

button,

or

the

places

use.

molding

from

after

sticks, and

instant

stick

when

wet.

bod

for

hot

the

for

and

open,

minutes

20

waiting

than

bod

always

freely and

to

and

ready

the

of

have

to

melter

little wetter

end

not

from

stuff

is

flows

and

in

bod

to

is worked

material

be

the

IN.

tap hole

melts

generally

bars,

tap

STOPPING

the

on

iron

While

his

arranges

the
is

on.

AND

is put

until

FURNACE.

in
not

from

the

bar

rotation

by carrying

circle

and

at

the

MANAGEMENT.

CUPOLA

time

same

the

bar

Httle
the

is

remove

sides

of

When
the
is

stream

close

elevated

at

by

stick

that

seconds
set

not

enter

the

another

bod

great

knack

They

hold

it up,

under

hole

is then

and

the

side

of the

The

applied

sticks

bod
the

stick

over
are

with
the

the

spout

and

movable
melter

impossible

for

the

the

near

which

arm

that

stand

on.

But

He

and

too

can

acquire.

the

the

these

cupola
place
has

cutting

of

to

ofT

plan

is to

short

the
bars

is

the
run

the

placed

is sometimes
bars

or

bod, and

in with

to

up

bod

use

are

slender

the

and

then

push

or

soon,

and

long

place

better

flies in all directions.

placed alongside

be

can

nervous

tap bars

the

in.

to

long

rest

is

attempt

when

hole,

the

it,and

and

get

bracket

or

tap

to

platform

in

stream,

does

never

stopping in, and

for

that

melters

stop in when

cannot

heat

There

time.

cupola stopped

melter

angle

so

the

cool

accurately place

get the

An

stopping

to

the

bod.

to

difificult to

proper

through

used, upon

tapping
the

at

sputters and

few

keep

to
to

stream

frequently made

are

high,

up

stream

iron

It is also

very

bod

the

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97

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98

CUPOLA

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CUPOLA

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CUPOLA

THE

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CUPOLA

and

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MANAGEMENT.

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CHIPPING

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cupola

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THE

I02

door

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that

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than

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FURNACE.

CUPOLA

stock

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form
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re-

melting.
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cupola picks generally

used

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entirelytoo

light for

the

THE

I04

Some

the

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and

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clay

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stiff

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actly
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heat

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properties

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soapstone

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the

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a

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make

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mines

clays

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Ground

coal

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FURNACE,

blue

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good

refractory sand.

clays

CUPOLA

clay requires
three-fourths,
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as

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to

thick
to

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stick.

if let lie in the

it makes

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daubing,

for

it

CUPOLA

does

not

thick

the

retards
and

taken

time

and

is
and

the

wet

lining

daubing

is then

handfuls

plastered
been

to

in any

and

made

After

is

Daubing
protect

the

the

more

far
never

two

one,

if the

three

or

time

and

lining. Besides,

new

for

good shape

aim

of

the

New

the
from

door

the

cupola

tuyeres, and
about

when

inches

of

the

holes
when
has

with

purposes
the

trowel

aim

last

melters

lining

fuel

enough
month

in

to

the

as

he

bottom

When
and

diameter

at

to

larger

back

tuyeres,

with

the

ble
possi-

can.

plate

boshed.

this

kept

and

best

last

for

pay

one,

poor

up

sumed
con-

long when

as

long

is not

keep

to

gained by doing

lining in

smaller

many

being

just

the

from

being by

making

as

viz., to

"

latter

great

every

it last

cupola

The

amount

over

and

so

lining is sloped
above

than

is

kept

straight

is made

better

on

put the

to

make

and

the

the

when

as

be

made

linings are

charging
boshed

melting

melting

for

only

wasted

lining will

should

melter

shape

dust

in small

stick

two.

by doing

power

hands

and

two

Nothing

is retarded

paired
re-

better.

cracks

cupola,

themselves

years.

the

remove

required

for

it, their

to

they pride

melting
and

in

attention

any

the

of

be

LINING.

the

shape

ing
daub-

possible.

as

lining

to

important

lining,and

for

to

lining and

pay

the

applied

near

purpose

the

the

THE

the

lining to

the

it is smoothed

SHAPING

is

the

stick

lining with

smooth

as

will

other, and

trowel.

to

penetrate

in this manner,

on

brush

wet

or

than

with

thrown

made

box

for

brush

daubing

the

to

wet

is

ing
daub-

for

cupola

the

more

daubing

if the

of

tuyeres

and

wanted

made

parts
a

the

on

be

can

on

that

so

The

the

boxes

with

over

heat.

from

The

cupola.

thrown

this way

in

better

it

small

or

cupola,

when

into

the

over

cupola

distance

some

in buckets
the

the

under

melts

or

the

up

shovel

off

chills

ofif the

run

on

board

to

to

box

first brushed

are

and

on

it is

conveyed

falls

and

down

runs

mixing

When

placed

lining,but

required

are

placed

hand.

at

IO5

melting by bunging

the

from

brick

which

tough slag

and
fuel

the

protect

MANAGEMENT.

to

the
it is

below

diameter

long

slope

I06

THE

of

adhere

inches.

20

or

hard

It furthermore

reduces

the

hollow

the

belly

Above
and

slowly
becomes

the

thin

cinder

made

the

above

than
made

be

it should

lining

should

lower

edge,

under

each

the

tuyere

not

run

will

each

heat

away

to

be

does

the

heat

the

the

lining very

passes

to

be

the

up

No

form

to

expand

the

better

however,

casing.

for

permitted

be

or

and
it is

the

tuyere
than

little further

the
little

away

the

the

of

more

when

of

up

stock
or

at

the

No

in

of

top

and

tuyere

to

stock

sudden

lower

it

edge

lining

offset
of

or

the

for

being

burned

of

the

should
ing
melt-

projections and

sudden

and

it is

extent

edge

upper

the

at

melting

projections

or

fill a

the

at

sufBcient

prevent

the

lining
it is when

out

settlingupon

out

the

between

and

at

lodges

in to

offsets

remain

rapidly.
form

filled

lining

spread

bellied

when

sudden

or

the

fill in

to

perfectly straight,as

it

melts

keep

permitted

not

of

them,

tuyere

side

the

inches

to

into

cut

it

heat, and

falling from

bottom

until

form

to

be

very

over

hump

or

pairing.
re-

one.

every

edge

iron

the

the

should

advisable

make

and

to

zone,

molten
of

or

necessary

It must,

zone.

that

fall clear

cupola

lining

away

plate

of

out

requires

it.

zone

for

so

brick

brick

upper

project

heat

lining just

running

edge

in every

new

permitted

The

it.

to

the

the

at

the

iron

prevent

make

made

tuyere

It is not

new,

to

and

into

melting

to

ing
melt-

that

with

bottom

be

the

repairing

projection

ever

placed right

be

No

cupola by

burns

any

the

to

the

from

should

tuyeres

necessary

close

the

and

lining

to

if

remove.

point at

point

replaced

adhere

tuyeres.

inch

the

over

the

of

or

thought

straight

top

be

off

chipped

this

requires

to

that

slag

this

the

zone

tuyeres, and

of

rapidly

it at

seldom
it has

that

be

lining

melting

and

and

must

tuyeres

in

evenly

so

The

is burned

cinder

is difificult to

Above

very

and

heat, gradually build

melting capacity

away

the

that

bridge.

to

the

over

each

after

forms

burns

lining

or

brick

ledge

increasing the tendency

zone

straight cupola, slag

lining just

the

to

FURNACE.

the

the

to

off close

in time

and

out

In

heat

in every

chipped

not

CUPOLA

offset, and
and

hollow

melting

cuts

should
zone

so

away

be
over

CUPOLA

the

bridging

the

of

melting

shape,

that

the top, and

As

the

stock

is

given

should

thick, except

to

of fire brick

fill up

make
of

water

combination

When
the

by

intense

heat

before

where

In the
of

cupola
and

it is dried

or

to

into

it loose

was

the

that

cupola
small

and

his

this

object

only

aim

heat

lining every

would
the
make

and

up.

The

thick

all

around

the

heat

dried

and

glazed

dried
was

daubing

through.
converted

into

and

the

the

in

outside

inches

the

cupola,
this

with

was

was

put

no

and

way
in

on

the
for

no

lining,
the

shatters

sectional

at

the

melter

was

the

This

tuyeres,
a

hard

the

escaping

to

water

from

mon
com-

tuyeres
4 inches
The

wet.

very

outside

of

the

from

from
on

in the

formed

daubing

With

cupola.

hollow

the

this

daubing

being
steam,

and

is

melting whatever,

about

lining in

do

ing
daub-

top.

diameter

zone

The

Ind., in 1875.

The

perature.
tem-

on.

the

to

up

skin

there

as

of

only

the

of

escaping
the

pieces

high

goes

back

inch

give

it is

blast

lining straight

to

the

only

quantity

to

lining,and

fill in

required

There

the

lining at

melting

straight

small

thick

very

4 tons.

up

from

melting.

than

heated

nothing

keep

to

at

yellow elay

knew

he

in view

about

was

was

in
the

reduce

Richmond,

35

oval

an

it settles

as

and

at

saw

about

who

German,

working

we

one,

heat

average

of

illustration. Fig. 19, is shown

accompanying
a

made

when

the

from

the

then

it is forced

steam

of

top

and

the

escape,

the

clays dry slowly

on

to

the

more

even

glazes the

blast

of

cupola,

it to

before

through

moisture

tears

into

bed

the

by

it is converted

daubing

view

created

the

for

way

the

of

middle

zone

lining

is put

daubing

heat

on

only

long

zone.

All

it firmer.

cause

given

down

melting

holes, and

pressed

be

fill it

boshed

put

small

be

the
the

be

to

it sinks

as

melting

never

should

and

daubing

the

to

and

bottom

of

there

lining should

above

shape

be
the

to

from

expand

the

at

away

the

assumes

will

should

tuyeres

the

settlingand

it in

on

lining

taper

belly in

IO7

lodge

the

reverse

lodge

Daubing

dried

above
a

the

not

taper

their

The

lining burns

cupola
lower

cupola.

The

zone.

so

will

and

zone,

melting

stock

inches

from

taper

the

for

tuyeres,

MANAGEMENT.

before
to

it

escape,

behind

was

it
the

io8

THE

daubing
in

stock
out

into

it loose

from

settling got

down

the

from

tore

bridge, with
the

blast

cupola
only

passed

the

the

the

Fig.

THROUGH

SECTION

all the

over

bottom
the

had

daubing

to

the

be

composed

lining in

be

and

illustration,and
to

melted

iron

stock

were

the

and

out

in

found

doubled

complete
which
half

was

CUPOLA.

the

When

at

that

over.

the

cupola
the

broken

was

entirelyof daubing
sheet

it

19.

BRIDGED

bridge

heat

the

and

pressed

through

center

Before

running

was

dropped.

when

in the

fuel

and

it formed

lining until
stock.

The

top.

daubing

the

opening

into

up

the

lining at

behind

small

FURNACE.

CUPOLA

had

the

tuyeres, and
had

shape
down
broken

cooled
shown
it

was

loose

ofT,
in

the

found
from

MANAGEMENT.

CUPOLA

This

melter
Some

with
the

nights

bar

cupola

eight

would

cool

thick

The

iron

boshed

the

shape

same

almost

less than

18

or

regular taper

so

the

Should

melter

does

but

bosh,

in which

tuyeres,
out

These

odd-shaped

and

keeping

drawing,

shape

of

the

it burns

as

should

be

way

cupolas

the

only
to

the

as

the

is that

from

taper

lining

settlingand

in

with

settling.

similar
same

the

the
the

over

ing
bridg-

causes

lining only apply

Many

cupolas.

boshed

and

the

should

be

to

away

given

the

improvements

the

tuyeres

it burns

lining as

lining

and

to

in

the

shaping

for

cupolas

other

slope

not

lining and

boshed

with

lodges

should

it in

zone

the

in

the

to

up

the

of

cupolas require special directions

up

such

of

stock

melting

is made

smooth

on

thick

in

as

lining should

be made

lodge

form

to

bosh

the

to

not

up

proper

lining it

the

the

at

tuyeres.

straight

and

made

hollow

directions

common

in

give

the

the

over

be

great trouble

not

permits

the

at

usually

extent

tuyeres, and

with

one

out

must

The

straight cupola.

small

burn

it

straight cupola,

the

be

to

must

will

stock

the

that

and

long, and

heats

out

an

the

bosh

the

of

top

inches

20

cupola

slightlyboshed

the

peated
re-

thin

time

burn

great

so

slope

the

from

taper

the

ofif two

the

not

shaping

the

of

top

above

6 inches

at

start

The

door.

charging

be

the

straight from

tected
pro-

with

ran

"so

clean.

to

nor

in

and

straight-lined cupola,

the

and

does

cupola

not

by

coated

half

than

less

in

through,

more

properly

been

tuyeres

lining was
out

cut

was

the

at

hole

The

cupola properly

this

in the

zone

but

work

got

in dumping
difificulty

no

lining of

melting

had

and

taken,

he

by morning.

if it had

the

melted

in it and

would

he

before

daubing,

daubed

We

daubing.

ofT

than

bridging

o'clock

in dumpdifificulty
ing.

and

melting

slow

dumping

after

until

the

by

had

always

IO9

for

hung
when

and

in

shape

near

the

and

new

cupolas
of

the

the

out
are

and

shape

shaping

based

lining,and

shaping
turer
manufac-

every

blue

print

on

it should

printed

the
when

the

be

or

the

put

directions

lining.

arrangement
the

the

patent

cupola, showing

Full

thin.

becomes

chipping

framed

furnish
up

and

out,

for

to

All
of

lining gets

no

THE

the

shape

of

out

the

shape

any

other

and
the

of

the

of

either.

condemned

More

thrown

thickness

The

this

is

lining

heat

but

the

is the

when

the

it has

At

and

heat

the

in

the

oxides
with
of

making

good

is taken

A
not

the

made

of

the

cupola

lining burns
repaired

heats.

Above

evenly,

and

away

every
the

the

of

melting

gets thinnest

the

the

ing
melt-

this

point

at

the

of

is from
the

lining by
and

chipping
door

charging

with

the

by
in

time

the

months

lasts

stack
the

lifetime
last depends

in which

way
to

lined

three

it
four

or

use.

at

the

out

it burns
above

the

and

six

burn

cupola lining will

melted

and

sulphides

heat.

generally
a

rapidly

just

and

funnel

about

at

coated

from

zone

very

striking the lining in charging.

iron

would

on

where

assumes

terminating

At

is in constant

heat

wear

gradually

destruction

affected

very

ings
lin-

away

bottom,

thinnest

becomes

varies

heavier

to

time.

some

stock

of

the

more

the

of

4)^

from

it burns

away

and

cupola.

length

of, and
the

where

form

courses

greatest

cupola gradually

properly put

amount

The

the

to

more

cupola,

principal wear

the

The

or

in thickness

the

of

down

little

material

care

when

years

for

contracted

two

is toward
a

end

lining

is but

upon

so

the

up

the

cupola.

in

it burns

tuyeres

is from

and

the

than

when

top except

either

zone,

up

for

slight,and

stack

size

wear

use

the

the

to

lining is always
in

below

principal wear
In

it up,

keeping

large cupolas.

point

largest

been

is very

jarring

in

greatest

and

zone,

the

greatest, and

with

shape

have

cupolas

lining is generally

is then

melting

this

the

lining varies

to

the

at

From

rapidly.
evenly,

is generally

drawings showing

of

for

by putting

always being put

the

improved

want

bottom

casing

The

point.

inches, according

12

style,and

REPAIRING.

lined

the

it is formed

or

at

for

out

AND

newly

from

is boshed.

bosh

brick

is

cupola

same

the

the

of

old

an

the

and

disarranged,

cause.

When

cupola

nor

directions

liningand

is

tuyeres

one

RELINING

the

FURNACE.

improved

an

than

worse

been

working

is neither

cupola

CUPOLA

the

to

melting
the

away

casing
more

and

zone,

in

if

few

slowly

and

melting point.

From

THE

112

without

done

brick

split

place

of

is

inches,

this

procured

from

by

splitting

the

Most

the

of

brick

split

reduced

put

in

the

to

well

daubing

in

put
deal

regular

less

if

put

in

inches.

the

lasts

regular

with

labor

poor,

the

only

long

way;
and

in

when

as

and

put

equal

an

it

be

can

material.

non-adhesive

It

and

lining

cupola

in

the

for

diameter

with

of

good

thickness

'put

is

lining

new

the

can

cupola

the

shape

melting

reduction

from

of

section

best

lining,
as

of

way.

bats

the

as

diameter

with

as

and

This

for

expense
in

extent

with

mixed,

The

alone.

way,

rapidly

as

but

split.

to

split

this

in

true,

difificult

are

almost

in

same

maintained

is

from

the

and

after

regular

made

and

readily

chisel

the

be

may

very

oiT

put

daubing

to

in

cupola

be

with

not

split
spall

can

shaped

they

made

were

sharp

then

xiot

they

When

around.

procured

generally

lining

all

with

lining

could

and

in

fire-brick

repair

to

brick

split

brick

sized

them

brick

The

thick

inch

leading

first

manufacturers,

regular

new

the

the

were

ago.

fire-brick

be

cannot

we

years

nicking

carefully

be

with

interfere

only

all

by

made

now

believe

20

some

way,

brick

is

We

be

of

that

lining

fire-brick,

ordinary

an

and

manufacturers.

old

the

in

humps

forming

melting.

the

in

FURNACE.

CUPOLA

in

is, however,

unrefractory

ing
lin-

of

at

great
less
worth-

ing.
daub-

CHAPTER

V.

EXPERIMENTS

In

different

visiting

cupolas

of

time,

found

we

iron

of

not

that

there

that

done

was

iron

on

still others
above

claimed

the

hundred-weight

or

two

shovels

of

until

the

This

and

the

to

charge
iron

of

second

fuel

of

the

tuyeres.
was

in

similar

of

fuel

this

only

way,

heavier,

the

who

but

using

flame

made
an

heat.
8

at

(113)

third

the

amount

same

portion,
pro-

charging
together,

the

five

to

and

tuyeres
twenty-

layer

was

with

done

opinion

upon

of

above
that

fuel

the

cupolas

their

light

iron,

of

distance

iron

or

charge

second

charge

charged
of

one

then

covered

short

of

blast

charges

extravagant

charging

were

and
the

the

This

melted

bed

again

it from

bed,

from

it from

was

filled.

way

cupola

by

which

the

one

iron

from

on

separate

separate

Foundrymen

melted

iron
a

in

to

foundries

different

the

and

and

foundries

to

melt

to

placed

fuel

blast

distance

to

in the

loaded

or

way

other

the

on

fuel

the

this

it to

weight

and

mixed

were

upon

fuel

of

that

theory

iron

of

similar

cupola

the

In

placed

charge
the

and

door.

iron
filled

charging

led

some

in

put

were

more

in

In

others

furnace,

short

opinions

cupolas.

was

charged

were

weight
of

cupola
of

charging

hundred

fuel, then

way

cupolas

various

at

that

the

by

air

an

melted

only

iron

of

in

melting

door,

tuyeres

melting

to

held

claimed

charging

the

of

was

loading

or

the

to

front

These

two

door.

iron

the

foundrymen

tuyeres

present

opinions

which

at

ment
manage-

the

at

different

cupola

the

as

and

in

principle

tuyeres.

or

understood

Some

in

that

charging

of

ways

melted

when

ago,

many

point

the

similar

were

place.

from

only

was

flame,

and

took

MELTING.

years

well

so

the

to

as

actually

melting

foundries

was

by foundrymen

IN

and
for

those
each

CUPOLA

THE

14

To

learn

cupola,

was

also

other

of

in

small

closed

when

Sturtivant

fan

was

arranged

the

steel

blast

of

pipe,

inches

four

the

lining,and

first

the
and

what

at

procured
placed

number
them

of

ten

apart

from

in the

lining so

burned

At

away.

made

small
soon

as

escape

the

hole

The

first bar

and

the

as

of

others

been

put

put

in and

in

place

up

charging

door,

which

blast

on.

The

through

this

the
was

fan

was

the

which
melted

of

bottom
started

pig
the

door
in

the

cupola

was

six

the

and

of

When

put

up,

As

way.

filled
the

with

brick

pig

the

the

would

lining.
bottom,
had

sand

bottom

soon

coke

as

to

the

heat

from

run

very

slowly during

all

they

and

feet

and

casing

bottom,

six

it

as

the

the

above

pig

fuel

blast

and

inches

each

the

we

and

iron

of

clay

inches

usual

facts

pig

of

for

melted,

iron

ends

of

were

these

fell out

was

sides

cupola

removed

inches.

six

tuyeres

with

we

in

blast

round

ends

heat

and

three

placed

was

the

fan.

inches

cupola,

settle

between

space

the

burned

put

each

intervals

fire

was

of

iron

in the

creasing
in-

eighteen

soft

fastened
not

ends

the

the

fire

No.

through

iron
at

of

could

fire-clay,and

with
a

they

filled in the

lining and
casing

that

bars

and

center,

to

ascertain

other

it

accurate

of

cupola

To

each

across

center

in this

first.

small

of

melting
in

but

the

opposite

on

bottom.

point

cupola.

very

in two

the

what

at

it melted

point

in

was

them

with

of

pressure

first put

above

made

learning

of

purpose

placed

placed

inches

experiments

we

cupola
we

and

diameter

cupola, twenty-four
The

The

easilycut

supplied by

revolutions

exact

thin

cupola,

of

the

and

the

the

of

structed
con-

we

be

from

blast

of

cupola,

ascertain

to

size

number

heat.

the

inside

the

for

there

connected

we

distance

volume

the

near

experimental

diameter

the

cupola

short

the

regulate

to

spring air-gauge

each

at

large

decreasing

or

On

placed

could

ber
num-

found

casing

holes

This

required.

entirely too

was

other

in

foundrymen,

among

and

to

had

we

light sheet-iron

tuyere

not

Fan

The

with

cupola

lining,through which
and

opinion

of

in reference

which

to

as

really melted

was

something

melting,

difiference

iron

point

ascertain

to

points

wide

what

definitelyat

and

FURNACE.

the
the
the
and

EXPERIMENTS

the

air-gauge

the

pipe

at

the

time

showed

the

through
been

the

charges

permitted
time

minutes

inches

the
flow

began

inches

pig
the

above
the

ends

of

hole

for

kept

short

until

on

the

time

then

the

fuel

all

was

flame

the
burned

small

when

pig

and

the

was

at

the
blast

the

tap
was

charging
the

it

twelve

from

but

of

in the

holes

iron

the

at

up,

end

placed

one

altogether ;

six

escape

each

at

another

the

by

of

placed

minutes,

dribbling of

of

the

was

it ceased

appearance

three

freely until

indicated

as

was

about

weight

cessation

flow

to

the

in

door

bottom

was

dropped.

then

When

the

cupola

four

bars

placed

and

they

showed

intense

heat.

an

tuyeres,

time, when

that

indicated

this

melted

was

the

of

by the

casing

there

for

flowed

and

There

pig.

melted

tap hole

the

in

placed

iron

tap hole

one

indicated

as

hole

the

and

made

by
the

was

tuyeres,

had

pig

again

The

melted.

holes

the

from

the

of

the

melted

have
with

continued

shown

was

as

the

tap

the

at

and

on,

in

down

The

note

light

probably

heat,

and

put

was

pig

the

appeared

first

melted,
The

this

flow

blast

would

during

of

escaped freelv

cupola.

melted

as

the

heavily weighted
in the

Iron

was

top

from

After

to

fast

blast

in

part

placed

was

the

blast

been

greater

attributed

iron

and

of

closed

as

the

pig

the

iron

of

had

We

no

pig iron,

not

cold.

blast

pig.

pressure

out

one

above

the

of

The

after

when

iron

of

it melted.

freely until
the

bars

and

run

which

at

three

to

that

fact

fuel

all.

at

the

and

blast

of

pressure

heat,

I I

ounce

the

closely packed

small

made

was

ten

iron

the

to

ff the

of

one

pressure

fuel.

greater

than

during

no

blast

but

cupola

less

time

any

of

pressure

showed

MELTING.

IN

and

was

was

placed

and

at

from

the

hole,

as

sixth

and

two

below

off

the

had

tuyeres

the

almost

cupola
the

tuyeres.

mentioned

blast
The

above,
bars

had

met

iron
was

melted

that

been

on

in the
that
melted
as

such

with

center

dribbled
from

indicated

the

of

by

cupola
the

bar.
the

bar

tuyeres,

the

from

this

to

tions
indicaThis

place.

level

bent,

or

subjected

showed

still in

was

the

of

none

melted

been

having

of

but

partly melted,

seventh

found

was

fifth bar, however,

The

where

it

indications

no

across

point

cooled

tap
The

escape

Il6

blast

of

the

from

and

bar

small

was

not

in

and

showed

than

the

harder

partly

melted

very

blast

the

twelve
For

The

fan

the

blast
the

pipe,

the

melted

the

the

later
These

times.

tuyeres
seventh

melted

within

melted

bars

very

hot.

after

the

was

tap hole

was

pigs

pig placed higher

There
and

or

about

burned

no

was

on

sixth

was

the

when

fuel
the

twelve
out,

was

in the

placed
fuel

the

above
was

fired

in the

In

dififerent

still

the

iron

the

dropped,

after

heights
inches
in

the

tuyeres.
and
from

the
from

former

were

the
other
the

heat, and

in

the

not

minutes

iron

melted

as

few

from

in the

was

cupola

iron

of

did

six

they began,
The

in

Then

above

other.

blast

heat,

at

and

ing
chargof

this

melt.

same

speed

of

tuyeres

dribbling

to

the

first to

as

the

to

and

inches

cupola,

required

inches

the bottom

in

replaced by

placed

after

melted,

were

replaced by

bar

melted,

no

tuyeres

the

tuyeres

little dull, but

There

regular

the

pressure

below

each

cess,
pro-

and

air-gauge.

The

of

pig

wi]tha light

of

fuel

used

were

rapidly

that

the

the

were

and

up

the

bar

minutes

few

out

removed

placed

was

the

in

in

filled with

the

heated

showing

top

four-ounce

above

placed

bars

first bar

one

iron

from

were

tuyeres.

melted

eighth bar, placed eighteen

three

melted

the

iron

that

the

the

tuyeres

by

melted

showed

made

pigs

hardened

about

was

indicated

later the

minutes

few

heat

bars

highly

correct

bent

intense

an

tenth

harder,

was

also

give

the

be

to

heat, and

as

the

of

top

off

was

sized

different

at

one

two

and

to

been

each

of

badly

was

and

shades

bars

to

bars

the

above

cupola

one,

having

from

two

former

as

former

melt, and

only
inches

so

of

This

cupola.

same

ninth

this

found

bent

increased

the

above

burned

The

in the

as

door.

in

or

the

The

pig,

slowly

the

and

in the

bar

ends

subjected

from

three

heat

straight one.

manner

iron

melted

next

ones,

new

The

or

fourteen

or

the

signs

two

cupola

all.

the

at

eighth
been

less

afterward

we

casing

The

at

when

was

charging

of

way

melted

than

melted
and

in the

having

of

bar.

eighth

shade

iron

holes

evidence

heat, but

place

FURNACE.

entirely gone.

were

showed

and

to

CUPOLA

THE

this

blast

was

heat.

put

fill it to

the

charging

top

of

the

last

and

the

cupola permitted

door,

pig, was

all
to

EXPERIMENTS

cool

When

off.

fifth bar,
melted

the

subjected

the

slightly bent,

and

had

tenth

bar

of

each

bar.

indications

From

this

just

above

at

the

in the

fifth bar

all, and

to

increased

the

cupola

the

at

the

for

that

extent

an

been

to

tuyeres

decreased

melting

at

that

extent

an

or

raised

was

been

great

so

heat.

stronger

it from

prevented

bar

eighth

had

The

of

the

of

by

heat

place,

heat.

front

in

subjected

melting temperature

dicated
in-

as

in

increase

from

decreased

was

sixth,

holes

was

former

directly in

heat

blast, and

of

level

higher

to

that

the

them,

volume

greater

learned

we

the

change

no

The

bar

the

been

not

small

having

during

showed

point

heat

than

the

ninth

of

had

entirely out,

through

extent

some

heat.

melted

The

to

and

this

in

that

found

had

change

been
blast

showed

that

at

it,it was

no

the

higher temperature

and

ends

II

tuyeres, which

of

escape

the

at

examine

temperature

bars

eighth

and

casing

to

high

so

the

MELTING.

heat, showed

former

to

by
the

in to

went

we

placed opposite

in

seventh

IN

it

readily melted.

was

For
the

the

same

eight
in

would

heat

We

be

the

blast.

test

the

this

it

that

showed

was

was

were

pass
gauge

the

were

to

put

that

found

not

too

resistance

due

the

showed

in blast.

We

to

offered

and

the
to

permit
the

when

at

blast

of

the

the

the
when

of

volume
blast

in the

it

the

curred
oc-

cupola
In

doing
speed

same

the

that

cupola

when

the

the

eres
tuy-

of

shown

tuyeres, and

stock

found

days,

pressure

of

pressure

by

at

increase

fan.

concluded

great

so

just

one

pressure

the

of

gauge

ounces

once

melting

was

charging

the

six

it

several

running

on

smallness

the

for

an

melting temperature

four-ounce

speeds

fan

give

cupola by the

without

different

gauge

to

the

over

pressure

small

last

the

exactly

to

in

in the

blast

fan

The

that

matter

with

eight ounces

through them,
was

with

air-gauge

the

of

as

with

in

cupola

air-gauge.

same

as

the

on

and

disappointed

same

the

thinking

blast, the

cupola

much

very

the

by

level

higher

bars

speed

anticipated
a

were

us

and

in

to

results

to

shown

as

had

raised

After

the

practically the

was

blast, and

was

increased

ounce-pressure,

this

that

arranged the

we

and

way,

described.

of

heat

next

blast

to

by

the

to

the

not

cupola.

Il8

the

the

when

After

placed

we

The
and
lower

the

could

be

bars

in the

with

only

showed

melt

the

named

at

tenth

bar

tuyeres

about

the

No.

soft

hardness

and

the

of

But

this

three

last

pig

and

it

due

to

not

to

the
the

only

the

tuyere
in

nor

melting
the

pig

iron

in the

remained
and

been

strong

bars

blast
was
were

at

raised
melted

the

of

first
to
as

been
a

heat

higher
at

last to
from

or

slag
large

ing
harden-

no

lighter blast.
during

and

in these

slag

were

heats, and

in the

lower

the

cupola,

In this heat

level
a

was

The

of the

hardness

before

the

strong

unmelted

iron

the

below

hard, although

with

the

The

it flowed

as

had

supposed.
a

was

the

heats

the

the

rotation

cupola.

to

cupola

that

burning
as

in the

subjected to

found

first to

bar, which

white

was

in former

bars

and

slag

of

there

as

bar

heats.

ninth

tuyeres

attributed

in this heat,

the

of

cold

sixth

the

in

in former

as

placed

we

melted

pig

had

when

gauge

the

been

the

on

the

The

melted

deal

good

had

the

the

when

iron

the
used

that

fan

all in this heat, and

at

from

the

pressure
was

and

out

ran

of blast.

none

above

iron

result

apart

and

and

ounces

were

iron

by

roasting and

three

fan,

rearranging

before

as

ounces

time

inches

melting temperature
but

the

bars, melted

the

eight

bars

The

afterwards

was

small

too

results

of

without

melted

melted,

heats

former

size of

the tuyere-area

of

top

tuyeres, which

not

was

the

of

of blast

volume

the

The

four

the

melted.

the tap hole, and

was

of

accompanied

was

shown

had

same

not

placed twenty-four
melt,

air-

inches, laid flat.

increase

heat

cupola

ninth

and

were

the

to

were

six

by

to

replaced

above

eighth

was

on

produced by

comparison

tuyeres.

heats,

in former

seventh,

raise

pressure

inches

six

neither

the

that

small

shape

we

charged

speed

gauge

placed

heat

and

due

tuyeres

of blast

former

of

many

the

cupola.

next

same

the

of this

the

blast

going into the cupola.

was

volume

that

so

with

made

up,

the

at

bottom,

the

made

time

same

placed

For

made

great

wholly

tuyeres in the cupola, four

were

the

at

the

cupola

two

tuyeres

almost

was

seen

pressure

discovery that

the

the

to

have

high

little blast

very

making

admit

to

show

pressure

and

tuyeres

FURNACE.

discovery, we

in blast

when

cupolas
gauge

this

making

Since

it

CUPOLA

THE

the

cupola,

level.

THE

I20

had

showed

signs

no

fuel

The

used

We

melted

close

the

and

did

iron

blast

and

would
But

the

in
the

The

failure

the

mixed

do

the

by

sixth

iron

less

The

way.

that

blast

packed
freely

showed

but

out,

volume

to

blast

blown

not

melted

in
the

if it were,

the blast

blast,

of

tuyeres

bars

only

melted.

ones

by

mild

melted

not

was

directly

strongest,

melted

not

was

cupola by

the

was

the

been

not

in

cupola

limited

melts, and
increase
the

or

that

by

is

be

in

it

when

was

the

years

fuel

same

all the

way
posed
sup-

ago

and

iron

in in separate

being put

of

in the

cupola

as

melt

to

melting temperature

or

space
zone

of the

volume

zone

melted

in
in

in

zone

be

may

the
a

by

cupola.
cupola

were

charges,

that

raised

It

outside

higher level

or

lowered

However

strong

of

the

this

shown
zone,

in

is

iron

by

an

depth

blast, but

also

was

there

in which

cupola

blast.

of

increased

is not

to

blast, showed

the

melting

placed higher

cannot

melted

charging door,

place

melting

decrease

melting

bars

done.

the

this

tenth

foundrymen,

most

raising of

and

is

the

to

commonly

now

certain

iron

tuyeres

over

cupola by increasing

zone

with

is not

iron

the

of

the

that

in the

The

of

was

first and

just

one

tuyeres

to

the

front

of

heat, showed

is

the

tuyeres

same

blast.

strong

from

as

fire

tuyeres, where

melted

been

blast, and

the

in this heat

fuel ; for

the

of

the

over

one

the

that

showed
flame

have

and
well

freely

escaped

scrap,

permit

gauge

so

ported
sup-

harder.

was

and

in front

melt

iron

weighted

not

regular

small

not

The

ounces

with

the

in

and

pig
did

of

was

blast

cupola

cupola

and

large

large pieces.

in this

was

fuel.

not

heats

These

heat

the

three

cupola

as

the

charges

of

pressure

the

charged

through

escape

the

heat

the

and

the

bars

coke

The

cupola,

the

in

coke

Connelsville
under

cupola

heated.

extent

hard

the

of

part

upper

any

formed

were

made

in this

the

in

to

was

between

crevices

blast, and

iron

been

heat

the

in

afterward

and

in the

lining in charging.

iron

through the

FURNACE.

coke

having

of

cavities

by the
with

the

in this

Large

pieces.

down

but

heated,

been

CUPOIA

the
that

either

EXPERIMENTS

above

below

or

melted

not

the

of

either

fire in the

subsequent
when

the

may

large

very

done

with

be

given

FUEL

UNDER

to

it

The

volume

of blast

regular

the

out

the

and

blast

of

showed

way,

and

were

putting

volume

large

cupola

below

and

blast.

in the

charged

was

strong

121

above

placed

lightor

melting

poor

blast

bars

cupola by

cupola

much

too

it, for the

with

MELTING.

IN

iron

that

thereby

injured.

In

the

first two

fell from
the

the

where

this

blast
turned

the

and

out

fuel

ashes

the

and

The

bottom

and

through,

totally unfit
it

the
after

blast
the

coke

put

was

blast

the

cupola

action

at

We

fuel

at

with

double

slides, the

with

glass.

The

be

withdrawn

; but

different

the

of

mica
for

observed

through

Through

these

there

moved
re-

was

been

no

buried

gradually,
little ashes

very

like

the
the

burning

had

we

put
below

point.

inner

one

not

glass

openings

it

was

by
the

the

observed

before

the

at

peep

all

arranged

the

outer

heat, and

action

holes

observe

to

were

and

ash

termining
accurately de-

tuyeres

mica

and

bed

of

holes

The

affected

without

number

the

with

minutes

few

all the

the

of

means

no

and

cupola

consumed

not

was

the

that
of

up

heated

coke,

into

put

thought

coke

been

gas-house

When

points
this

it had

that

afterward

was

the

was

then

down

and

fire

the

had

let

coke

We

by
that

on

point.

that

then

we

were

that

was

spongy

coke.

and

put

was

this
in the

on,

bottom

purposes.

made

was

cinder

found

showed

and

soft

Ccnnelsville

in the

found

until

the

kept

we

in

learn

to

off, and

and

pieces

fuel

tuyeres.

melting

for

hard

was

the

all the

heat

hose

filled with

be

third

cooled

was

small

The

examined

was

it

that

determined

the

ashes

coke

dropped, although

We

in

considerable

were

it from

few

to

to

door

The

cinder.

when

coke

cold.

found

was

well

tuyeres, and

and

bottom

was

into

water

except

cupola

the

from

them

that

and

cupola

cupola
the

above

in the

the

noticed

up.

from,

of

from

the

burned

came

stream

was

charging

been

coke

until

on

the

of

had

cupola

it

when

cupola

indications

the

heats

TUYERES.

THE

of

escape

of

that

the

the
the
fuel

one

could
fuel
blast.
was

THE

122

always

at

white

the

blast

had

and

remained

heat

been

fuel

the
down

the

never

it

that

consumed

was

not

the

only

consumed

fuel

in

in

two

the

failure

before

three

inches

bottom.
the

The

bars

tuyeres

when

these

two

inches

four

but

melted,

were

hole

with

the

with

slag
the

or

iron
we

points

eres
tuyand

on,

that

was

cupola

higher

that

failed

to

looking

the

of

heat

with

three

tap

where

melted

iron

else

something

it

filled

being

the

bars

the

know

not

time

but

for ;

four-

from

tuyeres

the

note

heat

flowed

did

we

and

the

and

level, namely,

this

that

slag

sand

before

as

in

In

the

door,

as

bottom.
of

opposite sides,

on

same

at

placed

we

above

charging

afraid

so

we

was

cupola

inch

the

the

on,

great

were

servation
ob-

the

large tuyeres,

cupola,

in

the

the

so

these

closed.

was

one

placed

were

we

or

quantity

iron, that

or

put

was

settle

to

or

blast

the

be
But

under

placed

of

red

could

From

the

dull

streams.

away.

front

the

in

to

above
the

and

from

came

coke

blast

pressure

change

four

placed

of

ounce

the

bottom

were

filled with

cupola

twenty-

the

from

any

after

TUYERES,

inches,

six

small

part

but

on,

iron

and

time

the

with

melt

to

by

four

tuyeres,

the

put

Molten

fuel

the

this

LOW

After

it became

burning

during

lighting up

time

drops

that

burned

was

undergo

were

concluded

was

in

blast

heat.

the

to

if it

do

the

short

fuel

seen

it would

as

for

throughout

so

was

FURNACE.

just before
on

fallingthrough

seen

CUPOIA

was

learned.
We
so

the

near

been
at

cut

lining

was

had

former

imagine

not

heats
where

perfect
been

when
the

It

burned
there

slag

how

came

was

found

no

from.

to

any

the

ash

sand
it had

that

which

heat

and

fuel

in

we

when

the

at

iron

cut

The

than
a

of

had

been

extent

were

we

place

bottom
not

the

over,

nicel}'glazed.

greater

slag, and
But

the

and

put in and
out

with

coke

badly

was

when

as

the

the

being placed

tuyeres

out

out

see

blast.

the

as

burned

raked
to

from

when

and

was

and

bottom,

by

up

all and

filled

front

the

dropping

slag came

bottom,

been

the

out

the

thought

sand

had

cupola
took

first

at

in

loss

that

to

had

EXPERIMENTS

been

melted

slag came

beginning

unmelted
iron
when

been

this

hard

iron

burned
The
the

and

up

bars

in this

melted
heat

above

when

as

the

the

These

in

in

zone

or

of

the
the

in the

depth

raised

and

one

heated

there

in blast, and

that

iron

this

above

the

tuyeres

same

time.

melted

equally

In

these

inches

inches

making
from

any

one

level

of

blast.

placed

on

level

placed eighteen
and

almost

the

ready

to

blast

by lowering

the

raised

the

tuyeres

tuyeres

above
melt.

the

melting.
the

the
Bars

was

melting

the

distance

blast,

of

charging

and

lowered

was

of

that

to

tuyeres

character

in the

heat, with

first

inches

of

of

volume

zone

above

with

the

melted

be

and

melting

in the

another
In

the

been

have

differance
to

volume

change

any

by

melting

cannot

tuyeres

tuyeres

the

heats

could

zone

the

exists

location

the

by

by

zone

The

zone.

is determined

making

the

volume
iron

that

of

zone

of

without

without

Three

the

the

cupola

the

ZONE.

the

cupola twenty-one

and

of

the

of

cupola.

extent

the

outside

cupola

height

and

when

cupola

cupola

with

bottom.
above

fact

established

heats

in

heat

bottom.

MELTING

zone

been

results

placed twenty-four

were

as

replaced

we

The

the

in about
the

was

slag.

inches

and

it

it had

of

the

above

slag, and

tuyeres

in the

melted

in

as

eighteen

with

placed

experiment.

same

rotation

same

trouble

no

the

inches

and

cupola

unsatisfactory that

so

repeated

twelve

in the

was

well

as

were

and

into

converted

practically the

were

melted

There

heat

out

placed six,

were

melted

placed twenty-four

tuyeres
bars

when

When
when

the

the

of

fully two-thirds

glass, and

as

bottom

pig, but

there

heats, and

of

heats.

cupola

remained

number

the

soft

had

and

23

the

where

in the

placed

fire in the

during
No.

of this

results

the

by

was

brittle

and

during

found

was

were

experiments

and

up

pigs melted

tuyeres

burned

lighting

cupola

the

it

examined,

was

the

of

the

under

had

heat

All

from.

the

at

in this

MELTING.

IN

ing,
melt-

the

distance

same

The

zone

was

by increasing

light blast,

bar

partly melted,

tuyeres

placed

was

above

highly
and

THE

124

these

below
bars

depth
volume
not

melted

zone

and
next

six

inches

these

the

that
the

entire

blast

of

zone

cupola,
certain

amount

degree

before

the

carbon

fuel
hot

blast

would

the

that

location

the

These

tests

were

cupola

from

the

fuel

nearly

the

through
In
melted
a

bed

hundred

the

door

took

heat

before

only

placed twenty-four

inches

of

that

weight

height

in

iron

on

of

the

iron

bars

cupola

it,and

turned

have

the

and

in this

found

we

changed
iron.

of

fuel

burned
fuel

the

in the
up

and

burned

as

fire show

the

charged.

the

above

of

made
way,

zone

depth

the

was

to

was

in

the

charges

the

possible,and

as

bed

fire

have

to

care

heated
With

somewhat

heavy

the

after

heat, with

former

regular

the

and

and

in the

with

with

of

the

certain

amount

afterward

fuel

to

heated.

were

the

through

heat;

necessary,

zone

volume

the

combination

by carefully measuring

we

top of the

the

cupola,

heated

the

of

in the

were

that

each

In

pass

stationary and

of

of

charging

in each

been

the

inches

intense

an

that

it entered

to

it became

charged

depth

made

settled, and

alike

iron

down

air

placed

eighteen

when

freely into

before

In heats

and

weighting

become

remained

have

fuel and

with

and

have

not

increased.

been

cupola

the

would

the

air, the greater

through

pass

for

In

ing
melted, show-

was

level

cold

produce

to

cold

of

probably

zone

fuel

the

bar

by increasing

was

entered

blast.

blast.

about

zone

was

melting

showing

cupola

higher

blast

fuel

its oxygen

this

the

the

heated

of

it must

to

necessary

volume

the

greater

raised

that

was

of

in the

the

of

largej

tuyeres

blast,

of

remained

zone

the

melted,

volume

the

had

zone

stronger
of

not

was

by

raising of

fact

it

and

the

was

the
the

to

raised

of

the

by

bars

two

heat, with

outside

was

larger volume

placed higher

depth

attributed

we

by

bar

it

the

with

level

raised

the- tuyeres
been

again
a

still

on

that

been

the next

heat, and

these

and

zone,

In

placed

had

zone

above

heats

and

bar

heat, with

had

zone

inches.

by the

that

showing

melting

all, showing

the

the

the

eighteen

at

little affected

melted,

of

blast, the

of

FURNACE.

very

were

edges

about

of

were

them

the

on

were

bars

two

between

CUPOLA

cupola,

tuyeres.

put
on

the

bar

We

charge
same

was

placed
of

blast

three
with

EXPERIMENTS

which

melted

we

hour

an

until

before

This

burned

the

the

In

heat

charges

to

With
minutes

and

With

hot

With

and

With
melted

hot

and

charge

the

iron

first part of

it

bed

foundry

work.

in these
these

with
bed

for

Our

be

placed

heats

would

eighteen

of

to

in eaeh

within

inches

two

lower, until
and

it
the

made

in

down

in

twenty

the

heat.

minutes,

ten

in five minutes,

heat.
in

down
the

latter

each

as

minutes,

four

end

of

melted

charge

the
the

part dull.
down

came

in

minutes.

four

light work.

for

iron

was

be

not

and

low

probably

have

twenty

dull, and

very

it could

blast

fuel to

In

between
ten

to

were

charge

heat.

placed
of

to

the

used

for

melting
been

best

inches, and

with

general

zone,

the

hot.

general

results

adopted

we

this

experiments.

experiments

the

obtained

we

had

come

bed

down

toward

iron

light

practical melting,

throughout

pound

With

ing
melt-

weight.

came

latter

that

dull

the

heats.

came

bed, the
so

two

next

fuel

was

further

in

dull

too

experiments

bed

zone

of

bed,

was

it

iron

the

and

melt

to

fuel

to

the

down

little dull, and

twelve-inch

ten-inch

In

hot

was

fast, but

With

iron

was

the

came

previous

first,but

at

slow

very

above

tuyeres,

came

bed, iron

fast

for half

on

slowly throughout

throughout

fourteen-inch

Melted

hot

sixteen-inch

With

and

it

inches

two

iron

iron

in

began

hundred

bed,

bed,

when

of

top

the

melted

than

faster

fast

the
heat

eighteen-inch bed,

an

melted

and

hot, but

was

was

permitted

three

inch

melting

fuel, and

was

above
or

same,

twenty-inch

melted

the

was

25

stock.

the

inches

twenty-two

iron

blast

placed

was

the

by

subsequent
ten

iron

of

iron

placed

we

in each

lowered

was

the

settlingof

next

and

lower,

there

before

the

by

melted,

the

The

the

and

was

that

supported

away

zone

charge

MELTING.

height.

melted,

iron

the

that

at

indicated

and

zone

bar

any

half

about

faster.

be

the

IN

the

and
to

these
the

pounds

melt

learn

the

of

amount

iron

of

experiments
charges
of

depth

iron.

of

an

we

iron

of

iron

melting

that

should

temperature

even

the

made
at

the

ratio

charges
of

one

126

THE

the

For
bed

four

the

coke

first heat
of

four

cwt.

The

with
and

fast, and
For

the

of

coke

coke

the

in this

heat

next

For

the

coke

In

when

the

the

the

each

the

throughout

of

this way.

in

machine

an

and

heat

catch

ladle

hot

of

the
and

weight,

of

second

before

the

pig bed.
fuel

dull

too

In

(one

to

which

should

after

melting

by

the

the

first

to

this

charge,

we

ten) between

raised

charge

melting,

and

of

the

the

when

it
iron

the

pour

heat

have

In

hot, but

charge

work

used
the

charges

the top
iron
iron

of

but

became

the

melt

iron

chance

other

or

the

piece

The

first

dull, and
At

the

soon

into

put

ginning
be-

the

percentage

of

former

heats,

its former

height

do

not

duller

hot

was

but
little,

in the
to

cupola.

iron

dull.

same

bed

proper
im-

hundred

dull.

be

to

to

eight

of

almost

seen

of

to

the

it did

perature
tem-

majority

the

up

had

as

first of

in the

became

livened

exactly

the

their

iron

very

and

little dull

attributed

heat

was

cwt., and

cupolas

be

soon

in

seen

to

it became
it

and

uneven

we

never

this

were

cwt.,

very

have

of

and

melted.

when

may

were,

six

was

cupola

is

melting

seven

thing
a

heat.

five cwt.,

mysterious working

charges

was

of

hot

slight change

light pulley

all melted

was

third

hot

often

melting
the

to

charge

the

and

sure
pres-

one.

cupola watching

eighty pounds.

charge

of

became

but

last of the

the

the

coke

heat

all

melted

the

iron

this

for

pour

uneven

heat

next

to

iron

of

moulders

the

iron

The

charging,

until

and

ounces

iron

of

common

four

charge

iron

How

it is

round

standing

in

foundries

jobbing

light work.

For

fact

temperature,

uneven

every

of

In

was

former

was

were,

the

heat.

heat

in

last of each

making

the

results

there

iron

on

iron

the

in

charge melted,

charge melted,

next

melt

The

coke,

of

charges

charges

of

throughout

as

heat

this

the

charges

the

the

as

pounds.

last of

heat

The

heat

this

iron

heat

next

seventy

the

made

we

of

temperature

before,

this

fiftypounds.

same

until

on

as

In

made

we

sixty pounds.

the

so

same

on

forty pounds

temperature

even

heat

practicallythe
For

an

next

of

charges

the

was

eighteen inches,

of

iron

iron, and

large tuyeres.

two

bed

this

on

of

blast

FURNACE.

put in

we

iron

cwt.

charged.

CUPOLA

as

so,

the

as

shown

melting

of

128

THE

takes

tuyeres
the
heat

for

it not

the

occasional

large

molten

three

cupola placed
charged

due

to

the

tuyeres,

with

at

the

low

iron

the

chilled

above

the

the

blast

is the

zone,

and

fuel

placed

is

it descends
in

placed

the

melting

fuel
the

placed

zone

after

be

to

be

each
the
that

the

charge

the

top

charge

bed

sinks

iron

melts

the

lower

dull,

bed

until

Scarcely
receive

scarcely

any

two

as

the

charge

it gets

an

cupolas

the

to

the

near

the

cupolas

volume
be

of

of

above

fuel

must

the

zone

the

at

of

end

of

made

too

heavy,

melting

the

charge

is

of

the

have

blast, and

the

of

top

bottom

bottom

quantity

into

succeeding charge

two

can

in

extent

time

long

iron, and

iron

of

above

is raised

melting

fuel

of

is burned

settle

can

in

raised

below

same

iron

bed

the

melting

placed

is

great

of

ones,

of

in

zone

iron

the

charge

stoppage

each

any

of

is

in the

If too

same

quantity

iron

makes

low

part

bed

and

zone,

top

the

is not

sinks

or

the

hot

outside

no

get

fuel under

with

as

large

fuel

on.

each

great

so

fuel ; and

of

ceases.

or

of

the

the

of

If the

iron.
to

until

is put

is

takes

to

it is the

is melted

upon

erly
prop-

tuyeres

and

zone,

If too

before

there

is lowered

bed

zone

charges,

away

of

the

into

melting

and

melted,

iron

charged

blast

in the

burned

the

area

the

after

No

zone.

settles

the

high tuyeres

melted

be

iron

is

again

the
iron

cannot

the

and

away

in

and

zone

above

into

the

the

produced

under

in

undoubtedly

was

blast

fuel

of

same.

bed, the

through

with

tuyeres

the

until

in its descent

of

iron

impossible

This

amount

through
tuyeres

and

found

and

holes.

the

bottom

was

fuel, and

bypassing
With

heat

long

slag

light work.

location

when

the

above

charging

The

in

for

dull

believe

the

through

tuyeres.

iron, it

same

tuyeres.

distance

hot

being

for

the

feet

tap hole

difiference

no

make

to

the

iron

below

in

the

as

We

red.

tap and

is made

cupola

fuel

of

amount

hot

in

high

the

from

deader

cupola

When

cupola.

grows

dropping

blast

in

cherry

of

part

iron

of

escape

melted

Iron

this

the

fuel

dull

in this

out

go

iron

of

the

high,

becomes

and

fire would

were

placed

are

progresses

the

FURNACE.

part in the melting

no

tuyeres

CUPOLA

is melted,
the

zone,

the

and

and

ing
melt-

this

alike.

the

zone

same

for

charged exactly

by

zone

tuyere
reason

To

do

EXPERIMENTS

the

and

zone,

melting

after

melted

be

in

After

the

give

charges

for

volume

and
Fuel

above

in

in the

is heated

fuel

and

the

amount

The

utilized.

the

zone,

and

it to

for

the

bottom

the

heat

and

the

with

the

the

escape
of

the

entire

heat

of

the

melting
but

not

be

remained

melted
9

placed
these

zone

outside

be

It

at

the

in

of

hopes

same

the

of

tuyere-area
to

melter.

the

bed

is,

prepared
the

the

time

height

to

be

more

the

charging

for

to

zone

in it, and

one

can

table

no

and

above

greater

door

in

admit

of

the

into

heat, being put

the

hoped

was

flues

by

be

cupola

melted

not

were

above

zone,

and

this

been

structed
con-

provision

plan

utilized
very

by being

the

tuyeres,

arranged

realized,

the

the

top, and

would

increased
as

the

passing

has

cupola

near

after

below

developed
A

by permitting

tuyeres

upward

escape

through

fuel

not

was

the

to

blast

the

by

be

to

on.

placed

the

can

we

replenish

melting

downward.

cupola.

But

economically.

placed

entire

it may

of

; and

different

sufftcient

oxide

tuyeres

of

in different

instructions

zone,

cupola

the

escape

produced

the

for

that
low

too

melting

to

developed above

carbonic

in

zone

And

is put

is

zone

at

or

blast

or

by permitting

made

stock,

the

blast

through

placed

of

melting
the

iron

heat
be

before

cupola

latter, and

zone

weight

practical value

any

from

prepared

the

the

of

iron

bed

the

ing
melt-

finds

the
of

vary

the

he

top

amount

cupola

the

into

of

amount

of

until

vary

sizes, with

be

brought

should

cupola
large

iron

the

to

of

top

the

only practical

heat

and

to

melter

29

fuel.

of

above

escaping

bed

reducing

different

of

fuel

must

managing

cupola

the

combustion
melted

and

the

of

experience

the

the

finds

He

finds

charge

blast, would

of

by

he

the

without

are

cupolas

placed

heated

by

charging

for

iron.

years' active

twenty

cupolas,

of

charge

restored

properly

raise

for

he

charges

until

iron

of

until

will

charge

charges

the

vary
that

fuel

of

amount

to

bed

in the

MELTING.

it is necessary

cupola

fuel

of

amount

the

in

melting

good

IN

in

that

quickly
for

the

was

and

depth

the

Iron

tuyeres.

all

melting,

below

cupola

near

eres,
tuycould

failure.

THE

I30

FURNACE.

CUPOLA

WITH

MELTING

All

the

ville coke,

that

found
with

the

the

the

zone

In

with

charges
half

coal

of

adapted

them

same

the

with
either

coal

tuyeres

in

coke

iron

be

may

found

melted

SOFTENING

In
hardest
to

the

thought

molten

below

twentywith

charcoal

was

cupola.

not

consumed

charcoal
four

inches

charcoal

melting
burned

bottom
filled the

to

and

and

the

tuyeres,

the

coke

prevent

this

before
to

warm

cupola

We

the
with

in

found

above

to

the

cupola

this

wood
was

tuyeres,

cided
de-

was

put

in

filled

was

to

do

would

all

ready

for

fire to
burned

placed

coke

charcoal

tuyeres
a

fuel

we

were

tuyeres

the

melting

drop through

the

put in
When

to

ing
pass-

that

found

and

the

the

heat, and

it

We

cupola by

tuyeres

the

the

that

subjecting

The

afraid

we

with

charcoal.

been

melting

above

were

placed

cupola

from

during

after

and

these

tuyeres.

we

with

It had

bottom

cupola.
charcoal

coke,

and

crucible,

tuyeres.
the

above

placed.

was

up

charging,

the

under

In

any

fuel

obtained

the

cially
espe-

in melting
difificulty

in its descent

try permitting the iron

to

be

of

with

no

crucible
be

one-

be

must

by melting it, or

might

from

used.

as

the

and

tuyeres

IRON.

closed

through

the'tuyeres

of

in

bottom

in

softened

results

same

HARD

iron

be

heat

iron

the

to

zone

the

could

iron

prolonged

bed

with

experimenting

cupola

in almost

suit

to

obtained

opinion prevails

be

tuyeres

coke, if charged

or

be

could

iron

of

depth
rapidly

were

the

An

cannot

same

heights, and

and

them;

coke.

or

the

used

we

at

coke,

for

experiments

the

that

above

with

than

results

charges

eight, and

to

heavier

foundrymen

among

inches

iron

of

was

tuyeres

so

away

this

it

the

was

burn

best

the

nor

charges

the

fourteen

one

two-thirds

to

heavier

in

ones

above

coke,
not

Connels-

experiments

high

so

did

experiments

of

these

with

as

coal

the

and

about

of

not

blast

similar

of

In

was

of

coke

these

bed

zone

great, but
as

coal.

with

made

were

number

anthracite

volume
so

melted.

made

melting

same

zone

the

in

also

we

with

cupola

same

of

but

described

just

experiments

COAL.

dry the
out

we

shavings

EXPERIMENTS

and

and

wood,

The

charcoal

ready

When

charge
The

blast.
charcoal

the

that

heat

was

it would

melting,
all

recorded.

but

much
For

and

the

next

wood

great deal

the

For
distance

soon

off the

when

the

placed

and

the

came

iron

at

away

down
was

softened

in
to

all

the

the

of

the

front

the

The

during

tapped

cupola
of

for

the

becoming

filled

shavings

and

There
burn

charcoal

was

the

at

to

in

On

did

iron

But
after

mottled

iron

as

to

and

tuyeres

bed

coke

of

hard,
to

appear

melted

fast

as

well,

the

not

and

front

all white

scrap,

the

the

to

the

and

way,

very

up

short

away,

ordinary

worked

bed

tim.e

bottom,

coke.

put

charcoal.

some

them.

ments,
experi-

burning

and

almost

cess,
suc-

experimenters

put

charcoal

heat, and

by

with

in the

pig

up

would

making

the

for

charcoal

the

When

of

write

satisfactory.

charging.

for

imental
exper-

to

fires to

This

the

ground.

and

all

an

also, they would

over

tuyeres

hot

of

five cwt.

on.

extent

allow

bottom.

ready

was

little softened
the

to

bed

good

put

hot.

very

remain

at

at

our

always

same

two

cupola

to

up

the

not

were

tuyeres

charge

blast

getting

fire from

the

the

such

successful

lighting the

for

in

other

tuyeres,

filled the

burned

was

had

in

we

the

cupola

was

burn

heat

the

to

charcoal

draught

we

failures

results

lit the
it

as

found

we

to

the

above

settling,and

their

over

the

on

to

in

report

going

put

through

not

their

save

put in

successes

are

only

placed shavings

we

than

report

and

the

tap hole, and

taken

heat

trouble

next

be

may

and

was

of

we

attempted

we

cupola

information

the

time, and

same

care

charcoal

of

if

coke

bottom

failure

only

in

of

top

on

the

expense

with

cupola

in

the

cooled

failures

more

would

valuable

time

shut

heats

much

they

the

afraid

are

generally

if

much

give

as

we

how

Experimenters

and

charcoal.

charging

was

from

not

the

its descent

cupola

run

was

Experiments

matter

no

the

This

experimental

our

be

scarcely

failure.

the

of

the

scrap,

in

but

in

for

and

pig

hot,

bottom

all

ready

hard

of

cwt.

above

top when

on

fire at

was

131

tuyeres

little

a
on

cupola

melted

iron

to

extent

five

not

MELTING.

the

at

burned

and

the

of

fire

only

was

charging,

for

cupola.
one

lit the

IN

well

melted,
when

the

allowed

melting,
when

aud

run

it

was

into

CUPOLA

THE

132

pigs

length
dull

very

we

not

fast

as

too

dull

were

not

fit to

run

to

light work,

run

to

extent

any

work

which

into
in

dull

of

iron

is

the

to

after

several

hours

FOR

burned

up

is wasted
In

charged
the

blast

is put

the

heat

the

door

cupola

two

the

as

the

As

iron

there

see

is

heavy

for

vantage
ad-

no

soon

on

fuel

and

as

bed

that
is

is
heat

charged.

iron

the

to

iron

others,

In

blast

soon

as

iron

on

charged

the

claim

permitted

the

before

is put

fire.

is

in

as

as

putting

if iron
fuel

on,

and

up

hours

blast

the

of

and

others

the

lighting

three

bed

is filled with

fire is burned

or

foundries

some

and

blast

the
that

is wasted,

cupola

before
the

after

on

was

foundrymen

among

on

before

foundries

charging

iron

claim

by putting

some

opinion

of

Some

and

it

CHARGING.

charging.
the

cupola

way.

charging

for

iron,

extent,

could

we

was

tapped

in the

enough

soft

poured,

in this

difference

time

proper

blast

the

wide

be

can

when

charcoal.

mixtures

iron

iron

flowing properties
the

became

hard

of

limited

by

TIME

There

the

for

charcoal

using

it to

cient
suffi-

experiment

held

increased

difficultyin making

no

When

for

iron

grades

in the

change

soften

the

This

different

hot.

to

cupola

this extent,

with

and

time

of

in the

light work.

marked

any
melted

as

held

it to

times

of

length

sufficient

soften

found

never

almost

to

number

when

But

time

of

and

repeated
but

work.

heavy

or

FURNACE.

is
in

remain

to

and

is put on,

charging

in

iron

of

begins.
We

made

blast

others

of

long

In

on.

in

Iron

as

Iron
the

charging
before

charged

time

heats

some

for

at

in the

just described

heats
and
the

putting
fire

it melted

which

it melted

in

five

was

after

minutes

the

on

lit
the

was

blast

and

in

thirty minutes.
before

charged
time

melting

minutes,

to

experiments
time

proper

uncertain

put

of

charging.

after

very

number

the

ascertain

to

was

and

in

the

melting

was

very

in

fire

after

the

uncertain

others

not

burned

was

blast
;

for

in

was

some

through
put
heats

thirty minutes.

on,

the
and

it melted
Iron

bed
the

was

time
in

ten

charged

EXPERIMENTS

bed

the

after

off, melted
in time

Iron

of

in from

melted
In
blower

saved

were

before

putting

minutes

after

heat

We

charged.

the

of

but

as

burned

soon

for

it

from

charged.

There

lit

burned

has

or

and

evenly,

charging

number

doors
labor

FOR

of

the

sufificient
When

into

long bar,

door,
to

the

cupola,

and

weight

are

not

have

on

when
swung

have

the

as

iron

go

the

burned

bed

charge

in less

out

iron
the

before

was

fire is

burn

not

or

iron

of

melted

soon

fire may

been

hand.

other

end

the

is down

used
thus

up

before

through

door
the

it is desired
downward.

for

of

the

is belted

is cast
upon
bar

DOORS.

the

oldest
to

weight

its

up

to

raise

the

As

the

trouble
these

of

the
or

hinges

stands

bottom

raising the

avoiding

One

of which

end

one

BOTTOM

THE

place, and
by

the

balance

door

RAISING

devices

raising them

of

is

of

cupolas

of

that

would

charging

tuyeres

heat

iron

the

all the

the

first

in

bottom

bed

the

as

b}' this

The

heating

on

was

charging.

in

have

to

closing

put in, and

put

iron

the

from

five

during

wasted

was

for

to

fast

the

after

draught

and

hours

three
as

the

run

three

or

in from

fuel

was

to

iron.

DEVICES

for

up,

on.

power

scon

ready

front

risk

on,

charging began,

equally

on

front

was

is great

put

was

put

was

two

melted

any

was

or

blast

prefer

we

the

the

when

minutes

blast

and

iron

off the

in the

the

time

put
that

bed

melting,

when

regular

more

as

melted

and

shut

utilized

was

to

preparatory
than

the

as

it

soon

the

was

we

as

iron

for

think

not

the

after

that

on,

blast

little after

very

arose

time

was

cupola by putting

one

ten

burned

minutes.

found

blast,

the

charging,

of

in

on

by charging

do

melted

before

put

twenty

was

blast

when

was

minutes

blast

to

the

on

the

as

manner

it

and

hours

five

the

fifteen

heats

these

three
to

and

charged

on

was

smoke

heavy

33

height.

or

three

blast

the

and

generally

proper
two

in from

Iron

the

charged

melted

the

and

melting,

was

through

after

sooner

of

bed

the

burned

was

MELTING.

IN

under
ball

when

weight

the

vices
de-

side
almost
raised.
of

alongside
door

and

bar

descends

the
and
the

fHE

134

door

is balanced

CUPOLA

its

upon

where

it is

when

properly arranged

supported by

easily and

very

the

and

is attached
the

by

For

Another
to

bottom

sufficient

the

beyond
fast

shaft, and

when

placed

the

door
the

upon

direction

from

the

hangs

arm

the

shaft

down

dump,

when

the

The

door

the

to

end

of

the

up

is

the

with

arm

of the

one

Another

hand
the

the

with
end

of

bottom,

the

best

chain

devices

end

bar

or

the

wrench

five

shaft.

The

upright position,and
door
which

is swung

up

it is

keyed.

from

the

handling

the

iron

place by

When

or

of the

the

post

keyed

in

wa\'

is up

at

it is

only

necessary

the

door

is

placed

the

This

the

of

the

cupola.

door

long, placed

rotation

is not

doors.

expensive,

the

of

in

place
at

the

and

place.

less

upon

tached
at-

draw

raise

feet

the

to

end

is

door

of

blocks

top

the

down

the

the

into

and

six

or

pulley

and

the

props.

raisingheavy

doors

square

column

bottom

floor

for

same

removing

scaffold

seen

crank

alongside

in the

the

is down

or

chain

shaft, and

managing

inches

upon

door

endless

by drawing

into

end

bar

the

putting

for small

shaft

iron

arm

raise

the

of

the

the

shaft

is

lugs

An

the

on

few

the

in

the

half

door

When

of

have

we

them,

out

The

near

broken

the

and

to

equally good

one,

make

is to

the

of the

which

shaft, pointing in

the

of

by

or

of

of

bar

arm

out

way

side

at

is

pair

extend

door.

is up

the

by

under

arm

and

door

of

is raised

the

as

the

and

dropped.

the

heavy

raisingheavy

in

inch

turns

or

alongside

cupola

plate,out

shaft

of

end

the

bottom

the

dumping

little used.

for

hole

plate.

is raised

supporting
and

bottom

door

the

to

bolts

one

an

end

one

in

is very

best

in

the

is sometimes

large

put

have

the

of

door

the

with

and

to

the

this device

reasons

door,

edge

the

probably

length

the

upon

bottom
is

the

and

and

large lugs

cast

door

jerk given

breaks

or

door,

these

the

of

device,

continually getting

bar, frequently breaks

door

device, and

doors, is

of

the

to

bar.

the

to

it is

place,

This

raises

order,

upward

into

up

support.

good

dropping

the

of

swings

place, but

sudden

end

attached

end

bar

the

on

in

into

and
other

or

prop

sudden

consequent

weight
the

The

hinges

and

quickly

order.

of

out

FURNACE,

shaft
the

the

bar

all in the

upon
in

bar

shaft

by

on

is
way

an

the
to
moved
re-

of

136

fluxing the

of

and

even

the

blast

long

flux.

In

last

principle

fuls to
this

way

but

to

iron,

of

each

charge

is not
make

lining when

the

up
in

this

fuel

keep

the

cause

bridging

tends

to

the

absorb

of

to

cupola

dirt

handin

the

cupola,
in the

cinder

or

chipped

the

from

heat.

produce

not

the

from

iron

the

sufficient

ash

and

of

free, but

working

reduce

the

on

few

from

slag

and

open

and

for

shovelfuls

using limestone

and

does

way

in

cupola

cupola

heat,

drawn

down

cupola

Foundry-

few

the

brittle

easily broken

quantity
and

and

be

to

use

upon

as

in the

object

slag

dump

be

slag

practice to

The

iron.

cupola.

using limestone

of

through

of

used

idea

is constructed

foundry

distributed

making

Limestone

and

limestone

or

the

limestone,

of

use

finely broken

clean

can

the

it is the

produce

to
a

that

cupola,

of

free

months,

for

days.

as

the

foundries

many

the

for

cupola furnace,

order

good smelting

few

conceived

ago

charge

in

is

riddlefuls

few

it not

up

furnace

general

same

men

clog

FURNACE.

in

kept

Were

would

The

is

furnace

years.

furnace

or

CUPOLA

THE

the

rather

melting capacity

of

the

cupola.
The

Some
it

of

depends

to

limestones

iron

for
afifinity

In

the

as

heavy

in

cinder

for

crumbles
or

limestone.
small

we

The

to

blast

break

pieces

slacks

have

may

results

quantities in

they justifythe foundryman

LIMESTONE

The

tendency

of

slag

hard

or

are

find

the

from
so

uncertain

find

brittle

cinder

the

sphere,
atmo-

with

wet

water.

produced

by
in

that

we

do

LARGE

QUANTITIES.

cupola

the

of

limestone

IN

all.

almost

of

it.

it at

use

using

in

little

action

to

cinder

in

cinder

with

cinder

exposure

brittle

or

stone.

but

with

quicklimewhen

obtained

cupola

we

short

like
a

others

at

the

have

combination
we

stone
lime-

of

use

combine

iron, resisting the

after

down

and

others

furnaces

as

while

the

quality of

iron

while
into

enter

about

the

upon

state,

not

years;
to

even

cupola

do

hard

atmosphere

In

and

cupola by

for
afifinity

great

molten

piles

and

in

extent

great

have

freely when

that

brittle cinder

making

is to

not

chill

think

and

OF

FLUXING

adhere
this

at

the

to

liningjust

point, and

great is this

So
melt

properly

than

three

tendency

To

their

in

fluid

bottom,
and

dirt
the

the

and

days

at

iron

in

custom
to

to

the

cupola

to

and

carry

be

case

to

absorb

used

in

the

the

of

ash

of

used, and

the

charged

and

the
as

furnace
blast{\ux

limestone

the

in

heat,

to

sufficient

quantity

the

fuel

and

gates

fuel, and

limestone

fluid

from

to

In
would

only clean
of

The

be

tity
quan-

with

varies

which

under

of

ton

per

slag

must

in lime.

pounds

JOG

than

limestone

conditions

in

absorb

to

amount

slag, therefore,

the

25

lean

rich

stone

and

out
with-

them.

to

and

greater

amount

limestone

required

milled

were

requires

good

produce

is

the

of

them

slag

adhering

limestone

of

also

sand

melt

of

of

It is the

gates

enough

use

for

ton

per

melted.

to

drawn

quality

and

fuel

in blast

and

be

the

bottom

be

may

the

sprews

the

and

the

the

required

sand, and

cent,

to

of

iron

to

of

to

order

to

the

stock

ash

them

the

sprews

amounts

the

upon

iron

cent,

the

it contains

of

cupola

than

dirt

the

with

melting point

carries

where

per

the

melting

larger quantities than

to

is

good

of

produce

Poor

required
quality

remove

if the

melted.

limestone

more

clog

to

of

absorbs

slag depends

foundries,

larger per

necessary

iron

in

and
and

slag

condition

out

for

adopted

through

and

iron

amount

fluid

some

milling

this

the

thirty to forty

from

melts

the

The

the

and

stone

tendency

to

settles

slag

cupola kept

produce

to

it settles

This

where

time.

when

from

limestone

of

cent,

per

slag.

cupola,

will not

cupola

tapping slag.

sand

or

cent,

per

furnace.

large one

have

cases

large

in its descent

and

this

many

it melts

cupola,

ofT

large

forms

of

and

cupolas,

When

using

of

and

cupola

the

of

small

hours,

two

overcome

in

bridge, foundrymen

that

the

around

working

proper

37

and

tuyeres

bridge

to

than

more

hours.

plan

the

CUPOLAS.

IN

the

over

prevent

for

IRON

the
it is
iron

melted.
The
and

gates

number
the

weight
are

of

limestone

of

the

not

hours,
used.

slag

drawn

milled, and
is about
When

from

the

one-third
the

cupola

cupola

is

greater

sprews

and

when

the

sprews

kept

in blast

than

the

gates

are

for

weight

of

milled,

138

THE

the

weight

the

of

When

The

small

numerous

the

than

in

the

the

value

when

greater

the

EFFECT

Many

the

of

oxides,
The

flux

is

injure

its

diffused

in

in minute

the

mould

in

making

or

tranverse

strengths

the

oxides,

silicates, etc.,

native

metal,

and

do

nor

is to

furnace

the

elements,

blast

clog
the

upon

injure

its

and
the

injuring

strong

blast

cupola

is not

deterioration

bridge

iron

quality.

bridging
avoid

and

upon
to

in

with

through

its

and

effect

If

by

keep

the

iron

in

it.

improve
melting.

The
the

of

working
the

effect, therefore,

quality

of

ployed
em-

divided

iron

these

of

their
clean
tensile

the

When

them.

the

the

cupola
quality
the

of

and

from

concentrate

the

in

center
we

and

iron, but

limestone
to

vent
pre-

free,

concentration
of

the

of

cupola

limestone
open

and

from

and

by

in

parts

running

opening

use

by

the

cupola

tuyeres,

small

melting

3 to

materials.

iron

tendency

the

furnace

from

with

metal

the

impair

free

made

component

upon

in

The

the

greater

finely

castings,

not

up

earthy

separated

over

locked

substances

less

or

sound

it.

they improve

and

tests

be

to

mineral

prevent

do

they

iron

at

of

iron

more

not

are

chemical

combined

frequently impaired

are

the

of

IRON.

other

sharp,

and

their

is to

slag

slagged.

conjoined

fluxes,

and

by

number

silicates, etc., liberated

oxides,

stone.
lime-

weight

except

of

cupola

the

quantities they alloy

The

quality.

elements

native

UPON

in

time

mechanically

combination

reduced

often

and

separated,

FLUX

contain
in

silicates, etc.,

the

of

found,
of

loss
was

and

fluxes

cupola

as

In

cupola

limestones

been

recovered

the

OF

heat,

iron

metal.

found

we

short

cent,

per

be

the

of

has

shot

of

cannot

cupola,

same

cent,

per

particles

the

weight

limestone.

the

to

for

of

cupola
4

the

to

run

part
of

from

These

slag.

only

latter

from

contain

to

equal

is

weight

slag drawn

analysis,

cost

the

the

than

is about

cupola

during

is less

slag

in

the

drawn

only

slag

FURNACE.

CUPOLA

prevent

we

of
in

its

OF

FLUXING

ACTION

THE

Limestone
contain

the

of

1893.
sand

for

made

an

The

cupola

long time,

iron

effect

that
As

flux

and

and

produced

the

upon

the

in

sand

exhausted,

Trouble

then

with

thick, tough

hole, and

portion
called

iron

We

open.
of

mixture

the

heat.

sand

With

resisted
the

upon

open

and

in

illustrate

the

heat

the

with

tough slag.

This

was

due

efitering into combination

Had

the

lining would
stood

many

From

the

the

action

select
ever

been

heats

with

various

of

flux

they

to

find

cut

be

of

sand

one

no

any

the
the

flux

linmg
most

or

or

the

melted

into
in the

making

heat, while

flux

at

be

and

profitable in

the

lining

moulding
and
a

slag
thick,

limestone
it fusible.

it would

and

selected

lining to

in

entire
have

all.

brick

slag,

off

sand, the

moulding

and

ing
mould-

of

upon

iron

and

tap

trouble

molten

it

large

the

run

fluxes

property

lining may

to

shells

of

qualities of cupola

almost

to

or

further

no

effect

this
in

out

shells

market,

suit

with

changed

place

tap

Johnson

be

order

the

Mr.

in

flux

the

up

material

was

some

with
lined

have

in the

now

been

cupola

to

the

by

keep

oyster

limestone

but

them.

to

good

with
pressure

of

closed

used

no

place

done

be

and

front

sand
there

and

be

front

and

had

shells

hole.

tap

shells

of

melted
and

could

the

sharp

flux

no

what

sary
neces-

by cutting away

the

done,

to

serves

drawn

that

fire-clayand

tap hole

This

material.

learn

was

down

enlarge

to

advised

This

sand.

keeping

front

settled

and

heat

supply

in

was

sand

Oyster

the

used

It

the

freely and

When

front.

The

it became

heat.

flowed

was

be

only

ofifice to

our

the

that

slag

could

the

of

at

hole

began

limestone

of

J., in

moulding

new

action

ofT the

front.

lining

illustrated

cupola.

enlarged,

that

slag

the

run

the

was

with

in the

used

to

with

This

in

put

heats

the

frequently

Co., Hainesport, N.

resisted

tap slag

became

into

been
flux

no

fluxes

as

it fusible.
"

39

LINING.

combination

Johnson

and

it.

into

had

front

upon

use

used

were

D.

ON

employed

render

front

excellent

molten
to

John

of

FLUXES

enter

atid

CUPOLAS.

IN

minerals

which

furnace

foundry

OF

other

impurities

material
at

and

IRON

lining
that

will resist

foundrymen
suit the

their

rial
mate-

may

flux, which

locality.

THE

140

CUPOLA

HOW

the

This

is

limestone

slagged

if

be

of

exact

when

the

other

the

iron.

first few

or

the

cupola

When

the

cupola

in

charged

is

of

is drawn

from

This

slag-hole.

lining under
where

it will

the

spout

the

slag

hole

is

how

the

iron

is drawn

and

iron

in

large ladle,

drawn

as

slag

hole

fills up

fast

"is

with

iron

with
is drawn

placed

cupola
the
as

slag
melted

until
hole
the

iron
from
a

bod
from

and
the
to

the

raises

it to

cupola

the

the
the
as

are

is used
hours.

few

limestone

is

is

fast

and

drawn

as

in the

point
iron
The

from

height
upon

is melted

when

the

low.

When

as

When

falls and
of

casing and

it is desired

placed

escape

known

depends

slag hole.

slag

slag.

quantity

only be

can

at

When

cupola.

slag hole

prevent

removing

the

placed high,

cupola,

heat,

the

bottom

sand

sufficient

is

in

way

the

the

opening

an

and

removing

the

light,six

the

through

tuyeres

the

above

of

ways.

the

for

stone
lime-

are

for

way

iron

charge

limestone

way

is made

of

from

of

special work,

of

out

convenient

one-sixth

cupola through

placed high, slag

is withdrawn
closed

be

iron

after

the

cupolas
third

or

ordinary

dififerent

level

small

of

is the

some

opening

lower

the

In

generally

with

is used

second

about

the

the

charge

charges

This

for

run

the

iron,

of

with

each

perimenting
ex-

generally

is

iron.

of

by

limestone

limestone

the

in

in

fluid

ton

per

cient
suffi-

material

learned
it is

be

can

make

to

be

only

The

with

run

number

slag

is

iron

used, but

put

charges

limestone.

when

hold

No

generally

or

without

charged

cupola

it.

large cupolas, when

eight charges,

the

and

generally charged

In

The

iron

charging

cupola, a

limestone

milled.

the

of

the

can

good

of

in

cupola

any

their

slagging

slag-producing

material

fluxing

not

for

slag from

with

cupola

required

begins using

bed
is

the

is

top

on

melter

on

as

or

the

remelt

the

charged

or

limestone

in

knowledge

of

slag,
draw

fiftyto sixty pounds

from

the
To

amount

with

trouble

lack

worked.

in

charged

The

slag.

to

drawing

properly

CUPOLA.

experience

largely due

and

quantity
must

SLAG

sometimes

Foundrymen
cupolas.

TO

FURNACE.

the

to

fill

iron

is

the

cupola
the

the

slag

blast.

When

the

slag

melted,

to

iron

hole

is
the

hole

is

OF

FLUXING

low

placed

the

through

slag

of

amount

large, there
The
fuel

too

long

flow

is

and
a

from

become

no

time, it

may

the

hole.

slag

time

open

throughout

high

that

slag

the

iron, it should

molten
and

closed

soon

as

DOES

is

Nothing
gates

and

the

melting

the

carry

cupola
be

can

sand

of

slagging.
small

in blast

for

and

the

we

melt

in

who

quantity

find
of

iron

greater

found

to

that

length
make
the

of

an

cost

placed
fills up

to

and

and

wear

foundries

by

and

slagging

to

working

free.

condition
of

amount

for

iron

but

required

for

their

cupola

and

it

greater

melted

cupolas temporarily

the

so

with

sprews

by slagging,

faster

their

cupola
remain

to

in labor

on,

cupola

larger

is generally

the

the

many

sand

iron

is

successfully in the

in

good melting

much

the

keep

hole

slag begins

when

saving

the

small

opening.

melted

effected

and

cupola

after

the

not

cupola

difificulty
by slagging

endeavoring

cupola,

be

from

cupola

the

great

slag;

When

CUPOLA

be

with

slag

as

for

impurities,

permitted

the

from

it will

with

heat.

can

but

to

and

is

soon

SLAG

gates with

Foundrymen

the

overcome

In

time

melt

to

heat

made

in blast

kept

length

be

not

too

cupola

mucky

hour

an

when
as

the

in

The

the

of

TO

PAY

and

out

made

impurities

up

slag

it falls below

can

and

sprews

can

low

drawn

slagging;

machinery

of

tear

placed

opened

the

and

without

cupola

to

gained by slagging

milled

are

be

IT

the

cupola through

the

hour

an

as

regulated by

tuyeres

the

drawing

be

of

filled

be

from

remainder

only

best

is not

and

fill the

and

flow

when

can

it may

up

half

melt, and

to

thick

great importance.

in from

opened

open
way

hole

remain

to

so

Or

for

of

matter

become

not

is

takes

cupola

permitted

boil

will

The

hole.

begins

of

if

iron, and

is the

flow

if the

remain

to

blast.

of

bottom

This

the

and

I4I

permitted

heat.

for

cupola,

escape

boiling, it

therefore

rise

in the

over-heated,

when

slag

cnpola,

in the

slag

the

from

it is

the

of

CUPOLAS.

IN

opened

remainder

slag

drawing

when

and

IRON

work,

by
too
can

keeping

it

slagging

time.
estimate
of

of

limestone

the

cost

of

in different

localities

THE

142

varied

from

from

to

25

cents

50

pounds

100

varied

drawn

iron

combined

with

these

wide

differences

used,

and

the

that

the

Such

estimate

would

ton.

ton

of

to

25

The

pounds

100

in

the
the

in

be

of

found

it

made

each

at

With

limestone

of

impossible
value

The

cent.

and

drawn

slag

of

of

iron.

7 per

quantity

practical

any

be

must

and

varied

amount

of

ton

to

quantity

we

The

per

from

cost

used

amount

melted.

iron

slag varied

it contained,

estimate
an

from

FURNACE.

per

per

difiference

iron

of

$3

to

slag

cent,

CUPOLA

per

make

to

an

foundrymen.

to

foundry

be

to

of

any

practical value.
SHELLS.

0)'ster,clam
and

frequently used

are

where

they

shells

The
about

the

place

of

When

limestone

keeps

the

either
effect

same

in

heat

crackling

noise

slack,

and

the

flakes

of

shell

The

this

of

would
melts

and

used

are

used

in

flakes

and

shell

may

heat, when
is due

th5

surface,

and

to

forms

be

and

in small

at

fluid

when

flakes
the

first

helps

to

that

to

seen

up

assists

in

have

slag
the

that

slag

cupola.

the

shell

in

the
not

of
of

when

in

keeping

of

lime, and

inner
are

great

as

refuse

cupola

the
with

hard

cupola

remainder
the

up

ties.
large quanti-

the

of

is

pass

covered

often

from

absorbs

clog

quantities,or

clogs

used

are

The

sight.

slag

that

be

thrown
of

fluid

destruction

loss

used

limestone.

as

freely from

flat, is

the

to

in

cupola, they produce

shells

be

may

cupola

flows

in

of

the

tirely
en-

as

it

shell

melting,
the

it open

shells
when

large quantities.
MARBLE

Marble

and

shells

and

quantities,and

melting

of

foundry roof,

thick

becomes

iron

and

free

refuse

shell;

appear

They

small

or

the

first strikes

after

the

iron.

large

upon

it the

crackling

of

surface

the

limestone.

limestone

as

way

ties
in locali-

than

cost

lime,

of

limestone

of

less

same

to

cupola working

the

at

the

in

place

large quantities,they produce

hole, carrying with

When

in

procured
in

largely composed

are

flux

proportion

same

used

as

be

can

shells

charged

are

the

about

other

and

is another

of

the

SPALLS.

carbonates

the

spalls or

THE

144

be.

have

We

effect

fluxing,and

and

melting

made

silicon

of

into

combination

it.

Iron

hard

as

it with

deleterious

cohesive

strength.

in cast

iron

to

when

powder

So

proportion

nature

and

form

sudden

by

is

chill.

class

other

should

silicon

contain

work,

of
iron

cheap

the

these

for

in

the

For

be

reduced
Silicon

iron.

an

is
the

in

The

changed
pig

may

in

chilling property
iron
or

high

in

upon

an

in cast

it

is

this

for

this

making

in foundries

is

iron
iron

light castings, and

of

to

one

Southern

making

from

time

strength

iron
a

we

being

cheap

is

used

mixture

iron

to

it may

large
in stove

recently visited, the

tain
con-

cent.

per

of

the

in

of

amount

foundries
soft

foreman

the

in this

extent

great

any

ployed
em-

plate,light

three

destroys

and

is

strength, it

stove
to

amount

chilling tendency

amount

there

the

for

two

the

reduce

larger

and

injures its flowing property

also

present

foundries

its

the

requiring great

cent.

contain

impairing

work

the

yet retain

upon

light machinery

For

per

depends

and

iron

and

contain

may

work,

the

all.

etc., it may

But

iron

heavy work,
at

none

work.
and

of

force

chilling tendency

an

is sufificient to

amount

At

cohesive

iron

mould

largely used

force

one-half

iron, without

the

and

as

iron

ing
hav-

destroys

silicon.

cast

an

sand

the

of

of

make.

from

class

into

manufacture

impurities
to

This

silicon, and

by

run

iron,

soft

it

may

of

lead

as

transverse

of

pure

soft

of

iron

This

casting,

are

cent,

per

bench

in

irons

sufificient cohesive
of

iron

impurity

an

reduces

cast

and

mould,

is

excess

to

upon

work.

of

The

an

in

in the

silicon

reason

with

effect

as

excess

strongest

freely

enters

made

destruction

destruction

desirable

very

An

of
crystallization

when

The

iron.

detriment

destroyed

hardened

not

of

hard

iron

cast

is

cooling

become

silicon

the

that

combined

in any

But

the

is

great

silicon

by

upon

be

may

and
crystallization,

ard

tensile

steel

the

ascertain

to

softening

it should

what

silicon

that

has

and

silicon.

effect

force

found

iron

cast

treble

or

experiments

have

tempered

as

double

many

iron, and

on

FURNACE.

maybe

great

with

by combining
a

CUPOLA

strength

of

mould.
silicon

high

for the

casting.
informed

At

one

me

pose
purof

that

FLUXING

they

using

were

large,and
New

he

York,

broken

in transit

At

another

they

per

and

shipped

their

in transit

irons
In
of

$14

at

other

of

heavy breakage

Another

matter

irons

for

weak

iron, and

by

iron

the

Northern

the

be
the

and

plate

castings

made

were

age
break-

any

by experience

$20

of

ton

per

cheap Southern

as

irons

made

of

the

by

force

and

to

iron

added

silicon

other

The

Southern

irons

irons

than

now

were

and
are

made

of

kind

of

iron

silicon,in

ening
soft-

iron.

of

carbon,

as

cast

without
rotten,

or

readily as

con.
sili-

put upon

the

were

used

softeners

as

better

far

such

maintained

it brittle

cupola

silicon

hardest

of

rendering

light work,

then

as

addition

in

this

good

iron

cast

upon

be

of

made

one

high

last,made
work

good

softeners.

as

these

stove

chillingtendency.

softest

high

will
for

market, highly carbonized

stove

works,

warehouse

had

of

using

stove

effect

the

can

long

as

its cohesive

Before

us

them

cost

their

cost

silicon

in

long

them?

same

made

carbon

and

repaired.

visited, they all complained

we

reputation

last

reducing

destroying

were

their

at

found

mixture

considered

using

be

can

stoves

that

never

had

using high

be

can

has

and

foundries

plate,is,how

certainly not

Carbon

irons

plate to

in

Y., they informed

and

at

very

and

breakage

irons

than

run

when

to

stove

foundries

will

for

long

of

any

They

was

ton.

per

number

handling.

in the

N.

crating, and

or

Pennsylvania

of

cheaper

was

in

mixture

lightest stoves

or

lot

their

warehouse

remounted

Troy,

scarcely

boxing

to

45

said

shop

their

Pennsylvania

of

had

without

Chicago

that

mixture

be

to

in

foundry

They

ton.

back

and

ton,

mounting

miles, but

25

sent

stove

using

were

$20
in

and

and

per

shipment

of

CUPOLAS.

$14

cost

barrels

made

distance

IN

that

tumbHng
never

IRON

mixture

in the

breakage

OF

grade
the

from

of

silicon

irons.
It is difificult to

cupola,
flame

but

free

cupola

in

blast ; and
extent

as

10

to

soft

make

silicon

remove

carbon

is

produced
iron

it unfit

for

iron

readily removed
by
be

may

from

strong

hardened

the

work.

when

by
and

in
This

melted
the

large
melting
can

be

in

oxidizing
volume
to

such

of
an

prevented

146
to

CUPOLA

THE

by using

extent

some

in the

and

cupola,
in the

We

cupola

have

spent

the

on

the

also

deterioration

of

the

at

chemical

time

the

of
a

is

spar

flame

moderate

of

iron

other

in

extent

flux

at

sufficient

in

used

slag

great distance

any

absorbs

that

which

with

it

freely,and

working

and

this

for

certain

and

had

this

for

the

at

poor

of

limestone,
that

limestone

reduces

slag
We

in

long
have

it to

burn
be

and

two

be

the

considerable

its

Fluor

of

ing
melt-

cupola

open

and

it also

the

afTected

time,

with

the

excellent

country,
crease
in-

to

reduce

and

When

the
used

efficiency of
to

as

very
erally
gen-

limestone

the

with

it cannot

the

of

parts

can

but

mine,

alone

to

material

founder

of

fluxes

short

cupola lining.

employed

an

of

limestone

fluid

very

residue

very

only

used

as

when

large quantities

increases

enables

of

use

spar

But

in

at

expense

retarded

lining

of

the

make

procured

the

the

sections

be
to

but

in

are

injurious efifect

combined

used

out

the

greatly

not

can

in other

of

upon

flux, in

clean.

frequently

often

purpose.

mines.

that

cost

spar

and

used

vicinity

spar

could

'limestone

the

the

fluor

way,

and

dump

fluxing properties

injurious efifect
this

it to

the

it is

reason

the

in

engaged

are

keeps

quality

moderate

prove
im-

non-metallic

This

in

would

cupola, produces

only

can

by it.

procured

be

always

in

lining material

of

extent

be

it

reason

grades

limited

in

causes

melting, but

greatly

the

from

cupola lining, causing

the

has

in contact;

comes

not

country,

liquefiesthe

and

would

cupola

been

the

quantities

ing
experimentas

cupola

time

native

material

heavy

icals
chem-

of

use

in

for this

as

also

of

low

iron

SPAR.

used

it has

sections

this

transporting

in

compound

it is found

and

cost,

by the

money

in

present

extensively

where

country

and

FLUOR

iFluor

the

melting

carbonizing flame.

of

such

of

and

prevented

great deal

quality, and

manufacture

be

produce

to

blast

mild

can

production

only prevent
its

it

FURNACE.

spar

use

cheap

flux, while
upon

flux

for

the

the
ing,
lin-

tapping

heats.
used

fluor

spar

in

number

of

cupolas

and

with

FLUXING

great

meking

cupola

in the

was

latter

IRON

irons

to

the

of

the

at

as

dross

the

iron

favorite

potato
molten
The

potato

the

metal

boiling

said

in

also

of

used

as

good

to

be

too

or

as

end

of

the

of

greatly

for

raw

this

the

time.

moisture

of

long

short

it, and
ing
boil-

gentle

gained by

is

nothing

practice has

the

it in

exploding

that

demonstrated

hold

by

off

place

amount

benefited

of

amount

boiling.

to

and

without

gently

the

ladle,

many

skimmed

was

was

sufficient

in

by agitating

large

after

bar

tap

understood

ladle

ladle

well

it

purer

in

iron

in

apple

an

the

upon

ladle, but

iron

end

this

potato,

or

the

it caused

pole

inches

The

pole

molten

for

boil

to

since

continued
dis-

been

of

tap bar

if the

was

considered

not

was

clay

chanced

violently and

was

green

around

the

all parts

of

wood

pole,
the

and

metal

as

were

into
the

of

into
the

and

thrust

This

iron.

thrust

and

cleansing

in diameter,

reverberatory furnace,
the

of

way

the

three

wood.

of

be

to

clay placed

favorite
to

was

without

country.

safe

damp,

Another

tu

which

boiling iron

as

slow

times
some-

explode.

to

ago

from

ladle, and

damp

for
or

surface,

be

to

in

caused

metal

has

practice

ball

melted

practice

common

impurities

bottom

the

in this
A

where

cases

dumped

so

This

the

boil

iron

apple contained

was

but

was

was

metal.

the

on

near

or

agitate or

be

not

cupolas

of

agitating

of

metal,

it

considered

apple

or

the

on

was

way

of

it improved

BOILING.

BY

in

iron

molten

collect

to

and

to

the

boiling

or

could

IRON

time,

cleanse

to

number

but

extent,

melting capacity,

heat, and

fluxes

of

use

present

foundries

in

it to harden

found

never

47

labor.

of

the

noticeable

its

CLEANIXG

Before

We

materially

beyond

CUPOLAS.

IN

of iron.

very

run

part

great deal

these

of

any

the
the

brands

different

many

soften

or

OF

the

metal
the

pole

was

stirred

was

was

moved

agitated,and

with
to

in
it.

pole

hard

ladle

The

the

mixture

or

effect

it to

cause

through
better

years

other

or

metal

molten

metal

with

done

hickory

green

irons

mixing

boil

metal
of

the

148

dififerent

grades

in

practice

the

iron

;
of

but

poled

poling

requiring

in

been

has

iron

melted

is

in

very

ladle

for

strong

furnaces

homogeneous

iron

years

many

in

and

of

and

rolls

iron.

common

have

we

believe

we

cupola-melted

foundries

for

but

ago,

with

many

geneous
homo-

more

was

years,

discontinued

practiced

reverberatory
a

poHng

twenty-five

entirely
still

effected

was

The

foundries

many

practice

FURNACE.

produced.

iron

seen

iron

of

casting

not

CUPOLA

THE

in

and

the

other

ing
mix-

ings
cast-

CHAPTER

DIFFERENT

Before

to

seeing

them

should

be

In

Fig
the

in

placed

the

for

each

The

stack

brick

stack

the

high
stacks
the

built

was

heat,

an

flame

and

top,
the

drawn

this

the

built

which

was

due

bottom

and

staves,

which

tight

by

the

It

stack

and

held

draw-bolts

( 149)

threw

size.

plate,

were

is

placed

the

is constructed

placed

which

elbows.
than

size

to

These
few

very

casing

together

or

through

cupola

the

cupola-

columns

brick.

The

and

the

subjected

out

the

for

center

tuyere

red

their

columns

brick

not

was

the

above

placed

from

larger

common

high
to

much

is

door,

is

cupola,
the

use

cast-iron

drop

stack

upon

in

column

gases

of

of

in

brick

still

square

iron

opening

side

of

very

of

out
through-

height

these

upon

cupola.
built

was

An

placed

and

square

terest
in-

of

defects

use

are

sufificient

manipulating

for

which

unconsumed

and

each

on

of

center

plate

sometimes

was

of

not

were

cast-iron

bands,

plate, having

made

were

between

and

built

walls,

diameter

of

dump.

plate

openings

at

the

plate,

general

and

at

in

in

the

foundation

Upon

be

which

of

brick

the

all

in

now

opportunity

an

foundries.

op'ening

cupola.
off

many

ago,

with

of

may

defects,

small

of

cupolas
had

not

style cupola

years

removal

cupolas

ones.

old

old-time

cast-iron

carry

have
their

the

of

old-fashioned

modern

many

corner

the

the

the

seen

the

upon

another

to

is

plate,

of

construction

CUPOLAS.

CUPOLAS.

who

in

country

bottom

top

the

observing

avoided

of

upon

STYLE

founders
or

20

some

floor

OLD

of

account

many

OF

STYLES

describing
short

use,

VII.

by

through

was

was

The
the
a

side
invery

large
sparks
placed
formed

wrought-iron
the

flanged

THE

I50

ends
bands

of

the

placed

were

cupolas

bands.

were

only

When
in

FURNACE.

CUPOLA

the

position

from

six

to

Fig.

OLD

STYLE

casing
when

hot

eight
20.

CUPOLA.

made

was

and

feet

tapering, the

shrunk

high,

and

on.

those

The
of

CUPOLA

THE

152
the

and

bottom

large amount
cupola

space

the

stock.

made

between

It

was

did

deal

bed

that

fuel

was

that
the

spread

not

heat

of

fill the

to

through

escaped
by the

stock

the

retaining a

of

purpose

lining and

found

of

cent,

per

the

also

high

stock

great

the

for

top

iron, the

it settled, and

such

greater

the

at

molten

of

as

the

small

FURNACE.

settlingof

shifting of tuyeres
melted

cupola

in

consumed

quired
re-

slowly, and
than

large

in small

heats.

RESERVOIR

THE

To

the

overcome

the

of

molten

objections

in

the

cupola,

the

to

still be

and

tuyeres,

iron

CUPOLA.

able

hold

to

reservoir

large

ing
shift-

and

tapering cupola

of

amount

cupola. Fig.

21,

was

designed.
The

casing

this

of

section,

bottom

to

constructed

was

section

molten

shifting the

tuyeres.

tap

stock
made

was

after

the

than

from

be

the

bottom

almost
the

as

cupola

longer.

good
is

height
heavy

The

kept

in

to

better

made

the

the

charcoal
can

pouring

in

large

be

tinued
con-

large

heats

of

fuel

diameter
The

tuyeres.

cast,

small

or

reservoir

same

general
be

not

melting.

the

is to

did

amount

the

of

above

suit

condition

in

economical

for

piece

iron
for

heats

after

The

melting

inches

with

molten

condition

are

eight

or

covered

and

air.

when

and

done,

at

large

and

could

melting
tapped.

was

in small

but

cupolas

six

to

placed

are

the

time

and

face,
larger sur-

melting

economical

too

was

iron

over

of

without

cupola

breast,

for

cupola,

of

more

bed

present

in ladles

held

and

the

for

the

tuyeres
to

large body

faster

condition

the taper

in

the

on

upper

admitted

spread

was

the

than

the

in

inches,

four

twenty-

diameter

held

being
metal

bad

so

to

arrangement

pressure

tapered cupola,

required
At

did

cupola

in
as

This

The
the

twelve

from

the

iron, and

wrought

of

greater

iron

reduced

the

of

proper.

of

which

made

was

one-third

of

large body

leave

height

cupola

or

cupola

work

of

run

the
coke

to

is

clude
ex-

in

this

way

in

the

cupola,

and

melts

faster

and

as

and

be

iron

kept

DIFFERENT

STYLES

Fig.

RESERVOIR

OF

21.

CUPOLA.

CUPOLAS.

153

THE

154

CUPOLA

STATIONARY

In

Fig

is

shown

FURNACE.

BOTTOM

the

old

CUPOLA.

style English

is constructed

cupola
solid

foundation

brick

work
of

bottom
made

has

stationary

which

the

after

drawn

the

is

the

at

out

dropping

as

iron

are

raking

for

and

square,

the

has

cupola

with
These

in front

cupola

with

an

the

When
made

in it and
open

of

amount

when
wall

pieces

of

coke

inside

of

the

coke

is

built

Fig.

BOTTOM

CUPOLA.

and

the

23.

front

is

well
with

up
with

cupola

placed

are

the

even

for

up

ignited with

alight, a

STATIONARY

coke

is

apron

heat, shavings, firewood

small

feet

two

the

been

small

of

is about

iron.

place

done

opening

when

wrought

is

cupola,

generally

in blast, is covered
of

in

cupola.

out

pola
cu-

is melted,

it under

The

diameter.

the

front

drop-bottom

cupolas

The

in

generally

now

is

ash, cinder

of

slag, remaining

and

or

bottom.

sand

refuse, consisting

of

stone

brick, upon

upon

of

and

This

cupola.

the

lining.

The

bed

form

the

molding

sand

to

spout
new

solid.

The

loam

loam

or

Fig.

the

the

breast-plate is
loam

in

front

the

heat, and

two

with

men

the

cupola,
bar

long

or

it is broken

down

by throwing

in

extensively

were

this

We

country.

believe

this

still in

are

in

used
saw

is the

general

pieces

in

only

Baltimore

in

one

in

use

never

which

24

is

is

said
This

little fuel.

charging
for

the

of

of

purpose

diameter

tuyeres
door.

with
at

These

charging

thirty inches,
the

Below

fiftyinches,

form

to

or

tuyeres

give

room

is done

by
in

hangs
with

door

cupolas
in

any

extent

years

ago,

and

but

they

country

of

iron

before

the

heat

and

bands
door

was

one-half
the
for

were

the

of

with

sixty

diameter

metal.

very
of

on

the

by

the

blast,
bustion
com-

firebrick.

at
to

The

the

brick,

common

inches

lining expanded
molten

admit

to

produced
built

with

and

putting

lined

cupola,

expanding

designed

was

cupolas

wrought-iron
the

from

These

rapidly

very

utilizing all

fuel.

of the

banded

peculiar

large quantity

fender

refuse

few

the

of

melted

have

to

out.

CUPOLA.

elevation

sectional

dug

England.

EXPANDING

Fig.

This

to

in this

use

been

workmen

iron.

but

England,

one

the

charging

pig

of

has

sheet-iron

If the

the

breast

ness
full thick-

front

begins.

from

place

to

heat

loam

protect

rake.

pronged

are

It is then
the

the

the

process

spout

put the

to

up

away,

to

the

prefer

When

broken

out

two-

made

forced

After

bottom.

sand

and

cupola

raking

long

removed

the

of

and

the

over

being

it

melters

and

been

has

front

position

hole

in with
rammed

cupola.

tap

cupola.

the

lining of

the

in

the

up

apron

the

placed

the

the

and

lighting the fire,and

making

against

casing,
in

in the

placed
filled

prevent

Some

way.

brick

the

After

when

iron

is

is then

placed

position, the

in

the

of

melted

molten

ordinary

inside

solid

rammed

is then

position before

in

apron

in from

is

the

in

up

the

with

even

23,

of

pressure

breast-plate is placed
made

front

the

55

stick

round

tight against it, to

wedged

the

by

put in,

hole, and

tap

apron,

and

out

is then

coke

of

CUPOLAS.

OF

STYLES

DIFFERENT

The

and
the

at

the

charging

forty

or

bottom

even

was

156

THE

CUPOLA

Fig.

EXPANDING

FURNACE.

24.

CUPOLA.

DIFFERENT

the

stationary,and
The

bottom

The

the

of

of

in

the

this

done

in

have

been

drawn

was

the

the

to

the

at

little above

charging door, thence

the

diameter

stock,

57

front.

tuyeres

of the

top

but

six

and

being placed

of

very

to

stack

certainly

in the

iron

have

even

been
to

appear
the

to

the

of

the

obtained

of

cupola

cent,

per

should

results

pounds

door

insured

lining

melting

best

half

large

the

of

good

the

charging

iron

taper

that

so

cupola;

about

of

even

the

at

utilization

The

melting.

settlingof

level

large quantity

time, and

one

heat

from

CUPOLAS.

melting

after

greatly increased

admitted

OF

contracted.

gradually

at

refuse

cupola expanded

the
it

STYLES

pound

of

coke.
This

old

of

the
of

top

used

large cupolas

very

practically the

the

be

might

form

lining

the

the

at

boshes

of

patents

there

cupola,
in

about

that

sizes, but

and

view
the

The

plate

to

inches

tapered

two

of

and

draw

plate

charging

diameter

to

to

and

increased

which

sill of

two

tuyeres

inches

diameter.

of

bottom

from

best

It is built

give

to

it

took

which

and

constructed

tuyeres,

cupola,
or

tracting
con-

straight from

bosh

has

variety

is that

design

number

largely

was

of

with

out

shapes

of

shown

and

in

for

tional
sec-

contraction

of

ter
diame-

cavity of enlarged

capacity

used

retaining molten

cupola.

cupola,

high

rows

them

in the

metal

the

at

sized

door.

inventor

1856,

the

tion
construc-

cupola.

the

was

probably

Fig. 25.

diameter
below

time,

the

by boshing

making

charging

about

England

in

ordinary

and

tuyeres,

which

for

the

obtained

Ireland's

Ireland's

in

are

the

to

advantage

but

results

same

to

feet

three

eighteen

front.

cupola

and
was

is

shown,

The

shell

charging
inches
inches
four

door,
the

at

twenty-five

was

top of stack, twelve

door.

the

diameter,
The

to

section

was

feet

top.

it

There

apart, eight in the

in

the

constructed

lower
with

bottom

from

parallel and

thence

row

feet

fifty

gradually
were

upper
six

stationary

two
row

inches
bottom

158

THE

CUPOLA

FURNACE.

f'iG. 25.

IRELAND'S

DOUBLK

TUYERE

CUPOLA.

i6o

THE

CUPOLA

Fig.

FURNACE.

26.

IRELAND'S

CENTER

BLAST

CUPOLA.

bosh

the
bosh
at

three

feet

charging door,

whence

to

Height

of stack.

top

of boshes

bosh

and

AA,

A A

from

from

to

four

the

nine

inches

height

from

The

blast

inches.

in

top

five inches,

feet
;

from

foot

one

inches

seven

placed

tuyere

one

feet

six

diameter

it tapers

eighteen

l6l

CUPOLAS.

inches

nine

crucible

of

BB,

to

charging door,

to

OF

STYLES

DIFFERENT

the

of

center

of

length
of

top

is supplied

bottom

of

crucible.
The

tuyere

hole

into

which

diameter,

tuyere, the mouth

A

L.

level

the

passed

inches

mouth

inches

half-inch

water

the

above

feet

is

diameter,

the

of

and

seven

two

is nine

bottom

iron

which, H, is

A^, five

the

of

is

of

hole

slag

the

through

below

placed just

is the

per

hour

tuyere.

bottom

sand

tap-hole

and

with

and

spout.
This
a-half

of coke

cwt.

satisfaction,
this

melted

cupola

his

In

is constructed
the

This

cupola.
side

placed
belt.
set,
to

has

set

set,

so

Two

claims

escaping

of

sets

apart

of

zone

tuyeres

formation

of
1 1

fusion
obviates

carbonic

to

oxide

those
some

in the

extent

body

lead

the

cupola.

of the

and

at

of

on

air

in number,

than

the

to

the

air

lower

diagonally

higher level.
the

tuyeres,

cupola, creating

alone, and
the

of

the

from

four

lining
them

shell

pipes, one

two

arrangement

gases

the

capacity

the

in

The

right angles

at

of less

burnt

are

with

structs
con-

air chamber

oblong,

are

and

this

from

tuyeres

between

are

through
gases

or

of Voisin's

done.

round

way

lovv'er set

they

that

been

supplied

round,

are

and

plans

external

an

all the

is

The

England

elevation

sectional

plate with

distances

upper

Voisin

second
of

seen

good melting

cupola.

lower

the

that

is

cupola.

his

given

tuyeres.

placed horizontallythrough

are

the

the

in

use

two

have

to

appear

changed

cupola.

boiler

not

general

voisin's

air chamber

equal

at

The

Mr.

set

of

the

into

belt

side

material, extending

same

each

with

very
of

into

Ireland

Fig. 27

in which

it does

came

Mr.

cupolas

illustration

cupola,

never

and

country,

but

iron

of

tons

ton,

per

it

for

three

evil

the
effect

second
of

the

62

FURNACE.

CUPOLA

THE

Fig.

"

27.

1
voisin's

cupola.

"

DIFFERENT

This
the

is constructed

cupola

lining,but
Vertical

it:

of

foot

one

bosh,

of

dimensions

feet

two

inches;
bottom

inches;

Below
inches

at

bosh,

of

at

foot

two

inches;

ten

feet

two

seven

Horizontal

tuyeres,

eight

bottom

at

mensions:
di-

foot

one

inches

charging door,

at

end

of
feet

two

inches.

seven

The
the

is made

casing

stack, and

with

brick

Mr.
this

to

Voisin

above

has

invented

in

melting

In

the

seen

stack, which

cupola

the

steam-jet, but
the

from

the

draw

termed,

are

lower

In

the

to

five inches.

outside, which
The

Each
can

are

of

be

upper

contracted
dififerent

two

just

be

with

eight,varying
the

air-inlets
when
of

is

the

applying
stood
under-

once

they
In

levels.
size

provided
to

placed

cupola.
three

from

with

the
five

from

size of the

in diameter

is

upon

tom
stationary bot-

in

it is desired

air-inlets

the

above

air-inlets, as

or

different

to

the

up

of
at

rent
cur-

is constructed

tuyeres

according

closed
row

at

blown

modes

will

in

extent

induced

an

steam-jet

openings, varying

diameter,
there

row

upper

cupola

of

rows

four

are

in

inches

eight

draught.

Two

but

construction

some

of

means

English cupola,

placed radially

are

to

The

cupolas,

the

to

use

general principle

front.

there

row

several

are

the

of

by

much

figure (28).

general plan
and

is very

There

door.

charging

in

by

caused

draught

strong

or

lined

results.

view, showing

is worked

cupola

be

to

to

cupola.

steam-jet cupola,

This

dififerent

best

steam-jet

sectional

Woodward

England.

the

is

28

Fig.

it has

of

the

give

to

plate to taper

cupola.

number

bottom

dimensions

this

specially for

is said

one

the

get

made

the

straight from

woodward's

of

stack,

four

inches

feet

eres,
tuy-

lower

one

inches.

ten

feet

ten

six

of

feet;

two

foot

one

feet

two

bosh,

of

door,

bottom

to

tuyeres,

top

charging door,

door

stack, three

to

taper

charging

to

charging

of

length

below

to

tuyeres

inside
outline

general

offset

to

below

63

give

bottom

offset

inches

four

bosh

of

top

dimensions

from

inches

ten

CUPOLAS.

slightlyvarying shapes

in

following

the

OF

STYLES

cover

shut

off

the

from

ten

to

164

THE

CUPOLA

FURNACE.

Fig

WOOnWARD'S

28.

STEAM-JET

CUPOLA.

DIFFERENT

fifteen

inches

above

air-inlets

the

the

below

The
A

charges

in

and

admission
has

which

near

The

the

air-inlet

The

the

charging

opening
ofT the

the

of

door

has

When
or

for

and

order

with

The
in

with

the

lever

the

top

the

of

way

until

is then
and

exclude

iron
as

the
the

are

stock

than

B
of

top

on

steam-jet
the

and

the

when

put

into

settles, and

air at the

top

from

put in

of the

the

is

hopper
the

shutting

as

into

The
bad

at

door

cupola.

melting
shown

as

are

the

and

the

The

flue

the

nozzle

cupola,

the

melting

of

near

the

attached
of

ordinary

the

the

once

by

bottom

dropped

is at

H
and

in in the
door

as

feeding

be worked

M,

it
in

same

to

stack

and

time,

one

the

bottom

cupola
the

heat, but

continuous

charges put
The

is filled.

on-

cupola

cupola.

fillingthe

When

P.

melted

is turned

stock

bottom,

it with

connects

be

to

the

is removed

the

chills will

freely,when

run

air inlets

the

semi-fluid

feeding hopper,

at

any

time.

be

and

close

melting stops.

for

can

stack

The

by

cupola

cupola

construction

cupola

closed, and

the

the

draught

iron

iron

the

The
with

for

the
to

steam

on

short

flue and

side

is left open

the

iron

sliding door

steam-pipe

hopper

cupola

use

28.

Fig.

is induced

the

fuel

the

D, is placed

draught
the

to

opened

gets the

soon

in

//

to

the

the

effect

same

connected

the

door

tightly

in

throughout

up

general

shown

hopper

large

air.

any

taken

iron

All

before

door

of

door

working,

where

the

cause

bungs

larger amount

Fig. 29.

to

it

it is desired

is constructed

those

the

of

the
of

care

ordinary cupola, and

repeated opening
working

is

spot

continued
the

of

larged
en-

charging

accumulate

to

seen

will

and

air-inlets

and

the

the

at

nozzle

cupola

closed

be

in the

blast

the

again opened.

may

at

stock, and

retention

admission

melter

at

door

the

way,

the

and

is

that

be

may

in and

is put

the

iron

degree

the

the

temperature

rise to

soon

When

air.

regulated by

air-inlets
state.

ordinary

through

on

of the

put in

are

prevent

turned

of

be

to

to

center

contracted

cupola.

iron

the

lining is

of

65

The

admit

to

by steam-pipe D,

boiler

the

air to the

fuel and

of

CUPOLAS.

row.

in the

iron

luted

is then

steam

the

layers in

alternate

closed

lower

air-inlets

molten

of

amount

the

throw

to

OF

STYLES

hopper

charges

of

into

the

closed

to

66

THE

CUPOLA

FURNACE.

Fig.

woodward's

29.

steam-jet

cupola.

68

THE

CUPOLA

Fig.

FURNACE.

30.

Y^

TANK

OR

RESERVOIR

CUPOLA.

tank, where

it is allowed

carbonized

be

These

and

have

the

tank

the

heat

entire
be

might

of

casing

and

In

latter

this

and

the

case,

tight joint made

the

same

tank

keeping

Another
iron

when

machine
the

putting

by

in the

dump.

This

closed

before

Tanks

founder

The

iron

small
the
mixed

made

in

at

to
for

an

even

the
run

cupola
tank.

the

and

has

attached

to

charcoal.

grade

parts

other

the

of

same

some

the

and

ordinary

shrinkage

than

of

from

parts

the

for

patterns

the

charcoal
heat

as

used

in

time

and

ladles

grade

the

are

low

of

at

iron

run

be

or

into

casting

in the
is

front

the

or

of

but

burned,

and

will

and

top

on

high

burned

front

in

out

wood.
with

connection

for

bed

found

irons

mixing
heat

from

heat, requiring several

is melted

the

be

tuyeres

the

produced

bottom,

sand

may

are

charcoal

be

can

is not

and

tuyeres

large casting

entire

the

lighting

if the

same

iron

soft
on

the

up,

present
a

the

that

for

but

England,

in

into
and

bed, the

the

cupola,
tank

be

closed, the

not

are

are,

the

tank

if the

case

lighting up,

extent

some

the

to

tank

it with

when

and

from

cupola during
is the

tap-hole

lighting up

less

iron

the

the

expense

in the

made

hold

to

the

the

than

supplying

shrinks

wood

lighting

In

remains

and

iron

charcoal

of

and

shavings

charcoal.

the

ferent
dif-

blast, which

the

of

softer

founders

some

quantity

the

of

the

to

to

cupola.

cupola,

must

to

shrinkage.

It is claimed

placing

made

are

time

softened

to

clamped

in the

and

the

and

cupola

additional

tank

from

allowance

in

that

riveted

escape

size

so

heat

the

or

change

the

from

stove

cupola,

by

is the

taken

or

difference

as

tank

the

up

taken

that

tank

is considerable

objection

iron

of

there

the

from

the

cupola produces

but

cupola,

pouring,

been

is bolted

prevent

in the

pressure

The

it in

to

have

continued

top

of

number

sufficient

of

before

they

lining

the

in

made

iron

length

69

charcoal.

grade throughout

even

extent;

greater

been

sufficient

constructed

been
has

CUPOLAS.

the

by

molten

of

an

remain

to

softened

cupolas
ways

OF

STYLES

DIFFERENT

the
time.

in all the

cupolas

small

hours

tank

castings

cupola.

saves

in

from

drawn

makes
and

enable

melt

to

and

This

to

or

to

wellcon-

CUPOLA

THE

170
siderable
wait

in

time
iron

for

the

casting, as

melt,

to

FURNACE.

the

is often

as

moulders

Fig.

is shown

31

and

manufactured

this

cupola

with

straightone

time

of

get
Mr.

the
in

evenly,

and

the

bottom

cupola,
belt

and

the

and

the

capacity

the

the

to

leaving

bottom,

diameter
This
hour

cupola

before

as

foundry

was

or

boshed

at

this

the

as

the

below

and

to

tuyeres,
avoid

the

ducing
re-

tuyeres,

by

made

old

freely,a

To

point.

near

the

in

at

supported

the

the

cupola,

cupola

bosh

that

freely and

and

evenly

iron

was

below

great

that

Heats

hours, the

in two

and

molten

and

cupola

wrought

and

reduced,

increased,

the

first introduced,

practice.

melted

of

put

an

apron

to

overhang

of

the

as

the

tuyeres

same

boshing.

when

cupola,
cupola

center

was

center

fault

the

the

casing

the

stock
around

tuyeres

blast

in the

extending

the

discovered

this

the

to

holding

for

above

lining just

riveted

to

nearer

well

so

overcome

blast

contracted

lining was

the

To

in

put

was

blast

the

the

melt

not

tuyeres.

admit

tuyere

place

did

that

cupola

blast

the

admit

and

casting days,

on

the

to

great

this time

save

time

erally
gen-

and

on

small

too

were

o'clock

Moulders

went

had

in

custom

constructing

He

dropped.

use

cupolas

from

low

and

two

or

moulder

of

the

was

one

To

common

tuyeres

heat.

iron.

each

idea

hours

was

common

lining

the

at

blast

for

from

in two

blast

the

waiting

work

more

heat

tuyeres

in

It

When

J.

the

was

small

slowly.

melting

when

use

very

the

on

in

conceived

melt

until

on

were

lost

Mackenzie

would

put

in

one

of

very

afternoon

was

hours'

few

to

moulding

stopped
deal

time,

all the

blow

and

that

at

only

it melted

and

N.

Co., Newark,

number

limited

charging doors,
foundries

the

designed

Mackenzie

the

of

practical foundryman,

Isbel-Porter

by

was

elevation

Mackenzie,

Mr.

by

Cupola, designed

case,

sectional

to

CUPOLA.

MACKENZIE

In

obliged

not

are

the

the

number

cost

of

had

revolution

required

quantity
of

known

was

moulds

producing

of

fuel

in

melting

half

day

consumed

put up

by

each

castings greatly

two-

and
to

in

melt

ing
in meltmoulder
reduced

DIFFERENT

STYLES

Fig.

MACKENZIE

OF

31.

CUPOLA.

CUPOLAS.

171

THE

172
these

Many

of

short

heats

cupolas

of

one

melting
the

of

cupola

to

the

dump,

especially if
had

have

and

have

the

tuyeres

if

care

builds

be
out,

capacity
to

bridge

as

very

and

shown

much,

hang

bosh

is

and

very

to

in
and
up.

small
in

hard

increases

frequently

and

the

to

difficult
after

which

for
nomical
eco-

tendency
it melts

difficult

to

one.

adhere

lining

the

melting in these

them

Fig. 32,

most

great, that

so

is

cinder

remove

The

is

and
a

the

long'heats

In

experience
slag

probably

are

heat

cupola

become
taken

operation, and

constant

use.

the

at

of

the

that

and
not

end

much

found

in

now

bridge

toward

hours,

two

ones

FURNACE.

still in

are

or

slowly
We

CUPOLA

the

to

heat

reduces

should

be

lining

the
of

the

kept

over

and

remove,

every

tendency

cupolas,

it

soon

melting

cupola
as

near

DIFFERENT

the

shown

shape
the

over

in

-Fig.

31

CUPOLAS.

in the

out

73

all

possible, and

as

bellying

and

tuyeres

OF

STYLES

melting

building
far

as

zone,

out
as

possible,prevented.
the

In

illustration

placed
hand-ladle

front, back

The

side

or

the

removing

outlet
the

of

of

inserted

driven

at

blast

the

and

pound,
Such

the

of

pressure

from

below

lower

part

through
the

and

The

movable

screws,

which

and

thereby

quantity

work

screws

Fig-

33,

that

so

the
the
a

are

this

smoke

at

the
for

pipe,

special stack

or

pound

which
of

blowers

or

engines.

steam

appliances,

is
in

air is allowed

blast

by

action

gion
re-

upper

the

freelyat

enter

between

its

at

creates

in the

to

forced

provided

water

opening

to

repairs,is expensive.

blown

being

inches

annular

shown

as

their

the

movable

be

can

The

standards

removed

like the

By J.

at

the

connects

is built

the

the

B.

Nau,

down-comer

New

cupola,

York.

with

as

the
from

in the
either
of

of

center

four

will,
the
The

opening.

moment

cupola

it at

regulation

together
any

on

raise

or

annular

jet is applied

steam

which

easy

of

special car

33, is mounted

lower

and

through

the
on

Fig.

complete

introduced
in

in

action

common

of

carried

shaft.

and

care

The

shaft.

allow

latter

mechanical

many

rows

hearth.

from

cases

for any

or

several

or

the

melting material,

the

an

iron

by blowing engines

of

to

while

either

or

instead

hearth,

blast

of

for

convenient

one

above

most

continual

the

upper

by

in

it does

3 inches

from

cupola,

hearth

low

placed

most

through

steam-jet pipe,

the

of

very

be

may

shafting by special

as

to

cupola,

with

of

vacuum

set

are

melting

for

distance

and

belting

through

end

upper

found

blown

is obtained

consequently subject
Herbertz

as

either

some

plant,requiring

The

pit

monly
cupola pit, com-

CUPOLA.*

used

varies

blast

through
a

the

cupola

cupolas

are

purpose,

tuyeres

they

HERBERTZ

cupolas generally

other

to

the

dump.
THE

The

when

cupolas

under

work.

is shown

(Fig. 31)

seen

in

hearth,
neath
underline

of

directly with
blast

furnace,

THE

174

FURNACE.

CUPOLA

Fig.

SwhM

33.

""?"" o^"t" A^Q.

^;:^^i^?^
SECTION

OF

HERBERTZ'S

IRON-MELTING

CUPOLA.

iy6

THE

however,

time,

in

foundry
This
The
to

be

other

low

of

coke

well

to

adapted

coke

iron), leads

to

the

carbonic

acid,

FiG.

been

in

made
that

showed
burnt

to

1500

Europe,

and

in

most

the

kg., or

burnt

in the

mixture
iron

No.

3 and

coke

the

(or in

melt

20

combustion
burnt

be

must

pletely
com-

greatest possi-

analyses

in

whole

oxide.
was

kg.

450

kilogramme

the

other

carbonic

cupola

of

of

2.2

lbs.

1050

have

escaping

cases

In

was

small

very

one

kg.*

foundry

gases

carbon

of

amount

few

this, test-heats

prove

1.5 tons.
*

to

the

that

inventor

iron

of

enough

generate

to

the

to

the

by

iron.

pig

SECTION.

the

cases

of

34.

order

acid, while

of carbon

foundry
of

In

carbonic

proportion
test-heats

heat.

of

amount

be

the

HORIZONTAL

ble

car-wheel

melting

weight

conclusion

thus

and

the

would

that

or

the

for

of

cent,

per

complete,

it at

coke, claimed

of

of

be

with

made

J.

pound

must
to

N.

consumption
4

as

words,

pounds
of

is very

FURNACE.

been

Eh'zabethport,

reduced

as

have

tests

cupola

very

CUPOLA

of

scrap,

of these

burg
Luxema

total

DIFFERENT

The
of

6.8

kg.

190

coke

melting

water,

used

done, 6"] kg.

was

again

the next

for

only

was

real

careful

weighing
loss

molten

metal

escaping

coke

of

the

of

only

taken

were

that

had

the

9.9

only 5

iron

2.66

the

and

Five

the

steam-jet was

minutes

after

minutes

Twenty-five

was

the

the

This

coke

cent,

of

melting

ash.

.5 of carbonic

of

nitrogen.

It will be

Nevertheless,
favorable

than

where

escaping
12

gases

the

contain

Oxygen.

Nitrogen,

80.3

7.0

83.75

13.3

6.3

804

10.71

6.73

82.60

utes
min-

20

of

loss

be

in

of

obtained

from

iron

in

this

been

of the
of

gases
an

analyses

12.50

to

was

gases

76.9

oxygen,

carbon

was

did

due

to

not

the

charged intentionally.

these
with

charge

probably

was

7.5 per

(lightingand

used

was

made.

was

and

water

in this last heat

had

of

of

oxide, 8.2

acid, which

number

coke

gas

composition

carbonic

that

it

of

cent,

that

seen

wet

cent,

per

composition

certain

85.8

average

coke

would

The

1300".

7.1

The

carbonic
of

amount

the

of

temperature

6.5

per

acid, 3.4

entirelyto

increased

2.7

The

cent.

per

stituting
con-

oxide.

thoroughly

together).

1 1

burn

obtained,

was

nearly

About

coke

only 3.45

with

contained

1460 kg., or

acting 13. i

(after35

heat

test

the

Average

Another

coke

of

steam-jet

after

cast

the

be used

amount

that

Carbonic

9.25

of

end

After

7.1

acting

was

At

steam-jet

it

of

cent.

following composition

acting

top

could

in part to

acid.

on

cent., whereas

per
per

amounted

Carbonic

Before

real

The

cent.

per

sulphur;

iron.

showed

cast

of

used, including

and

out

original iron charged,

high,

was

gases

the

of

coke

kg. pig

1500

was

and

77

cent,

3 per

cent,

cupola
of

148 kg.,or

melting

pci" cent,

97-33

^T

"

but

P^^

amount

to

coke

of

1.037

day's charge, so

215

of

amount

kg.

215

was

total

contained

in the

put

The

CUPOLAS.

and

and

was

iron.

OF

dry

ash

of

fillingcoke

of

lighting coke,
fusion

air

was

cent,

per

kg. of pig

1000

STYLES

is still far

ordinary
have

19.90

more

blown

shown

that

percent,

of

pola,
cu-

the
car-

178

CUPOLA

THE

bonic

acid

and

4.80

fuel

1.73

furthermore,

analyses show,
the

to

in the

utilized

carbonic

of

cent,

per
that

thoroughly

is

FURNACE.

of the

case

and

oxide.
Herbertz

pola,
cu-

maximum

the

yields

The

of

heat.
To

such

obtain

air should
shown

the

by

that the

the

it

and

the

causes

reduction
of

of

free

influence

the

elements
for

elimination

deteriorate

the

carbon

less

Herbertz

this

and

is

length
this

of

it reaches

the

atmosphere,
In
almost

shaft

the

the

pig

iron

melting

the

is

elimination

Herbertz

entirely in

cupola,
the

and

zone,

lower

of

shown

that

where

of

the

iron

the

cupola.
The

the

blue

cupola,

flame

heated

and

by

its elements
combustion

regions, and

where

This

in

on

whereas
the

the
has

opening,

place through
a

in

combustion

annular

surrounded

part

and

practice has

of

less

or

more

silicon

is this

from

in

Some

iron.

only

takes

continues

and

it has

Not

the

regions

upper

the

by their partial

iron.

manner:

little above

and

ordinary blown

combustion

cupola,

the

actual

following

in the

all the

case

in the

that

carbon,

as

eliminated

are

place

seen

ordinary

that

where

of

gases

the

of

oxidized,

quality of

seems

the

in

takes

cupola

the

than

such

be

regions,

acid.

supposition

composition

pig iron,

silicon

cupola,

flame

the

it

explained

been

no

but

case,

the

under

lower

the

escaping

the

to

instance, might

manganese,

not

lead

on

the

in

upward

combustion

carbonic

the

of

rise.

gases

regions unburnt,

upper

oxygen

the

in

the

this

in

pushed

are

gases

free

Another

the

entirelyin

the

part

cupola, might

pernicious

of

air will reach

presence

Herbertz

obtained

circumference

which

velocity, and

be

cannot

the

of

some

these

is

first is

combustion.

uniform

cupola

and

pressure

conditions

The

blown

The

acid.

the

velocity with

reduced

very

all around

cupola

rise to very

gives

ordinary

great

such

the

explain

to

carbonic

of

amount

advanced

to

the

that

actually happens

certain

been

carbon

of

this

of

gases

have

reasons

enters

is the

with

but

air

sheet

reason

in the

it is necessary

that

and

excess,

presence

combustion

complete

In

slight

Several

oxygen.

thin

in

be

combustion

complete

and
in

entire

top.

In

pasty before

oxidizing

an

is easy.
takes
the

upper

place
re-

DIFFERENT

gions

less heated

are

the

of

ascending

It must
over

be

the

up,

minutes.

stated

Had

and

at

the

had

resists

the

above

tests

work

been

continued

number
have

been

^J kg.

as

charge

of

was

really burnt,

the

In

only

cupola
been

is

would

melt

6 per

to

with

the

No.

One-third

It

the

counting

of

minutes

after

tapped
wait

iron
made

few

outside

total

is

with

It

minutes

mixture
in the

began
put

was

was

used
old

before

to
on

melt
to

good,

very

in

and

only

per

this

cupola,

test

it must

so

the
be

and

that

had

foundry,
car-wheel

coke,

cent,

of

this

very

Ten

not

reduced
to

fifteen

the draft, the first iron

it into

was

of

during

the

of

of

put in the

two-thirds

create

casting

made

iron

rapidly.

and

hearth

scrap

Notwithstanding

iron

the steam

iron

is

plate

iron

ordinary cupola

foundry

hearth

bottom

of

and

pig

ton,

diameter

castings

mixture

of

old

fillingcoke.

ofT.

the

the

of

from

The

words,

as

inches, when

coke

of

amounted

outside

an

height

other.

and

in the

diameter

feet

13

down

fuel, the

amount

The

each

melted

was

is rated

mixture

same

previously

used

cupola

wheels,

car

was

The

the

the

Elizabethport,

at

cent.

has

And

iron.

of

proper

shaft

(at

after

other

melting

cupola

of

top

In

the

the

190

coke

kg.

500

say

weeks

few

have

cupola

cent.

per

for

hour.

inches, and

498,

in

put

565 kg.

of

the

of

pounds

15.15

coke

of

total

for

Then,

melting

of

of

sumption
con-

as

been

should

we

kg.

out

6.6

for

the

made,

have

35

length

lighting coke.

of

iron), or

to

only

first heat

certain

would

375

or

leave

equal

extended

been

made,

taken

working

an

were

scrap.

been

which

in contact

are

tests

the

would

tests

feet
to

shaft

to

this

tons

hearth

was

over,

7 inches, whereas

4 feet

viz.

been

been

75,

of

have

cupola

the

melting

the

weight

consumption

during

coke

of coke

pound

the

the

and

coke

addition

had

charges

lighting coke
of

further

any

if five consecutive

cent,

79

influence

considerably lowered,

cupola

5 per

the

in the

for

charges

of

the

without

lasting

1.5 tons,

following charge only melting

kg.

better

the

of

CUPOLAS.

iron

that

of

fuel would

of

pig

once

greater

OF

gases.

single charge

one

time

STYLES

hot

that

the

molds.

same

stated

the

as

that

men

had

Though
has

the

always
castings

l8o

CUPOLA

THE

obtained
chill

the

on

advisable

tire.

to

result

The
work

mixture

one-fourth

foundry

scrap.

large economy
with

and

it better

one-third

No,

castings

obtained

The

metal,

very

pure

The

were

hot

too

the

this

on

been

in the

done

two-thirds

with

cast

immediately

after

mixture

of

scrap.

The

y^g inch

chill.

car-wheel

and

ordinary cupola,

dense

tough

day the

constituted

with

than

day's

three-fourths

and

mixture

obtained

and

be

to

this

of

day.

first

third

the

iron

foundry

were

very

throughout

charge

use

had

foundry

The

On

deemed

second

the

on

little

very

was

the

on

scrap

better.

and
3

results

chill it

improvement

No.

what

over

presented

better

car-wheel

deeper

was

and

obtain

to

marked

chill

wheels

car

but

nothing

use

was

average

for

In order

showed

the

soft

too

were

FURNACE.

tapping,

was

cast.

day

was

follows

as

Filling coke, 576 pounds.

Melting coke, 6x
Liniestone, 6x
No.

hearth

on

small

filled with

of

the

screws

coke
and

was

After

natural

draft

the

fillingcoke

put

on

the

was
filling

in

annular

were

to

until

it

fire started

hearth.

the

pushed

through

alternate

opening

shaft

and

plugged
work

with

of

the

under

the

the

to

the

the

three

the

with
natural

hearth

i^

about

top

of

of

shaft, and

the

molding
draft

with

the

of

tuyeres
the

the

raised

by

at

the

the

and

lowered

inches

hearth.

sand, and

the
the

means

rim.

ing
Fill-

bottom

of

the

tuyeres

to

lower
at

the

cupola again
annular

under

charge

enough

the

When

bottom.

limestone.

between
The

upper

itself,working

at

was

highest bull's-eye,

above-named

iron, coke

through

to

its lower

left to

was

is mounted

outside,

top

on

tuyeres

was

dried

coke

level

three

cupola

layers

done,

and

prepared
and

^^^^^^

^^^

Elizabethport

at

fully ignited

was

in contact

through
the

5400

wood

came

charged

this

1800

used

hearth,

then

then

300

cupola

shavings,

was

pounds.

90

pounds.

432

6x900=

scrap,

This

wood

It

level.

in the

car.

15

foundry, 6x

Foundry

The

72

was

When
form

an

rim

of

bottom

allowed

opening,

until

DIFP^ERENT

the

first iron

in action.

put

was

had

pHed,

the

on,

the
the

start

than

6 per

other
80
I

When

addition.

hour

The

and

iron

pig

of

water

long

as

the

charge,

fell somewhat

below

end

of

the

while
at

seen

As

the

the

the

as

the

pulled

coke

remaining

3^

cupola,
per
loss

it

cent.,
of

still the

Thus

the

good

results

the

cupola,

the

No.

and

an

lower

foundry

The

the

vacuum

heard

was

spark

flame

or

with

had
and

ordinary cupola.

been

obtained

may

with

the

the

in the

amounted

only

to

the

with

iron

from

cast

taken

be

can

nary
ordi-

cupola.

ordinary foundry
of

and

water,

iron

compared

and

once

lighting coke
of

out

run

opened

was

loss

of

with

No.

one-quarter

scraps

scrap
be

that

conclusively shown

mixture

two-thirds
This

iron

ordinary cupola be obtained.

have
a

last

pit, where,

as

three-quarters foundry
as

noise

cooled

grade

in the

as

obtained

were

iron

third

that

ash

entire

in

Elizabethport

at

of

Toward

hearth

weighing

the

cent,

the

saved

figure when

per

results

foundry
new

also

tests

in

4 inches

3 and

any

w^as

be

to

the

the

careful

low

very

same

was

tons.

lower, the

and

content

that

found

least

at

any

pounds

constant.

was

of

into

entire

After

was

It is remarkable
and

door

gathered

following melting.
the

bottom

the

out,

nor

done

was

fell down

mass

of

disagreeable

on,

more

melted

was

between

became

No

at

cupola.

melting

cupola,

level

going

was

the

of

top

ignited

hearth
the

the

this

3 inches.

melting

soon

from

when

used

not

5140

instead

kept

was

to

troduce
in-

to

its pressure

pounds

7200

remained

level

with

applied,

2-| tons,

say

only

pola
cu-

regularly without

corresponds

cupola

the

as

of

the

of

intervals

was

at

moment

top

made

were

was

which

in the

created

steam

hour,

per

coke

continued

charge

minutes,

24

and

the

entire

melted

vacuum

coke,

of

The

ap-

rose

that

regular

Lighting

was

column,

From

at

steam-jet

steam

water

rapid.

subsequent charges

cent,

pounds.

and

the

no

water.

only opened

materials.

raw

all the

of

regular, hot

was

when

y'g^inch

inches

kept tight and

was

about

to

3 and

melting

this tnoment

draft, which,

equal

between

to

once

The

been

At

down.

melting

was

l8l

CUPOLAS.

OF

STYLES

iron

explained

when

melted

mixture
when

by

of

3
in

one-

melted
the

as

reason

in

82

CUPOLA

THE

that

carbon

less

in the

melted

silicon

and

Herbertz

first tests
with

attended
steel

when

the

metal

Figs. 35

and

adapted

to

similar

iron, with

kind
the

to

the

the

top in

circular
the

through

once

the

cupola.

obtain

with

and

For

the

the

is better

carbon

greatest

fuel

in the

metal

is

for

that

of

melted

covered
disobtain

to

heated

air.

cupola especially

the

tirely
en-

pig

of

number

The

of

air enters

is sucked

F.

is

melting

certain

down

and

at

it enters

it is heated

pipes

will be

steel.

liquid

ever,
How-

soon

part, where

100"

zone

with

there

the

of

to

consequent!}-

increased
sufficiently

Bessemer

in this

steel,
each

way,

well

as

separately

success.

steel

high

to

seems

On

of

account

the

temperature,

slightlyincrease.
in

working

Europe

castings especially,this cupola

crucible.

at

yet

as

to

was

order

work.

lower

or

amount

in all its parts

used

from

500"

of

brick

the

to

in

cupola

through

heavy

of

the

Continent

and

were

than

adapted

cupola

space,

melting

crops,

casting

with

tact

in the

from

in the

wrought-iron

as

laid

thoroughly

The

pipes

ranging

temperature

to

construction

its passage

By

temperature
the

iron

it

work

iron

easily.

cast

made

to

steam-jet cupola

are

be

to

advisable
the

be

to

were

lighting coke.

of

cent,

per

exception, however,

when

steel

other

small

fluidity,and

work.

of

wrought-iron pipes
at

lacked

36 illustrate
this

lO

castings had

deemed

was

to

liquid enough

steel

results, it

melt

to

files and
with

together

only

was

small

that
better

with

metal

molten

iron

STEEL.

cupola

ends, old

melted

and

the

from

MELTING

Herbertz

Rail

were

FOR

USED

in the

success.

foundry iron,
The

CUPOLA

made

ends

crop

eliminated

are

cupola.

HERBEKTZ

The

FURNACE.

their

value

metals

or

the

United

No

be

con

of

percentage
ing
steel-melt-

States, but

to

seems

its direct

more

the

on

and

more

appreciated.
For

melting

brass, etc., the

European
ordinary

other

cupola

works.

foundry

has

recently

Especially
cupola

alloys,

with

been

bronze
the

such

best

as

lead, copper,

introduced

has

been

results.

in

melted
The

some

in

an

tempera-

84

iron, the
the

The

whereas

The

cent.

steam-jet, is

fuel

this

amounted

be

to

Fig.

crucible

that
bronze

is burnt
loss

The

metal

of

in the

used

for

and

remelting

the

the

of

remelting

of

In
a

Fig.

the

seen

to

square
any

24

inches,

in the

corners

square
with

18

corners

increase

in the

elimination
these

foundry

in the

be

to

tin

shape

of

the

in the

the

be

the

the

the

fact
in

found
smoke.

white

creased
slightlyinThe

tin.

are

than
to

often

to

seems

of

due

same

cupolas
those

as

iron.

cupola, designed

of

the

of

this

24

as

CUPOLA.

lining,and
and

of

than

purer

even

of

metals

Pevie

practical foundryman

cupolas,

and

is

37

is said

melting

PEVIE

high

as

quicker

is

amount

escapes

the

of

obtained

small

during

account

on

used

out

per, cent.,

12

application

five times

This

fusion, the

the

during

the

use

36.

bronze

in crucibles.

remelted

bronze

the

and

furnace,

only

pig

be very

to

is sometimes

without

nearly

any

seems

to

of

case

without

obtained

economy

even

in the

and

draft

consumption

fusion,

claimed

than

lower

natural

consumption

in crucibles

per

with

The

total

FURNACE.

being

case

worked

cupola

steam-jet.

large.

40

this

in

required

ture

of

CUPOLA

THE

to

30

State

of

design

larger
inches

melting capacity

by

Maine.

are

built

ones

are

wide
of

the

Mr.

Pevie,

The

small

square,
made

inside

the

with

oblong
lining,

cupola desired,

DIFFERENT

STYLES

Fig.

PEVIE

OF

37.

CUPOLA.

CUPOLAS.

185

86

THE

by increasing the

is obtained

the

increasing
Blast

is

through
sides
The

plan

vertical

the

and

blast

with

which
But

in

the
and

it may

to

the

lining was

has

blast

an

even

in its

time

in

operation,
the

and

altered

greatly

the

is

Stewart

which
more

Fig. 38

is
to

Iron
of

one

the

required

for

extending

seen

shape

around

as

between
shown

the
in the

stock

Blast
the

is

tuyers

of

illustration.

three

of

and

dency
ten-

when
it
them

J.,and

N.

cupolas

first

The

row

throw

the

from

second
and

object

row

at

use

cupola,
the

blast
of

amount

belt

of

row

in

This

to

reduce

cupola

boshed

supplied

lining
the

reason

in these

Scotland.

cupola, through
the

this

Smithville,

of

Glasgow,

and

horizontally through
and

view

the

bed.

the

management

for

linings

pola,
cu-

original form.

is

of

of

cupola.

sectional

Works,

bridges
evenly

made

only

of

the

of

their

from

and

at

one

large diameter,

center
a

know

We

is not

bridging,

from

original shape,

since.

how

careful

only by

of

name

if it

matter

cupola

prevented

use.

in the

construction

this

of

saw

blast

for

no

the

by

or

we

years
of

considered

was

be

heats

general

Corry, Pa.,

It

twenty

some

its work,

do

cannot

than

stock

(the

distribution

be

to

Maine

the

of

correct,

was

the

to

this

construction

in

town

visited

Stewart's

In

the

of

upon

used, and

this

of

we

great.

kept
into

been

small

theory

commonly

cupolas

by tuyeres

long

present

at

two

in

importance

very

in

came

then

peculiar construction

bridge

it could

the

length

all parts

to

distributed

evenly

construction

the

the

that

at

chamber,

cupola

This

melting.

which

distributed

and

never

done

of

up,

be

of

cupolas.

air

full

the

blast

of

amount

even

Pevie, in

matter

clogs

round

inner

an

constructing

tuyere

forgotten),

cupola

only

in

equal

an

round

Mr.

of

is

Pevie

certainly more

melting

foundry

from

the

place

in

cupola

with

extending

tuyere

produce

small

excellent

Mr.

of

to
was

the

sides

the

of

is done

as

two

on

slot

supply

to

was

length

cupola.

object

stock
for

diameter;

supplied

of

FURNACE.

CUPOLA

fuel

air-chamber

tuyeres

passing

placed

above

pointing downwards,
of

this

second

row

of

DIFFERENT

OF

STYLES

Fig.

STEWART'S

38.

CUPOLA.

CUPOLAS.

187

88

THE

is to

tuyeres

increase

the

the

melting capacity

top

of

vertical

gas-pipe

branches

four

twelve

sufficient

The

best

melting

inch

above

is

it

for

apart

around

oxygen

to

absurd

the
fill a

the
to

do

lining,we
be

of

volume

blast

This
fuel

equal

they

burns

collapse
them

cupolas

of

large

claims

or

capacity

when

the

to

the

While

oxide

near

amount

admitted

placed

in the

and

impossible

cupola

them
is
of

rows

cupola,

lining, and
heated

of

many

second

ignite

to

as

they

are

it is almost

in this

of

amount

sufficient

the

of

pipes

open

feet

more

or

ing.
lin-

frequently clogged by

are

melting

of

if

even

first and
of

admit

melting,

they

openings

carbonic

of

rapid

cupola.

the

of

center

the
one-

the

extent

an

would

ends, and

to

after

probably
tuyeres

and

as

quently
fre-

keep
heat

du-e

is excellent

which

to

the
for

are

the

Greiner

Cupola
made

CUPOLA.

ECONOMICAL

PATENT

GREINER

Economical

following

ends

the

Fig. 39 is shown

Greiner

such

if the

sufficient

the

diameter.

THE

In

from

inside

the

to

slag

heat

of

arrangement

shape given

for

rapid melting

The

is melted.

the

at

during

open

do,

not

the

away

in

their

to

iron, filled with

or

lining

the

do

the

they

practical value

any
of

think

not

supply

it in

be

to

one-inch
two

bonic
car-

entering

toward

that

for combustion

oxygen

utilize

doubtful

anything

to

in

and

said

melting

namely

is

it is very

about

gas,

before

melting

vertically and

large cupola

they might supply

zone,

pipe

supply

the

above

cupola

suppose

is to

pipes

rapidly, and

would

oxide

these

of

But

apart

cupola,

carbonic

escaping

cupola,

for

to

inches

twelve

placed

the

contribute

gas-pipe tuyeres

melting,

lead

iron

Glasgow.

in

one

from

into

placed

this

and

unconsumed

very

feet, is

two

the

to

diameter,

melting

melts

cupola

Attached

about

the

the

increase

and

zone

hour.

per

the

to

escaping

preparing

zone.

object

oxygen

the

(CO),

and

heating

pipe

melting

of

inches

The

of

consume

oxide

cupola

two

apart.

the

of

intervals

at

of

amount

to

zone

the

one-inch

of

inches

depth

of

air-chamber

the

FURNACE.

CUPOLA

cupola,

manufactured

Co., Kankakee,

111.,for

by
which

The
the

DIFFERENT

In

placing

and

foundrymen
the

in

the

where

Europe,

results

this

already

than

more

before

Cupola

in

manufacturers

splendid

189

CUPOLAS.

Economical

Patent

steel

of

advantage

cupola

Greiner

the

OF

STYLES

three

country,

we

with

obtained

hundred

in

are

the
have
this

daily

use.

The

adoption

of

the

Greiner

system
Fig.

THE

with

met

of

it has
The

the

most

fuel been
reached

novelty

GREINER

ECONOMICAL

forty
the

and

twenty
even

invention

there

iron

has

39.

satisfactoryresults.

less than

of

PATENT

melting

of

per

CUPOLA.

In

cent.,

fiftyper
consists

no

and

has

case

in

some

the

ing
sav-

instances

cent.

in

judicious

admission

THE

IQO

of

blast

the

into

utilized

in the

saving
the

melting

workings,

fuel

necessary
In

zone.

order

illustrate

we

Fig.

in

the

the

heat

melt

to

fullyexplain
40

the

cupola

principleof
the

of

Fig.

40.

it reaches

when

iron

to

Fig.

the

and

cupola

bustible
com-

charges, thereby efTectinga

descending

the

the

cupola, whereby

within

consumed

preheat

to

of

zones

upper

are

gases

FURNACE.

CUPOLA

its

ordinary

41.

Df

-"D

-I

D
1

OF

SECTION

design,

ONE

TUYERE

ROW

with

the^coke

air burns
acid
this

into

it is converted

equivalent
a

an

gas

whereas,

will

the

heat

The

oxide
result

utilization

the

same

tuyeres

acid
amount

of

(CO2)
of

only develop 4480

the

the

of

heat

one

burned

units,

given by perfect combustion.

or

As
of

most

absorption

oxide

coming
in-

carbonic

above,

of

an

fore,
is, there-

(CO), indicating
pound

develop 14,500

carbon

The

to

combustion

fuel, as
will

CUPOLA.

combustion.

coke

by

carbonic

of

the

(CO)

carbonic

carbon.

carbonic

to

the

of

incandescent

mostly composed

imperfect

burned

of

of

the

TUYERE

ROW

air inlets, A A.

or

front

DOUBLE

indicating perfect

through

ascends

gas

in

combination

gas,

OF

of tuyeres

single row

SECTION

CUl'OLA.

to

less

of

heat

carbonic
than

carbon

units;
oxide

one-third

be

(CO)

oxide

admitted
heat

tuyeres, the

of

so

horizontal

embrace
both

to

as

the

preheat
at

zone

capacity

each

of

and

so

to

as

regulated,

dimensions

pipes,

of

without

burned

and

the

heat

the

coke,

so

and

higher temperature

tuyeres,

be

must

particular cupola.

thus

are

gases

iron

and

on

otherwise)

or

and

cupola,

carbon

of

small

of

spiral

arrangement

incandescence,

to

the

of

loss

perature
tem-

introduced

be

not

row

the

raise

producing

number

horizontal

one

soon

must
a

of

form

and

combustible

The

to

the

to

blast

in

or

very

coke,

through

zones

pressure

according

coke

but

higher

the

will

the

upper

in the

(either

place

one

fire to

the

plane,

arranged

at

developed

set

Hence

before.

as

to

as

FURNACE.

CUPOLA

THE

192

thus

heating

is utilized

developed
they

reach

require less

heat

that

the

melting

the

effect

to

the

meltmg.
Another
which

and

is that

in

point
is very

the

fusion

previously

now

required.

better

of

It

upper
the

of

be

can

cupola

the

the

blast, and

Figs.

Colliau,
the

study

and

steel

will

increase

works,

room

in the

amount

of

rapid melting,

the
ing
melt-

rapid

more

cupola

coke

not

and

purer

consist
blast

main

connecting

and

43

patent
civil
of

41

hot

is to

system

be

existing cupolas,

to

while
of

box

the

HOT

only

circular
the

of

pipes

for

the

construction

and

applied.
rial
mate-

fittings

connected
valves

small

the

to

by
late
regu-

tuyeres.

CUPOLA.

BLAST

devoted

to

without

pipe

and

sectional

cupola, designed by

who

ment
arrange-

additional

cupola,

external

seen

blast

engineer,

cupola

the

PAIENT

are

size, position and

considerably, according

vary

being effected,

with

Colliau

extra

number,

which

to

COLLIAU

In

the

more

the

tuyeres

generally

necessary

branches

the

to

readily adapted

alteration

the

Owing

the

to

additional

the

to

occupied by

was

understood,

the

capacity

cupola, owing

and

zone

system

cupola,

is obtained.

iron

will be

As

the

of

foundries

most

Greiner

the

application of

that

in

economical

Greiner

the

of

important

melting capacity
in the

favor

great

the

deal

management.

views

of

late Victor
of

time
The

to
cu-

DIFFERENT

pola

is at

points

the

present

STYLES

time

PAXSON

HOT

BLAST

CUPOLAS.

extensively used,

in its construction.

FiG.

OF

The

and

has

many

following history and

good
descrip-

43.

COLLIAU

CUPOLA.

SECTION

OF

PAXSON
CUPOLA.

13

193

HOT

BLAST

COLLIAU

THE

1-94
tion

his

by
the

the

cupola

son,

Victor

of

and

in

Philadelphia, Pa.,

It

the

as

since, the

and

ineffectual

and

was

unknown,

rate

and

in

melting

the

"

Blast

greater

than

melting

of

three
three

was

four

tons

complete
in-

tons

at

hour

per

iron

of

pounds

four

to

Co.,

very

twenty-five

considered

was

"

Cupola.

iron

to

provement
im-

some

Paxson

Calliau

of

melting

in

engaged

with

melting

for

furnished

are

is

by J. W,

44,

Hot

cupola

who

manufactured

and

43

Paxson

coke

of

pound

one

obtained

is also

Figs.

years

heat

with

results

it.

of

shown

one

FURNACE.

Colliau, Detroit, Mich,,

manufacture

Some

CUPOLA

satisfactory

very

result.

Large castings

that

large foundry
(only

few

requiring
several
the

mould.

All

these

the

of

large quantity

few

slag

and
I

and

fifteen
iron
I

the

to
am

My

claims
That

are

the
been

never

2d.

building

now

1st.

of

pound

saving

fuel

which
after

and

with

in
the

by

chimney,

process

per

in

day

am

cold

iron

ten

to

blast

cupola,

melting sixty

now

of

some

and

hour,

hot

patented

improved

tons

tons

the

clogged

cupola

difficulties,and

ten

twenty

to

the

melting

much

evidenced

was

were

channel

too

of

they

at

stopped.

new

my

and

hundred

one

be

to

all these

surmounted

has

had

with

have,

melted

been

had

tons

in the

utilized

top

time,

lighted

common

consumed

the

at

etc.,

one

melted

in

as

at

row,

was

running

cupolas

burning

gas

been

fiave

in each

in

became

cannon,

thirty tons

on,

imperfect combustion,

of

castings

heavy

later

and

day,

per

placed

iron

considered

was

bed-plates,

were

metal

the

old-fashioned

consequence

should

and

when

time, and

the

tons

and

large

still later

used

were

tapped simultaneously,
to

six

to

it

and

anvils, steamboat

as

cupolas

same

when

ago),

made,

five

fifteen, and

ten,

be

not

melted

years
such

necessary,

could

them,

at

thirteen

speed

pounds

to

of
of

coke.
a

cupola

to

melt

twenty-five tons

per

hour.

working

of

my

25

to

improved

new

hot

blast

cupola

equaled.
of

from

50

per

cent,

of

fuel.

I have

re-

DIFFERENT

which

placed cupolas
coke

pound

of

ten

twelve

or

lining

the

the

of

4th. One

in

for

is

iron

thus
6th.

and

lowered

Hot

increasing

Detroit
hour

one

hour
ten

and

ten

the

cupola
This

at

is

the

of

the

exactly

of

the

the

large meltings.

melting exposed

the

iron

blast, which, by its

the

with

combined

the

to

fusion
of

end

the

ten

iron,

say,

operation
of

than

what

the

second

the

of

time

better

one

fourth

working

the

took

tons

hour;

decrease

at

lining at
tons

ten

vances
adiron

of

tons

first ten

one

melting,

operation

inside

the

tons

showing

the

as

the

of

forty-seven

melt;

third

reverse

mum
maxi-

old

Detroit, the

is to

that

is the

cent,

10

the

diameter

in

to

thus

6 to

value.

inches

the

is from

with

of

melting

in

in the

iron

of

compared

carbon

and

minutes

"

double

cupola

loss

per

cent,

per

action

Works,

minutes;

the

cupola 5

beginning

on

Wheel

end

saving

rapidity of

advanced

operation

is the

the

grade

fiftyminutes,

tons

feature

process

the

fifteen

and

in my

improved

burned

from

Car

melting

the

cupola forty-eight

the

is

slow

instance,

for

"

in

iron

inside

diameter

same

am

3^

as

to

its

coke.

the

cupolas

melted

time

one

melted

size, and

same

of

one

with

iron

of

95

hour.

low

as

oxidizing influences,
and

pounds
the

of

With

fusion.

improved

the

with

common

new

loss

long

too

metal

per

In

in which

system,

of

important

my

The

5th.

iron

of
very

the

my

CUPOLAS.

five

cupolas

of

model,

old

process.

cent.,

per

one

rapidity of

quantity

melting

by

OF

melting

were

pounds

3d. Great
of

STYLES

as

the

of

the

commencement.

generally

in other

occurs

cupolas.
following

7th. By
coke

and

iron
that

is
is to

given quantity

labor

say,

that

the
with

of

iron

with

the

same

the

result

will
of

pressure

exactly the

same

always

be

of

tained
ob-

blast

indicated

time

to

proportion

same

quality

of

fuel

melt
to

the

melted.

8th.
and

preserved,

instructions, it will take

in my

iron

instructions, providing the

my

I claim

that

workmanlike
is

cupola

spared

hitherto

my

cupola
that

manner;
to

make

is built
neither

it stronger

constructed.

and

in the
expense
more

most

in

durable

substantial
material
than

or

any

196

THE

9th.

There

forming
which
a

cold

the

of

between

One

of

end

making

this

the

which

its

the

the

heated

Fig.

is

45

the

Whiting

the

following description

The

universal

largely
the

There
form

around
This

system,

it will

through

the

to

an

do

the

increased
two

are

rows

an

annular

the

entire

system
This

the

by

the

hot

of

the

pelled
com-

latter,

tuyeres, through

double

function

of

blast.

patented cupola, designed by

and

which

Co., Chicago, 111.,of

them

the

given by

Whiting
and

which

as

designed

so

it to those

good,

by

manufactured

patented arrangement

most

cools

below

CUPOLA.

given by

is

the

nating
termi-

and

and

the

shell.

downwardly,

blower

furnace,

reaching

the

the

inlet at

immediately

performing

satisfaction

the

and

Equipment
is

into

outer

the

spirallyand

top

equals

the

just above

the

at

tuyeres

on

carrying
efficiently,

most

where

to

due

tuyere

blast

Foundry

vent
pre-

tuyeres

and

practical foundryman,

to

furnace

Whiting

Whiting,

air, and

the

WHITING

Mr.

take

around

supplying

the

seen

compel
to

which

of

furnace

around

and

furnace

the

width

extends

outlet, thus

an

the

of

means

order

inlet

the

through

circulation, forced

course

the

let
in-

an

To

lining in

directly from

turn

THE

In

chamber.

inside

is secured

and

air becomes

it finds

cooling

of

entire

one

This

take

to

wall

point just above

the

with

fan, by

or

base,

entire

provided

blower

outlets

diaphragm

inlet.

said

while

the

least

at

is

annular

diaphragm,

air-chamber

at

the

air

the

to

provide

the

of

the

such

air-chamber

distance

into

the

air around

of

passage

which

it,thereby highly heating such

from

furnace,

top

this

of

caloric
the

with

the

surrounding

air-chamber,

is driven

air

FURNACE.

shell

top, connected

circulation

the

metalHc

annular

an

the

at

is

CUPOLA

under

cupola

construction

of

distribute

to

portions
reduced

of the

is

the

cupola
and

pressure,

area.

of

air inlet,
circumference

tuyeres

provides

The

tuyeres.

for

lower

distributingthe
of

is also

the

are

blast

arranged

continuously

cupola.

arranged

adjustment

ones

to

to

the

be

adjusted
class

of

tically.
ver-

work,

DIFFERENT

kind
These
a

fuel, and

of

tuyeres

small
the

on

fuel

changes

inside

through

of
an

OF

in the

is

the
area

thus

cupola,
nearly

and

into

expanded

large

blast

the

air to
which

cupola.
through
opening

reach

the

it enters

45.

SECTION.

SECTION

admitting

the

horizontal

through

(sectional

"

of

the

admit

that

ELEVATION.

tTie tuyeres

197

diameter

permitting

double

Fig.

CUPOLAS.

inside

flaringin shape

are

which

area

STYLES

OF

the

WHITING

of

body.)

CUPOLA.

volume

same

view

of

blast, but

softening

its force.
There

is

an

upper

supply

sufificient

carbon

gas.

row

air to

These

of

utilize

tuyeres

of

tuyeres

are

to

the
of

similar

fullest

construction
the

extent

great service

in

to

escaping

melting

and

198
in

THE

heats

large

improved

our

Fig. 45

them

placed

It sometimes

large
be

for

used

heats

improved

needs.

and

the

the

that

When

ratio

the

change

made

suitable

of

other

No

also

cupola
with

together
(three

small

holes

peep

is

in

shows

the
and

meter

of

foundry

at

castings,

ready

the

and

their

6 inches
small

; diameter

diameter,

of

in
5 feet

at

body
6

the

bed

tuyeres.
the

practicallygives

alarm

side

attachment,

plate

dampers,

and

etc.

doors, columns

tapping spouts
and

known

and

charging

as

frames,
and

doors

of

one

cupola,

bottom
of

inches

melting

to

cupola,
long;

feet

diameter

iron

for

other

iron

light

taper
of

which

required

following

of 24

height

the

cupola,

all the

is of the

and

in

use

melt

to

The

iron.

sectional

in

Jumbo,

Chester, N. Y.,

fluid

hot

very

in

shell

ratio

CUPOLA.

purpose

large foundry

diameter

this

erect.

to

Bros., Port

the

wise
; other-

foregoing improvements,

tuyeres

large cupola

for

small

for

illustration. Fig. 46, is shown

requiring

constructed

was

and

these

tuyere

plate,bottom

Abendroth

all

lining can

fuel, and

soil pipe
plate, sinks, plumbers' fittings,

stove

for

the

It

too

castings.

of

coal

to

upper

with

provided

accompanying

elevation

cupola

will decrease
cost

safety

fittings,
patent

fitted

the

one.

JUMBO

In the

the

to

device.

long), slag

feet

with
All

frames.

heats

and

lines.

dotted

maintained

be

can

slides

thicker

the

ing
adjust-

of

on

finds

patent

showing

method

by

case,

coke

this

foundation

five

to

shown

iron

to

from

has

blast

plates, improved
Every

the

depth, by simply adjusting

cupolas

figure

of

means

Whiting

adjusted accordingly,

made

cupola

two

operator
This

be

can

by

arranged

is the

materially, adding considerably

A

and

operator

this

coke

of

the

of

are

heights, as

large cupola running

closed

represented,

tuyeres

tuyeres

proper

is

tuyeres

These

happens

his

be

may

type

section

various

at

they

latest

the

vertically.

be

can

the

of

arrangement

heats

vertical

half

FURNACE.

dampers.

tuyere

represents
A

cupola.

small

for

"

CUPOLA

sions
dimen-

inches, 7
from

feet

large to

stack, 6 feet;

FURNACE.

CUPOLA

THE

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DIFFERENT

hundred

'Three

STYLES

and

fiftypounds

CUPOLAS.

OF

20I

limestone

of

placed

are

oixi

each

charge

opened
hour

after

and

iron, except

of

the

blast

permitted

has

the
been

remain

to

JUMBO

charging,
charge
the

gates

sprues,

is

and

the

required

cupola

on

the

and

large
to

on

about

and

slag hole

three-quarters
the

rest

of

the

of

an

heat.

CUPOLA.

scrap
of

prevent

milled

not

are

limestone

liquefy the quantity

scrap,

the

and

46.

foundry
amount

charge,

during

open

Fig.

The

last

of

placed
sand

clogging

and

before
on

charged

each
intcf

bridging

of

THE

202

the

cupola.

in four

hours

bottom

was

Sixty

the

FURNACE.

iron

of

tons

from

have

time

the

IMPROVED

CUPOLA

shown

is

Fig. 47

manufactured
a

of

the

the

by

description

THE

now

is

cupola

which

in

general
have

they

until

on

the

than
The

use.

make

thorough

known

fact

that

cupola

and

obtaining

the

matter
a

view

very

of

as

tuyere

follows

JOHNSON

getting

attain

forcing

complete

the

in

this

blast

combustion

it.
to

methods
new

durable

and

and

foundrymen

investigation of

efficient

more

with

made

simple
the

before

of

and

TUYERE.

BLAST

WITH

experiments

place

we

them

possible to

to

CENTER

cupola

CUPOLA

with

is

PATENT

47.

CENTER

designed

JOHNSON

by

IMPROVED

finally led

which

that

cupola

Outfitting Co., Detroit, Mich.,

is furnished

CRANDALL

blast

the

of

put

was

above-named

Foundry

PATENT

action

in this

TUYERE.

Fig.

The

blast

WITH

BLAST

In

melted

been

dropped.

CRANDALL

THE

CUPOLA

It is

the
of

struction,
con-

request
a

center

fuel

parture
de-

at

wellof

that

DIFFERENT

point,
tried

has

been

that

back
above

the

doing

no

melt

47)

the

the

at

the

blast

tuyere

attached

This

tuyere

terminates

and

by

pins

of

means

desired

spaced apart
is formed
at

this

is

the

No

pipe

pipe

cleaned

and

belt

air-chambers
to

would
need

be

price charged

for

and

would

without

is

in

required,

main

blast

pipe;

the

in any

as

way

attention
in

making

center

blast

any

but

in

blast

this

tuyere

fact

Both

and

the

have

center

it to

through

fall

this

over

deranging
be

may

tuyere
the

that

may
blast

but

outside

piping.

it.

nected
con-

such

where

cases

change

terior
in-

enables

way

to

go

whole

close

doors

tuyere

the

air

more

the

of

also

ing
open-

in

to

should

disarranging
to

get any

to

the

which

the

center

it apart

combustion.

part

the

for

otherwise

horizontal

drop

outside

second

forming

obstructions

plate.

is set

cap

that

elbow

center

as

as

by taking

gas,

the

at

removed

opened

the

(Fig.

spacing

be

The

incurred

and

section

can

cap

The

any

special

draw

is

from

is formed

height, so

which

above.

without

to

blast

bottom

the

height

pins, so

acid

the

already exist,
them

blast

of

means

insuring complete

case

the

to

in

enter,

carbonic

and

air-chamber

direct

We

be

can

wall,

illustration

of

pipe

loose

oxide,

zone,

opening

tuyere

to

opening

in

out,

the

same

of

of

means

repaired.
an

when

opening

of this

blast

section

has

the

varied

be

by

into

brick

the

cupola- furnace

by

side

section

carbonic

them

on

tuyere

the

melting

loose

lining

be

top

changed

into

blast

On

for

the

point

waste,

the

can

it

under

annular

that

the

inside

about

loose

from

into

the

at

opening.

forced

the

to

on

rapidly just

of

the

In

high

is forced

volume

is used

cupola.

from

continuous

by putting

than

at

fuel

very

along

up

in

all

in

general arrangement.

being

of

outside, is applied

tuyeres,

the

of

center

air, instead

blast

escaping

iron

of

clearly shown

The

then

amount

same

in
is

it out

been

found

taken

good, thereby requiring a greater

the

taken

when

lining,cutting

and

tuyeres

been

striking the

in

have

means

it has

blast

tuyeres,

brick

the

against

the

of

203

various

But

end.

outside

through

pressure

this

large portion

CUPOLAS.

OF

puzzle, and

many

accomplish

to

cases,

to

STYLES

be

tached
at-

pipe.

little
of

pense
ex-

the

THE

204
Claims
"

1st.

follows

as

saving

in brick

saving

in

2d.

3d.

More

by

the

-;"

fuel.

uniform

more

FURNACE.

lining.

rapid melting

4th.

made

are

CUPOLA

outside

with

less volume

is

Fig. 48
the

furnace,

seen

sectional

view

and

Fig.

SECTIONAL

By

the

projected
the

iron

into

the

placed
part

of

the

wall

wall,

as

are

of

the

as

strength

introduction
upon

OF

furnace

it

of

the

Blakeney

description of

which

cupola
are

nished
fur-

48.

BLAKENEY

CUPOLA

cupola furnace,

uniform

peculiar to
The

VIEW

Blakeney

tained
at-

Co., Springfield, Ohio.

Steel

M.

be

can

CUPOLA.

following history

The

by

than

tuyere.
BLAKENEY

In

iron

of

temperature

blast.

of

proper

produce

to

for

all kinds

follows

lining
distance

air is
a

so

distributed

uniform

of

or

heat, giving

castings.

The

tures
fea-

."

combination
or

the

FURNACE.

of
of

the

from

curved

tuyeres

cupola,
the

and

bottom,

or

chutes

forming
and

nearly

STYLES

DIFFERENT

the

surrounding
made

are

of

blank

chamber
the

bottom

of

suitable

intervals

in

this

melted

case

inch

to

blast

diameter
As

producer

iron

of

This

of

the

the

of

into

it is

with

The

tuyeres.
hollows

form,
the

escape
The

other

at

ings,
open-

openings

material,

through

be

to

pipe,

one

chamber,

rear

of

into

the

cupola

inches

and
all

passes

nace,
fur-

the

of

center

seven-eighths

every

perpendicular,

the

to

door,

chill

iron

of

of

according

or

is

the

for

needed

different

cracking.

four

feet

it will

that

of

purpose

the

for

has

superior advantages,

that

so

what

just

shell

eighteen

run

grade

its many

lining except

have

the

uniform

prevent

bolted

charging

any

to

cupola,

shelves

of

ing
enclos-

and

cupola.

of

casting car-wheels,
grades

in

tuyeres

3^

and

in
to

or

cupola

sidewise

curved

horizontal,

this

to

striking

the

tuyeres.

lead

of

two

required.

to

the

of

cupola

cupola

flow

to

tuyeres

metal.

space
the

through
the

molten

blank

metal

plugs

is conducted

striking the

an

the

by

blast

around

the

through

fusible

the

irregular

made

allow

to

if

is blown,

air is conducted

chamber,

with

out

The

the

the

of

rear

The

convenience

for

around

.extending

wall.

sections

slag

205

the

of

is left in the

it overflows

closed

are

base

in

the

in which

space

and

which

or

sides

outer

space

through

wide,

feet

and

iron

cast

handling.

inner

CUPOLAS.

OF

months

be

not

which

apart

heavy

rows

of

top

tear

out

These

out.

heats

the
to

necessary

is burned

with

to

up

also

without

polas
cu-

being

relined.

These

various
all

endorse

that

idea

of

them,

and

what

examples
gone,
been

has

kinds

varieties
to

indicate

and

the

their

aim

hand,
the

done
at

may

We
at

for

been

manufacturers.

different

shown

are

claimed

is

what

some

cupola

cupolas

the
have

but

direction

and

by
have

overcome.

to

no

give

time

be

means

probably

in which

not

that

our

readers

construction

and

design

present

objectionable points
to

but

them,
in

described,

obtained

of
from

the

exhausted

given sufficient

inventive

in construction

we

genius
which

has

it has

VIII.

CHAPTER

ART

melting

The

will

something

work,

the

for

In

heat.
to

the

up

the

falls

stock
heat

can

that

it

dull,

or

greater

ladle

work

whole
less

or

in

heat

great
In

the

foundryman

or

has
some

been
one

it in

ran

selected
who

has

for
seen

is in
this

way,

melter

or

or

and

cupola

of
a

foundry
a

for

currence
oc-

occur,

melter

helper

or

instructions

heat,

understand

laborer
few

to

satisfactory

difficulties
not

is

last

rare

professional

old

given

it is

get

to

troubles

perfectly

do

so

dull

the

or

these

both,
an

order

is dull,

heat

temperature

in

and

the

of

is too

iron

even

these

prepared

(206)

melts

part

of

which

charge

it

iron

that

foreman,

the

daily,

foundries

his

of

an

Some

almost

in

part

watched

first

dull.

foundries

cupola

The

always

the

one

the

of

be

to

occur

many

is melted.

who

is

extent

heat

melting.

has

and

part

before

melted

is not

light work;

pour

the

filled

be

cupola,

the

only

another

in

of;

tuyeres,

and

in

fast

so

bungs

the

bridges

or

up

and

bar

and

iron
into

get

in.settling,

care

iron

heat,

bungs

melts

cannot

or,

to

taken

slag

blows

front

heavy

the

entire

prevent

to

the
a

with

and

lining
Iron

be

throughout
hotiron

the

hole

tap

and

lining

melted.

cannot

the

the

without

opened

iron

ladles,

upon

be

that

slowly

the

from

off

lodges

be

enough

occurrence

cupola

through,

that

the

melt

to

the

cuts

many
and

hot

every-day

about

or

bottom

sand

and

able
an

by

dread

being

iron

it is almost
in

without

the
be

is

understood,

little

heat

not

may

cannot

flows

spout

daubing

for

they

The

of

that

art

an

but

prevent

happen

hole

tap

sledge, slag

to

foundries

many

melting.

good

melting

that

or

is

cupola

foremen

happen

something

have

out,

the

begin

never

in

foundry

and

foundrymen

they

iron

of

MELTING.

IN

or

by

perhaps

1208

THE

small

of

one

.time

:in which

.those

taken
useless

in

follows

that

the-

the

melting that

be

iron

the

cupola.

To

and

the

adhesive

fall ofif when

put

up

be

cause

the

the

edges

and

the

front

^nd

the

fast

be

top
fuel

thus
are

put

put in

the

is well

in

the

of

for

pitch

to

harder

and

right shape
it is

the

cause

and

ready

zone

fire and

coke

the

it has

heavy

sized

in to

smoke

sand

for

flow

to

And

hole,

tap

The

cupola
Shavings

or

bed, and

cupola

to

soon

as

fill the

settled.

wash

melt.

or

fuel

the

around

to

melting.

for

is put

after

by

rial
lining mate-

pitch.

lighting the melting

or

the

spout

proper

make

up

iron

cut

be

neither

than

it

bottom

carefullypacked

will not

with

The

will

an

that

to

cut

the

must

props

be

that

front

that

solid

coal

melting
on

no

door

plate.
or

out

of

thick

so

of

burn

be

and

prepared

prepared,

quantity

of

It must

melted.

or

on

bottom

temper

paring
pre-

be

must

bottom

will not

of

proper

as

given

spout

sufificient

put

The

the

evenly,

selected

been

be

boil.

to

not

sufificient number

against

rammed

must

wood

and

When

melting, by

material

daubing

heated.

or

it must

iron

as

be

must

this

The

pola
cu-

properly chipped
for

of

from

the

and

is all in.

be

size

heat

of

to

the

to

the

for

placed high

must

freely

evenly

amount

heat

tuyeres

blast

blast

possible shape

quality that

given

tap hole

having

of

and

mould,

best

dried

iron, and

nor

the

the

it

suitable

the

the

volume

be
the

heat, it

supported by

must

molten

and

until

perfectly solid

it rest

the

door

So

be

to

as

the

proper

should

other.

in the

possible

refractory nature,

will

for

be

admit

to

distribute

door

large cupola would

it

as

temperature,

size

and

be

fast

as

one

even

of

hours

and

do.

to

to

daubing.

and

and

of

hours,

four

four

constructed

so

greatest

the

lining given
of

small

an

be

the

charging

application

sand

made

must

utilize

cupola

of

arranged

filled to

kept

be

and

latter

fuel, the

the

and

present

can

iron

The

it is desired

hot

and

cupola

melted.

must

placed low,

iuel, and

the

it is

cupola

melts

in

the

at

use

in

is melted

cupolas

foundry,

one

melt

must

after

in

aremelted

iron

of

those

are

iron

of

these

of

of

care

To

There

ton

one

each

half, and

for

diameter.

vvhich'sixtytons

in

FURNACE.

CUPOLA

As

is burned

off

so

ART

top of

the

that

shovelfuls
the

the

bed

is filled

cupola

the

to

charges

of

iron

and

for

scarcely

any

two

are

learned

and

one

at

more

out

be
and

lining will
All

in.

of

last

not

daubing
cupola,

becomes
front

hole

cannot

of

be

shape

spout

bung
shape

that

the

up

that

spout

two

that
learn

the

materials

are

necessary,

to

learn

moulder,

given

iron

or

and

chills

in

may

not

to

used
and

them,

but

when

in

foreman

of

14

it at

by

melting
of

to

required

same

and

their

careful

his time

learn

knows

tap

made

front

taps.

The

melt

be

made

catch

to

the

and
of

the

many

time.

as

an

study

application
they

melting,
nothing

close

observation

intelligent man

an

serving

foundry

the

are

bottom.

may

may

cupola perfectly,a

months

opportunity

an

ladles

for

not

again

over

between

lining

ing
lin-

when

the

or

properly put

and

suitable, and

the

ing,
lin-

that

way

melts, and

slag;

of

quired
re-

iron

repairing the

suitable
that

and

cupola

a
a

over

tap hole

be

slag, or

three

manage

free

for

for

not

lining

fuel is

fuel

if

away

new

More
of

the

lining burns

do

used

are

the

as

ing
lin-

and

is worthless

material

open

with

fall from

when

the

burned

such

in

suitable

sand

is

suitable

daubing

in with

put

one,

up

be

must

to-morrow,

it would

as

all sands

and

kept

long

best

Bottom

lining material

streams

To

be

may

laid

is not

the

worthless,

The

so

material

properly applied.

be

is

cupola

to

charges

not

are

in

adhere

lining

of

cupola,

be learned

increases.

cupola

fuel,

cannot

cinder

old

an

weight

each

yesterday.

was

bed

more

they

The

the

many

another

than

may

half

and

and

put in until

are

iron

of

and

and

few

alike.

melting

it

brick

brick

good

the
All

increased.

for

at

than

of the

bed, and

learned

different.

shaping

diameter

the
for

must

be

different

of

Slag
and

point to-day

requires a

weight

it so,

heats.

must

The

things

make

fuel

and

be

with

up

iron

must

the

these

point to-day

one

and

all

dozen

one

chipping

that

seen

But

it is leveled

charged exactly

practiced to

in

or

at

out

be

simple.

very

in

thus

of

door.

fuel,

209

seen,

charges

and

It will

be

can

fuel, and

of

MELTING.

IN

required

be

can

learned.

apprentice, is
and

whatever

when

he
about

all

melting

to

are

of

seldom

becomes
the

man-

THE

210

of

agement

melter

and

work,

the

have

charge

of

every

moulder

who

to

learn

melting,

and

should

at

foundry, and
the

instruct
have

we

should

should

the

melted

or

inside

for

done,

any

and

he

out

and

how

daub

sand,
to

burn
for

necessary

from

time

to

for

time,

work
melters

should
so

melter
be

the
to
out

and
and

the

in

the

melter

of

inspected
do

and

given

melter

see

the

from

that

to

when

slate

in this

After
for

way

or

to

properly
other

instructed

prevent
left to

and

how

few

front,

light

to

and

has

to

temper

and

tions
direc-

been

rected
di-

heats, it is

inspect
done

how

his work

and

prevent

things occurring,
in

him

pick

shown

place;

he

be

to

be

can

charges

of

instructor

it is

shape
be

to

work,

how

lining;

spout

cupola.

or

the

door

charging

iron

it must

material, select

spout

may

By going

do

in

melter

the

door

them

few

days

getting into

themselves.

do

melter

it.

He

or

would

the

how

lining.

that

replied

to

of

have

melt

charging

support

front

for

he

foremen,

they

directions

aim

of

that

employed

repair

or

cannot

frequently

be

can

bed, and

lining getting
new

giving

the

foreman

touching
to

petent
com-

melter,

with

the

imply

required

from

competent

only

and

the

as

before

ever

cupolas

them

of

not

without

instructed

them

the

that

many

does

material

front

the

putting

by

which

the

bottom

them

not

foundry

conversing

foremanship

heat

doors

and

in

put

and

the

the

daubing,

bottom

up

of

cupola

to

foundryman

of

requisite to melting,

instructed

put up

prepare

how

be

In

did

be

or

well

as

it.

and

melter

intelligentman
can

to

the

up

minutes

few

melter,

labor

of

any

do

to

heat

of

considered

charge

off

run

he

foreman

takes

remarked

be

melting

he

whims

It should

to

the

the

perform

direct
be

To

be

to

entire

fully understand

longer

no

foundry.

the

the

to

not

peculiaritiesof

give

melting.

does

all the

how

be

would

they

the

melter

of

when

able

frequently

foundry
that

be

is

aspires

learn

once

who

cupolas

when

the

of

mercy

off whenever

day

foreman

of

to

man

take

to

subject

was

the

at

localities

in many

foundry

and

management

completely

passed

compelled

fit to

see

in

employed

force

has

time

FURNACE.

is

and

cupola

The

melter.

CUPOLA

; and
a

rut,

in

his
as

IX.

CHAPTER

There

nothing

is

mixing

of

iron,

scaffold

near

the

the

are

boiler

of

fuel

should

be

is sufficient
fuel

weight,

and

weighed

on

the

as

they

if

when

but

stock

is seldom

which

The

melting
in

amount

of

fuel

amount

of

iron

placing

that

place

to

tons

twenty
put
zone

the

be

fuel

upon

that
had

in

the

melting

that

this

upon
If

melted.
iron
it in
none

been

box

two

seldom

scale

iron

and
this

exceed

they

the

in

fuel

the

generally

are

placed
and

and

ton

the

for

of

made

iron

out

or

floor

weighed

are

weight

the

of

charges

it into

barrows

the

were

one

of

burned

when

cupola,

be

only

the

fuel

fuel

the

first

the

into

be

away

and

(211)

by

each
the

be
melted
the

first

pound
cupola

so

high
until

at
to

sists
con-

given
the

learning

fuel, and

of

cupola

in

iron

art,

an

with

required

placed

lot, it would
it could

in

to

amount

done

with

melted

all

reduced

possible

can

be

can

amount

of

one

dividing

from

quantity

iron

an

give
in

direct

greatest

and

large

done.

iron

of

iron

of

value

charged

not

the

Scales

scaffold,
no

with

on

charged

are

barrows

of

are

level

or

that

yard.

the

on

they

is

the

which

upon

drafts

or

pose
purthe

cupola,

any

pieces
in

scales

brought

are

cupola,

charges

large

the

used,

the

iron

in

scaffold

on

almost

charging

for

this
with

scales.

the

upon
for

shoveling

for

end

the

best

remelted,

be

one

scale

large wheels,

make

that
to

upon

floor

the

scrap
at

on

and

melting

good

The

door.

mounted

above

open

placed

weighed

are

stock

light

and

plate

weighing

foundries

For
and

accurate

charging

feet

two

sprews

to

scales

platform

door.

charging
gates,

cupola

about

platform

an

the

essential

more

than

USE.

THEIR

AND

SCALES

the

proper

melt

ten

all

and

above

the

to

the

ing
melt-

fully one-half

permitted

or

of

settle

THE

212

the

to

melting

would

sufificient amount
this

For

in

placed
cient

to

into

melt

the

the

if the

and

that

the

layers

There

the

weight

scales

placed

in

guess

In

the

the

than

required

iron

has

the

be

only

the

at

scaffold,

No

melter

can

gates,

guess

the

the

riddles
and

of

fuel

in

baskets

and

shovels

the

increase

few

extra

in size

shovelfuls

erly
prop-

necessary
portions
pro-

proper

always

of

accurately

always
less.

hold
The

of

riddles

to

make

the
of

up

the
more

iron

of

greatest
the

more

makes

baskets,
reduced

but

ing
melt-

placed
it

upon

evenly.

lot of scrap,

weight

shovels,

of

always puts
the

in

are

allowance

of

or

all ; for

longer they

size

pig

riddles

fallacy of

no

if

even

divide

the

estimate

the

and
had

iron

uneven,

it is

more

cupola,

case

promiscuous

counting

for

charging.

is often

second

charging

melter
or

melter

the

if the

than

melt

the

consumed,

in the

the

to

is the

charging

is low

In

in

heat.

upon

in

iron

charged

is greater

cannot

guess

it is insufficient, and

stock

fuel

to

or

permit

is

iron

entire

an

yard

fuel

and

The

in

in the

iron

this

melts

melter

and

time.

weight

their

melted

; or

the

pigs.

hold

be

cupola

fuel

of
work

iron

in

of

temperature

melter

by counting

baskets

the

or

by it;

understand

scafTold, and

lining

proper

of

etc.,

melted

it cannot

not

to

iron

of

after

do

trust

amount

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for

the

heavy,

too

exactly

of

placed

the

of

off the

amount

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weighed

iron

cupola

of

proper

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use,

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sprews,

fuel

excess

pour

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who

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charged

charged
is

iron

to

it descends

be

can

and

sufili-

being only

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floor

and

destruction

been

think

an

charges

melting.

consumed

the

iron

fuel.

iron

and

fuel

case

is slow

to

of

respective weights

first

melting

charge

but

fuel

of

the

to

heavy,

it is put

have

Others

too

into

fuel be

of

be

foundrymen

many

how

charge

have

not

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upon

the

fuel

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melting,

of

matter

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the

would

of fuel

layer

before

iron

iron

before

consumed

divided

are

placed

If the

fuel

the

iron

iron

of

economical

do

are

theory

and

layers,each

in

of

with

to

it.

consumed

charge

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melt

to

zone.

be

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layer

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FURNACE.

in which

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CUPOLA

for

in

shovel,

AND

SCALES

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wears

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practiced

scaffold

upon

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put

articles

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on,

213

are

that

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few

new,

simply

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guess-

best.

other

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less

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use

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USE.

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on

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soon

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of

weigh

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cupola

saving

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frequently

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scales

worn-out

The

foundrymen.
is

in

the

of

parts

old

fuel

accurate

upon
and

provement
im-

scales.

X.

CHAPTER

all well

In

and

kept

is

the

of

when

as

Mixtures

of

deal

great

irons

In

some

of

fuel

they

melted,

and

amount

of

brand

time

Others

cost

of

various

the

bad

pattern

idea

of

how

manner

they
leading

Chester,
of

up,

time

and

same

who

N.

made

are

placing

have

out,

the

That

Byram

various

here

we

"
items

(214)

of

Co.,
in

each

blast,

on

all the

show

such

reports

few

the

blank

an

ports
re-

Brothers,

Abendroth

blank

off

of

found.

average

give

cost

made

ones

tails
de-

presenting
the

bad,

is filled
the

of

amount

putting

used

never

and

total

report

the

and

order,

iron

kind

amount

and

good

amount

etc.

good

foundries.

show

only

also

the

to

foundries.

Y., and

blast,
not

The

consumed,

and

of

mixing

the

only

charges,

of

and

obtained.

charging,

of

recorded,

castings,

of

Others

in

be

enlarged.

is

are

fuel

total

should

different

in

in

charges

in

and

thus

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charged
the

for

melting

placed

management,

give foundrymen

from

Port

or

in

charges,

and

elaborate,

being

quality

and

castings produced,

ones

the

are

off, pressure

more

cupola

the

To

blast

still

are

of

same

lighting

of

melted,

iron

iron

of

and

iron

being

value

of

cupola

duced
re-

estimate

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of

melting.

in

bed

in

used,

quality

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first

fuel

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charge

required

time

also

simply, showing

very

each

in

iron

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is

is

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bed

amount

work

accounts

make

the

results

better
these

for

upon

what

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grades

and

mixtures

and

keeping

of

manner

out

experimental

of

saved

is

the

of

and

burns

brands

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result

required

newly lined,

lining

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increased

is

records

served
pre-

melting

knows
to

and

heat,

the

way,

able

is

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fuel

each

of

this

and

day

of

amount

cupola

the

each

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melting

of

account

foundryman

the

and

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In

reference.

melting.

of

the

the

with

record

cupola

cost

showing

accurate

system

his

in

foundries

future

to

done

regulated
an

for

ACCOUNTS.

CUPOLA

THE

in

to

show

report.

the

2l6

THE

CUPOLA

FURNACE.

"

COMPANY,

BYRAM

WORKS.

IRON

and

435

Street

Guoin

437

48 Wight

46 and

MICH.

DETROIT,

Street.

and

USED

FUEL

MELTED

IRON

at

the

Foundry

of

CHARGES.
IN

CUPOLA

AU

COLLI

THE

FURNACE.

Inside

Diameter

Pressure

of

Lining

54

Blast

of

ins

oz

Lighting,
Commenced,

Loading

Blasting,
Tap

Closed

First

Iron

Loading

Hole,

Taken,

Finished,

Blasting Stopped,
Dropped

Bottom,

REMARKS:.

Dated

No.

at

/^

THE

CUPOLA

ACCOUNTS.

217

2l8

THE

CUPOLA

FURNACE.

THE

O
f"

H
"

O
w

CUPOLA

ACCOUNTS.

219

220

THE

CUPOLA

SLATE

CUPOLA

FOR

CHARGING

FURNACE.

AND

CUPOLA

REPORT.

THE

The

blanks

foundry
In

ways.

sheets,

in

book

Such

purpose.

form

and

reports

with

small

office,

either

filed

clerk.

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and

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after

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cent,

of

make

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of

of

permit

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with

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cause

melter

the
irons

by

the

by,

and

office

to

is

the

fuel

of

with

in

estimation
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losing

and

extra

for

per

fuel

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can

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of

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port
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small

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showing

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purchased.

amount

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see

and

is correct,

iron

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to

the

run

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in

foreman

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melted

make

to

cent,

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the

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iron

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to

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the

and

reports.
value

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large

reported

these

to

book.

account

consumed

sufficiently hot

ascertain

is sent

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the

charge

to

of

upon

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name

filled

amounts

man
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lines

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out

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made

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clerk.

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book

report

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of

record

book

vided
pro-

made

foundry

when

ferent
dif-

separate
files

when

; but

furnished

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are

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work

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is

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report

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records

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out

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melter,

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filled

the

ACCOUNTS.

reports

some

when

and
for

these

for

the

to

CUPOLA

his

reports

employers,

position.

CHAPTER

PIG

In

foundries

there

frequently

is

not

sufficient

the

iron

is

very

iron

hot

and

not

take

is

poured

Moulders

the

will

bed

pig

floor

in

the

light

the

at

moulder

time
with

obviate

in

this

it

loss

hand

ladles,

ladle

that

is

when

except

immediately

in

sand
in
collect

to

the

iron

the

head

in

of

piG

MOULD

FOR

IRON.

OVER

f^j-

^gyg

iron

is

poured
size

convenient

loss

of

iron

and

into

for

cost

these

moulds

handling
of

melting,

removing.

222

floor,

mould

placed

one

the

at

ent
conveni-

at

or

in

mouldcrs.

is

To
have

gangway

apart
^^c

quires
re-

carefully

pig

and

49,

and

and

that

dirt.

iron

cast

distances

deal

foundries

many

each

the

great

gangway

the

to

upon

when

even

Fig.

them

of

foundries,

and

in

and

large

labor,

and

poured
;

sand

back

iron

heaps

and

adopted

49.

this

carry

generally

made

in

of

to

shown

the

used

catches

is

the

labor

wastage
Fig.

and

way

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much

this

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into

or

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collected

of

in

be

cannot

the

cupola,

gangway

much

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from

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iron

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and

the

IRON.

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amount

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OVER

pouring.

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small

to

FOR

MOULD

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in

XL

collected

greatly

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gang-

thc

All

in

pig

reducing

to

in

put

heated

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depends

the
of

time

when

melting

noon,

The

size

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As

at

rule,

cupola

the

the

Del.,
was

tons,

length

time

of

o'clock

twelve

that

cast-iron

of

that

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from

Saturday

in

moulds

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regular

the

cupola.

charged

properly

in

ease

melted

the

of

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with

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can

size

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steel-works

melted

freely

continuously

run

upon

iron

iron

hour.

piece

In

are

foundry

of

be

can

the

an

foundry

weighing

heavy

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tons

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them

of

iron

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up.

the

in

charges

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Car

the

War

government
melted

Co.,

this

in

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and

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any

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Wilmington,
at

Rebellion

the

of

purpose

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placed

door

the

for
and

Wheel

charging

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Conn.,

Hartford,

melted,

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to

Lobdell
with

cupola

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and

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of

placed

heat

Co.,

Whitney

is

one

shortly

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cannon

in

"

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pieces

melted

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the

opening

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charging

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melted.

charging

large

piece

of

the

at

hundreds

to

melt

will

per

cupola.

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of

be

until

per
a

is

and

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of

by

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depends

piece

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five

of

heat,

one

can

weighing

weight

ladle

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pounds

cupola

have

in

height

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only

tons

melted

hundred

morning

fourteen

and

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Monday

be

the

and

open.

can

hours
is

leak,

not

left

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of

last.

o'clock

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lining

hole

diameter

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properly

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the

will

it

tap
iron

cast

varies

The

tons.

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upon

present

of

of

quantity

hour

in

and

FURNACE.

which

through

front

generally

CUPOLA

THE

224

large
without

the

ends
melt

to

cannon

ously
previ-

CHAPTER

MELTING

Tin

plate
as

The

best

to

iron

of

it into
tried
and

the

about

similar
in

the

when

up

very

Tin

heated

plate

Numerous

the

iron

at

which

temperature
it will

light

the

little

life, chills

at

white

deal

of

of

room,

takes

and
iron

cast

slower

made

first put

mass,

of

melts

hot

metal
to

15

tear

with

sand

but

than

scrap.
iron

cast

metal

drawn

or

mold

ladles
the

from

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swells
to

in

or

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to

break

cover
re-

when
is very

has

molds,

very

must

and

melted

cooling

so

steel, which

scrap

cupola,
not

pieces

(225)

or

is
to

produced
this

posited
deto

tin

attempts

material,

metal

tin
ways

of

rather

or

from

spout,

possible.

such

tough
the

various

coating

All

and

the

recover

in

the

iron,

it, and

the

to

scrap

iron.

soft

very

in

as

the

The

rapidly

expands
a

the

molten

when

made

melts,

tin

The

quickly

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alloys

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as

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failures.

is

brittle.

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the

tin

tin

hard

charge

bulk,

cupola

when

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from

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melted

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upon

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than

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scrap

up

ing
press-

it in

charges

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takes

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charging

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of

ways

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charges

down

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compact

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to

hammering

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way.

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space

blast.

such
into

as

bulky

more

light

melt

to

coke

of

the

cupola

required

pound

is added.

it settles

little

or

this

in

fuel

more

is very

cupola

but

added

weight

size, but

obtained

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foundry

is

with

it

forming

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fuel

charging,

results

good

as

generally

it is

of

and

CUPOLA.

ordinary

more

mild

for

scrap

ingots

; but

and

scrap

the

preparing

the

in

obtained

are

IN

SCRAP

but

scrap,

results

pounds

PLATE

is melted

scrap

cast

same

TIN

XIII.

be
be

must

extremely
great

so

an

iron

an

tent
ex-

mold

226

CUPOLA

THE

where

it cannot

this
sand

be

to

does

metal

molten
than

is worked

sand

must,

to

is melted

great

so

for

hot

very

and

extent,

an

work

any

which

into

these

when

avoid

or

filed smooth,
sold

at

weights
ocean,

were

so

dislike

it is

them
that

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sunk

in the

when

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to

from

tin

mud

be

it

metal

they

are

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number

When

of

in

they

cast

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good

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ocean,

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holding buoys

for

erally
gen-

foundryman

scrap.

was

are

when

for

used

plate

the

under

care

chipped

in which

Government

the

weights,

be

; for

box

metal

with

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weights

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this

of

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use

remarked

he

rough

when

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handled

be

made

in

lay

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ture
mois-

of

mold

to

sash

wooden

each,

tons

of

effect

possible.

must

iron

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from

contract

made

long

than

quickly

several

of

the

out

as

fit for

only

weights

price

very

had

recently

less

the

made

dry

as

weights

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builders

and

be

out

wear

hung,

The

and

be

worked

light and

breaking.

thrown

cannot

brittle, and

and

to

they

and

wet

to

susceptible

instantly

therefore, be

even

be

used

more

is

too

hard

is very

is

iron, and

sand

to

be

may

place

metal

cast.

The

and

the

take

not

mold

iron

or

When

escape.

expansion

FURNACE.

were

fit to

not

were

seen.

In

found

we

as

number

No.

and

could

we

light blast.

very

succeed

into

pigs

to

and

amount

of

metal

light or

proper

practicallyno

lost

in

loss.

and

in

one

heat, with

the

metal

charged.

strength,but

blast

of

very

The

the

tried

this
to

hot
the

do

scrap,

good

blast

heavy blast,
from

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we

this

of

and

number

them

loss

heat

lo

did
it

the

learn

with

there

was

per
was

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justify

found

melting

lost

in

not

to

and

had

running

did

tests

fuel

of

strength

results
of

number

strong

metal

We
none

hard

and

rotten

in

scrap,
as

cent,

per

very

it very

and

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large
was

this

melting

white.

melting

With

pig improved

made

amount

from

Melting

also

We

expense.

metal

metal

expensive,

was

in

when

its

the

remelting

made

it with

the

extent.

any

we

gray

than

increase

to

this

but

degree;
the

But

strength

more

experiments

we

produce

pig iron, by melting

little if any
of

experiments

of

was

heavier,
cent,
a

of

little

MELTING

stronger

and

oxidation

of

In

melting

in

melting

due

Tin

flux

Scrap

from

the

produces

it

sheet

iron

is seldom

by rolling mills

in

melting

the

the

of

if it

ways

of

the

zinc

used

in

cupola

etc., but

cannot

the

from

runs

badly, by
do

not

it is very

to

are

quired
re-

it.

from

extent

any

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in

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be

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doubtful

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pola
cu-

all.

guishers,
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mixed

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poured

There

are

tin-platescrap
and

gas

quality

they

ties
quanti-

extent

from

use

improve

fire

has

an

at

for

galvanizing it,

in small

to

cupola

in

degree.

even

metal

all

Babcock

that

for

paid

are

at

marked

scrap

ofTer.

to

melted

scrap

the

tinned

prices

used

to

the

doctoring

they

and

cupola

scrap

fiows

or

extent,

be

galvanized

in

tinned

bed

it melts

any

oil, retort
the

of

metal

its melting

increase

flowing properties.

or

the

heat

cupola

tin is removed

than

afTord

can

cannot

scrap

any

in
time

rusted

better

for

foundrymen

fire in the

acids

facture
manu-

produced
the

melt

to

carefully picked out,

the

pig

number

carbon,

cupola,

solution

scrap
be

from

when

than

the

it lowers

into

difficult

more

in

zinc

tinned

it must

metal

is

the

in

and

after

more

by

melt

is

when

and

it

melted.

large quantities,for
cools

with

when

iron

of
soon

quickly,

sheet-iron

like

acting

melted

slag

melted

Galvanized

to

but

grade

together.

removed

to

loss

probably

renders

fuel

more

the

work

employed

to

melting.

was

the

been

difftcult

more

tin, and

be

very

nothing

Scrap
and

rusts

tin has

due

cans,

which

iron, and

process

better

should

sort

it, for it

from

with

it,but

of this

the

before

old

and

putting

with

the

tin, is

of

in

melted

by

or

covered
melt

used

which

chloride

to

Scrap

tin

when

blast

cent,,

per

227

probably

was

scrap

25

CUPOLA.

strong

rusted

solder

which

the

by

to

lO

and

when

iron

from

IN

harder,

roofing tin,

as

of

SCRAP

little

tin and

paint

recover

than

the

PLATE

varied

acts

fusible.
to

also

old

rust,

to

TIN

cupola

of

any
and

tin-plate scrap
alone,

melted,
of iron.

or

or

again,
a

an

be

it may

It is

suitable
entire

be

be

can

heat
with

mixed

it may

common

size

practice

the

of
cast

melted

employed
scrap
iron

alone
in

many

melted

be

may

scrap

melting

for

or

pig,

directly after
small

foundries

and

heat
to

228

this

melt

the

in

scrap

directly after melting

heavy charge
check

the

melting

cupola

is

for

placed

settlinginto the melting

drawn

ofT

long

heats

before

small

very

the

flux

the

make

flow

it

running
this

is not

shows

and

in

fluid

signs

the

keep

time

regulates itself
In

flux

to

be

of

bunging

In

up.

iron, and

the

unless

at

one

upon
be
to

not

the

heat.

danger

no

of

hundredweight

few

heat

iron, it

of

quantities to

this

the

melt

to

is

flux

case

early

small
be

must

the

in

heat,

the

after

scrap

duce
pro-

is very

cupola

slag tapped

with

it is better

small

The

may

throughout

large

scrap,

hole

slag

sufficient

in

tapped,

in condition

cupola

melting

after

charge

the

melting

in

cupola

of

in

scrap

consistent

there

and

of

fluid

afterward.

charge

it open

melting

charge

in the

time, but

and

cupola with

charge

point

to

scrap

produce

heat

The

to

In

the

third

the

first

leave

tuyeres.

to

first

or

melted.

has

flux

to

lowest

the

the

is all melted

down.

collected

be

as

cupola,

on

the

at
to

soon

then

slag

with

charged

second

large,and

the

into

necessary
a

the

from

too

slag

scrap

on

metal

as

closed

of

in

placed

iron

extra

iron

of

preventing

come

the

put

An

charge

quantities to

be

placed,

hole

The

of

is

and

opened

be

opened

time, and

to

charge throughout

molten

of

amount

which

each

on

should

hole

slag

and

cupolas

cupolas, and

sufficient

in

last

soft

it is necessary

should

flux

begins

scrap

weights

castings.

by

the

other

and

soft

the

upon

and

zone,

scrap

shells

or

The

slag.

this

of

limestone

the

for

minutes

few

sash

for

of iron

heat

fuel

of

FURNACE.

CUPOLA

THE

to

iron

is

melted.
When

constructing
the

scrap

above

inches
from

the
3

charging

4 feet

the

height

of

handling

case,

opening

door

of

the
above

and

for

be

the

bottom

or

in
be

cupolas

equal

shell, and

than

should

and

be

with
a

not

of very

one-half

to

feet

depends

6
in

dumped

time

second

about

placed

may

larger

iron

should

be

scrap

it

much

be

melting

in any

diameter

the

melting tin-plate

for

should

opening

floor, so

should
for

the

the

or

save

door

square

diameter
fifths

and

diameter

same

or

door

scafTold

the

barrow

The

charging

cupola expressly

forks.

cupola

of

less than

large
or

high.
upon

side
in-

threeThe
the

TIN

MELTING

diameter

as

material

be

must

last

the

of

none

the

at

melting
brick

fire

to

necessary
silicon

High
but

last

ton

in

under

than

more

this

melting

foundry
the

melting

of

cost

business,

management
favorable

said

native

used

of

cost

upon
of

the

the

business

circumstances,

is

and

the

but

at

profits

size

the

erally
genheat.

brick,

described
and

brick,

The

work.

$1

from

$2

to

of

amount

like

of

present

are

is

other

fire

depends,

fact,

each

this

The

"c.,

location

the

will

in

have

for

cupola

lining

it

any

of

iron.

melting

and

we

any

weights,

for

scrap

in

scrap

point
after

cupolas

lining

for

heat;

than

the

in

brick

long

which

than

fire

ones

better

linings
scrap

tin-plate
the

last

to

this

new

high

as

The

poor

this

at

few

stone

melting

generally

are

in

one

long

very

put
is

the

in

longer

they

brick

of

some

lasts

placed

up

zone.

for

through

zone

hanging

melting

selected,

carefully

be

cupolas

smaller

stock

the

into

229

should

it

in

the

of

CUPOLA.

cupolas

and

danger

settling

before

cupola

not

without

possible

bottom

IN

large

In

the

above

feet

20

or

cupola,

the

of

SCRAP

PLATE

small.

the

all

plant
time,

per

profit
other

and

even

CHAPTER

XIV.

COST

There
iron
of

the

attempt

any
those

who

learn

the

entirely

other

foundries,

almost

are

the

material

is

another
In
in

in

many

baskets,

the

one-third
can

are

easily

fuel

be

than

some

they

were

on

few
not

is

and

extra

full.

from

one;

the

of

top

their

fuel

they
be

may

by

too

( 230)

to

are

much

is with

sized

heats.

is measured
the
the

weight
baskets

when

weigh
always
fuel

holds

pounds

20

it

basket

the

daubing
it

after

using;

are

made

shovelfuls
When

basket

stock

the

frequently
to

iron

what

baskets,

lo

as

of

and

basket

the

of

and

but

counted

old

an

same

terest
in-

or

employed

lining

in

system

no

handling

weighed,

not

measured

is

estimate
shovel

the

with

is left

amount

melter

one

shovels

new

charge

each
and

fuel

than

piled

of

of

enlarge,

who

counted,

estimated,
fear

and

expense

than

many

are

same

the

fuel

number

the

for

with

has

to
to

ton

per

In

men

facilities

cupola

the

the

more

Foundrymen
more

the

melting

account

assistants

work.

the

double

sized

same

When

stretch

in

the

melting

his

of

only

rule

of

fail

not

the

over

day's

Many

less

deal

as

number

the

and

same,

foundries
or

fair

where

frequently

estimated.

always

do

employed

are

as

who

control

no

by

foundries

of

melter,

has

and

visit, twice

we

cupolamen

the

them

having

foundries

majority
of

work,

the

in

the

they

great

make'

account.

misled

are

other

any

foundrymen

few

that

way

them

costs

hands

the

in

doing

in

In

ing
melt-

of

cost

about

melting

or

but

melting,

melting

does.

such

actual

than

But

cupola

it in

of

cost

their

really

for

keep

work

business.
a

the

about

foundry

keeping

at

known

for

foundry

do,

suppose

less

cupolas

in

branch

it

probably

is

MELTING.

OF

more

filled.

is

always
the
more

shovels
than

thrown
is used

use

in,
in

is
for
cu-

THE

232

Wood
Coal

coke

or

Labor

and

dump

breaking

and

When

that

the

ladles.

by

stock

$3.

When

there

the

charging,
and

figured

of

amount

fuel,
effort

labor

made

iron

and

to

breaking

ing
cast-

charging,

bad

up

is

in

is

castings,

sold,

weight

of

melted.

reduce

To

accounts

the

be

and

make

in

with

of

in

each

is

as

the

the

place
of

separate,

account.

the

and

the

high

weights

melting

report

kept

ton,

handling

of

cupola
be

of

found

for

per

ton

accuracy

sold

should

expense

per

cost

castings

be

iron

$2

than

compared
the

will

of

for

cost

the

to

the

and

improvements

less

the

it

ton

improvements

as

castings

net

modern

little

melting,

doubt

learned,

melted,

per

the

the

should

tool

$2

been

tons

about

cost

of

has

of

all

weights

the

on

is

none

system

no

number

the

with

and

yard,

bad

scafifold,

on

cupola,

up
and

scrap

fuel

items

with

stock

foundries

in

making

gates,

and

these

the

foundries

the

handling

iron

melting

of

In

dump,

collecting

all

of

cost

cost

the

"c.

divided

amount

removing

iron

piling

the

melting.

placing

ladles,

daubing

in

gates,

foundry,

from

ladles.

drying

consumed

in

FURNACE,

and

up

employed

milling

in

lighting

for

CUPOLA

fuel

as

in

chased
purbe

may
of

value,
and

the

the

an

XV.

CHAPTER

OF

EXAMPLES

and

men

been

has

Much

rapid

foundry

if

seldom,

their

attempts

write.

In

is

that

that

they

by

to

reach

that

therefore

which

troubles

in

what

where

them,

of

which

foundrymen

and

to

annoying

we

have
in

or

come
over-

and

examples

give

in

occurred

has

wholly

are

visited,

both

only

we

that

assistance

were

foundry,

any

have

good

and

practiced,

we

render

to

upon

instances

in

occur

may

foundries

it

known
to

melting

poor

they

be

essential

be

may

of

in

melting

these

In

expensive.

instances

called

been

they

that

in

others,

of

should

those

or

or

which

of

benefit

melting

it is that

melting

cupolas,

melting

the

for

poor

as

observation

our

have

we

of

few

in

it is

and

poor

their

of

melting

known

present

of

of

account

an

foundries

accounts

perfection

on

avoided,

be

under

come

that

give

their

in

management

causes

be

should

melting

bad

points

giving

may

done

by foundry-

melting

on

invariably

publish

they

melted

essential

as

who

melting

ever,

heats

published

and

foremen,

economical

or

poor

written

MELTING.

BAD

dependent

of

many
their

on

melters.
In

1878

N.

Y.,

They

oil

with

melting

that

at

the

heats
wages,

and
and

asked
carry

on

take

to

our

charge

day

one

of

experiments
233

one

their
at

in

the

in

melting

of

the

after

and

some

same

cupolas
were

firm

cupolas,

Sing,

country.

four

in

the

Sing

Co.,

day

per

results

the

us

works

tons

Dickey,
to

came

us

and

"

Perry

of

in

experiments

some

stove

60

to

50

Andrew

Mr.

works,

largest

labor,

convict

unsatisfactory.
of

from

making

foundry

stove

the

time

with

entirely

the

at

melting

were

in

engaged

were

we

very
set

our

time.

very
ager
man-

bad
own

We

I
THE

234

FURNACE.

CUPOLA

their

the

charge

their
and

melting going along smoothly, but

suggested to Mr. Dickey that we

melt

who

could

this he

and

of

take

Two

statingthat they
Sing Sing Works.
Mr.

wished

them,

out

of any

of

We

found

the

same

taught
instructions

no

trouble

in

time

the

very

badly. He had increased

it
and
charges,increased

melted

dumped,
that

by

so

and

hole

it

thought

blast"

dull

on

through,so

The

iron

of

was

how

something.

for

trouble

the

must

foundrymen

story that

know

the bed

on

and
We

said

he

and

the first two

great deal

pouring and in
hard, although nothing but soft

white

not

after

be gotten

morning.

frequentlytoo
He

only

was

could

the next

creased
de-

and

they

charges,

that the

after

end

were

in the

the trouble.

locate

about

melting

the heat

cupolas melted,
was

our

the last

fuel

the

of iron
to

viously
pre-

the trouble

been

had

of

part

amount

tons, which

years

fullyfollowed

had

decreased

one

heat

melting graduallygrew slower until

polas
of the heat, when
melting almost ceased ; the cubunged up every heat that they could scarcelybe

hot;

the

the

two

what

him

of

cupolas

unable

been
how

to describe

the first few

fast and
near

had

in

had

we

their

the trouble.

was

melting until within

and

the

it in another, varied

him

late in the afternoon,

what

see

that he

know,

not

to

us

charge whom
inquired

in

during this

asked

their

possibleat

wished

weeks;

charges,but

cupolas.

and

did

in the

proved

Perry " Co.,

from
as

arrival there

few

bed

who

been

had

and

leave,

to

of the

charge

soon

to

man

having trouble with all

they were
impossible of late to get a good

us

melt, and

to

as

us

job,

in all the details

instructed
full

ready

selected

despatch

see

our

man

said he

He

to

Upon

it had

cupolas,and

was.

received

we

informed

Dickey

him

teach

were

had

soon

like the

not

should

was

left he took

we

did

we

we

man

had

soon

we

later

years

do.

to

when

melting,and

of

place when

our

consented

apt scholar, and

an

cupolas

and

followingday

took

to

We

manage

informed

in the

be
hear

so

cupola
him

and

parts

iron

"

often, when
to

that the trouble

the heat

of

been

had

blast

have

off

temperature,

uneven

some

bars

cool

they would

that
an

with

labor

of

charged.

that

old

"

melters

lay the
could

no

do

blame
not

be

EXAMPLES

OF

Fig.

SECTIONAL

VIEW

LINING

BAD

MELTING

235

50.

OUT

OF

SHAPE.

NO.

I.

236

THE

in the

blast, or

charges
settled

settled
the

was

the

heat, and
that

shape
think

he

admitted

pig

chipping

out, which

The

cinder

breaking

down
in

did

it melt

not

the

of

out

the

the

and

increased

had

the

melting
In

No.
as

become
molten
so

had

each

to

ceased

altogether.

the

in No.

lining was
i, but

hollow
iron
built

tuyere.
with

cupola

over

running
the

six oval

the

the

chilled

the

tuyeres.
the

closed

tuyeres,

like
each

had

it

been

and

to

3 to 4 inches
the

others

by

12

the

inches

tuyeres
an

ing
open-

blast,

fan

melted, until

in No.

as

prevent

60

it

daubing
inches

laid

tent
ex-

an

troubled

with
was

After

great

so

permitted
He

to

it

to

away

stock

became

the

with

slower

the

hollow

cupola.

over

up

in this

the

restricted

was

had

from

stock

ing
burn-

but

hollow,

the

of

made

by

When

this

up.

have

become

to

ing
lin-

way

in diameter

in

centre

run

melter

tuyeres

in

the

all the

tuyeres.

burned

not

cupola

up

labor

and

should

lining

logged

the

was

lining out
This

thin

enlarged

the

the

into

no

linings in

long time,

very

gradually

the

when

closed
of

the

found

for

melting

longer

of

looked

we

deal

great

was

is

the

the

which

centre,

it

edges

melted

until

not

pieces

almost

were

we

lined

above

blast

ing
shap-

for

melting capacity increases;

outer

been

out

permitted

the

rapidly

in the
and

the

threw

tons

its

had

on

after

cupola

did

tuyeres

and

of

into

He

found

the

cupola melting, but

cupola just

settled, that
chilled

as

lining

melter

around

been

the

latter part

53,

until

prevent
for

to

not

above

cupolas

chipping

away

faster;

the

iron, and

had

charges,

two

directions

theory,

our

logged in,

cupolas.

frequently

two

melting.

poor

Figs. 50

burned

was

few

and

and

No.

Cupola

This

slag

shown

shapes

of

cause

first
in the

our

cinder

confirmed

stock

first

linings to get

in the

he

in the

scrap

the

the

followed

that

following morning

with

case

and

the

for

had

the

melting

permitted

the

melted

was

melting

condition

he

possible, for

unmelted

further

this

trouble

uneven

have

must

have

not

after

the

of

cause

lining,but

the

unevenly

produced

this

that

FURNACE.

would

cupolas

hot

and

fast
or

which

the

CUPOLA

flat.

to

with

doing
over

in diameter

Over

EXAMPLES

OF

Fig.

BAD

MELTING.

237

51.

iE

n
SECTIONAL

VIEW

LINING

OUT

OF

SHAPE.

NO.

2.

238

CUPOLA

THE

each

these

of

and

inches

18

16 to

hollow

tuyeres

in the

was

of

wide

could

not

help lodging,

When

the

cupola
stock

the

after

formed

was

until it

finallybunged

cupola

informed

pieces

of

molten

and
To

iron

(from

tuyeres

The

up.

unburned

had

but

it neither

reached

the

molten

iron

until

built
the

the

the

slowly

charge

the
when

melting.

the

stock

lodging

nor

the

increased

but

tuyeres,

the

over

described

have

we

found

tuyeres,

lining out

shape

this

of

he

out,

over

tuyeres

prevented

into

flowing

the

into

ran

day),

to

lodged

well, but

more

chipping

coke

gradually

day

was

day, when

lodging.

very

had

who

10

stock

the

after

melted

8 to

which

melted

thick

humps

from

it melted

convict

every

frequently

this, he

prevent

blast

in

shelf

upon

be

not

inches

of these

lodge gradually,

to

and

iron

and

tuyere

could

3 to

thickness

inches

each

and

that

me

to

first put

was

the

to

over

began

pig

add

inches

projecting hump

long;

lining

FURNACE.

trouble.
No.

the

from

the

the

than

with

had

chipped

the

would

lining
made

to

to

enlarge

the

The

this

sudden

into

the

naturally

stock

the

belly

the

lining in

and

cut
a

the

it out

week's

the

melting

did

and

the

heat
very

time

stock

of

above

against

the

rapidly, and
had

the

cupola

melter

belly

to

the

from

large part

out

expand

not

slowly

the

melting point.

in

been

depth

small

to

blast

the

melting

lining

been

at

fill

escaped

the

have

of

the

settling to

the

would

in the

had

attempt

no

the

by

more

the

had

burnt

was

been

permitted

the

at

but

ofTset

sudden

re-entered

threw

cupola

lining

enlargement,

belly and

the

and

but

had

faster, the

day

every

shape

proper

with

inches

diameter.

close

the

by

reduced

melted

it melt

over

tuyeres,

cupola

greatly

ferently
dif-

shape

caused
the

The

cupola

make

improved

given

To

better

over

lining.

the

result

not

was

its diameter

very

in

was

melting

the

and
a

shape it, and

to

large

This

out

It

lodgment

from

lining.

have

been

as

it out

in

around

brick

old

burn

lining to

from

blast

inch

trouble

melted

newly lined, and

cupolas.

two

stock

lining,and

heavy

This

of

escape
with

lined

the

of

up

recently been

other
the

tuyeres, and

hanging
by

had

(Fig. 52)

zone.

top

of

ruined

permitted

ta

THE

240

continue
with

work

to

stock

the

and

when

it

this

and

the

was

In

at

tuyeres
stock

stock

the

and

than

thrown
it out

them.
heat

Here

number

same

of

hollow

in the

of bad

the

in the

lining
the

cupola

up

keep

section

had

that

said

not

what

know
melter
the

they

have

from

which

to

with

learned
to

competent

in

refresh
to

shape

the

good

as

showed

had

no

memories,

advise, and

in

the

real

inches
filled

do

began
lost

They

gradually

and

shape

us

He

to

work
head

to

me

do

to

it?"

his

and

dumped

told

best.

it two
said

he

badly,
and

This

let

is frequently

forget points that

literature
or

cupolas

saw

how

me

each

began,

you

"

cause

and

The

heat

Why,

ferent
dif-

chipped

six

for

melt

the

feature

cupola,

to

they thought

melters.

burnt

having

trouble

not

you

cupolas

melting, have
their

"

tent
ex-

had

and

tuyeres

the

taught

in fact

do, and
do

and

Fig. 51,

one

lines.

the

said

the

daubing, giving

dotted

had

did

"Why

him

under
case

we

when

forgotten it, and

every

are

We

ago."

and

before

lining,he

the

of

the

around

the

were

man

each

the

iron, throughout

even

the

as

linings in

the

years

did

soon

small

hot,

melted

all

the

door.

was

over

which

stock

points

of

which

the

greater

the

perfectly straight

by

they

to

objectionable

same

split brick

indicated
as

lining

over

in

diameter,

same

humps

up

tuyeres,

those

tuyeres

tuyeres,

all the

with

charged

As

clean.

above

shape

then
one

had

the

of

top

the

the

linings daubed

the

above

each

We

the

it melt

tuyeres, but

as

charging

all of the

having

the

different

at

the

to

with

lining over

melting.

and

were

all

lining

up

tuyeres,

but

shape,

way

cupolas,

four

were

the

against

upon

settling of

uneven

make

belly out

to

long

the

gether,
alto-

lot.

over

so

between

This

all the

in holes

not

manner

stopped

to

formed,

lining out

were

settled

had

over

the

tuyeres

the

shelf

in the
it

until

good

very

escape

permitted

and

the

was

relined

of

one

filled

lining was

until

been

been

point

to

slower

had

lining had

the

began

melting

low

melting

grew

which

the

belly in

the

and

rapidly

poorest

very

over

The

blast

lodged by building

humps

off

the

cupola

the

Fig. 53

FURNACE.

way.

charging,

settled

described,

better

in this

when

stock

CUPOLA

melters
drift

the

upon
to

into

subject

consult
a

routine

who
of

OF

EXAMPLES

Fig.

SECTIONAL

16

VIEW

OF

LINING

MELTING.

BAD

241

53.

OUT

OF

SHAPE.

NO.

4.

work,

and

when

know

how

to

anything

MELTING

In
West

we

visited

Troy,

N,

Y., and

We

cupola.

the
poor

melting

their

iron.

he

When

informed

moved

had

they

having

were

large enough
melt

pig

to

out

look

looked

We
those

blower

he

could

not
or

on,

speed
engine

of

We

steam.

arranged

then

eupola

learned

that

went

of

he

and

hour

an

mounting
the
had

before
into

the

were

anything

to

works

foundry,

melting

on

were

about

the

the

the

run

time.

same

too

small

and

when

the

blast

reducing

boiler

where

diameter

only

into

to

the

at

machinery

putting

us

gested.
sug-

were

went

and

good-sized engine

fill the

be

which

then

they

took

could

change

help

to

he

and

scraps,

ings.
cast-

boiler,

and

boiler, without

fifty-fourinches

they

hard

some

large enough

that

us

into

water

blower,

half

the

of

and

found

the

in

informed

irons

and

were

to

Pennsylvania

the

we

they

machinery

any

pump

for

that

once

run

the

where

was

cured
pro-

machinery,

and

speed

also

what

see

drive

to

endeavoring

engine

mounting,

stove

decided

at

to

they

and

had

suggest

up

time

some

proper

having

new

work

to

and

down

power

fire, and

were

put in

room,

all the

and

engineer

was

and

boiler
and

boiler

The

in

No.

of

were,

we

small

also

were

could

we

who

for

were

with

trouble

had

at

over

indicating very

want

recent

of

blower

the

Co.,

learned

for

They

if

works

over

and

know

the

employed

engine
and

over

"

Paris

some

which

run

it, but

iron

E.

recently burned

melting

brands

pig

not

Paris, looked

condition

engine

their

could

they

Mr.

one,

when

with
to

softer

some

in

from

best

for

and

had

and

cupola.

melt

to

until

out

find

the

wished

He
them

boiler

which

the

for

of

some

Scotch

present

lot of scrap

up

the

blower,

Daniel

having

were

foundry

trouble

of

returned

Paris

The

some

Sturtevant

they

their

into

idle.

been

before

that

us

waiting
lining in

the

Mr.

do

WORKS.

STOVE

TROY

foundry

while

knew

and

WEST

the

found

melting

difficulty.

AT

1882,

the

with

wrong

goes

the

overcome

BAD

FURNACE.

CUPOLA

THE

242

stop the

and

blast
we

eight

to

get up

found

inside

the

the

tons

well

lining,
of

iron

OF

EXAMPLES

each

to

iron

of

that

heat;

off

pour
the

the

that

slowly

d,

it

the

when

cracked

iron

taken

and

they

coal.

melted

when

so

full to

dull

too

hard

quired
re-

pounds

seven

iron

was

so

or

were

hand-ladles

four

sand

hours

The

first ladle-full

the

of

out

half

melting

sometimes

was

243

were

catch

to

the

before

four up

four

anthracite

of

difficult

was

MELTING.

to

heat, and

pound

and

work,

four

ofifthe

run

to

from

BAD

that

to

the

knocking

run

plate
the

off

gates.
then

We
when

went

charged

weighed

basket

and

found

and

with

it

the

coal,

of

No

slate

when

was

the

to

the

part

of

hundred

weight.

this

the

went

the

to

of

cluded
con-

iron

with

the

by
gates

extra

we

melter.
not

were

shovelfuls,

the

four

the

of

part

coal,

basket,

fell

directly

and

the

greater

side

opposite

naturally produced

charging

uneven

the

it remained

door, where

the

pieces, estimating

greater

from

stated,

holes,

pounds

and

filled it,

melter

claimed

as

The

cupola

naturally

three

and

afterwards

and

by counting

by counting

iron

fill up

sprews

estimated

the

in to

one

charging,

weight

charging

cupola, and

to

seven

in

into

the

of

place

basket

about

weighed

dumped

under

threw

melting

were

the

he

said

We

the

as

coal

basket

generally

the

in

coal

of

melter
much

as

in

cupola.

the

as

twice

weight

used

but

pig

pieces

in

was

weighed,

almost

melter

they

filled

the

found

we

measured

the

into

coal

of

extra

that
one

basket

weighed

the

shovelfuls

and

the

from

dumped

but

weighed,

not

was

scaffold, where

the

upon

of

the

uneven

melting.
We

pointed

out

glazed

in front

of

as

melting

knew

with
their

none

not
a

great
that

and
He

done.

did

too

think

greater

cupola.

in

are

foundries

iron

could

But

but

of

he

be
iron
was

in

of

one

Troy

melted
to

fuel

getting

cupola lining was

was

and

rough

tion
indica-

is

fuel

consumed

is

better

was
were

very

being

melting

than

was

very

poor

would

be

for

being
results

and

better, and

any

hot
sufficiently

in

melting

good

doing

an

not

jagged,

stacks, which

coal

less
to

seven

the

ratio

cupola

quantity

by using

thought
of

his

charging door,

the

linings generally
that

that

Paris

Mr.

to

their

consumed
in

work
in

melting,

THE

244

and

considerable

after

less

been

talked

for

They
quantity
were

used.

work

and

losing

in the

change

work

heat, the

yard,

less

we

fuel

than

before
what
a

and

they

said

we

the

the

Paris

came

melt

iron

were

using,

or

the

melter

the

all if less

fuel

also

if

would

have
be

not

perimenting
ex-

if

us

work

we

with

done

ever

be

in the

questions

their

to

it

or

of

had

we

any

term

asked

for

cupola ready

all kinds

enough

to

making

cupola

and

piece

object

they

the

at

demned.
con-

with

will

as

also

would

we

iron

or

them

working

dull

us

hot

we

at

pola
cu-

fuel had

melted

getting the
us

Mr.

did,

or

to

that

been

cupola,

asked

found

we

have

by

moulders

While

came

and

poured

from

and

and

had

but

cupola.

another,

could

sure

day

of the

moulders

melting,

about

heat

less

of

force

that

fact

to

matter

be

not

whatever

the

after

one

the

iron

could

management
with

try

us

round

foundry

dull

every

man

any

or

that

curious

let

to

went

we

found

we

used, and

It is

stranger,

were

when

entire

argued

fuel

of

the

by

over

concluded

fuel.

heat,

FURNACE.

he

following morning
prepared

for

talk

with

following day
The

CUPOLA

careful

very

permitted

so

to

off

run

heat.
melter

The

the

of
was

was

foundries
much

very

he

which
could

be

melt

with

he

less fuel

closely watched,

if not

cupola.

to

melt

and

teach

and

that

their

in
man

it would
how

melter

foreman

it

he

on

went

So
a

we

be
to

the

told

Mr.

it in

work

we

with

waste

Paris

of

time,

into

the

oversee

his

melter

was

them

fuel.

should
us.

He

than
After

teach
had

better

this
for

of

he

would

sick
us

his

man
fore-

work

quit,

or

to

show

consulting
the

the

rut

ing
manag-

the

for

to

man

old

teach

could

in

boiler,

and

way

could

He

melting

same

he

for

less

teach

our

we

ber
num-

anything

to

condemn

better

that

before

good.

engine

new

back

case

with

scafifold

in

better

any

it, and

that

so

much

decided

was

would

do

in

drift

and

days

few
to

week

do
a

all about

iron

considered

us

put

only be

melted

was

without
be

would

in less than

and

done

knew

had

having

to

must

He

who

hand,

Troy

had

declared
done.

probably

in

opposed

cupola than

the

old

an

foreman,

cupola

the
and

made

OF

EXAMPLES

as

up

directed,

we

and

arranged

that

it would

had

the

system

produce

scales

cleaned

to

sent

dug
the

and

up,

and

store

of

mixing

an

even

of

out

MELTING.

BAD

when

fuel

slate

new

the

iron

melted,

rubbish

of

charging

grade

and

iron

purchased

and

pile

245

in

so

having
and

corner

conveniently

placed

for

charging.
After
little time

to

lining so

that

fuel

than

they

saw

the

boiler

his

the

on

the

cupola
been

blast, he could
the

when

to

melt

works,

and

melter

"

Be

jabers

will

the

hot

for

that

Yees

for to-morrow's

moulds

heat;

of

being

said

yees

boys,

of

his

cupola,

when

moulders
that

run

coal

the

cupola

coal

and

will not

yees

the

of

out

for

home

go

to

ing
in learn-

all the

half

left out

for

seemed

the

to

with

ing
mount-

understood
the

into

filled

putting

for

run

who

for

well

the

before

required

man

to-day

as

may

fear

and

has

man

so

off

iron

enough

heat.

the

pour

charge

enthusiastic

was

charged

foundry

not

putting in, and

after
up

make

not

all

also

if he

explanations

the

as

We

iron.

just

on

the

little less

would

machinery

further

was

with

ing
lead-

the

shaped

less blast, and

These

upon

and

we

steam

foreman

no

heat

will

of

had

hot

that

demand

on.

had

into

yees

him

all the

looked

went

make

the

and

the

and

was

we

were

until

business
the

that

using,

run

blast

satisfyeverybody,

faster

head

we

had

we

of

some

that

melt

good.

see

would

it would

that
had

them

to

to

heat

the

for

point

informed

and

way

and

it

explained

had

arranged

made

and

engineer
in

been

and

spare,

moulders

cupola

had

everything

was

I put

save

your

work

your

to-day."
that

From

that

understood

we

heat, which
was

considered

great
When

for

our

probably
lot

tough

their
any

the

except

the

; but

foundries

other

of

man

blast

was

on,

had

who

two,

we

seen

these

business

and

they would

us

from

moulders

sacred

and

encroached

put

on,

the

being
in

Troy

that

no

upon
moulders

two

driven

looked

were

and

stove-

who

went

foreman

saved

rights

blast

the

moulders

all the

shyly by

until

time

melt

us

out,

in those

in

them

assured
have

at

good

for

there

days, who

punishment

was

too

them.

gathered

round

the

246

THE

watched

and

cupola
and

fast

turn

was

that

the

of

the

moulders

number
all

had
them

of

castings
until

they

which

was

waited

for

that

as

were

the
them

they

should

have

been

considered
the

of

iron,

and

cupola

Two

length

of

doing,

and

was

all

the

the

the

on

pounds
hour

iron

done

so,

for

and

further

days

the

handle

The

further

putting

it until

they did
to

with

fuel

save

very

fully competent
trouble

in

less

melting

to
or

or

with

the

we

we

working

and

make

hot

was

the
this

even

they

half

for

coal

had

been

was

run

hour

an

the

little more,

to

heat

did

consider

not

fuel, although
any

time

reduce

the
hard

at

work,

we

the
and

iron, and

one

it safe

to

have

could

faster,
of

in

moulders

the

as

half

melted

was

fast

as

and

and

six

melting

rapidly, and
oversee

and

than

mounting

engine

it melted

desire

not

learned

we

with

than

were

was

as

coal

side

for

the

coal, and

and

nearby

blast.

we

This

plate

stove

the

on

reduced

we

of

one

iron

attempt

foreman
was

to

the

hotel

them.

of

more

we

our

heat, but

better

required

them,

Had

into

one

safe

the

for

stopping

thirty minutes.

melt

no

without

wait

little slow, which

hours

machinery

day reduced
iron

was

required

following day

of

and

could

melting

to

day's work,

familiar
the

the

ale with

of

dropped

every

not

how
us

reached

their

on

asked

have

with

be

to

fully two

before

third

with

see

moulders.

Troy
not

were

to

glass

delighted

getting through

them

of

kill them

to

were

and

considerably

we

were

time

steam

On

the

hours

during the heat

get up

as

desired

though

even

case.

used

necessary,

work

thepi

of

foundry, and

all

But

the

something

trying

were

second
until

run

was

gangways

would

drink

to

had

we

we

the

through

asked

that

have

of

all

were

in

the

and

probably
almost

hot

number

drink

after

heat

out,

great

for

and

fast.

along

out

we

fast

if

so

the

on

hot

so

the

it, and

kept

to

down

came

all

ofT their

shaken

saloon

this

know

pour

went

we

so

iron

handle

used

iron

to

turning

evening,

In

the

iron

were

been
to

the

not

iron

never

them

were

they

wished

and

early ;

could

Getting

getting hot

with

and

heat.

by giving

so

first turn
up,

FURNACE.

tap until

every

the

called

end

CUPOLA

made

we

melting.
end

of

three

they had
were

able

no

to

248

THE

This

is

common

high

the

have

and

FURNACE.

where

cases

of

pressure

increased,

was

at

would

use

the

of

one

CUPOLA

been

of

blast

before

located

the

88

Works,

visited

we

his

was

"The

wrote

good,

he

amount

failure.
hour

the

have
the

of

in

cupola

the

cupola exactly
it would

cated
indi-

engine
place

of

We

blower

cupola

and

have

We

been

knew

cupola,
melter

in New

it up

the

and

shape,

and

lining.

He

for

and

in

This

the

be

the
had

soon

saw

then

cupola
it

that

put in

following day
badly

chipped
the
a

trouble
very

nice

was

not

sand

it melt
The

iron
ing
melt-

than

they

the

see

best

in the

cided
de-

and

daubed
in the
bottom

melter

ment
managehand

on

were

bunged
up

in

shape
from

the

of

and

the

we

bridged
and

out

them.

superintendent

not

the

with

dull, the

day

next

could

On

cupola,

management

the

trouble

it

melted.

had

and

the

harder

the

the

round

and

make

failure.

much
iron

would

was

over

work

watched

we

heat

the

foundry

fault

he

cupola.

we

the

lay

heat.

and

complete

the

thought

found

melter

time

half

the

do

no

was

constructed

looked

find

it

no

bridging

he

we

were

and

had

into

that

that

melt

or

it would

and

quality of

go

if he

right

could

of

iron,

we

cupola, but

before

go

not

him

plan

do, although he

England

early

trouble
to

to

was

end

the

make

of

the

the

decided

us

that

the

at

with

that

let

him

castings dirty

and

to

heat

certainly was
to

the

the

us

and

blast

beginning

slow, and
should

it

hot

Kirk

cupola

that

on

Durgon,
the

were

all about

invitation

all over,
in

was

hour,
the

the

we

know

plan given
if it

and

over,

pipes

melt

invited

accepted

and

an

He

Mr.

informed

make

not

or

Locomotive

We

cupola

the

on

if

constructing

informed

do.

cupola

right.

We

up.

know

for

It would

bunging

the

given

Providence

superintendent,

might

we

stated,

the

of

to

constructed

and

The

speed

at

Metals."

of

there
had

per

stated

The

replied that

he

for

complete

from

it would

in

CUPOLA.

plant

wished

name,

directions

for

the

Founding

and

were,

UP

Providence, R, I.

believe

The

the

air-gauge

engine.

In

look

cupola

value, for

trouble

WARMING

our

the

up.

good
of

the

which

OF

EXAMPLES

there

could
and

be

After
bed

good

cupola

hard

of

the
to

white

added

little

he

he

dried

burned

added

bottom

the

from

coal

the

warm

the

lining was

stack.

the

up

and

good warming,

the

to

level

to

to

charging

for

wood

up
it

dry the

to

more

burned

he

opened

were

more

which

ings
put in shav-

next

certainlydid give

he

heat

He

which

coal

doors

heated

been

249

melting.

wood,

of

had

this

melting, and

for

when

for

in

large quantity

daubing.
a

trouble

no

MELTING.

BAD

then

He
and

bed,

began

charging.
As

soon

heated

as

we

the

and

in the

the

all been

left to

melt

with.

and

tuyeres,
its descent
fuel

and

burned

be

thrown

in

by the

up

in before

had

and

charged,

warming

not

up,

bottom

that

pound

in

cupola.

off, broken

the

could

iron

bed

put

was

have

would

iron

of

the

high

extra

an

chilled

be
of

before

the

below

flaked

was

almost

heat

been

it not

the

little of it

ashes

it would

charging

intense

but

poor

melting,

for

up

and

with

hot

to

before

cupola

been

the

of

cause

coal

had

lining

the

filled

was

ashes

just

the

melted

was

these

through

The

cupola

if iron

even

the

of

out

the

that

warming

burned
The

knew

we

In

bed.

which

to

extent

burned,

bed

melting lay
life had

the

saw

been

melted.
had

We
seen

hot

one*burned
before

cupola

had

melting
a

very

effect

any

in any

melting.

been

extent

by

After

at

the

heated

blast

was

had

it do

the

properly

made

the

it

of

the

put

on,

filled there

above

plenty

the

in

the

improve

the

heated

to

be

bed, and

prepared

the

of

iron
and

fuel

scarcely

the

stock

the

first

the

When

cupola.
and

to

was

and

door,

day before, dull

up

seemed

so

during
heat

would

that

heated

cupola

intense

never

put in, the cupola cooled

extent

any

had

scaffold

lining and

was

charging

to

the

charge

hot

was

if the

see

stock

first

charge

before

filled the

been

this

to

the

upon
The

charge, by warming

seen

stock

or

on

but

much,

too
one,

stayed

we

way.

rapidly,and
heat

have

and

this

of

extent

with

cupola

considerable

for

the

charging,
the

fillingof

to

burned

beds

frequently seen

slow.
had

been

not

second

or

had

exactly
The

ceptible
per-

any

could

cupola

melted

ofif

been
as

cupola

put in

to

we

had

make

THE

250
hot

iron

charges

could

and

had

no

doubt

be

before

melter

We

did

fire

the

right proportion,
there

and

in the

melting lay

the

in

bed,

as

that

fourth,

and

put

iron

on

hot

the

in

This

all

it did

right, for

the

the

convinced

it convinced

that

visited

some

inches

and

the
it

scaffold

putting

other

look

the

in

After

this

in, he

was

and

bottom

of
to

the

sawed
when
the

he

in

in two
had

of

the

He

up.

the

in

gained

three

this and

in, the

cupola

then

door,

filled

40

8 tons
in these

went

upon

melter

ready

barrow

got

melt

we

just

put in quite

had

added

charging

little more,

amount

found

and

and

He

to

and

and

door.

all

was

cupolas, one

two

down

it all

was

Philadelphia that

wrong

was

another

had

and

be

to

that

melt

cupolas

diameter,

inside
to

iron

COAL.

AND

employing

lighting

went

charging

top

the

for

finely splitwood,

wood,

WOOD

something

into

lot of

of cord-wood

BY

and

charging.

before

difficult

that

wood

were

inches

30

very

knew
to

they

ago

was

We

cupolas.

CAUSED

was

previous day.

and

do

one

fast

cupola

nothing

was

cupola

up

MELTING,

years

iron, and

there

the

we

blast

of

the

it would

then

about

melted

amount

that

and

We

the

When

been

off

bed

ing
light-

only change
the

in

same

it had

time

After

bed.

minutes,

ten

leading novelty foundries

of the

one

little.

the

claimed

we

melting by warming

In

superintendant

us

BAD

fuel

the

bed, but

burned

The

on

as

way
the

the

of

the

about

heat, and

half

one

in

all

charging.

charges

down

came

throughout

melted

the

in

same

was

top

the

on

constructed

lighting up.

smoke

the

melter

one

and

before

reduce

to

was

the

the

wood

heavy

began

the

of

about

in

through

and

charging

with

the

show

bed

charge

up

up

until

to

full

shavings,

our

waited

up

made

coal

in

the

charging,

in

superintendant put

us

level

to

began

leveled

the

about

of

were

trouble

it made

put in

we

up

of

the

gave
had

shovelfuls

and

iron

and

properly placed

that

and

cupola
plan.

the

been

following day

other

few

fuel

of

FURNACE.

stated.

The

our

CUPOLA

the

putting

long

some

filled to

was

in

add.

barrows

more

then

to

cupola
the

the
with

largest

EXAMPLES

he

lumps

could

quantity
and

we

find.

he

as

considerable
he

said

him

convince

to

wood
old

melter
Either

been

they

of

cause

burning

the

out

cupola

which

wood,
bed

The

began.

been

POOR

In
of

small

This

wanted

that

The

to

the
and

he

and

belt

six inches

cupola

of

had
above

been

slag projected
belts

the

they

the

firm
The

work.

great

tity
quan-

that

the

ing
melt-

before

the

to

which

the

blast

would

as

in

and

out

contributed

fire,such

have

CUPOLA.

cupola,

long

to

the

lining.

burned

away,

in thickness

adhere

to

the

blower.

properly chipped

been

slag varying

and

without

new

be

melter

suggested
than

worse

time

melt

ago.
not

his

now

not

and

years

could

said, and

would

condition

few

fan, and

new

melter

new

Ohio,

founder
a

the

showing

melting point, and

lining had

had

and

ashes

through

hot

cupola

permitted

from

an

amount

extent

an

also

elevation

in

the

for

cinder

the

not

the

coal

CINCINNATI

put

said

needed

less

was

the

burn

to

coal

in Cincinnati,

examined

had

cupola

IN

had

We

tried

he

for

too

great

so

fire

melt, the

and

quire
re-

coal.

saw

not

He

blast.

founder

we

with

the

was

time

and

of

sectional

would

blower,

forced

seen

melt.

to

to

open

MELTING

cupola

cupola

made

out,

is

Fig. 54

long

producing

smaller

by

produced

better

done
do

to

cupolas

large lumps

escaped freely without

as

; and

We

in less time,

not

was

ashes

wood

an

were

coal.

melted

and

cupolas

burned

melting by making

poor

have

two,

this

took

was

filled with

was

the

in

these

in

coal

large

melt

large

it would

impossible,

was

would

Colliau

two

and

smaller

it.

but

melting

poor

hard

of

in

put

this

coal

of

such

would

so

25

light the coal;

to

cupola,

any

in

put

pieces

fire with

cupolas

properly managed

afterwards

in the

cupola

getting

were

the

of

all about

he

why
necessary

with

melt

these

was

some

coal, but

of

it

start

the

knew

one

iron

of

that

and

to

MELTING.

him

place

not

smaller

and

for

heat

could

they

said

lift and

could

BAD

asked

he

it was,

presume

large

We

and

wood,

of

OF

to

the

another

Between

making

lining around
belt

these
a

four

from

two

deep

of

cinder

ing
projecthollow

at

252
the

THE

melting point.

CUPOLA

FURNACE.

Entirely too
Fig.

much

fuel

54.

a
ILLUSTRATION

OF

BAD

MELTING.

had

been

consumed

OF

EXAMPLES

in

melting
the

above

melting

had

We
filled

all

was

the

trouble

no

were

daubing,

and

cupola
in

Co.,

shavings
not

light

the

bed

into

number

of

We
various

poor

here

or

relate

melting

when

be

found

quantity

given.

of

fuel

in

the

it

the

cupola

they
blast

had

We
burn

had

did

when
noticed

not

the

on

up

the

placing

that

way
on

make

after

which

the

other
blast

in

been

the

cause

due
of

examples

will

probably

cupola

the

shape
in

of

the

melting;

causes

We
this

to

had

kind

of

melting

in

them.
of

poor

suffice,

properly

is

often

are

melting.

foundry,

own

more

used

bad

and

wood

frequently

door,

charging

bed

our

these

and

shavings

the

in

in

of

foundry

dumped.

many
but

melter

side.

would

there

and

the

at

putting

one

discovering

foundries,

generally

on

from

heats

in

and

and

in

of

before

might

such

be

to

cupola

poor

carelessness,

bed,

had

burning

uneven

in

cupola

do,

way
a

the

blast

not

careless

thrown

of

did
it

time,

The

an

it

the

up

the

cupola

of

evenly,

charged,

an

BED.

carelessness

burned

thought

This

short

fuel

only

he

side.

the

up
was

it, and

in

wood

dump

to

lining

fast.

THE

OF

hollows

the

give

to

as

and

BURNING

the

from

and

formed

the

and

off

properly

hot

iron

melting

so

then

was

compelled

once

"

Perry

have

not

chipped

humps

projecting

UNEVEN

We

could

slag

point.

The

taper.

even

253

MELTING.

and

cinder

of

fire-brick

with

in

belt

the

or

BAD

the

as

causes

will

constructed

lining,
examples

burning
of

of

which

the

are

XVI.

CHAPTER

MELTERS.

There

is
than

respect
a

is

and

cupola,

has

of

his

given

was

become

has

the

by

than

melter,
the

by

cursed

by
A

as

melter,

one

from

and

that

fuel.

The

inquire

iron
man

they

size
under
He

is for.
may

be

heat

which
does

lying

ten

it
not

to

him,

melter

pounds

or

is

stop
or

cupola
melted,
to

is

(254)

by

or

think
deceived

the
that

work

ment
managea

each
the

other

pound
does

it is melted,

the

by

of

other
his

poor

stand
under-

not

man,

kind

spected
re-

work,
to

the

do

which

and

made

to

man,
fore-

poor

with

is

one.

put

be

practical
in

hard

in

iron

of

and

the

paid,

was

conversing

pity

through

work

who

others

by

employer.

doing

may

respected

alike,

instruction

being

not

the

of

who

in

melting

are

is

laborer

good

with

lot
for

proper
a

interfered

his

blame

to

foundry

Again,

foundryman

the

conditions

Foundrymen

melting.
learn

always

heats

poorly

and

more

lectured

emploper,

foundry,

given

never

cupola.
being

the

is not
been

his

who

man

is

his

their

the

began,

have

we

moulders,

day

first

by

lost

charge
on

He

two

have

who

by

about

one

melts

given

he

whom

for

melter's

been

well-paid

seldom

the

at

have

may

of

b)^

melter

poor
he

for

no

efforts.

and

moulders

piece

black

looked

he

for

Gibed

iron.

his

foundry

have
when

He

improved

or

may

own

himself.

when

melting

in

moulders,

about

man

no

footsteps
He

through

expert
and

poor

bad

instructions

an

is

his

predecessors.

foreman

There

in

and

work,

more

generally

is

been

has

perhaps,
the

He

melting

of

art

have

we

melter.

the

of

followed

few

learned

has

whom

for

scientific

and

observer

close

methods

foundry

intelligence, who,

of

helper
of

and

man

man

practical

self-made

about

man

no

work

of
not

the
the

foundry-

melter

and

256

lates

the

mind

improved
have

It

melter

his

in

is

the

on

the

for

business,
the

recalls

been

to

subject

FURNACE.

it

why

reason

long
It

events.

new

to

upon.

which

upon

CUPOLA

THE

is

mind

to

interest

of

results

and

that

to

he

and

forgotten,

comes

learns

him

should

he

his

who

into

his

him

office

at

all

the

all

is

all

depends

upon

or

be

can

something,

posted

furnish

it

experience

own

foundryman

every

keep

in

facts

how

and

good,

not

that

new

published.

is

erature
lit-

XVII.

CHAPTER

OF

EXPLOSION

iron

Molten

conditions

is

but

the

fully understood

if

the

wet

and

small

in

instant
entire

stream

great

force.

wet

is thrown
In

in

causes

with

it.

less

causes

with

closed

of

it, but

vent
pre-

the

the

explosion

molten

iron

all

boils

iron

is

hole

and

is
The

cupola.
and

the
with

directions

particles

small

and

not

When

explodes

it
in

spout

the

spout

the

spout

smoothly

dried.

tap

from

wet

violent

so

from

as

in

the

place
molten

place,
bod

to

against
is due
iron

17

the

in

place

to

in

prevent
the

end

these
the

with
into

pressed
one

the

and

and
iron

hole

tap

it is
hole

it, the

closing
the

it is

and

stream,

explosion

before

bod

the

or

more

bod-stick

being

it
of

explosions,
cupola,

as

(257)

is

little

and

too

the

ture
mois-

much

explodes

is

past

small

explosions

must

be

when
not

generally

held

kick

pressing
to

the

the

quently
fre-

firmly
The

quently
fre-

the

When

hole.

out.

be

may

and

force

great

close

to

hole

tap

it

instant

impossible

blown

bod-stick

the

explode

to

violent

the

felt

thump

of

to

spout

the

distance

some

and

from

emerges

containing

from

take

into

be

must

moulders

properly

been

bod

thrown

is in

against

with

contact

hole

tap

bod

damp

have

from

ofT, but

bod

wet

sides

all

at

spout.

comes

not

explodes

and

tap-hole

strikes

iron

of

thrown

be

may

it

as

particles

stream

from

lining

spout

explodes

iron

thrown

fiows

iron

of

front

the

is

lence
vio-

accidents.

dangerous
stream

it

it

melters

by

avoided

and

which

much

as

conditions

under

conditions

certain

under

and

report

other

Under

gunpowder.

explosive,

loud

as

and

body,

explosive

very

with

explodes

as

IRON.

MOLTEN

or

bod

pressure

supposed.

Bod

258

THE

material

should

off

the

by

caused

the

stop in

the

oxide

of

place
long

the

falls

from

to

run

falls from

hundred

succession,

floor

the

should
catch

in

melters

sparks

to

sions
explo-

from

character,

they

iron

of

stream

explode.

to

bars

Tap

the

put into

are

that

of

as

loose
the

cupola

as

If the

plodes
ex-

thus

may

be

continues

stream

follows

another

in

rapid

is formed,

which

boils

and

there

as

is any

The

floor

moisture

under
a

spout

hole

in

in it

to

spout.

should

should

cupola

iron

dry sand, with

dumping,

the

spout

floor, it

muddy

molten

cupola.

long

the

from

the

near

go

wet,

liquid.

of

before

to

iron

distance

floor.

upon

molten

stone,

or

the

explosion

falls from
a

brick

the

floor, it spatters

considerable

dangerous

remains

made

under

bottom

of

iron

be

dry sand

from

hard

particlesof

minutes,

few

iron

with

the

sparks

strike.

into

before

upon

spout

small

pool

the

and

floor

of

iron

it is

floor, one

every

any

paved
two

or

always

The

the

spout

feet

the

upon

explodes

sparks

they

thrust

of

the

these

of

The

are

combination

little heat, and

bar

fallingupon

is

instantly,and
a

throws

sparks

entirelydifferent

heated

particlesto

stream

iron

thrown

iron

iron, and

showers

wherever

causes

the

to

very

an

tapping

it first strikes, and

When

pered
tem-

iron.
iron

as

of

hot
These

the

of

iron.

of
are

spout,

flies in small

and

due

enter

clothing

or

or

to

stream

rusted

or

iron

contain

They

the

flesh

cold

of

When

properly

very

dry spout.

carbon

should, therefore, always be

stream

sand

of

stream

the

hesitate

not

tap hole

in the

of

by dampness

the

wet,

iron.

catch

or

burn
A

moulding

from

combined

do

caused
and

sparks

explosion

an

moulders

or

hard,

is very

many

with

oxygen
are

iron

great

than

wetter

no

FURNACE.

moulding.

for
When

be

CUPOLA

always
be
to

be

with

covered

prevent

spattering

or

when

dry, and

fluid

inch

an

iron

slag

or

exploding

or

when

dumped.
Molten
rusted
to

know

iron

iron

explodes

is thrust

from

violently when

suddenly

into

it, as

practical experience,

piece

the

when

of

cold,

writer

working

has
at

wet

or

reason

stove

EXPLOSION

in the

moulding

had

we

taken

and

putting

was

around

pouring,
the

the

set

ladle

The

iron.

leaned

we

able

not

carry

head

and

the

those

he

The

The

soon

the

weeks,

over

were

still

we

thrown

with

thick

passed

over

never

was

became

never

us

we

and

was

iron

as

molten

all

clothing and

probably

put it in

dripping

thrown

iron

before

As

it into

slightly,but

and

who

severely that

so

our

boy

and

skimmer

was

exploded

burned

foundry again,

the

day
heat

iron

iron,

of

several

burns.

gun.
was

us

for

passed through

and

from

house

small

it out

stove

red

our

him, thrust

instantly and

the

from

took

in with

ran

use.

ladle

ladle, burning

of

scars

great violence,

about

the

he

prevent

exploded

out

hat, like shot

floor

could

we

be

many

boy's

the

over

to

catching

caution
pre-

One

to

skimmed
and

the

iron.

skimmer

for

rusty

foundry heating

catching

sometimes

skimmer,

were

on

iron

the

before

place

and

red-hot
we

before

and

wet,

convenient

foundry

while

heat

that

took

always

we

into

259

Knowing

867.

explode,

red

IRON.

precaution, heating
a

the

saw

and

skimmers

to

it in

MOLTEN

866

iron

our

the

the

snow,

we

as

them

heating

of

made

putting

of

and

winter

skimmer

wet

or

OF

felt
the
seen

an

iron

moulder.
Molten
or

escaping
of

"

and

in

five tons,

clamped

near

the

the

bottom

iron

at

sand

thrpwn

molten

iron

Pa.,

this

pit

when

of

and

which

The

almost

rammed

the

continued

was

filled

with

the

with

to

roof

to
wet

its way
the

about
at

explode

in

end
The

gave

fully

in the

ten

way

pit,

feet

pit,and

forty feet.
four

and

The

mud.

through

of

the

into
or

mould

sections

made

iron

sand

height

until

ring

escape

up

on

plate.

properly

molten

iron

rolls

long, weighing

feet

not

tom
bot-

McGilvery

boiler

constructed

forced

foundry

with

mould

covered

had
to

flask

permitted

casting

eleven

one

for

pit

mould,
the

into

or

of Wm.

foundry

lined

and

was

and

up

deep

exploded
been

the

the

from

floor

wet

chill-mould

rusted

or

is thrown

and

In

in

was

damp

upon

floor

moulded

bottom

that

mould

together.

and

once

foundry

cast

clamped,

explodes

Sharon,

put in the

about

into

poured

pit,explodes.

wet

first roll

was

from

Company,

was

of

when

sand-mould,

wet

and

iron

tons

The
were

26o

THE

thrown
to

the

from

the

with

stood

deep
the

near

ago

could

rusted

that

place

rusted

sufificient

of

the

of

and

Moulders

pouring

heat

the

for

water

practice

Lewisburg, Pa.,

at

all the

that

It

bottom.

the

stopped

bottom

in

heating

of

the

been

for

water

once

in this
perty
pro-

with

have

the

mon
com-

Marsh,

bucket

great

the

to

contained

so

washing,

was

into

over,

water

James

of

and

left

of

This

instantly with
of

at

water

bucket

poured

out

contained

explosive

they

mixed

blown

old

an

kettle.

foundry

was

in

contact

weather.

iron

had

were

into

witnessed

and

The

in
the

the

to

explosion

little iron

in

day

one

water

came

of

cold

moulders

exploded

windows

it

day's work,

clay wash

in which

the

until

into

destroy the

to

the

washing

the

of

had

foundry.

before

pour

their

ofT

the

the

at

frequently

after

water

mud

who

An

water.

depth

metal

molten

scrap

wrecked

taken

foundry

the

near

the

under

almost

that

not

was

yard

some

pour

without

explosion taking

any

apprentice boy

an

in the
mud

without

water

molten

canal

accordingly

was

Pa., many

that

the

of

water

that

foundry

moulders

two

the

to

sat

small

when

explode

not

in

brought

or

canal, in Sharon,

by

undertook

and

scrap

the

days later

few

experiment

case

burned

foundry

mud

does
At

Erie

iron

of

into

poured

salt kettle

"

into

poured
ladle

but

water.

made

was

be
A

place.

took

the

into

poured

scrap,

Pittsburg

not

and

when

clean

or

wager

exploding.

this

particles,and

rusted

wet

into

poured

canal

small

pit in

explodes

iron

contact

iron

FURNACE.

ground.

Molten

years

CUPOLA

of

mud

violence
this

foundry, and
that

in

at

way,

that

foundry.
At

another

the

flood

poured

bailed

poured

out

North

Schuylkill

in the
for

be

of

foundry

heat

and

off water
to

before

prevent
water

came

in

water

rusted

great damage.

June,

blast

soaked
the

clear

Bros., Philadelphia, Pa., during

river

the

into

poured

pot exploded, doing

cast-iron
At

foundry, iron

put

into

1895, the

on

the

pit being
upon

the

but

cupola

before

cupola pit
filled.

The

moulding

the
and

was

the
pared
pre-

heat

could

had

to

heat

was

floors, but

be
all
the

EXPLOSION

bottom

the

of

the

leave

to

eagerness

without

the

bottom

the

cupola.

the

cupola

The

in all directions

and

Had

taken

melter

sand

the

under
this

bottom,
the

At

wrecked

took

of

it could

not

melter

into

cupola

The

confined

water

and

in

of

one

place.

Co., Erie, Pa.,

which

entirely

almost
lot

small

of

in

and

cupola,

lent
vio-

some

filled with

water,

from

which

this

but

cupola,
the

cylinders

these

of

explosion

violence

by

attributed

was

converted
the

wreck

to

as

was

had

order

cylinders being

the

given

had

Smith,

David

such

with

exploding

the

fall upon

to

closed

and

disregarded,

dry

of

been

each

that

see

the

had

foreman,

being put into the

been

steam

to

ofif all

steam-chest

the

of

slag

in the

melted

foundry.

shovelfuls

explosion,

this

steam-chest

the

orders

before

broken

the

in their

the

of

drawn

taken

Engine

being

were

fuel

few

Skinner

of

iron, slag and

out

first

have

not

time

escape.

melter

the

place

the

leaving

rust,

the

would

lent
vio-

the

of

have

to

the

receive

to

cylinders the ports

these

by

to

At

windows

from

pit,a

floor

thrown

and

slag dumped

molten

in

remaining

iron

and

wet

precaution

The

of

cylinders

steam

the

explosion

it.

the

dropped

flooded,

was

iron

all the

blowing

cupola

explosion

molten

dumping,

foundry

molten

place, scattering

before

iron

the

with

in contact

came

it

melter, in his

the

and

wet,

before

off

the

instant

took

molten

foundry

drawing

explosion

the

soaking

cupola pit was

26

IRON.

MOLTEN

OF

cupola.
At
N.

the

Y.,

the

heavy
to

be

none

of

cupola

one

blast

oxygen
for

the

iron

door

cupola

from

the

the
blast

out

for

the

formation

which

been

was

But
on

was

exploded

this could

fully seven

chanced

to

hardly

have

minutes

number

cupola

the

by

the

fortunately

but

in the

gas

each

broke

who

men

attributed
of

on

and

front
of

heat, which

box,

tuyere

the

number

explosion

blast.
had

the

on

severely burned,

were

on,

put

was

from

doors.

was

put

was

blast

blew

This

which

1895 in their sixty-inch cupola,

also

and

killed.

causes,

after

in

Co., Buffalo,

Furniture

School

Buffalo

place

bottom

the

near

were

cause,

cast

cast-iron

the
of

heavy

the

of

took

minutes

seven

blew

The

of

explosion

an

about

side

foundry

fore
be-

addition
been

the

before

the

I
262

THE

would

taken

have

Another
been

placed
This

iron.

body

may

that

in

through

foundry

of

damp

ladle

thick

ladle

explodes
iron

Such

scrap

to

piece

of

the

it

admitted

was

was

The

it

red

an

heat

case,

iron
in

it,

or

if

explosion
just

before

had

of

other
but

scrap-

explosive
it

from

casting;

and

is

just

water

the

of

in

as

as

fined
con-

opening
the

using

daubing

daubing

ladle

prevented
it

to

or

at

case

chill

is

iron,

or

the

causes

iron,

by

heating
iron.

rusted

of

the

very
in

water

Wet

it.

molten

into
be

the

if

touches
the

chill

thrown

may

on.

dynamite

rusting

wet

it

instant
to

put

was

Co.

boil,

to

explosion

pieces

scrap;

the

to

ladle

that

some

by

scrap,

Engine

the

blast

the

some

or

the

the

cause

generated

explode.

to

in

steam

iron

causes

upon

was

in

Skinner

placed

tapped

if

to

the

explosion

the

due

cause

may

scrap
iron

some

which

as

concealed

been
it

soon

concealed

been

have

may

the

as

the

for

cupola

the

have

probable

the

in

been

this

almost

place
given

cause

FURNACE.

had

and

occurred,

explosion

CUPOLA

to

plode.
ex-

the

264

THE

FURNACE.

CUPOLA

Fir.. 55.

CATCHER

SPARK

CATCHING

SPARK

In

Fig 56 is

just described.

seen

In

IN

DEVICE

more

OLD

FOR

modern

this device,

the

STYLE

CUPOLA.

MODERN

CUPOLAS.

spark-arresterthan
casing

is cut

in two

the
at

one

the

SPARK

CATCHING

DEVICES

Fig.

SPARK

CATCHING

DEVICE

FOR

CUPOLAS.

56.

IN

MODERN

CUPOLA.

265

266

CUPOLA

THE

of the

bottom
upon

the

the

casing

top of the
the

and

with

be

it emerges

than

diameter
this

high

to

shell

is

the

encircles

piece

when

are

and

latch.

cast

is

pipe, and

Superintendent

of

this

in which

St., in
much

such

as

and

or

return

up

move

flue

riveted

or

stack,

it before
stack

the

be

of

larger

with

close

from

their

their

The

was

constructed.

in

catching

The

in

cast

are

main

pipe

and

holes

peep

cap

city, and

of

The

of

the

they

Y.,
firm

Hudson

on

cupola setting

none

N.

Albany,

located

O'Keefe,

by John

foundry

was

foundry.

tried, but

way,

Works,

it became

were

which

the

designed

the

the

CATCHER.

Stove

of

to

swing
tight-fitting

constructed,
part

plying
sup-

AA

pipes

to

SPARK

Go's

for

pipe

of blast.

escape

vicinity,and

hoods, etc.,
a

the

riveted

the

branch

saving fuel.

by sparks

in the

sparks escaping

"

was

closely built

buildings

in
loses

which

to

blast
of

The

device

and

device

annoyed

lined

blast

into

air chamber

out

up

CAPULA

Perry

catching sparks

for

of

FLUE

is shown

Fig. 57

the

arrangement

main

ladles.

the

neat

belt

tightly bolted

RETURN

In

requiring

very

placed

large

in the

is of

and

enters

to

to

arresting sparks depends

in

The

cupola casing, to prevent

BB

used.

not

cupola

and

extent

stacks

is shown

cupola

removing

or

The

six

ones.

illustration

blast

and

stock,

consists

fall back

cupola

the

placed

that

the

cov^ers

which

device

so

cupola,

efifective

it; low

of

is

the

on

from

casing,

cupola

the

stack.
be

to

stack

casing,

the

of

out

top of the

height

the

from

carried

cupola casing

the

it

to

charging

spark-arresting

larger than

enlarged

the

cupola

it when

cupola

The

bolted

or

by

supported

ring generally

or

the

plate

the

lining.

the

reaching

one

than

sparks

should

plate

over

this

On

when

the

iron

extends

stack

the

its force

In

the

of

it is

riveted

ring placed

plate or

where

casing,

inside

iron

an

cupola lining to protect

thin

making

cupola

brackets

diameter

and

cast-iron

inches.

larger

upon

the

outside

twelve

and

and
The

outside.

door

charging

top of

FURNACE.

were

very

fire to

roofs

necessary

to

prevent

number

of

devices,

these
arch

proved
or

dome

ive,
effectA

was

SPARK

FOR

DEVICES

CATCHING

Fig- 57-

RETI'RN

FLUE

CAPULA

SPARK

CATCHER.

CUPOLAS.

26/

268

thrown

the

of

out

the

across

which

When

the

struck

the

dome

stack

the

cupola

was

be

and

when

the

and

saved,

they

all thrown

were

bottom

the

of

opening

at

The

device

small

back

flue,
the

the

into

bottom

fuel

the

quired
re-

preventing
stack,

for

in

the

through

the

frequently

as

time

deposited

or

removed

were

flue,

the

in

fuel

no

in the

from

have

might

it was,

as

cupola

they

of

of

closed,

door

eff"ective

was

pieces

which

from

But

cape.
es-

stock

all the

fuel

perceptible change

no

and

sparks

of

escape

considerable

make

it to

of

the

and

could

to

necessary

on

done.

amount

cupola

of

to

When

large an

admit

to

put

was

melting
was

size

returned

permit part

to

the

in

dome.

the

it became

doubt

no

heat.

of

and

so

that

cupola

stock

the

that

door

dome

blast

is

there

melt

to

the

the

faster

and

saved,

was

the

been

cupola

heat, there

the

during

the

above

found

was

in blast, and

before

being charged

it

from

through

opening
Had

been

escaped

flue

the

flue

dome.

the

the

led

foundry-

the

from

upon

the

through

down

above

heat

back

flue B

the

to

stack

waste

the

down

the

to

thrown

put in blast

gas

and

dome

blast,

was

through

charged

small

the

in

forced

was

the door, and

above

it returned

was

and

cupola

not

stack

cupola

or

heat

cupola

point

the

of

CUPOLA

cupola just below

floor,from

cupola,

FURNACE.

THE

found

as

necessary.
SPARK

OTHER

Another

device

fire-brick

arch
its

diameter

of

upward

course

but
and

carried

the

the

top

arch, only
many

of

Anuther

cupola

of

the

arrest

them

down

plan

for

ends

and

breadth

out

plan

is to

fall back
ends

roof,

and

of
on

circle

the

stack,
outside

arch

the

cupola,
blast

by the
days

windy

their

in

sparks
into

the

half

the

to

the

of

top

equal

arrests

the

at

place

the

on

them

of

foundry

hoods

or

caps

both

This

some

adjoining

to

Iron

stack.

carried

fall upon

at

length

and

are

many

opened

the

DEVICES.

arresting sparks

for

total

making

CATCHING

may

be

roofs.
are

stacks

also

arrest

to

sparks
upon

placed

in

the

preventing

or

sparks

their

or

escape

above

they, like the

flightand

scaffold
of

feet

more

; but

upward

foundry
the

one

throw

roof.

sparks

is to

sus-

CATCHING

SPARK

pend
stack

the

in

and

used

cohesive

heat

the
there

and

is

the

it

of

blast
small

carries
the

it in

The

thrown

its

their

by

to

expand,

the
This

the
thin

lining

that

the

the

When
stack
of

but

be

may

stack

shown

this
when

the

kind

top

Fig. 56

may

properly

is increased

small

their

more

it

the

stant
in-

expands

fuel

of

be

may

but

stack

be

descent

it

fuel

of

pieces

or

the

when

by confining

stack

the

of

during

through

passes

sparks

carried

little

the

in

room

the

the

of

out

cupola,
in the

cupola

be

fall

to

by

some

stack, it is only

stack
and

the

for

lose

constructed
do

height,

be

greater

constructed

very

used.
than
and

high stack,
The
that

this

the

of

with

so

turbing
disway,

sparks.

out

first cost
of

casing

without

in

throw

not

sumed.
con-

angle iron,

repaired

or

lifting

be

lining it

by

supported

removed

have

and

blast

its

and

cupola

casing,

Cupolas

proper
to

is

the

iire-brick

desirable

in

heat,

by constructing the stack

lining.

is of

it is not

of

carried

done

as

stack

blast

will fall back

four-inch

of

of

which

stack

the

the

is

tuyeres,

of

top

end

top

from

cupola lining rnay

the

when

sparks

diameter

same

the

out

cupola

the

at

blast

sufficient

escaping

after

force, when

being

provide

to

necessary

chipping

wind.

them

prevent

large

destroyed by

good-sized pieces

in

may

strong

the

from

and

weight

own

the

and

is lost, and

liftingpower

in

from

the

at

the

the

escapes

in

DEVICE.

cupola

near

of

above

cannot

frequently replaced

jar

thrown

out

stack, and
feet

blast

distance
To

cupola

liftingpower

several
the

and

the

in

contracted

fuel

of

disk

device

soon

are

the

this

blast, and

if not

CArCHING

the

large pieces

is low

freely.

SPARK

into

pieces

heat, and

stock

KEST

forced

and

the

melter.

sparks being

of

cause

strong

the

this

But

than

strike

sparks

iron

from

diameter

strong

the

of

breaking

THE

The

with

cupola,

fallingupon

The

cupola.

stacks

of

gases

and

the

into

269

CUPOLAS.

smaller

top.

properties

danger

cupola,

the

near

back

inches

few

in contracted

the

ones

of

stack

thrown

are

be

disk

iron

an

FOR

DEVICES

enlarged
of

contracted

lined, will last the

stack
one,

life of

In

cupola.

by

effect

will

sparks

The

objection

that

they
be

the

the

above

arresting

those

at

the

with

are

present
contracted

to

for

the

by

made

the

top
but

door,
there

cupolas

many

time,

when

and

stack.

the

lighting

stack

sufificient

they

give

upon
better

few

height

proper

draught

constructed

for

this

satisfaction

is

This

up.

only

is

stacks

large

to

for

etc.,

construction.

of

cost

given

always

is

extra

saving

flasks,

lumber,

roofs,

when

the

and

repaired,

or

draught
of

lined

properly

foundrymen

sufificient

when

charging
sparks

There

up.

case

relined

pay

give

if

one,

damage

soon

not

be

to

usually

do

FURNACE.

knew

never

we

preventing

from

may

fact

requiring

constructed,

use

CUPOLA

THE

2/0

feet

for

lighting
in

plan
than

272

THE

CUPOLA

FURNACE.

Fig.

HOT

BLAST

58.

CUPOLAS.

HOT

half

the

of

heat.
the

quality of

the

the

before

next

of

the

heat

and

properties
during

breaks

These
had

that

for

were

be

the

to

the

cupola

the

blast

cupolas,

and

pipes

blast
take

it into
this

cupola,

drawn

the

of

lack

from

the

cupola
18

the

have
the

stack

tuyeres.
with

No

sparks

oven.

the

The

blast, and
were

to

pair,
re-

tinued
con-

cupolas
the

ovens

thrown

ever

had

ovens

pipe

justifya

not

or

frequently to

"

Co.,

in

coils

and

stack

the

had

broke
the

the

while

stack

Several
direct

of

the

the
to

means

stack

of

tuyeres

the

force

the

cupola,

in

hot

air

of

the

made

to

and

turn
re-

cupola
but

pipe

of

been

and

Perry

heating

have

top

and

out

and

attempts

from

short

piece

picking

the

from

for

Treadwell

melter, by

the
heated

pipes was

in blast

for

over

repeated heating

Jagger,

killing of

Y.,

pipe

of

directly

been
after

N.

Albany,

all

cases

into

the

failure.

of

hot

the

cupola

ovens

heat

for

the

the

after

abandoned.

and

cupola through

pipes

inlets

through
the

the

proven

Exhaust
and

the

all removed

plan has,

in fuel did
was

after

expensive

so

large stack,

case

from

escaping

annoying

passed through these

discontinued.

the

it

placed

the

him

cohesive

into

escape

were

Ransom

in this

the

were

was

effected

with

after

after

fallingupon

and

without

when

pipes
in

to

time, and

of

were

blast

the

cooling, as

the

foundry

high degree

time, but

blast

cool

to

them.

remove

The

cupola.

the

coils
every

pipe frequently broke

high stack,

constructed

was

the

blast, and

the

the

heat

red

destroyed

frequent

used

to

time

spark catchers.

stove

heating

to

hot

pipe

short

short

the

of

the

greatest

of keeping
difficulty

permitting

so

the

them

permitted

time

of

top

cleaned
At

in

excellent

proved
from

heat,

blast, and

and

slightsaving

long

put

in the

made

was

in blast

iron, and

of the

use

273

the

of

the

was

were

for

use

the

heating

heating

became

in

been

the

by

The

cupolas

CUPOLAS.

perceptible improvement

cupolas

intact.

pipe

time

iron

these

objection to
of

No

BLAST

no

been

connected

blower

placed

by the blower
This

expense

with
near

and

arrangement
for

heating

the

the

stack

cupola, and

returned

supplied
the

of

to
a

blast, and

the
hot
was

cupola
hot

air

cupola
blast

to

in the

early part
small

of

But,

as

cupola,

the

air drawn

been

in

being

taken

from

the

through
would,

after

plan

to

for
some

and

which

hot

kept continually

and

heating
melting

with

sufificient to

pay

that

in blast

is

if the

only

from

was

to

the
for

number

cupola,
such
the

would

besides

as

using

utilizing it

made
be

heat

the

years
proper

escaped

from

the

blast,
soon

the

the

but

the
the

as

blast

the

to

cupola,
was

heat

in
be

cupola

it is doubtful
the

blast, if

changed

melted.

ten

and
not

from

escaping

before
All

etc.

it

for

was

blast, have

iron

six

peated
re-

not

blast

heat

be

to

efifected

would

hot

at

as

CUPOLA.

the

the

naces,
fur-

for

pipes by

fuel

of

day

or

lar
simi-

oven

required

of

from

be

justifythe heating

ladles,

top

in this way.

furnaces

and

heating

for

the

FROM

when

height

and

done,

blast

manner,

each

utilizing

cores,

the

of

heating

hours

heating

for

ago,

in this

as

for

it for

fuel direct

be

blast

from

saving

of

HEAT

plans

it

specially constructed

breakage
The

in

another

cupola, drying

were

to

of

cupola

blower,

hot-blast

would

ovens

few

hot

heating

taken

gas

expense

WASTE

furnaces

obtained

kept constantly
cupola

one

by

cooling.

efifected

saving

cupola

for

in

in

prevent

blast

hot

to

have

air

from

not

heated

these

But

secure

used

with

not

time.

present

done

and

heat

could

this

to

be

ago

was

purpose,

But

can

years

was

failure.

as

up

cupola

those

the

the

given

was

the

of

large amount

experiments

great saving in fuel in the days

melting.

it

the

to

through

it

high

so

hot

returned

passing

effected
a

in
of

blast

The

for

when

number

the

have

and

in the

which

Could

cupola.

stack

without

tuyeres

utilized

the

to

air

extent.

low

to

through

blower

settled

heaten

was

the

limited

stock

the

stack

destroy

cupola

cupolas,

not

was

and

returned

doubt,

no

low

of

heat

to

the

from

to

only

and

cupola

only

and

when

success,

the

from

heated

was

melting progressed

as

tried,

was

escaped

stack

the

it

the

degree

passed

heat

of

from

FURNACE.

in which

heat

amount

drawn

CUPOLA

THE

274

been

feet

devised

charging

these

it into

experiments
considered

was

fully one-half
until

the

of

the

height

of

cupolas

increased

was

the

of

heat

escaping

in

the

in

order

volume

Cupolas

that

so

small

these
used.

economical

to

with

made

of

great

the

Cupolas

the

In

for
from

from

to

prevent

the

the

of

found

low

cupolas

heat

the

the

heat

breaking
packing
to

melting
the

stock

melting

work
zone,

and
zone.

charged,

and

and

line

by
may

the

the
heat
to

pig

and

and

to

greater

preparing

it

for

with

it
brick

the

dumped
pack

the

stock
of

it

from
has

not

to

vent
pre-

from

pieces,

then

is

melting

Steel

pre\'ented

time

amount

are

cupolas.

small

into

be

escapes
and

be

extent

More

heat

stock,

through

way
a

taken

scrap

it close.
its

pains

from

may

cupolas

is

stacks

large

these

stock

escaping
a

Carnegie

no

fast

charged.

the
In

do

how

foundries

all the

with

iron

is

is

more

matter

many
in

Yet

filled

and

no

in

blast

it is

stock

high.

no

heat.

of

to

being

charging

feet

when

cupola

heated

the

are

those

and

thirty

are

escape

necessary

by

high,

in

use

utilized

and

heat,

be

may

diameter

the

openly
in

barrows,

them

heating
into

iron

cupola

escaping
when

Pa.,

pig

of

how

made

of

escape,

all the

utilize

cupola
be

large

of

charged.
be

volume

to

Cupolas
to

the

slow,

is

heat

the

is

must

small

very

be

its diameter,

cannot

melting

now

feet

twenty

of

or

diameter

the

top

been

blast

of

to

bars

close

height

Homestead,

whole
into

blast.

large

of

Works,

strong

volume

fifteen

from

part

heat

the

settles

should

stock

in

up

stock

stock

upon

diameter

in

the

all the

the

cupola

the

hangs

all

the

permit

sufficient

it

heat

the

depends

inches

when

case

that

all

cupola

to

before

which

in

and

except

latter

this

heat

case

bar,

cupolas

In

melting

the

in

high

is utilized

melting

way

utilizing

of

means

height

twenty

stock

with

dislodged

to

275

In

zone

all the

the

and

the

found.

The

utilize

twelve

of

was

it for

zone.

to

practical

melting

prepare

blast,

of

low,

the

melting

the

made

melting

and

that

from

cupola

into

in

fuel

heat

CUPOLAS.

BLAST

HOT

in

required
escaping

it is utilized
before

and

in

it settles

CHAPTER

TAKING

OFF

THE

BLAST

DURING

BLAST

EXPLOSIONS

length

The
it has
and

IN

been

the

blast

for

short

with

stock,

drawn

off

and

for

We

break-down

o'clock

In

in

the

solid

all drawn

iron
time

and

in

for

open
the

tap
the

short

cupola

time,

during

forced

Cupolas
which
the

the

cupola
cannot

might
into
that

blast
is
be

the

cupola

is

been
removed

comparatively
held

for

any

that

when

filled
blast

toward

empty,
great

(276)

some

the

end

length

in

on.

sand

the

molten
short

putting

remain

to

have

on

collected

avoid

plosion,
ex-

an

volume

of

blast

gas.

for

or

put

Before

and

with

ing,
morn-

for

large

four

closed

may

escape

case

from

permitted

had

occurred

in

bod.

to

stoppage

have

been

gas

been

molding

new

air

in

again

was

air, and

were

any

has

following

the

the

the

held

be

all

are

condition

to

with

slag

and

in

filled

and

blast

blast

the

been

only

exclude

this

in

tuyeres

allow

the

have

with

the

to

the

had

tuyeres

closed

morning,

after

exclude

completely

hole

to

packed

were

has

iron

the

again

on

of

condition

o'clock

when

the

that

machinery
eight

done

tuyeres

to

which
been

until

off, after

the

blast

blowing

melting

case,

rammed

the

put

after

condition

closed

cupola

afternoon

good

this

known

in

the

in

and

the

have

chilling

and

cupola

stopped.

melted

carefully

tuyeres

melting

prevent

of

in

the

been

melting

the

if

off

the

cupola

good

hours

many

and

stopped.

is in

"

MELIING.

iron, and

upon

IN

taken

it has

off

BLAST

melt

to

depends

taken

time,

be

can

time

CUPOLA

GATES.

GAUGES,

enough

the

at

be

may

blast

done,

cupola

blast

the

BANKING

"

BLAST

BLAST

PIPES,

long

melting

in

The

blast

in

good

stock

BLAST

HEAT

PIPES,

time

of

XX.

bad
of

and

time
of

the

heat

shape
time,

even

for

from

when
ing,
meltif

the

OFF

TAKING

tuyeres

at

are

semi-fluid

better
for

stock
the

dump

to

length

any

drawn

which

off, may

be

held

the

slag

in, with

put

liquefy any
Small

slag

cupolas

closed

are

sufficient
In
and

the

melt,
settles

the

to

have

may

drawn

fresh

the
the

on,

bottom,

had
taken

not

freeing

the

banking
cupola

stoppage.

usual

cupola

knowledge

of

how

well

loss

of

as

induced

as

to

keeping

Mr.

the

is

N.

allow

time
this

being
letter

to

fluid

the

tuyeres
admit

to

stock
first to

slag

that

clogging

that

received

if

in

cupola

it had

the

good

been

In

this

broke

and

the

been

melting had

lowing
foldition
con-

charged
tendent,
Superin-

Foundry

Y.

have

would

short

be

to

cupola.

the

any

Knceppel,

pulley

way

of

after

ing
melt-

case

blast

obtained

begun

was

from

and

the

time.
that

something

it is to

it

with

is

have

we

paper

foundry practice, but

of

course

for

coke

of

CUPOLA.

hours

in this

been

of

open

bed

makes

the

results

same

filled

the

cupola

of

from

before

in blast
a

it

and

has

in the

way

been

the

many

on,

cupola

been

it is

hold

to

top

remain

to

on

Forge Co., Buffalo,

the

Banking

"

for

begun

off, but

tributed
dis-

melted

on

in this

quantity

foregoing

put

Buffalo

ing
clos-

blower

charge

chilled

has

limestone

place during

blast

vent
pre-

coke.

cupola

sufficient

melting

the

was

cupola

fresh

have

permitted

practical illustration

and

blast

been

limestone

of

night

over

may

writing the

for

the

attempt

has

off, and

BANKING

Since

to

charged

charge

after

in

taken

and

the

to

night, if the

over

ignite the

put

if

and

iron

tap hole

morning
blast

than

once

to

gradual settling

the

which

frequently managed

the

air to

the

that

are

and

taken

tuyeres,

accident

of

case

the

to

the

through

at

all the

liberal

is due

277

time.

of

properly fluxed,

in

HEAT.

precaution

above

it

cupola

in

Cupolas,

This

in

and

DURINCx

every

cinder

and

openings

the

to

and

clogging.

slag

small

of

up

BLAST

closed

once

chilling and
of

THE

done

appear

there

would

averted.

does

not

are

be

times

in your

when
of

source

By request

in the

come

having

valuable

the

profit,
been

publica-

278

TliE

tion

on
1

89 1,
"In

FURNACE.

willjtryrand
give you

'Cupola Practice;' hence

on

details

CUPOLA

as

near

this

as

subjectin

which

am

from

can

the

to

wrote

an

cle
arti-

Machinist,'December

'American

unable

now

although I

memory,

the

10,

get.

the latter part of October,

1891, justas

we

were

about

to

foundry cupola and the fan making a

few revolutions, the main
pulleybroke, running the main shaft
of our
to the fan or blower
cupola. After considerable trouble,
loss of time and delay in trymg to get a new
pulley,which was
in getting one
of wood
of the
finallysucceeded
pattern,we
put

on

the

proper

blast

size,and

littletight,and

in

had

our

it put

also anxious

the

on

shaft;

but

the belt

being

get ofT the heat, in slippingthe

to

less
usepulley,it was cut in such a shape that it became
for that day. By this time it was
beyond our regularhour
of the dilemma
for quitting. At first there seemed
out
no
way
but to drop the bottom.
The thought of re-handlingthe hot
material and fuel,the extra
labor attached
therewith,suggested
the idea of holding up the charges until next
morning, when

belt

on

the

tion,
consultarepairswould be completed. After a few moments'
proceeded as follows : Let me
say first that the cupolas
was
lightedat i : 45 p. m. and at 6 p. m. began the operation
utes'
and fifteen minof banking the cupola,having had four hours
time for burning the stock, and being charged with eleven
The
of the Colliau type 60" shell
of metal.
tons
cupola was
lined to 44" at bottom
and
48'' at melting zone, having six
lower tuyeres, 7''X 9", upper
Height of
tuyeres being closed.

tuyeres

from

bottom

when

made

up

18'',blast pressure

10

oz.,

by the Buffalo
bed type. The
No. 10, the adjustable
as
Forge Co., and known
cupola bed was made up of 600 lbs. Lehigh lump coal and 800
lbs. Connellsville coke, the succeeding charges 50 lbs. of coal
and 150 lbs. coke, coal being an important factor in this heat
of its lasting
account
on
qualities.We first cleaned and cleared
with new
all of the tuyeres, packed each one
coke, and then filled
them
and rammed
tightwith floor moulding sand to prevent
the top of charges
had
any draft gettingthrough them, and
revolutions

of blower

about

21

00,

manufactured

280

THE

generally

made

the

the

no

main

pipe

to

the

iron

pipes

to

each

main

pipes

ends,

and

of

top

and

water

the

volume

of

even

when

the

all when

at

blast

in this
and

from

into

them

blast.

This

way

abandoned,
where

up

and

they

examined

to

Blast

iron,
with

pipes

changes

is almost

pipes.
very

rapidly

and

place,

liable

joints, and
iron.

proper

gauge

shape should,
more

to

the

In
for

best

cupola,

pipes
when
for

are

not

whenever

easilyconstructed

size

of

difficult

have

pipe.

iron,

and

cast

expand
and

foundry,

gases

to

of

this

material,

be

ing
escap-

made

round

largest effective

side
out-

in

leak

an

iron

of

their

pipes
area

at

vanized
gal-

of

selected, and
for

are

support
or

it

such

from

those

should

the

or

readily

from

are

use

possible, be round,
and

be

properly supported,

pipe

been

overhead

blast

and

steam

heavy,

constructing pipes
the

conveying

generally

in

ranged
ar-

tuyeres

thoroughly painted

if not

foundry

upon

atmosphere,
of

and

pipes

may

placed

destroyed by

and

iron

pipes, when

reduced

uncertain

for

shrink

escape

of

pipe,

plate, sheet

in the

the

force

the

blast

of

pipes

moisture

prevent

from

has

The

annoyance

placed

tin

wood,

the

Iron

and

in the

depended

capacity

leakage

no

Wooden

iron

break
the

be

slag

injury

to

of

and

sheet

Cast

is

made

and

to

liable

iron.

rusted

in.

their

the

continual

commonly

now

there

be

moulds

and

and

very

rotten.
of

iron

elbows

cupola.

of

was

not

and

source

reducing

weather

and

old

or

are

that

impossible
Tin

from

the

of

could

The

frequently

cupola

and

also

least

galvanized

or

to

32.

reduced

was

cast-

opening

of the

arranging cupola pipes

are

may

pipe

and

an

side

the

from

square

over

clay

or

vertical

31

partial collapse

became

they

see

with

each

on

the

water

of

sand

of

Figs.

pipe greatly

new,

and

air-tightjoints,

means

placed

of

or

were

were

way

getting

in

the

it

pipes

uncertainty

shown

delivered

pipes

the

by

pipe

of

into

made

planks

or

Connections

place.

were

capacity

leaking

make

to

constructed

main

ends

the

blast, and

by

as

pipes

of the

turns

square
the

branch

tuyere,

tuyere

in

were

generally

the

taken

boards

of

prevented by ramming

put

cupola

were

constructed

was

when

pipe

FURNACE.

being

care

blast

of

escape

around

and

square

spiked together,
and

CUPOLA

are

with

TAKING

OFF

given perimeter

in

lapped

nearly

should

be

to

and

their

around.
of

The

end

air

chamber

from

the

and

belt,

direction

branches

the

cupola,

their

as

is

we

table

should

prepared

be

the

the

to

than

and

as

the

as

the

pipes

and
the

from

for

pipe,

increasing
do

we

not

excellent

the

N.

Co., Buffalo,

Forge

or

supplying

main

readers

our

more

abruptly,

distance

of

an

tU3'eres

for

guide

length

give

Bufifalo

of

with

changing

side

area

increased

is increased

better

by

The

done.

the

and

or

terminate

of

out

way

soldered.

two

the

in

used

never

taken

proportion

do

can

be

not

cupola
in

should

pipe

with

elbows

or

also

into

connection

for

all the

direct

divided

and

supports

connected

be

joints

securely

soldered

joint and

not

made

supports,

over

Joints

them

between

placed

should

frequently

pipes

diameter

think

should

the

to

when

curves

pipes.

branch

blower

cupola

rounded

of

and

also

the

pipe

be

current.

hold

be

each

at

air

to

pipe

be

made

equal capacity

of

the

of

should

inches

main

on

branches

sagging

ends

3 to

of

inches

every

should

ft., having

lo

or

the

of

being tight they should

Section

laps

direction

in

say

28

HEAT.

figure. Pipes

handling,

about

prevent

DURING

known

any

inches

BLAST

for

riveted

insure

air

of

convenient

lengths

together

THE

Y.,

as

follows.

DIAMETER

It will be
diameter
to

by

seen,

pipe

of

for

another, changes

is carried

the

from

BLAST

OF

reference

the

to

transmitting
with

the

blower

or

length
the

tq

PIPES,

following table,

carrying
or

air from

other

or

the

point

one

which

distance

furnace,

that

the

air

point

of

delivery.
As

by
the

air

the
loss

length
moving
This
and

through pipes, a portion

moves

friction
of
of

of

its

from

pressure
the

particlesalong

pipe,

and

this
as

the

sides

of

square

is retarded

its force

increases

source

the

of

the

of

the

pipe,

and

directly

as

the

velocity

of

the

air.
fact

has

engineers, by
have

long
close

established

been

known,

observation
formulas

and
and

by

many

experimenters

long-continued experiments,

which

the

loss

of

pressure

282

CUPOLA

THE

the

and

additional

of

amount

through

gases

FURNACE.

pipes

of

required

power

length

any

air

force

to

diameter

and

or

be

may

computed.
As

formulas

these

notation,

in

increase

conical

of

as

It

large

the

pipe
The

number

tight,
table,

proved

the

which

the

is

we

necessity

the

call

for

its

failure

is

lengths,

point

C07identned

that

is

without

the

to

blower

and

pipes

the

pipe
with

coupled

regard

to

making

necessity.

of

in

their

bends,

diameter

what

of

blast

of

to

tionate
propor-

necessary

pressure

where

for

short

the

up

cause

the

length

case,

small

of

increase

is

the

often

too

are

necessary

lengths,

is

and

keeping

in

all

desirable

it

thought

glance

diameter

insufficient,

being

connections

at

mouth-pieces,

delivery.

have

algebraic

in

expressed

we

use,

showing

table

arrange

general

in

not

commonly

are

pipes,
size

it.

of

practical

below,

given

pipes
one,

proportion

in

and

the

showing

experience

to

the

has

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284

THE

The

to

connection

which

the

entirely
of

cause

results

the

in

in

near

mainpipe

by
the

back

in

should

the

be

their

not

value

idea

as

to

to

is

equal

to

have

will

be

foundrymen

an

If

by

seen

in

the

this

the

arranging

to

table

the

were

one

on

their

285,

blast

to

pipes
less

of

large

two

or

of

one

which

pipe,

pipes.

is

five-inch

two

which

as

through

made

case

vent
pre-

thrown

not

ten-inch

p.

be

branch

one

the

should

diameter

of

pipe
in

blast

and

being

area

through

pipes,

the

pipe

the

of

equal

area

the

all

mistake

to

blast

and

main

multiple

diameters.

would

so,

that

pipes

combmed

pipes

owing

case,

the

of

area

good

main

tuyeres
in

of

area

the

the

checked

being

combined

the

to

the

air

The

equal

small

the

elbows

obtain

tuyeres

ofT

the

large

distributed

of

to

course

be

to

to

current

round

or

of

pipe.

erroneous

more

curves

velocity

frequently
the

long

its

and

possible,

properly

evenly

taken

be

the

with

and

direct

should

line

and

fully

frequently

should

freely,

delivered

is

branches

direct

as

changed

blast

the

be

is

matter

otherwise

is

tuyeres

cupola

must

When

pipes,

as

to

it

melting

tuyeres.

branch

blast

also

and

given,

cupola

elsewhere,

stated

admit

to

is

when

is

cupolas

attention

melting

As

with

pipes

little

too

poor

constructed.

enough

blast

of

FURNACE.

CUPOLA

may

is

be

of

TAKING

OFF

THE

DIAMETER

BLAST

AND

DURING

AREA

OF

PIPES.

HEAT.

285

286

In

pipes

chamber
have

joint should

chipping
leak

pipes

of

out

line with
of

have

current

blast

in the

air

use

the

short

but

the

the

smoothly

taken

jar

In
be

in

joints
leading
in

placed

filled from

be

to

made

the

cause

time.

must

air

possible, and

always

cannot

blast, and

chamber,

that

long

belt

be

as

will not

they

pipes

by
a

should

way

cupola

in

guide the blast

to

from

ones

care

in the

the

been

of

tuyeres, either

short

or

in such

air chamber

an

the

shaped

made

charging

they

after

pipe

connections

be

and

out

with

cupola shell,

to

joints or

few

as

main

attached

FURNACE.

direct

pipes

the

from

not

every

be

blast

connecting

branch

to

CUPOLA

THE

sure
pres-

ciDnnecting pipes may

the

from

air chamber

to

its destination.
In
of

this

kind

is

when
to

tuyere
a

without

Only

size

securely

bolted

is shown

59.

other

of

the

in

neat

is

section

T/ie Iron

cupola

made

pieces, necessitating

box

is cast
and

the

an

for

years

been

in

each

jar in working

connection
the

tuyeres

that

the

pipe.
with

they

may

be

this

on

illustrated

and

another

in all

made

cupola, together

the

tainly
cer-

and

in

cast

are

The
a

air

hole
peep-

running

seven

and
with

was

joints.

iron

other

connecting

pipes

joint ;

slag and

be

part
its

four

of

while

and

connecting

cupola

in illustration

ago,

chamber

of

to

the

perfect, this

making

escape

and

"perfect cupola"

pieces, requiring

opening

tuyere

pipes

of

tuyeres, is placed in the pipe, making

openings
The

in two

the

the

air chamber

way

is

pipe

into

arrangement

some

The

three

cast

of

iron.

are

the

from

the

pipes

leakage prevented.

poor

air

pipes

of

all

The

imperfect.

very

Age
have

may

in such

arrangement
of

blast

of

connecting

made

extreme

This

described

parts

the

blast

pipe

branch

and

impaired,

volume

in

riveted, and

with

the

its current

required

or

the

belt

being injured

the

and

inside

throw

full

are

cupola,

the

of

danger

of

chambers

air

of

illustration

smooth

to

of

the

these

and

In contrast

Figure

force

admit

to

the

bottom

jointsare

two

cupola,

and

the

having

of

the

this
and

straight and

are

at

curve

the way

connection

In

working

or

up

made.
of

out

up

perfect

as

be

can

making

given

the

as

placed

each

arc

is shown

Fig. 56

into

joints and

kept air-tight.
small

explo-

288

would

blast

of

amount

joints make

many

volume

blast

of

heavy

is

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do

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Only

current.

with

chamber

and

connections

blast

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around
iron
The

by

riveted
in

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charging
The

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chamber

cupola

shell

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the

jar

the

of

to

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this
a

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melting.

with

may
a

be

by

or

either

and

When

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tuyeres

with

size

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the

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air-chamber

blast

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ized
galvan-

air-chamber,

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chipping
leakage

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In
to

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out

bolted

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ing,
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perfectlyair-tight,

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cupola

air-chamber

the

jar

securely

should

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the

air-chamber

perfectly tight joint

way,

their

ment
arrange-

the

inside

an

case

the

joint

ings
open-

the

with

to

joint made
the

the

box,

having

loss

air-

of

more

use

pipes

riveted

it, and
the

also

sufificient

supply

blast

cupola,

loosen

not

and
in

blast

45,
In

pipes

air-chamber

and

46.

does

blast

39, 43

the

the

box.

tuyere

connecting

and

the

of

great deal

of

of

end

joint connecting

and

of

case

Figs.

Figs. 3

the

to

the

direction

while

and

air-

cast-iron

principal

belt air-chamber

is made

two

in

are

way,

the

"

cast-iron

of

of

in

in

the

way

means

shown

and

best

shown

as

with

pipe

by

cupola

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making

perfect, and

at

full

belt

full size

the

cupolas

in this

and

the

joints,the

door,

joints

of

door

large

very
is

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into

of

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arranged

leakage

through

lost

placed

good,

is very

made
these

kept air-tight. Many

be

to

the

is

peep-hole

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only

pipe

made

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for

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cupola

the

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boxes

room

two

is closed

box

tuyere

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forced

the

abruptly

admit

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this

tuyere

large, giving abundant

are

small

cupola,

way
In

with

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of

current

peding
im-

melting.

good

another

pipes, thus

connection

for

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to

the

tuyeres.

and

galvanized iron,

the

entirely too

could

is shown

pipe

of

pipe

quantities to

with

in the

The

joints.

of

in the

roughness

course

tuyere

of

Fig. 57

chamber

turn

from

pressure

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In

the

and

changed,

through leakage

less

The
the

FURNACE.

lost
or

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tuyere

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blast.

the

as

CUPOLA

THE

small, the

amount

blast

airof
for

pipe

OFF

TAKING

should

side

chamber

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of

escape

blast

side

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in

around

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on

placed

Fig. 48,

to

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is

side

or

bottom

of

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into
a

of blast

current

the

of

pipe

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of

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for

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pipe

chamber
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19

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the

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to

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from

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for

room

of

and

When

pipe.

60.

CUPOLA.

NEAR

facilitate the

of this

blast
size

air-chambers

into
to

supply
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may

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of

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construction

mouth

the

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enlarged, to

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circle

current

by failingto provide

for

cupola,

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is thrown

chamber

chamber;

complete

end

the

the

When

top.

or

PLACED

of

289

is sufficient

pipe

one

facilitate its escape

BLOWER

HEAT.

convenient.

in line with

cause

side

abundance

an

pipe,

Fig.

the

each

on

most

there
the

from

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found

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or

BLAST

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on

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be made

space

air-chamber,
the

limited

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cupola.

at

the

when

nections
Con-

capacity should

THE

290

be

made

each

on

outside

the

equaHze

in

blast

blast

delivered

pipes,

and

cupola

as

it up

having

perfect
chamber.

The

with

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chamber

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a

into

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of

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devices

blast

designs

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cost

from

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air

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of

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and

nected
con-

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of

current

pipes
air

it

as

the

all the

dollar

one

leading

upwards,

in

Fig.

They

by foundrymen.

by

several

are

shown

one

air

conveying

for

tween
be-

different
is the

61

one

manufactured

are

manufacturers

blowers,

of

according

ing
clos-

and

opening

for

There

cupolas.

used

in stock

employed

are

gates, but

commonly

most

as

and

blast

GATES.

especially designed

such

blowers

the

utilized

with

by

the

or

shown

blower,

side

time

pipe.

are

pipes,

ment
arrange-

branches
the

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pipe

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check

to

BLAST

These

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each

on

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passes

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in the

iron

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main

volume

seme

molten

illustration
the

the

at

under

space

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as

neat

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removing

connecting

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in such

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In

pipe

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in line

size

the

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of

manner

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way

cupola,

storing ladles,

for

near

the

friction

by

be

is shown

to

top

tuyere.

reduced

should

placed

on

melting, from

poor

Fig. 60

the

of

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from

dump

In

connected

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to

box

tuyere

or

pipe

supplied

blower

blower

out

air

an

the

and

cause

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cases

of

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placing

in

often

to

FURNACE.

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of

pipes

in all

by

Fig. 6,

volume

Long
of

side

shown

as

CUPOLA

size

to

blast

of

pipe.
The
blast

employment
delivered

to

cupola

feature

is

frequently

cupolas

in

melting

or

in

delay

handling
be

retarded,

melted,
be

melted

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to

metal

facilitate

in foundries
per

hour

control

special work,

foundries
limited

are

its removal
where

is limited

places

gate

important

for

In

blast

under

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pouring.

molten

the

of

the

in
and

the

of

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in
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in

by the number

of

melter, which
of

facilities

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the

must

cupola

of
of

accident

of

case

melting

amount

volume

management

which

from

the

iron

at

for

times
fast

as

required

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molds

as

or

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TAKING

employed,

OFF

which

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the

of
of

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hours
of

melter.

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liven

blast

The

in

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increase

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obtain

value
and

large piece

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in

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of

blower

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entirely,which
blast

for

be

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machinery

some

best

melting

work,

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time.

of

volume
the

reduce

for

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of

results

in

few

good

deemed

as

while

the

and

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works

practise after

cupola

the

the

stopping

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facilities for handling

limited,

are

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volume

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reduce

to

where

They

melting.

minutes

without
the

melter

GATE.

iron

reduced

the

of

61.

foundries

parts

the

volume

its

regular cupola practice

retard

number

it, to

control

under

diminish

BLAST

to

trol
con-

generally

are

for

filled,
re-

under

increase

to

decrease

blast

Fig.

necessary

blast

molds

time.

given

places

and

be

cupolas

in

291

the

should

the

desired

HEAT.

and

blast

frequently kept

iron

removed

are

foundries

the

DURING

the

it is often

up

gate

enables

and

and

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amount

that

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In

time, and

to

castings

important

diameter

at

BLAST

THE

speed

speed
the

has

of

blower,
been

in

THE

292

The

gate is also

often

temporary
be

in the

the

the

of

pipe

blower

and

tearing
due

the

near

them

in any

in

if the

the

placed

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near

front

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each

precaution

stopped,

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of

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destroyed

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the

the

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number

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men

placed

upon

cupola

blast

variety

of

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rubber
The

gauge.
hand

on

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be

the

pipe
and
erally
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in such

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away
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doors

tuyere

air

freely to

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The

explosions

when

are

is started

by closing

may

heat.

when

But

taken

pipes^

pipes during

great length

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the

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pipe.
is

minutes'

few

injured

the

blower

explosion.

market

pipes

are

of

known

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spring

siecl

of

gauge,

blast
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of

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is

the

gas-pipe
air

is

indicated

graduated

and

pipe
or

face

air-

piece

to

dial

glass tube

mer-

or

admitted

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gauges

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and

blast

of

pressure

spring, water

with

piece

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designed

These

connected

hose, through
pressure

as

been

the

air-chambers.

are

means

have

gauges

determining

for

and

They

GAUGES.

blast

or

design, and

gauges.

chamber

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the

arranged

or

exploded

blower, and

air

of

for

be

up.

explosions

Such

admitting

always

ping
stop-

started

blower

blower.

by

BLAST

the

prevented

and

always

before

cupola

ignited

is well-filled

or

should

course

cupola.

the

cupola,

may

in

place

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gas

be

tuyere

pipe

again

in the

stopped

should

it is

the blower

toward

may

closed

into

cupola

explosions

and

cupola

or

is

gate

PIPES.

pipes placed high

blower

The

the

to

the

pipes during

end.

into

draught

in

These

by the

back

place

and

Such

Such

of

caused

pipe

place

in

stoppage

is forced

have

to

BLAST

end

from

over-charged,

take

if

gas

is

becomes
gas

IN

from

of

escape

explosion

as

asunder

temporary

the

until

opened

not

which

explosions,

gas

gas

cupola,

explosions frequently take

the

to

of

blower.

EXPLOSIONS

Violent

against

accumulation

stoppage

placed

FURNACE.

safeguard

the

from

occur

CUPOLA

of

of

the
and
the

TAKING

and

water

OFF

mercury

order, indicate

to

the

from

into
show

foot

air is

With
of

in

in the

enable

foundryman

in

foundryman

The

volume

the

pressure
a

any

; and

with
qunce

the

air

with

the

the

This

pressure

the
the

and

to

the

of

blast

number

guide
cupola

as

the
to

of

is the

We

absence
the

was

smallness
the

of

cubic

to

cubic
have
of

number

tables

of

from

air-gauge

an

tuyeres.
in

melting.

But

air that

pass

gauge

may

scarcely

cubic

that

is of

in

does

and

up,

pipe

been

the

increase

gradual

the

of

to

learn.

to

and

cupola,

always

not

value

any

able

when

may

with

but

not

cate
indi-

little if

for

reverse,

gauge

blast

diameter,

same

blast

from

it

experiments

cupola,

the

escapes

the

because

pipe

not,

and

pipe

to

to

be

of

any

value

feet

of

air

at

such
of

furnished

the
a

cubic

by

that

present
gauge
feet

was

prevented

been

melt

required

and

cupola

the

cupola.

the

be

the

pressure

pressure

which

air has

of

feet

the

six-

doing

low

high

tuyeres
into

the

into
the

with

pressure

with

the

the

low

melting

one

other

the

and

with

simply

high

definite number

accurate

of

cupola

was

escaping

escape

and

and

was

due

blast

clogging

work

rather

on

of

pressure

melting.

at

cupolas

two

seen

best

free

shown

show

pipe.

pressure,

wholly

is

blast

of

pressure

pola,
cu-

of

of

have

the

blast, but

be

two-ounce

high
of

can

have

does

feet

show

we

as

minute.

per

nothing

far

so

is what

volume

large

pressure

We

melting,

in

when

bursting

show

good

on

escape

time, and

cupola

two

in

blast

free

cubic

gauges

prevent

they

blast

of

freely from

to

blower

none-positive

when

pipe

the

ounces

these

to

up
when

of

cupola

of

cupola

blower

pressure

pressure

into

passing

of

eight

or

shown

gauges,

to

the

length

given
six

of

ofifered
of

293

properly arranged,

are

number

HEAT.

pressure

pipes

condition
the

any

pressure

of

the

and

cupola

These

ounce.

and

being

pressure

resistance

indicate

not

DURING

accurately the

the

pipe

they do

an

tuyeres

extent

some

of

very

when

and

BLAST

gauges,

in fractions

pounds,

THE

in

determined
ton

iron

of

melting

the
of

no

all manufacturers

such

gauge,

supplied
of

cupola

best

foundryman's
air

in

cate
indi-

must

actually enter
time

by

to

his

standard

blowers, giving the number

should

be

each

revolution.
the

out

the

number

there

tuyeres

are

is

no

of

tables

cubic

of

which

feet

of

feet

his

air

of

will

that

their

at

figure

may

cupola receives,

pipes
the

permit

blowers

air delivered

foundryman

of air from

leakage
size

cubic

of

these

number

at

of revolutions

From

exact

provided

the

and

run,

FURNACE.

CUPOLA

THE

294

and

tuyeres

or

air

to

the

enter

cupola freely.
BLAST

A
a

cupola

other

or

the

and

metals

devised

draught

of

of

air that

of

and

rapid melting,
cupola

air

the

are

be

peculiar

Figs.

if iron
and
of

these

construction

of

either

melting,

the

free

passage

stricted

by

the

and

fuel

required

be
in

when

done

the

blast, among
or

blower,
The
very
with
a

the

to

much
a

number

merits

of

per

minute

or

These

blower

will be

and

definite
per

It

while

as

and

the

it is

rcr
can

blast.
this

bellows,

rule, given

positive blast

rotary
later

on.

by
air

with

air.

der
water-cylin-

or

have,

of

do

to

supplying

leather

is claimed

all

at

non-positive blast,

amount

hour,

produce

forced

for

described

positive aud

disputed question.
blast

by

the

were

the

fuel is supplied

the

blast, cogniardelle

fan

of which

positive

cupola

which

be

devised

piston blower.

modern

more

relative

of

earliest

blast, cylinder or
away

been

small

of

rapid melting
of

only

can

have

blast, chain

water

combustion

which

machines

of

the

for

large volume,

number

trompe

air

through

and

tracted
con-

supplying

furnace

These

height

of

air

melted

proper

of

in

of

cupolas

be

cupola

them

29.

cupolas

means

of

only

and

sufificient to

manner

iron

28

could

of

been

creating

these

in

even

in is not

drawn

the

in

iron

of

have

jet,placed

success

but

melting

air, among

of

steam

in

it is doubtful

melting, by

to

shown

height,

can

produce

to

means

amount

of

means

as

in the

fuel

stack, and

or

air

of

Numerous

required

cupola

volume

of

large diameter

of

economical

Owing

limited

and

large

high chimney

supplying

of

diameter

in

furnace.

cupola by

outlet

volume

in the

in the

means

combustion

the

MELTING.

rapid

supplying

for

vacuum

requires

furnace

thorough

IN

is
a

many,

is

that

supplied

to

non-positive

296

THE

periments

be

to

cupola
of

the

fuel.

the

iron

tons

per

cupola

the
of

the

be

of

is not

the

tuyere

blower

the
old

the

be

be

the

crevices

For,

will

as

the

to

the

using

readiest

can
a

the

around

to

be
that

the

Since

cupola

and

between
of

of

the

done

the

pack

is the

can

the

cupola

be

only
is to

crevices

will admit

blast

prevent
that

driven
from

between

the
the

freelyto

These
force

taken,
liable

cupola.
lining as

the

escape
it to

causes

through
the

only

fuel

tuyeres
to

way

sufificient volume

pieces

small
a

and

it,but

more

the

of fuel, the

supply

by discarding

iron

an

the

of

near

escape

pieces

as

same

is

in

for air

direction

thing

cannot

drive

melting

of

the

center

to

very

would

of fuel.

and

close

so

taken

means

the

escape,

toward

the

small

so

through

pieces

it in

the

positiveblast;

entirely,and

of

blast

area

tuyere,

pass

the

is not

of

is wrong,

a
a

it cannot

means

lining

the center
fill all

with

between

not

of

must

in which

theory

this

in front

cupola impels

and

crevices

tuyere

fuel

fuel

does

way.

only

tuyeres, but

lining than

the

of

the

it to

of blast

This

be

center,

center

through
force

the

the

velocity

This

that

blast,

that

tuyere
force

was

its direction

it into

in that

escape

This

crevices

rule, stock

blast

the

the

with

from

tuyeres

one-half

tons

10

the

cupolas

the

making

of

of

cupola.

than

through it,even
the

the

more

the

and

many

cupola

through

change

along

up

toward
of

small

strikes

air

drives

be

with

forced

may

which
to

stock.

through

escapes

that

of the

driven

could

when

the

cupolas

cannot

bar

air into

center

seen

in

object

pipes

freelyto

not

was

The

put the

air
have

we

area

outlet

to

it to

for

case,

combined

the

admit

the

by

that

way

ten

that

seen,

shape

of

to"the

cupola

it in the
a

be

melting

to

in such

arranged

delivered

thus

air

of

producing

impeded

be

in the

required

weight

cupola melting

It will

would

solid

combined

In

structed
con-

in combustion

to

air must

of

amount

of

be

must

size to

this

capable

pipes

air

always

was

is

is

the

it.

work.

blast

of

if reduced

melt

properly

all utilized

than

feet

the

feet, in

was

air

to

cubic
do

to

air

more

required

deliver

that

blast

lbs.,or

300,000

cubic

of

amount

volume

To

blower

the

hour

per

iron.

of

in which

fuel

hour,

large

very

30,000

24,000

and

FURNACE.

about

This

about

weigh

CUPOLA

of

tuyeres

cupola.

fuel.
and

TAKING

In

of

area

the

between
blast

pieces

may

large piece
way

that

part

of

useless,
these

Fig.

is such

shape
fuel

of

cupolas

tuyeres, Figs.
small

for

For

best, and

use

this

close

eight

or

blast,

the

enter

bed

in the

inches

that

side
to

be

this
not

and

its

slot

good tuyeres

be

of

the

from

have
so

been

have

the

in which

air

and

constructed,

rapidly

in

this

failure

in

to

six

freely

with

melting

for

the

to

small
their

change

of

arrangement

cupola charged

one-fourth

of

the

blast

cupola.
be

can

results
half

blast

plan, must

than

more

three

from

been

sheet

correspond

to

permit

this

entered

good

be

will

complete

than

more

all around

made

may

tuyeres,

not

blower

with

be

not

let
out-

the tuyeres

place

stock

be

can

upon

the

be

when

four

ones

the

practicallygive

the

to

that

who

suit

to

would

and

size

should

would

should

we

make

and

3, is

Fig.

tuyere,

large cupola

inlet, and

tuyere

Parties

as

tuyeres

melt

cupola.

vertical

reason

other,

any

evenly

cupola,

largest cupolas

from

For

large piece

The

same

outlets

of

probably
way

supplied by

by

expanding

This

the

of

put in large

would

to

the

air

width

the

size of the

apart.

cupola.

same

The

the

charges

and

tuyeres

do

preference

should

and

tuyeres

than

in

diameter

inches, and

in

bridging,

area.

for the

constructing

were

we

together

The

the

with

also

are

heat.

triangular tuyere,

closed

equal

is rendered

placed

prevent

be

to

of

think

we

distribute

and

cupola.

test

if

tuyere

so

1,

to

such

in

the

the

cupolas.

least double

at

six

large cupolas

the

it tends

tuyeres

tuyere

be

never

which

one-hundreth

one

the

recommend

tuyere

and

10

tuyere

throughout

it is less liable

round

the
to

crevices

through
small

of

case

of

With

equal

should

that

reason

front

useless

should

we

that

than

in

that the

number

tuyere

tuyere.

in which

tuyeres

the

of

297

remembered

the

by

is not

remain

small

the

the

settle

area,

may

for

14,

in front

outlet

tuyere

reasons

fuel

may

tuyere

and

small

For

fuel

the

governed

HEAT.

be

it must

is

from

escape

of

the

of

DURING

cupola,

tuyere

BLAST

THE

in

placing tuyeres

outlet

the

OFF

to

and

proportion

would
five
are

to

forced

to

now

their

Larger
in use,
size

center

actual

from

appear
feet.

the

as

cupolas
but

those

they
of

298

THE

smaller

diameter.

Cupola

of

To

above

been

the

melted

The

above

only

fourteen

almost
iron

melted

in

feet

The

the

the

principally by

the

for the

is

cupola

melting

heat

this

cupolas

and

tuyeres

melting

cupola

cupola, yet
that

hour

per

the

at

rows

the

it ;

in blast

the

of

smaller
this

is

and

day,

the

centre,

would

of

sixty

the

to

with

blast
caused

was

the

six

for

was

seem

probably

or

in

ways

center

which

night

in

in the

done

is

amount

properly supplied

not

is

tuyeres

of

This

cupola.

of

ameter
feet di-

ten

used, yet the melting

melting

place

lightcastings.

Pa., have

than

have

four
of

was

iron

in different

around

kept

other

inches,

54

arranged

size

the

take

must

to

one

the

and

of

best

actually less

cupola

centre,

the
of

been

from
to

which
area

is

have

and

the

at

of Abendroth's

hour

proportion
that

in

that

per

tons

Homestead,

Jumbo

scribed,
Y., already deis

15

stove-plate and

diameter

bosh,

Tuyeres

indicate
near

Works,

times

large cupola,
not

Steel

tons.

three

cupola.

for

N.

the

tuyeres

inches, in which

hour

the

the

at

cite

might

we

Chester,

diameter

72

one-half

and

seven

the

bosh

Carnegie

this,

Bros., Port
the

per

FURNACE.

illustrate

Abendroth

in which
and

CUPOLA

case,

and

days,

would

cupola

chill up.
There

are

in

tuyeres

in which

use

be

to

seem

the

limit

to

the

past

two

blast

to

had

no

has

three

the

of

side

with

years,

when

and

found

fuel

was

side

tuyeres,
not

for

would
in

place

above
in

increase

the

at

this

but
takes

this

ameter
di-

blast

center

quantity

supplied

one

advantage

no

to

the

the

this kind

placed

we

sufficient

with

of

in
in

air for

centre

tuyere

of

admitting

for

bottom.
of

We
for

tuyere
small

even

the

have
the

last
with

cupola

it; probably
an

the

during

for

the

combustion

cupola

from

the

tuyeres.

During

the

past

few

proportion

done

experimenting

cupola through

practical experience

that

the

melting

does

considerable

of

good

from

diameter

cupola.

of

years

center

tuyeres

reason

in size
been

or

twenty-five
side

blast

rapidity of melting

increase

There

which

at

inches
is done,

melting

good

with

cupola supplied
the

cupolas

many

years,

we

have

visited

number

of

foun-

OFF

TAKING

dries

which

in

the

case

tuyere

liability
Should

this

in

think

small

of

cupola

is

that

the

from

have

is

never

been

still

in

the

too

air

connection

with

side

the

be

can

when

tuyeres,

hundreds

that

new

be

is

the

to

is

ing
experimentadvantage
with

tuyeres,

melting

forced

side

do

we

capacity
the

to

properly

claimed

fuel.

and

of

them,

is

effected

created

of

of

center

and

arranged

of

the

As

that

did

but

considerable

reasonable

by
by

reduced.

tuyere

that

It

center

greatly

is

it

might

heat

was

large.

alone,

lining

lining

bridge

to

side

lining

intense

near

there

in

saving

most

that

blast

center

effected

increase

practical

size.

proper

With

would

reason

from

diameter

such

decided

in

its

useless.

are

of

be

to

by
who

every

time

rendered

be

diameter,

small

blast

the

for

large

of

the

at

overcome

certainly

in

seems

and

Johnson,

would

of

center

be

but

use

tuyere

slag

or

Mr.

or

it

cupolas

cupola,

iron

West

cupolas

In

this

to

feature

blast,

in

tuyeres.

with

Mr.

centre

melting

not

filled

as

with

objection

299

tried,
in

not

or

HEAT.

being

was

order

of

objectionable

foundrymen

DURING

blast

out

great

be

to

BLAST

center

was

The

visit.

our

the

THE

the

the

"

consumption

to

save

suppose

blast;

centre

blast

cupola,
to

not

ing
sav-

is

and

transferred

the

saving
fuel,"
of

for

ency
tend-

of

and

fuel,
there

cupola-fuel

CHAPTER

XXI.

BLOWERS.

PLACING

should

BLOWER

cupola

as

plant,

and

is

blower

so

quickly

speed.

In

near

solid

down

to

boxed

drawn

to

blower

it is

and

greater

blast

wheels

blast

wheel
until
a

proper
in

speed.
which

from

volume

of

clean,

dry

room

bolted
be
and

outside,

the

out

are

ious
injur-

very

begins

once

cuts

Dust

and

steam

inside

almost

cupola

and

for

is

receiving
in
the

and

in

blower
air

To

vent
pre-

insure

and
be
the

and

ered
discov-

not

should
from

blowers

destroy

blast.

way,

so

for

sight,

of

no

this

pure

when

and

out

destroyed

with

( 300)

and

room

rapidly

corrode

in

cleaned

are

it makes

cut,

also

blower

cupola,

supplied

to

placed

bearings

very

destroyed

being

the

out

entirely

the

blast

the

be

castings

from

and

it is found

blower

laid

also

are

reason

which

dust

dust,

are

be

may

be

shaking

and

of

out

foundry,

from

which

same

in

room

bearing

of

amount

air

steam,

the

for

exclude

to

and

it

should

the

from

at

placing

of

securely

It

casting

running

pipes.

scratch

when

high

at

run

or

in

nothing

should

running.

supplying

dust

never

impossible

placed,
a

and

should

cupola-room
for

with

that

and

timber,

when

foundry

is filled

blower

for

is

having

blower

drawn

being

provided

from

place

taking

air

prevent

the

foundry-

way

time

and

when

jar

same

when

jarring

opening

an

air

for

to

the

heavy

of

there

as

the

to

foundation,

convenient

at

solid

point

of

continual

placed,

so

frame-work

prevent

in

have

when

jarring,

aud

near

as

good,

upon

as

at

arrangement

is shown

60

cupola,

But

way.

upon

Fig.

placed

the

laid

prevent

high

blower

be

to

the

with

bolted

wrecks

consistent

BLOWER.

be

always

it should

securely

placed
outside.

BLOWERS.

be

If it cannot
some

in

proportion

blower

is

its

to

in

placed
air

admit

when

is filled with

room

should

be

run

near

in which

distance,

at

to

placed

so

off

closed

the

blast

running,

dust,

pipe

box

or

distance

some

be

must

the

enlarged

from

be
air

the

the
air

pure

blower

opened

about

supplying

for

placed

When

should

when

and

be

elsewhere.

windows

room,

better

pipe

described

as

it is

to

it had

cupola,

case

length,
a

301

and

the

kept tightly closed.

room

FAN

BUFFALO

The
In

Fig.

is shown

62

STEEL

make

manufacturers

BLOWERS.

the

BLOWER.*

PRESSURE

claim
latest

for

their

improved

blower

follows

as

construction

form

of

Fi";. 62.

STEFX

the

BufTalo

fires.

Steel

Pressure

Manufactured

BLOWER.

Blower,

distinguishing
*

PRESSURE

by

feature

Buffalo

for
of

cupola
this

furnaces

blower,

Forge Co., Buffalo,

N.

and
common

Y.

forge
to

CUPOLA

THE

302

those

of

case,

the

other

no

manufacture

which

the

of the

be

that

seen

type,

same

shell

being

interior

the

of

afforded.

thus

joint"

With

it is
be

to

The

shell

avoided

Bufifalo

in

Steel

efficient

Pressure

all

requiring forcing of

with

pneumatic
where
The

ratio

of

of

journals

length
other

any

which

wear

any

of

up,

that

under

which

in

In
of

economy
blower

the

to

the

it is

so-called

point

of

thus

in

as

the

is

quired.
re-

standard

greater

the

of

blower
the

to

this

ented
pat-

blower,

tending
at-

perfect machine.

the fewest
blower

is

number

practically

bearings invariablyare

with
laterally,

rendered

universal

air

of

for

important point

possesses

the

tion
connec-

readilyadjustable,

are

fact, the

for

adapted

on

durability, smooth

construction,

simplify all parts

greatest

Buffalo

of

machines,

upon

an

structed
con-

far

the

rest

of the

and

running
superior

journal bearing

to

any

which

is

employed.

every

taken

items

power,

with

commonly
In

the

is

service

any

thing
some-

supplying

is directed

bearings

Blower

like machine

putty

and

embody

those

quiet running

Pressure

in

employed

perfect alignment, verticallyand

machine.

by

Steel

any

piece, so

one

in

of

taken

durabilityand

Bufifalo

parts

be

can

the
The

than

The

blast

and

one,

devices

features.

"

best,

It is

heavy,

and

Attention

oiling

the

as

blast

strong

or

six to

of

surface

and

unique

are

and

duty, such

long distances,

long

construction.

journals

air

pressure
are

the

to

designed

is

delivery system.

diameter

to

wearing

of

amount

high

slovenly

access

is, at the

Blower

work

uses

to

machine.

pressure

tube

one

indispensable adjunct,

an

cupolas, furnaces, forge fires,sand

for

any

Ready

vvhich

point

an

solid

manufacture,

is

casing

or

especially for high

blast

other

of

construction

in

entirely taking it apart, is also

blowers

of the

feature

although

without

blower,

solid

objectionable and

the

putty joint" is entirelydispensed with.

"

cast

is the

accurately fitted, metal

plates are

center

It will thus

metal.

the

of

peripheral portion

piece, to

FURNACE.

strength.

Blower

machinist

is
of

To

very

average

and

at

the
the

greatest pains have

same

time

adjust, repair and

small

matter

ability.

and

to

keep
readily

been

give them
in

order

understood

THE

304

In

Fig. 63

is shown

Pressure

Blower

Steel

Its
and

tear

the

extra

nut

on

result

to

initial expense

the

should

Fig.

BLOWER

accomplish,
of

in

this

is

of

to

and

has

them

few

after

justifies
will be

cost

of

turns

clearly

is

wear

the

shown

first

unloosening

be

re-tightened,

63.

COUNTERSHAFT.

readily be

make

The

afterward

what,

moments,

apparatus,

belts,

to

considerable

caused
seen

previous

that

the

usual

sufificiently
tight to

the

duction
introand

delay
frequent

avoid

re-

slipping,

hereby entirelyobviated.
Positive

blower

by

smoothly
hanger
the

few

very

It will

annoyance.

lacing

AND

more

which

blower,

in the

than

arrangement.

the

of

shaft.
counter-

saving

time,

screw,

BufTalo

of

combined

decided

short

adjusting

bolts,which

holding' down

in

form

with

ordinary method,

outlet

the

in

of the

of

of the

end

construction

adjustable bed

on

excess

FURNACE.

latest

belts, which,

upon

directly under
the

the

will be found

use

little in

found

CUPOLA

or

alignment
this
and
side

tightening

of

the

countershaft

arrangement
avoid
of
screw

the

the

causes

usual

blower.

gives

wear

As
the

same

with

the

belt

by

their

will be

to

the
track

shaft

the

of

evenly,

run

strikingagainst the
readily appreciated,

uniform

tension

to

both

BLOWERS.

be

this may

belts, and

mouth-piece,
blower
be

moved

blast

is shown

as

will

at

the

by

without

operatior.

of

cut, is

which

form,

its bed

upon

placed

enables

the

scopic
teleeach

upon

machine

disarrangemnnt

any

to

the.

of

piping.

of blower

consumed

adjustable bed

in

Fig. 63, occupies

countershaft
this

of

which

which

from

the

line without
bed

the

it will extend

and

loose

pulleys

left hand

right or

which

drive

ON

We

the

also

in

upright enclosed

and

in

desirable,
is

the

they
other

weather

readily be

may
sources

20

it

quantity

same

advantages

desirable

very

in hot

because

will

of

that

seen

blowers

over

be

supplying

change

run

whenever

of power.

with

so

tight

have

leys
pul-

two

permit

UPRIGHT

of

in the

ENGINE.

adjustable bed
The

countershaft.

introduction
the power,

of

double

affords

the very

gives

arrangement
the

belts, ensures

of

speed

and

of the

greatest

when

blower.

it is
The

especially in cupola work,

requires an
this

to

in the

This

feature,

iron

the

the

adjustment, perfect alignment,

immediate

an

blower,

then

we

DOUBLE

with

in the

tension

enough

blower

convenience.
the

over

the

from

the

between

WITH

combination

for

desirable,

pulleys.

the

to

shaft
counter-

desired, and

wide

COMBINED

secured

as

economy

rigidity,ease

melt

the

engine

positivecontrol

latter

loose

BED,

with

space

tight and

combination

highest

The

the

is not

thereon

placed
is not

call attention

and

further

of

left,as

blower

ADJUSTABLE

would

form

then

are

the

countershaft, the adjustable

furnished

right or

apparatus.

introduction

BLOWER

the

at

the

upon

is transmitted

of

be

may

in

placed

feature

power

intervention

countershaft

that

this

space

manufactured

to

lustrate
il-

as

of

amount

is transmitted

power

where

case

kind

arrangement

countershaft,

pulleys are

When

apparatus.

is often

main

the

the

smallest

this

loose

Ordinary tight and

with

the

of

that

fact

combined

apparatus

any

the

to

on

by

world.

is called

attention

Especial

the

regulated

in this

purchased

305

over

increased
that

arrangement
power

by

desired, and

volume
cold

of

weather.

possesses
belt
are

of air to

It

marked

transmission,

independent

as

of

306
The

design

material

is

employed,

In

foundries

the

or

protected
this

the

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steel

dust

running

parts

of

top

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to

opening
is built

in

variety

the

stroke, and

BUFFALO

The
electric

ELECTRIC

"

"

motors

and

of

directly to

BUILT

Blower,

approved
the

fan

in

oughly
thor-

are

reference

oil

of different

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lead

to

chamber

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in

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for

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illustrated

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shaft.

as

ing
sizes, accordto

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part

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peated
re-

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blowers, being

speed, possesses

STEEL

in

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AND

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engine.

rotative

rocating
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every

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BLOWER

Volume

the

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sizes

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present

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the

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ENGINE.

running

closing of

and

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short

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regular

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cupola

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oil tubes

each

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64.

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AND

design

or

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Fig.

on

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As

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BLOWER

This

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the

upon

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pressure

much

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engine

same

Engine.

driving

for

forge shops,

atmosphere,

Fig. 64,

Enclosed

Upright

peculiarlyfitted

is

identicallythe

workmanship

the

with

engine, together

of

Bufifalo Double

FURNACE.

CUPOLA

THE

PRESSURE

Fig. 65
of

the

fans

TYPES.

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fan, and
afTord

with
nected
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greater

BLOWERS.

convenience
unrivaled

in their

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switch

than

even

To

engines
immediate

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stop

attention

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should

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of

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motor.

discharge
least

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position

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so

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blower

all

to

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always ready

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fans

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fans

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pipe

exhauster,

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as

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volume

electric

an

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entails

fan,

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described

design.

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convenience,
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called,

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to

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ELECTRIC

type

simply

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the

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307

of

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motors,

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308

employ

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but

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fans

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especially in

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the

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to

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the

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It is desirable,

combination

steel

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in

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engine.

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use,

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arrange

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to

motor

motor

pulleys

direct

larger sizes,

blower

pressure

Blower

Pressure

attached

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convenience.

of

acme

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are

motor

conditions

derive

to

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they

electric

of

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motors

therefore

positions

power

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high speed,

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be
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and

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secured,

only ordinary attention.

introduction

capacity.
proper

varieties

with

use

work, these

power

be

then

high grade,

receive

to

special construction

and

different

continuous

of standard

are

especially designed

design

approved

the

supplied

fans

and

conveniently located,

highest efficiencymay

the

where

FURNACE.

motor,

the

All

fan.

somewhat

are

That

of

CUPOLA

THE

required

pressure
is

motor

its

making

nary
ordi-

for

regular

speed.
BUFFALO

In

the

following

be

melted

per

using

the

Run

up

work.
the

tuyerage
square

each

for

pressures
may

FOR

BLOWER

should

hour

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at

tuyeres

one-twentieth

so

least

the

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to

of

equalize
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different

speeds

the

quantity

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all cases,

two

that

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as

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IRON

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blast

of

speed given

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cupola,

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pressure

air

around

given

blower, and

the

inches, with

are

sized

of

quantity

FURNACES

table

lowest
to

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gate.
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blast

cupola,

area

at

mend
recom-

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and

pressure,

given
late
regu-

proportion

of

cupola

in

of

equal

distances

throughout.

it will

that

iron

we

will

and

require

With
double

BLOWERS.

the

melt

power

to

not

be

evenly

the

working

so

of

cold

quantity

same

distributed.

cupolas

in volume

increase

an

the

Speeds

of

and

smith's

This

blower

of

any

in the

thoroughly

heretofore
feet
or

on

has
and

steel

of iron

made,

and

owing

be

cases.

with

the

sides, it

to

is

the

It

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simplest

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in

as

its

from

also

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be

possible
in

and

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for

bottom

to

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changed

to

bracket

top

bottom

show

or

the

and

location
how

horizontal
on

is

and

anything

from

6y,

fan

of

possible

brackets

bearing

strongest

construction

any

and

66

penditure
ex-

operation

and

adjustable hanger

adapted

ume
large vol-

lightest running

entirely different

illustrations.Figs.

changed

least

noiseless

to

and

deliver

to

shafts, wheels

is

by simply turning
blower

requires

Cupolas.

to

view

fullywarranted.
blower

The

is of

design,

this

four

Applied

nearest

and

of

all

may

latest

tested

position.

blower

It is the

made,

It

shell

or

blower.

fan

pressure

power.

world.

dixie

moderate

the

construction,

as

with

blower

fan

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is constructed

air under

of

case

quantity

same

affect

weather

Hot

will

weather.

Table

of

melt

blast

in temperature

materially,

air to

the

iron, and

of

Variations

very
of

309

the

the
charge,
dis-

side

of

top vertical

THE

3IO

discharge

four

loosening
the

bolts

bracket

and

the

it.

This

for

well, in

as

less

blower

is

blower

volume

foundry cupolas,

to

which

connecting
if the
to

in

now

blower

full

the

air is to

be

conducted,

much

annoyance

between
and

are

or

want

you

forges, and

required, or
iron

of

number

in

these

of

blower.

friction
too

the
of

small

for

cupola,

dissatisfaction, and

blower

air

one

pipes

in

ance,
great import-

of

matter

pipes having
and

of

arrangement

from

blower

again

Discharge.
fan

blast

the

is

ing
turn-

up

as

melting

large

is

much

air

of

in the

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aud

furnaces

blast

cupola

of

cupola.

pipes, which

abrupt angles

with

volume

crooked

dixie

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use.

cupola

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operation

simply-

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case

Tighten

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for

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blower

the

of

is needed

as

smith's

blowers

minutes'

either

strong

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for

side

and

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round

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than

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is

FURNACE.

either

on

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all purposes

large

CUPOLA

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through
the
or

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the

frequently

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short,
cause

blowers

of

of

THE

312

to

into

come

general

designed by
with

blower,
to

be

in

use

late

the

Mackenzie

although
good

and

one,

Mackenzie

fan

old

an

in foundries
and

P. W.

rotary

and

blower

then

is said

one,

large

the

for

Isbell

manufacturers,
as

follows
It is

well-known

economical

thirty per

or

pressure

This, of

time

present

by

tion
descrip-

its

present

68.

MACKENZIE

BLOWER.

Co., 46

the

is

charge,

of

cent,

of

St., Newark,

Bridge

N.

J.,

revolution,

of

trustworthy blast, thoroughly

the

The

in many

Mackenzie

is,it delivers

regardless

is essential

to

of

the

the

instances

blower
definite

condition

proper

in

importance

utmost

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coal.

blower, that

course,

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fact

working

to

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the

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used

penetrating

for

Porter

have

country.

furnished

are

Fig.

OF

the

of

parts

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use.

who

at

are

nection
con-

ment
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those

was

in

decided

in

by

blower

This

introduced

was

number

blower

SECTION

and

cupola,

in various

claims

FURNACE.

foundry cupolas.

for

use

the

the

upon

CUPOLA

is

twenty

positive

quantity
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melting

the
of

the

of

air

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iron.

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less

requires

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of

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5
6

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than

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best

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6

them

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blast

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of

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pressure

inch.

square

and

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in

bility
fts dura-

operation, and

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"

No.

4 and

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"

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No.

melt

blower

supply

blast

in

for

Cupolas

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

"

from

means

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on

fixed

of

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30"

"

36

"

48

"

"

"

"

"

30"

in

to

3
4
6

"

"

"

"

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3 H.
4

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7

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straight cupolas

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to

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60

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"

act

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machine

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blades

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cylinder
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power

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operation

cut.

"

"

less

with

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use.

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and

with

and

faster

other

"

Mackenzie

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revolve

pulleys.

blowers

six-tenths

when

The

made.

for No.

construction

by

than

more

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understood
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with

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"

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per

eieht sizes

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blower

blowers,

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pound

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build

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less power

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313

fan

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boxes,

imparted

to

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driving

the

blades.

THE

314

allowing them

each

At
between

work

to

the

room

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machine

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capacity

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top

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bearings.

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to

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place

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by

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is

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designed
volume

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upon

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liabilityto get

on

BLOWER.

is said

blower

Claims

practicallyeven
ample

and

Co., Philadelphia, Pa.,

blower,

new

Baker

as

to

is started,

proper

Blower

Baker

the

cupolas.

manufacturers

shaft

opening

recently placed

design

new

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them.
upon

use

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hanger

PRESSURE

POSITIVE

Wilbraham-Baker

the

by

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in shaft

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pipes.

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blower

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by

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69.

plate,easily removed

in

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with

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head

journals,and

impeller.

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the

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blower,

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the

perfectly balanced

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of

journal bearings

detachable

of

wear

power.

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blower,

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internal

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shows

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70

head

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rubbing

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to

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gear-wheels.

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erly.
prop-

BLOWER.

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discharge

pipes

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Use

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feed

71.

GREEN

month.

each

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in each

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STANDARD

to

casing perfectly
the

draw

cups

screen

cover

set

that

see

gear

say

and

cover,

and

wire

and

casing,

red

oil cups,

coarse

wheels

gear

attaching
casing

attaching

317

by

air

upon

the

Tight

iron

the

blower

galvanized

underground,

recommended.

complish
ac-

iron
cast

Light

3l8

THE

CUPOLA

FURNACE.

wrought iron or brass gates are liable to leak and impair the
A blast gate having the gate pass enof the blower.
tirely
efficiency
through the frame is the best.
Power.
For
of power
estimatingthe approximate amount
of air at a given pressure,
requiredto displacea given amount
it is customary to add 25 per cent, to the net result obtained
by
Multiplythe number of cubic
using the followingrule. Rule.
feet delivered per minute
by the pressure in ounces
per square
inch (at the blower) and
the product by .003 ; divide the last
"

"

amount

by

1 1,

SPEED

No.
for

blower

cupola
^

tons

i^
iX

"

"

tons

2)4
3

No.

"

"

"

cupola
tons

4M
No.

5
61^

"

"

melting

"

"

feet

diameter,

inches

45

minute.

revolution.

per

for

Suitable

melting:
revolutions

per

minute.

5 cubic

feet

diameter,

for

100

Suitable

revolution.

per

melting:
revolutions

per

minute.

^70

(small

No.

5), displaces

cupola

for

$6

to

"

"

220

blower

hour

per

"

"

"

"

for

cupola

tons

8
10

sH
for

per

245

cubic

20

inches

50

feet

per

diameter,

for

100

per

minute.

225

displaces
42

to

56

25

inches

hour

per

revolutions

150

5 blower

No.

revolutions

No.

melting:

for

no

Suitable

tons

cubic

hour

per

able
Suit-

165

to

"

revolution.

inches

40

displaces

"

4)4

diameter,

hour

per

"

tons

revolution.

per

115

displaces
to

32

inches

34

feet

275

"

cupola

minute.

per

230

blower

No.

28

to

cubic

hour

3 blower

for

24

"

revolutions

125

displaces S/4

per

melting:

for

290

cupola

1}^

diameter

Suitable

revolution.

per

210

blower

for

feet

hour

per

"

BLOWERS.

3 cubic

inches

28

to

24

FURNACE.

FOUNDRY

OF

displaces

"

No.

for

CUPOLA

THE

320

"

"'

"

"

blower

cupola 48

cubic

feet

diameter,
100
1

for

60

to

64

inches

for

per

minute.

"

"

"

"

6), displaces 35
diameter,

able
Suit-

melting:

revolutions

200

(small No.

revolution.

per

cubic

feet.

melting:

able
Suit-

BLOWERS.

tons

10

14

"

"

"

12

15

"

"

"

inches

tons

18
20

"

"

"

30

No.

7^

No.

to

inches

92

for

cubic

112

displaces 85

the

blowers
per

few

rev.

per

in cubic

feet

..

designs

blower,

21

feet

per

minute.

"/

feet

of

revolution.

per

revolution.

per

pressure

250

250

225

5^0

200

"5

4"2

at

of

pressures

speed

5"2

200

175

175

150

135

loo

20

25

35

42

67

112

BLOWER.

Blower,

Pressure

has

and

worth

of

only

it is taken

reading by

blowers,

and

Co., Connersville,

description
is well

CYCLOIDAL

Positive
Blower

of

to

"

inch, the following maximum

square

minute

per

which

revolutions

continuously

.1

years.

cupolas 54

two

or

able
Suit-

Connersville

purchase

cubic

running

Connersville

latest

revolution.

cubic

displaces 200

"

per

90

CONNERSVILLE

The

feet

"5

pounds

Displacement

to

minute.

per

"

diameter,

melting

blower

Revolutions

revolutions

135

is recommended
of

cupolas 48

two

or

able
Suit-

melting:

"

For

two

diameter,

;'

blower

"

minute.

per

revolution.

per

150

blower

Speed.

feet

hour

"

revolutions

135

diameter,
per

able
Suit-

melting:

for

105

cupola 74

25^

No.

for

cubic

inches

78

to

displaces

"

revolution.

per

diameter,

hour

per

tons

20

about

66

"

inches

feet

no

displaces 6'j

8 blower
for

inches

70

diameter,

14

No.

to

cubic

"

180

cupola

for

"

145

7 blower

No.

minute.

per

145
200

displaces 42

"

revolutions

115

per hour

tons

66

"

cupola 50

for

56

hour

per

6 blower

No.

321

is

as

been

Ind., is

one

the

the

of

manufactured

from

those

by

manufactured

for

excellent

contemplating

follows

cular
cirthe

cycloidal

The

bihties, have

been

theoretically inclined,
in the

The

cycloids

to

blowers,

gas

the

form

these

form

to

impossible

been

such

produce

to

for

rotary

recognized,

been

in that

to

came

be

nection,
con-

regarded
with

by machinery

surfaces

hypo-

give the theoretically

to

impeller, it

or

epi- and

utilize them

to

conceded

revolver

made

While

long

has

pumps

the

practical

in

impellers

of

to

interested

those

the

possi-

only

not

curves

combining

surfaces

and

have

in vain.

of

contact

exhausters

but

as

study,

particularlyto

more

especial value

attempts

many

correct

attractive

an

but

peculiaritiesand

nature,

important applications of

many

mechanics.

and

their

curves,

always

FURNACE.

CUPOLA

THE

322

sufifi-

Fi(

VIEW

SECTIONAL

cient

and

done,

Fig.

72

in

is

an

highly

glance only

method
The
as

on

of

it

is

to

part

depend

of

us

manner

other, and

economy

discern

revolvers
the

to

the

it could

of
or

our

new

impellers,

surrounding
superiority of

case.

this

all others.

over

every

to

section

cross

degree

well.

as

the

any
that

demonstrate

to

showing

each

BLOWER.

practice with

in

use

successful

required

construction

vital

for

CYCLOIDAL

particularly of

and

relation

form,

their

illustration

cycloidal blower,
their

of

It remained

of satisfaction.
be

admit

to

accuracy

CONNERSVILLE

OF

machine
of

of

operation

this
and

class

is the

impeller,

efficiencyin

results.

BLOWERS.

That

have

we

It will

be

planed

on

is

cycloidal
the

there

the

form

there

is

As

the

air is driven

discharge

that

is conducive

approximate

to

well-demonstrated
co-incident

the

with

the

the

from

in the

and

blast,

contact

at

Another
of

surface

with

that

the

which

this

surfaces

wear

has

the

understood

are

leakage
clearance

each

other,

as

the

each

tions
pulsapoints

revolution.
the

is that, at

of

to

or

point

concave

works

impeller

one

The

sequence
con-

distance

through

between

the

when

results

pellers,
im-

two

in other

case

as

air is alternately

undesirable

get back

is the

but

recesses

necessitatingtwo

that

On

continuously,

in which

not

are

opposite impeller.

contact

point of

previously

expression
to

nearest

insignificant. Our

very

slight.

point

directed

been

of contact

"

is used

than

the

have

while
method

the

to

in

this

impellers actually touch

In practice it
z.-pTpro2L.ch.
rather

entirelyeliminated,
is

"

that the

mean

slight clearance

very

short

it is

as

degrees.

intervening

to

of

arcs

keep practical

five

or

co7i^act
/oii"-

travel

must

the

of

great,

always opposed

of the

point

vex
con-

machines

character.

Wherever

it is the

of

oppose

Attention

be

is

and

smooth

use

not

cycloidal form

produce

air

the

centers

progress

epi-cycloidal part

is to

driven

instead

not

the

it

between

of

whose

four

and

Now,

economy.

positions in

surface

is, the

advance

can

across

power,

hypo-cycloidal part

the

this

of

convex

of

in four

time

one

of

not

another

waste

contact*

of

expanded, producing

advantage

contact,

of

than

more

impellers revolve, leaving pockets

compressed

of

of

is

machines,

our

the

arcs

revolution

of

does

to

in

as

is very

curves

each

epi-cycloidal

over

circular

centers

point

highest

arrangement

contact

one

regular

the

to

that

angle

an

the

contrary,

jumps

the

together

this

of

contact

fact

through

contact

accuracy.

steadily forward, producing

this

of

advantage

circles

worked

result

contact,

The

mathematical

constantly progressive point

and

impellers only,

two

peculiaritiesof
when

is self-evident.

operating part

an

are

lines with

curves,

impellers.

of

for

well-known

hypo-cycloidal
that

ideal
that

noted

of

one

the

323

on

account

of

parts
of

has

rub
the

been

at

"long

such

points, but

advisable

thereby

contact"

planing the impellers

the

that

description,it

found

together,as

fact

enables

to

that

to allow

friction

referred
us

must

and

to, the

make

the

CUPOLA

THE

324

point

of

indeed, the

the

between

contact

it describes

path

FURNACE,

impellers continuously

progresses

is

of

contact,
reliable
of

pockets

any

machine,

be

can

once

the

is it

is

speed
On

only

no

also,

with
itself

there

this

from

and

din

and

the

side

and

pressed
com-

the

of

the

impellers

instant

other

at

to

gears

the

knock

to

absence

shortening

same

each

in

"

no

points

two

together when

popping

the

pockets

vibration

had

is

due

of the

usually

it has

impellers
associated
run

will commend

with

experience

pansion
ex-

blowers

our

that

feature

the

to

in which

pounding

eliminated, and

This

noise.

no

no

and

is

class

parties having

to

touch

being

released

practically no

inlet

impellers,shaft

at

smooth,

gathered,

Furthermore,

to

compressed,

of

the

power

shoulders

disagreeable

machines

with

be

can

tinuously-progr
con-

nominal.

of

when

and

that

together,

are

than

air

the

point

one

there

more

caught

at

of

wear.

them

account,
of

and

possible for

hence,

been

strain

in contact

position
at

toward

waste

is

this

noted, the

been

back

by subjecting

shock,

also

air

discharged

blower

needless

has

result

mentioned,

in which

thereby entailing a

life of the

One

before

as

is, as

cavities

or

then

and

Another

blast.

circle.

other

pressure

blowers.

Another
the

point contributing
is the

discharge

Thus,

curved.

are

as

gradual equalization
such

results

as

shocks

are

From

what

machine

is

has

there

Hence,
purpose

is

all

the

been

positive

through
and

of the

from

is inclosed

blower

they

detrimental

so

of it is wasted

Furthermore,

pressure

all

stated,
its

"

as

the

instead
of

pipe.
air
to

of

as

need

to

even

add

noted.
that

enters

forward

and

is

escape

which

been

has

is

shock,

that

air

machine
an

sudden

to

leakage

allowed
the

of

impellers

sharp edges,

the

The

the

outlet, there
of

two

All

uniformity

of

the

past

scarcely

we

maintenance

needless

on

extremities

impellers, forced

applied
the

and

evenness

working parts,

action.

the

outlet

power

intended

sweep

compressed

no

the

the

passage
to

in

by
the

that

fact

the

to

the
the
charged
dis-

insignificant,
backward.
for the

is used

blast, and

none

work.

contact

between

the

impellers

and

the

BLOWERS.

surrounding
that

be

can

strength
Each
the

on

is

case

developed

and

machine

and

the

of

the

of

inside

to

size,

with

the

mount

this

with
a

respect

to

planer

means

Fig.

than

it has

It will be
with
to

use

in either

and

been

broad

of those found
need

be

not

In

Fig.

use

pulley

gears,
the
we

one

on

and

gears
do

not

We

competing

surface
and

actness
ex-

will

run

as

more

ure
press-

heretofore.

produce

curves

ourselves

availed

have
of

and

higher speed

The

machines.

this

of

the sectional

twice

about

peller
im-

an

advantages

area

this

of

enumerated.

73

the

styles

pulley

driven.

illustrate

we

/. e., those

largely sold,
we

in

entire

it revolves, and,
that

cycloidal

shaft

steel

at

attain

to

the

waist.

high-grade

direction,

that

standard

journals to

which

on

the

into

BLOWER.

possible

observed

shaft

-]'.

HORIZONTAL

smoothly,

tions.
condi-

pla7ic its

machine

varying
the

press

the

ribbed

perfect symmetry

journal

the

to

and

secure

we

produce

can

consequence,

on

the

on

well

and

under

finish

press,

solely

piece

one

shop practice

our

impeller

accurately. By

in

in form

changes

prevent

pressure

applied.

power

is cast

of

amount

depends

sustained
the

hydrostatic

all times, the

at

impellers

two

It is part of

impeller

perfect

325

We

pulley only.
each
the

end, but

fact

to the

that

there

impellers,it

recommend

two

is

of

It

the

bearing

is seldom
belts

very

that

blowers

however,

can,

because

of

will

be

when

are

most

noticed

that

desired, put

large shafts, wide-faced

the

entire

necessary.

highly,

as,

distance

from

In any

event,

owing

to

the

326

THE

difference
the

the

in
that

case

sometimes

Blower

Capacity

in cubic

FURNACE.

stretch

transmits

one

that

NUMBERS,

of

of

amount

occurs

Number

CUPOLA

work

ETC.,

against

OF

THE

leather,

the

of

most

they

CAPACITIES,

in the

it is

CYCLOIDAL

it

Indeed,

power.

each

usually

other.

BLOWERS.

feet

per

olution
rev-

100

Ordinary speed
Diameter
of pipe opening

By

"

30

speed"

"ordinary

we

every-day duty.

average

of

that

peculiar

the

100

form

of

the

It

nection
we

have

with

the

called
machines.

BLOWER

other

AND

be

must

impellers
FiG.

VERTICAL

what

mean

of

would

be

about

however,

understood,
our

an

in

blowers,

con-

74.

ENGINE

ON

superior points

attention, permits

of

SAME

BED-PLATE.

in construction,

higher speeds

to

which

than

peting
com-

328

THE

In

nearly

and

the

extend

be

machines

to

the

motor

blowers

will find
this

adopt
the

can

it

operating

which

as

follows
The

motors

or

any

to

belt.

their

run

economical

and

saving

to

in first cost,

to

power

the

run

establishment.

the

BLOWERS.

Blast

Positive

City

Blower

Co., Chicago, 111.,many

Fan

and

and

less.

BLAST

City

of

the

many

blower

our

for

the

at

case

it is

blower

claims

which

the

on

the

made

are

the

inlet and

loss

the

at

or

and

but
the

in

by

be

forced

it must

have

must

is closed.

by backward

speed,

is closed

outlet, where

if outlet

principle,in

fan

high velocity

absolutely confined

stop

for

is not

by

finallyreleased

enters

In

about

of

only

direct

away,

means

suf^cient

Garden

is obtained

chance

no
once

have

in foundries,

use

much

POSITIVE

the

be

In

preferred,

distance

power

have

to

geared

When

pulley by

there

will

can

CITY

blower,

until

escape

short

chinery
ma-

desired.

motor

plate.
a

their

when

of

their

increase

arranged

motors

needing

will be

expense

air enters

of the

forward

have

can

the

vanes

it

in

are

pressure

when

blower

light machines

operation

which

the

by the Garden

manufactured
of

located

only

is shown

Fig. ^6

be

industries

GARDEN

In

We

bed

same

they

otherwise

exceedingly advantageous

the

other

and

to

Not

plan.

Furthermore,
rattler

the

on

other

and

when

electric

that

and

plants

time

ing
electric-light-

for

finding

are

illustration

an

transmitted

Foundries

but

found

both

power

it

practically idle.

blower,

however,
the

be

station

their

of

at

power

operated by

will

now

of

managers

renting

would

Fig. 75

is

earning capacity

profits by

our

FURNACE.

there

town

every

purposes,

CUPOLA

There

escapement

of

is

tively
posi-

air, after

inlet.

respects

positiveblower

blower

our

made,

and

has
we

points

call your

superiorityover

of

attention

to

the

lowing
fol-

points :
1st.

It has

no

gears

attention, adjustment
2d.
blower

It fs

only

casing.

two

They

whatever.
or

No

internal

lubrication.
that

are

self-oiling. Easy

of

journal bearings
are

parts that require

external

to

adjustment.

the

BLOWERS.

Has

3d.

to

irregular

no

produce

4th, Operating
blower

5th,
with

safely

blower

smaller

parts

giving

made,

blower
a

be

may

at

blowers

The

in

increase

positive

any

and
efificiency

be

be

can

than

obtained

is

possible

76.

City

Positive

Blower.

Blast

practically noiseless

are

compared

as

with

makes.

all other

Roots

ROOTS'S

ROTARY

Blower

was

POSITIVE

ago.

turbine

water

designed
it

for
was

make

all blown
a

better

BLOWER.

PRESSURE

designed by Mr.

Ind., nearly forty years

would

than

thus

used.

pressure

Garden

let in

contact

balance,

perfect

higher speed

Fig.

The

require

other.

any

6th.

in

always

proportionate
be

that

surfaces

friction.

are

run

may

higher

internal
add

and

pressure,

329

out,
blower

experimenting,

Roots,
that

It is said

wheel,
and
than

Mr.
a

perfected

but

it

as

it

at

was

originally
water

was

it

decided

once

wheel,
a

Connersville,

the

when

Roots
water

of

and

blower.

after

siderable
con-

Whether

be

this story

true

makes
used

to

not

or

furnish

improvements

blast

for

have

from

made

wood

of

wax

or

iron

and

also

been

placed

vertical

horizontal,

and

ROOTS'S

The

shown

with

made

blower

electric

and

claims
M.

1.

It is

2.

It is the

simpler

constructed

the

In

together
with

made

of

case

and

they

it

any

with

bee's

entirelyof

blower

has

cases

constructed

now

and

it

originally

were

are

Figs. ^J

They

78.

are

77.

BLOWER.

PRESSURE

engine

for

than

and

motors

power

the

of

on

on

by the

Ind.

bed-plate

same

manufacturers,

lowing
fol-

The

bed-plate.

same

with

or

P. H.

"

F.

other

blower.
blower

only positive rotary

made

with

impellers

principles.

correct

on

It is the

result
4.

case

are

and

Co., Connersville,

Roots

3.

blower

in it since

made

now

been

marked

of

covered

shape
in

\'TERTICAL

made

and

are
air-tight,

Fig.

also

shafts

changed,
as

number

been

time

tainly
cer-

have

them

of

machine

the

impellers,which

iron

them

extent

some

hundreds

to

the

and

accurately fitted.
to

and

time

upon

make

to

soap

but

say,

foundry cupolas.

originallyinvented,

was

cannot

we

blower,

good

FURNACE.

CUPOLA

THE

330

best, because

it has

stood

the

test

of years

and

is

long experience.
of

wear

break,

competing

of
or

the

journals,the impellers will

consume

machines.

unnecessary

power,

not
as

come

is the

331

BLOWERS.

principles

5. The
admit

of

6.

The

perfect

more

blowers

our

mechanical

constructed

are

than

proportions

other.

any

for this

box

only perfectly adjustable journal

machine

of

type

is used.

7.

The

gears

8.

The

gears

and

wide-faced

are

and

journals

constantly

run

in oil.

thoroughly protected

are

dust

from

accident.

and

Our

9.

machine

time,

same

All

10.

and

the

blows
the

The

radically different

with

can

far

greater

down

do, in

speed

we

the

order

reasonable

degree

to

bring

bounds.

impellers,gears
and

of

and

it is the

of

The

of

all

our

are

so

balanced.

machine

that

we

We

the

than

faster

are

abled
en-

as

other

complete
of

blowers

only rotary positive

metal
is
blower

and

other,

any

compelled

not

are

cases,

distribution
of

the

time.

any

is constructed

much

safety.

weight

at

mechanically perfect,

are

blower

our

the

cases

that

machines

our

weight

blower

our

and

BLOWER.

I'KESSURE

competing

any

adopt proportions

to

hence

from

at

accurately

are

HORIZONTAL

which

reversed

be

may

operating parts

principles upon

equally well

exhausts

and

motion

KOOrs's

cut

which

upon

to

manufacturers

machine
in

the

within

shafting,

perfectlyproportioned,
made

so

structed.
con-

XXII.

CHAPTER

There
iron

of

three

are

reverberatory

was

the

discovery

the

amount

the

fuel

has

been

will

melt

with

iron

melting

almost

is

coke
In

become

the

pot

to

cupola
and

than

13,

furnace,

seventythe

that

seen

either

Prepared
1896,

at

coke

of

the

In

the

first

Philadelphia,

is
ton

of

melts
other

meeting

the

coke

iron

with

iron
furnaces.

of

the

American

Pa.

( 332)

of

smaller

To

melt

Association

of

those
ago,
where

field,

in

melting

furnace,

from

of

iron.

ton

with

cent,

iron

of

in

ten

In
dred
hun-

one

It will
per

and

work.

foundry

melting

in

coal

melted
coke.

melts

years

coal

for

melt
be

may

pounds

of

is consumed

to

that

districts

reverberatory

required

(172)

two

cupola
of

for

of

ton

one

fuel

in

that

place

fuel

anthracite

universal

almost

lbs.)

(2240
cwt.

twenty

the

the

the

to

ing
melt-

foundry

fuel

the

hard

of

for

for

as

the

and

isolated

use

iron

furnace

has,

furnace

in

The

restricted

furnace,

iron.

of

ton

entirely

has

located

obtainable.

is not

fuel

taken

the

Charcoal,

the

impurities

the

and

adopted,

entirely

almost

foundries

in

used
fuel

other

has

slowly.

more

only

is

universally

of

manufacture

by

iron

of

cent,

per

the

of

castings.

good

of

in

minimum,

of

suitable

made
to

principle

melting

more

deterioration

naces
fur-

employment

the

coal

of

furnace,

These
and

the

melting

pot

furnace.

in

advancement

to

the

as

production

the

veins

smallest

almost

fuel

poor

the

in

construction

furnace

reduced

rapidly

most

of

of

the

been

furnace,

of

to

the

and

coke,

of

days

known

cupola

in

necessary

coking

and

other

reverberatory

or

with

But,

the

employed

are

the

and

DATE.*

TO

UP

furnaces

They

each

in

and

work

special

work.

from

furnace

pot

of

furnace

differ

melting,

kinds

foundry

for

PRACTICE

CUPOLA

AND

CUPOLAS

thus

be

of

fuel

cupola

Foundrymen,

May

AND

CUPOLAS

with

small

the

the

large

so

the

reduce

its fullest
low

placed

in

the

enters

The
iron

rule

pounds
in the
it is

this

heat

fuel.

number

that
of

the

iron,

small
be

Foundrymen,
day,

given

time

others
each

and

prefer

foundryman
to

fuel.

save

above

the

sometimes

heavy

The

of

is from

tuyeres

as

eighteen
at

so

ten

of

fuel

and

save

to

inches

the

the

to

of

with
fuel ;

of

one

of

cent,

per

melting

large

for

many

sufficient

to

cupolas

in

their

for

it is

to

six

time,

melt

blast

melt

question
it is

or

in

should

one

placed

they

are

general height

thirty-six inches.

height

is

productive

for

more

small
be

while

work,

inches, but

The
to

to

whether

tuyeres

feet.

as

and

himself,

two

but

that

cupola,

large cupolas

distance

great

and

pound

in blast

their

rapidly ;

six

the

to

less

cupola

required

is from

high

as

of

work.

use

for

or

the

have

to

iron

height

bottom

placed

work

placing

sand

it

pounds

large

same

only by

the

large cupola

is

cannot

decide

to

use

before

pound

so

melted

are

the

do

iron

their

the

in

fuel stated

of

to

of

melt

it

is

melted

charges,

cent,

rule,

amount

to

the

of

charge (according

one

are

iron

and

made
a

iron

of

compelled

are

the

economical
and

as

in

keeping

per

three

each

to

cupola

melted

of

and

the
bed

are

melting,

can

heat

always accurately followed,

of

number

charges

of

hours,

all

pounds

the
in

required

ton

the

charges

greater

the

be

ing
charg-

placed there,

fuel

of

when

bed, eight pounds

the

fuel

is not

upon

three

ten

the

melting

place

fuel

of

charges

and

so,

is to

cupola
pound

rule

is melted

When
same

and

This

rule), only

the

the

approximately

entire

it for

preparing

each

to

upon

charge.

all

run

must

tuyeres

bed, and

utilize

to

possible

it being

of

is

furnaces.

smallest

The

in the

case,

zone.

bed

iron

of

and

other

will admit

fuel

of

the

heat.

placed high

charging

for

the

upon

melting

stock

melting

that

size

erly
prop-

the

greater, but

of the

to

be

always

not

in either

333

must

is much

rule

DATE.

cupola

is

required

wastage

be

the

heating

of

in

prevent
must

aperture
fuel

be

capacity

to

fuel

of

must

as

required

amount

figure, a cupola
to

that

as

which

fuel

of

TO

UP

stated, the

managed,

consumption

still not
To

and

PRACTICE

fuel

of

amount

constructed
and

CUPOLA

for

The
of

the

'i'HE

334

of

wastage

below

placed

the

it takes

and

large

the

melting

in blast, is below

but

hot

iron

the

melting

the

fuel

through

down
and

rapidly, that

so

the

While

fuel

fuel, and

to

that

dump

pound

every

of

This

casting.

tuyeres

it

given length

any

be

can

bottom
and

work,
and

was

so

Other

chambers,
feature
ideas
were

the

great that
the

attempts

of

than

for

the
the

formerly

placed

volume

blast, and
were

heating
old

to

the

cupolas

has

high tuyere,
placed

six

being

to

of

all

our

with
ladle
than

cases,

above

the

for hand-ladle

the

for

from

made

removiag

to

the

cupolas

to
more

into

cupolas

this
hot

side

charging;
rapidly to

in which
above

low

utilze
with

heat

ancestors,

our

from

cupolas

prior

feet

by

in

In

height

escaping

were

eight

large

us

care

mixed

legacy

divert

have

to

work.

given way

and

taken

taps

heavy

iron

cupola,

hotter

kept

sufificient

supplying

made

cupola

high tuyeres.

between

attempts

many

cupola

for

to

from

be

can

heat

of

down

drawn

another

are

such

as

in

hot

iron

handed

in

to

up

it is necessary

keep

irons

for

consumed

placed

properly

at

of molten

doors

day

heating

with

large ladles

of

charging

in their

cupola

sufificient time

give

to

and

for

admit

to

replacing
Low

only be

should

tuyeres
sand

in

kept

it

when

large volume

worthless

that

be

time

of

passes

it.

of

fallacies

hotter, that

high

iron

ground

fuel

and

can

extent

an

with

molten

in

is not

cupola

is not

it is rendered

iron

for

iron

such

in such

tuyeres

wastage

the

of

much

so

the

is

cupola

cupola

degree and

collect

to

one

forefathers,

foundry

for

is

the
a

in

in its descent.

foundrymen

many

placed high

tuyeres

low

by

the

unnecessary

by using high tuyeres, is

It is claimed

chilled

high

so

that

tuyeres

under

placed

the

in

extent

the

under

cupola,

molten

to

from

fuel

consumed

and

is reduced

rapid

so

in the

when

of

the

of

is not

zone,

tapped

is

stock

bottom

the

to

it is not

melting, it is heated
an

melting

be

only

the

temperature,

its temperature

can

tuyeres, when

Its

fuel

function

and

melting

the

of

the

through

superheated,
that

heats.

that

support

in

part

longest

its descent

is to

tuyeres

the

fuel, for

of

amount

other

no

FURNACE.

CUPOLA

blast.

flues
but

or

this

modern

charging
the

waste

bottom,

doors
now

336

THE

in the

bed

iron, when

melting
the

of

for

melted

being

should

charge
The

then

made

amount

that

tuyeres

at

will

it

Dull

the

iron

of iron

iron

latter

of
peculiarities

and

large

These

cupolas
is

out

of

and

slow
hot

The

case

melting

ten

too

reason

above

for

that

weight

be

can

is

the

of

each

the

each

throughout

melting

in

the

the
This

the

melting
ture
tempera-

stoppage

of

the

fuel

that

the

or

is too

melting

zone.

charge

heat.

part

every

melting

in

charge

indicates

on

above

in the

charge.
the

is the

charge.

until

fuel

each

charge

first

the

in

upon

height

same

tests

required

variation

no

of

amount

melted

in

the

that

the

fuel

of

charge

the

of

heat,

readily be learned,

may

always followed, and

not

are

fuel

fuel

poor

is the

remedy,

the

result.

Fast

large

is, that

melting

zone

with
and

or

as

mehing

quantity
an

excess

the

is consumed.

when

and

not

and

in nine
It

closely watched,

if not

charging,

in

fuel

too

fuel

of

amount

an

melters,

of

it to

this

the

until

iron

of

determined,

of

great

the

with

melted,

iron

placed

are

been

above

the

melting

more

be

can

indicates

and

placed

so

for

they attribute

either

zone

charge

fuel

fuel saved.

of

gradually increase
dull

the

of

the

of

amount

bed

melting

of

cupola

practice

common

exact

it is

end

any

amount

rules

height

the

the

to

denotes

By carefully noticing
the

bed

end

upon

heavy,

is too

the

required

there

melting

the

at

way,

having

decreasing

or

the

at

that

before

and

iron

the

and

heavy

in this

and

amount

fuel

was

for

iron

of

restore

which

slacking in the

the
of

amount

amount

the

of

of

first

zone,

it

upon

ascertain

continuous

becomes

top

dull, which

comes

required

by increasing

is found

the

depth

the

of

in the

low

melted

the

The

charge.

weight

fuel

to

charges and

The

the

and

at

the

and

low

is too

decreased.

of

be

can

found

charge

too

be

quantity
that

iron

the

of

part

melting

determined.

bed

by increasing the

it is

are

readily be

can

latter

the

bed

placed

not

was

By noticing

zone.

zone

found

dull, the

comes

melting began,

required
the

iron

before

FURNACE.

CUPOLA

extra

enough
rule

fuel

of

of
dull

in

must

in
and

iron

done,
a

fuel, the

fuel

comes

it,and

be

cannot

of

iron

to

or

cupola.
iron
be

con-

is

CUPOLAS

sumed

before

is slow

and

to

melts

in

in

one

the

iron.

The

of

properly

be

The

is between

chances

of

melt

to

It should
to

be

study

charge,

scrap

in it.
the

weight

of

cupola
in

of

the

no

extra
22

its

should

fuel

the

fuel

is

be

iron

of

an

cess
ex-

and

and

iron

kept

of

and

should
the
the

with

each

carload

being

used

by

the

be

is

properly

described.
made
of

and

out

be

fuel

to

of

iron

in

iron

or

brand

of

increases, the

increased
An

to

respond
cor-

accurate

fuel consumed

lot of coke,

melter.

six

his melting

manner

of

amount

take
to

one

cupola

cupola.

or

than

reduce

diameter

cupola

to

great

any

amount

each

length

one.

amount

of

amount

be

thirteen

from

be

exact

this

of

to

should

two

fuel varies, and

to

in the

of

lightwork

for

rather

ten

that the

see

slate

the

the

may

for

fuel

is about

is

cupola

coke

heats

requiring

working

and

out

hot

foundryman

charges,
as

of

quality of

heats

enlargement

melting compared

that

the

the

well

in
of

an

heats

is seldom

bed

charges

record

ratio

exact

as

of

short

long

melter, indicating the

liningburns
with

In

first

learned,

and

result

when

in heats

done

little extra

every

then

in the

melting

bottom

result

one

to

good

melting

and

the

the

In

iron

for

in

should

been

the

the

always

heat.

of

He

each

As

use

of

the

depends entirely upon

this

system.

to

placed

aim

it

zone

superheated
to

melting

one.

average

the

this has

given

but

heat, and

the

constructed,
When

melt

to

maintained

bad

in

managed

to

to

is heated

fuel.

seven

prefer

it is not

often

management

melted,

time

of

foundrymen

days

and

been

length

result

the

melting

through

is

more

melting generally

six

has

is

eight pounds

by careful

made.

one

and

the

drops through

required

required

hours

that

melting

iron

fuel

of

time

and

and

deficiency of

cent,

of

melted,

337

and

zone,

its descent

Slow

constructed

three

to

DATE.

length of time

any

rapid

so

zone,

dull

fuel, and

per

length

dull

of

than

the

it enters

and

is

the

cupola

when

mass,

state

for

zone

that

passing through

excess

TO

UP

within

come

the

extent

an

molten

can

just above

rapidly

zone

iron

PRACTICE

irregularmelting.

great

so

the

held

Iron

CUPOLA

AND

When

to

prove

such

an

338

is

account

will

actually

and

at

and

heard.

CUPOLA

THE

the

fifteen

accurately
be

or

twenty

by
in

consumed

time

same

kept

FURNACE.

claims

to

melting
of

one

melting
in

much

foundryman,

every

long

than

ten

heats

the

at

to

one

will

less

present
in

no

short

longer

fuel

day,
heats

be

CHAPTER

XXIII.

CUPOLA

BRIEF

Make

the

When
iron
the

in

dull

slag

flows

is not

Some

molten

in

different

iron

of

mould,

in

riui

sections

cupola

for

iron

bottom

the

iron

with

iron

chilled

by

cupola.

it is due

iron, when

of

stream

melted

being

the

of

close,

too

do

to

used

in

cupola
little

to

much

too

pitch

is

to

closes

making

sand

or

lining

deficiency

the

with

used

added

melter

the

correct

great

deal

of

is,

the

of

out

the

by

for

ladle.
of

stream

properties

and

the

in

be

cannot

melting

of

Slag

tap-hole.

without

tap-hole

clay-wash

generally

by
and

front

iron

the

temperature.

slag

produced
the

up

holes

in

hot

run

cohesive

of

high

up

generally

from

the

material

poor

what

if it will

iron,

spout

heated

flows

will

to

know

to

seem

S. hot

the

of

tap-hole
slag

is due

spout

not

B.

when

the

in

slag

is due

save

melted

tap-hole

off

of

out

material

material

the

all

draw

cupola,

spout.

all kinds

When

and

the

cutting

used

melting

newly

in

from

of

up

call

The

the

iron

foundrymen

open,

make

bottom.

making

lining

cast,

terms

the

drawn

formation

they

the

from

prevent

into

sand

The

dull

runs

and

once

dropping

in

all

are

indicate

to

iron

at

make

heat,

PRINCIPLES.

work.

When

the

take

country

foundry

off

heat,

IMPORTANT

ILLUSTRATING

casting, moulding,

melt,
of

PARAGRAPHS

SCRAPS.

the

deficiencies
trouble

terial
ma-

made

and

front

the

in
with

the

in

it.

clogging

to

kept

his

spout
material

spout

and

tap-hole.
In

course

spout
at

with
every

flat

broad

tap,

the

the

bottom

spout

(339)

soon

stream

becomes

takes

clogged

ent
differwith

iron, the

cinder

and

spout

looks

the

bottom

the

center.

If the

like

hard

same

than

Wet

when

Bottom

Exclusively

from

mould,
A

bottom

not

only

old

are

Mix

with

it, or

in

some

cupola

frequently

the

should

rammed

be

makes

the
of

cause

no

boil, but

to

than

wetter

no

moulding

best

bottom

"

making

riddled

sand

of

material.
the

why

would

he

in

employed
shovels

few

know

knew,

be

not

the

don't

"

iron

causes

be

with

bottom

if he

badly, because,

should

sand

melter

doors

moulding.

for

gangways

Often,

the

boil

to

is

and

should

sand

new

The
the

bottom

tempered

bottom.

in

stream

material.

dump

iron

causes

rammed

in

it.

the

bottom

the

from

Make

scum.

mould.

sand

hardens
sand

riddled

cutting through.

bottom

harder

hard

of

concentrate

in the

clay

bottom

rammed
in

as

patches

drop readily when

not

the

directions, and

sand.

moulding

well-burnt

in all

and

narrow

much

cinder

and

flows

iron

does

is too

there

FURNACE.

frog pond with

spout

bottom

little sand

molten

small

the

of

sand

dropped,
a

CUPOLA

THE

340

be

cupola

is

working

discharged

at

once

for

carelessness.
A

light-up makes

bad

evenly

If the

wood

smokes

wood

When

is free

The

burn

fuel is well

not

can

Never

the

up

the

use

bed

fire

on

lighted, do

will

Charge

iron

is

burned

the

charged,
place

to

wood

green

is burned

wood

before

bed
the

at

anything happens

fire is

be

must

where

see

lighting up,

for

before

before

up

bed

out,

the

the
fuel

lighting up.

for

tuyeres

last
the

iron

let

not

longer
as

to

with
soon

the
as

the

and
and

delay putting
that

the

the

charging

ofif,
put in the front, close the tuyeres
If

bed

is
and

frequently
the

cupola

smoke.

of

Don't

melter

is used

much

too

all burned

the

wood

heat.

evenly.

charging.

green

burned

melt

is not
and

when

iron

and

it will not

or

bad

smoke

charge
on

the

delay charging
iron
bed

on

is

it than

ready

When

iron.

is all burned

the

iron

blast
the

at

once.

the

after

iron,

for

it will with
for

the

charging

the

it ofif.
;

close

CUPOLA

the

and

front

good

who

welded

how
The

the

by
man

hard

little

the

Never

the

foundryman

in its

fan

as

that

so

two

have

to

know

heat, don't

stufif.
States

United

the

in

year

is sufficient

make

to

great saving in fuel, but

in

end

the

the

of

old

the

managing

find

to

the

at

it is
A

year.

cupola

fuel saved

and

will

price

of

merely

wind

own

show

to

high

ure
press-

air-gauge.

volume

old

blast

of

speed

That

and

besides.

run

the

by

the

cupola

new

The

hours

every

cupolas

practical knowledge

enable

on

in

for

the

stop

occurred.

bars

bod

(saved)

fuel

the

find

to

more

often

had

every

effects

cupola always

new

often

wasted

to

rich.

very
A

his

door

stand

to

almost

one

high tuyeres

of

use

left

tapping

make

or

charging

delay

no

his

make

to

fuel

of

amount

if

up

front

be

may

341

the

open

as

burns

together

put in

to

cupola

melted

be

melter

A
be

the

heat

and

tuyeres

and

draught,

SCRAPS.

"

blower

the

of

and

"

blast

no

supplied

to

melter

of the

story

the

by

not

should

cupola

size

has

be

of

had

regulated

tuyeres.
its

day

among

practical foundrymen.
The

melter

poor

heat

the

on

of

pressure

High

cupola

claiming

engineer,
when

blast

in

in

the

at

use

the

are

the

has

foundry

are

is

thing
and

bunged

blaming

of

business,

agement.
man-

by

us

have

we

bad

higher

poor

left

which

from

up

inheritance

an

prevent

to

shows

always

gauge

cupola

cupola

blast

no

the

showing

for

excellent

an

he

the

for

time

present

our

never

rid.

The

only general improvement

fiftyyears
the

on

from

tuyeres

forefathers

got

blast

of

pressure
a

in

air-gauges

blast

been

in

Molten

cupola.
it hot.

has

been

freely

placing
iron

to

in
a

them

should

Nothing

is

increasing

cupola.

The

made
them

in
to

only

tuyeres
size

local

that

in the
will

improvement

past
admit
has

lower.
be

handled

in

gained by holding

ladle
iron

and
in

not

held

cupola

to

in

keep

I will let that

"

right," is

fix it

time

and

That

kind

of work

it will

quicker

Tin-plate
hard

to

to

The
so

loss

may

the

The

the

it is broken

the

cupola

tap hole

same

cast

as

spout similar

and

for the

castings are

be

must

hard

too

and

filed.

or

in

melting tin-platescrap

in

25

as

with

melted

when

iron

great

as

tin-plate scrap

from

is not

cupola

but

light blast,

melted

when

cent,

per

with

blast.
iron

melting

of

cost

in

cupola

dollars

is about

two

cupola

is from

ton.

per

The
to

heat.

bad

very

shorter

the

from

rammer,

melting
be

strong

very

the

chipped
in

as

in

made

castings

of metal

great

melted

sparks

off

on

be

loss

the

ends, and

be

may

off with

brittle

iron.

fins

knocked

of

cause

melters.

by

frequently made

more

melt.

scrap

cast

The

the

from

It throws

iron.

the

I will take

to-morrow

remark

is often

Pig-iron melts

and

to-day,

for

go

FURNACE.

CUPOLA

THE

342

dollars

four

that

extent

the

alone
if it

be

coal
in

picked

stove

produces

into

run

three

or

oven

core

heat

any

tin-plate
to

such

cupola

will

an

moulds.

the

from

metal

molten

the

of

with

melted

when

scrap,

temperature

it cannot

Anthracite
burn

iron

sheet

reduces

ton.

per

Galvanized
scrap,

in

melting tin-platescrap

of

cost

of

dump
furnace,

coal

other

not

ful
doubt-

it is very

and
with

burned

when

in

cupola.
is too

Lead
be

retained

in

be

warmed

and

in

cupola

the

tap hole

when

left open

The

melted.

it has

after

in

when

penetrating

fluid

state

ladle

melting

to

should
metal

this

cupola.

The

best

is melted
The

is

sparks
and

spout

burn

the

flesh

The

sparks
wherever

material

lining

hole

burn

and

heavy

mica

native
that

or

fly
the

are

for

they

wet

in which

tin-platescrap

soap-stone.

from

oxide

stream

of

iron.

clothing very

from

cupola

hard

They

are

iron

at

the

short-lived

tap
and

little.

tap-hole or

strike.

of

spout

are

molten

iron, and

THE

344

held

men,

Treat
a

Mr.

was

weighing

man

be

other?"

The

loud

long.

and

the

large

fast

melting,

work

filled

foundries, and

with

stock

in

the

and

kind

iron

Some

these

out
some

of

was

fuel,

of

fifteen

knew

the

report

excellent

that

the

placed
mistakes

and

years

or

as

be

published,
work

cupola

cupola
iron

all

at

in

filled

was

could

have

indicated

in

the

formula.

in

the

bed

was

placed

the

of

charges
charges

returning

three

of

that

nothing

of

the

pound

cupola

the

in

the

for

not

separate

two

reports

fuel

of

tuyeres

showing

surprised
showed

to

was

the

charged

amount

cases

shape

either

bed

charges,

was

them

blanks

with

in the

and

He

etc.

of

of

way

bed

on

printed

country,

placed

able
reli-

some

blanks
the

of

fuel

placed

tuyeres,

the

an

hundred

of

publish

to

obtain

Many

in many

the

fill to

of

reply.

cupola

fuel

in
any

in

cases,

pointing

each

to

amount

to

parts

amount

knowing

in such

others, the

cover

think

you

foundrymen

about

was

several

in

making

of

melted

in

or,

their

to

ization
organ-

stop lying about

small

desirous

iron

of

received

desirous

sufficient

marked
re-

remark

many

and

who

different

amount

cupola,

some

in

fill in the

they

were

been

hint

with

practice, being

the

who
a

melted

an

this

to

was

way

stop lying

followed

the

foundryman

ago,

reports

about

iron

efTected

quiet

formed

to

A.

and

benefit, don't

that

take

cupola, height

of

men

In

would
of

have

great relief

his

C.

etc.

charges,

the

be

the

had

meeting

foundrymen

laughter

It would

that

request

the

of

practicalfoundry-

in

have

mutual

for

foundrymen

to

diameter

the

the

of

one

representing

and

we

our

1896,

14,

all its business

arose

cupola practice,had

on

sent

and

burst

foundry

data
and

idea

years

on

and

After

Since

for

good

amount

few

Mo.

foundrymen

some

13,

good-sized

pounds,

Treat

foundrymen

it would

Mr.

Gentlemen

"

of

at

Treat,

300

over

adjourn,

to
:

the

A.

12,

organization, transacted

permanent

if

C.

Mfg. Co., Hannibal,

about

FURNACE.

Philadelphia, May

in

delegates

CUPOLA

diameter

was

not

and

it

the

times, that

not

given

sufficient
was

only

reports

they

were

for

to

after
rection,
cor-

put in

publication.
ago,

when

we

took

more

active

part

in

melting

than

account

of

by

some

ten

to

have

question becoming

the

foundry

been

placed

The

who

of the

about

Connellsville

present

time

melt

with

diameter,

same

and

visits, few

less

per

on

the

rich

or

that

in

their
have

they

the

same

cent,

of

fuel

of

sumed
con-

coal

hard

The

could

that

best

with

one

of

critics

amount

coke.

heats

the

the

to

the

pay.

were

and

seven

best

with

one

time

on

all saved

melting

half

get

work

matters

have

fuel in

cupolas described,

our

foundry

list with

that

at

of

they

of

retired

generally

the

at

the

in the

to

in

and

another

any

presume

amount

published

was

eight

large

upon

heats

melted

be

and

business,
such

of

from

fuel, and

of

foundries

publishing

prominent

quantity

their

to

come

learned

never

fuel

employers

to

before

melting

on

We

subject.

invited

large

too

an

print

melting anywhere

were

using

for

one,

were

points

few

to

in

criticised

repeatedly

were

melters, who

would-be

times

we

occasionally published

and

time,

present

melted,

heats

twenty

some

the

at

345

SCRAPS.

CUPOLA

and

foundrymen
size

fuel,

in

cupolas
like

are

gels'
an-

between.

far

NOTE.

I'AXSON-COLLIAU

On

page

J. W.

Paxson

type

similar

193

Co.,

We

desire

claimed

to

to

be

made
the

have

been

any

iron

cupola

same

page,

solid

cast

arrangement

slag

or

by Fig.

shown

plate,
This

hot

requiring

to

no

doors,
hold

44,

strike

as

up

while

that

this is

in its

it,

soft
it is

Paxson-Colliau

the

it has

safety tuyere

hot

by

blast

two

of

zones

which

melting

discharges

plug, which

is

outside

discharged

is not

Cupola
as

construction, bringing it up

metal

fine Screen

it does
bottom

not

warp

doors,

Door,

Charging

is claimed

lining,and

the

stated

built

as

any

has
to

the
date.

overflow

into
and

easilymelted,

through

the

bottom

193.

page

fitted with

is also

iron

low

have

we

that

extent

changes

many

has

Cupola

Paxson-CoUiau

194

page

the

to

trap fitted with

cornucopia-shaped

as

made

the

of

CoUiau.

type, and

Blast

Hot

on

Victor

above

Paxson-Colliau

new

should

by

correct

of the

Colliau, there
The

Philadelphia, and

that

to

illustrations

shown

are

CUPOLA.

or

to

be

crack.

instead

of

shown

by Fig.
the

acceptable than

more

It

as

may

the old

be
prop,

fitted
when

with
a

small

43,
old

new

car

346

THE

truck

or

and

wheels

on

it

carry

keep

cooled

be

cool

by

of

flared,

and

the

be

blast

where

expected

it

Arrester

dirt

ones

are

to

and

upper

to

be

is

also

by

lower

cupola

often

done

made

or

placed

where

it

tuyeres

is

of

action

the

wanted,
the

used

are

and

tions.
por-

two

rectangular

are

is

evenly.
would

that

extent

of

zones

little

very

distributed

the

to

will

Cupola,

there

that

being

blast

can

then

burned-out

tuyeres
so

to

it

Paxson-CoUiau

the

lower

staggered

are

weather

cupola

the

drop

where

yard,

The

up

hot

cold

the

patching

over

the

during
in

mills.

The

area.

they

receive

to

perhaps
cinder

the

small

the

way,

for

part

every

is

the

oval;

affected

not

which

of

out

ready

and

reaches

is

lining

under

desired,

repairs

Spark

upper

FURNACE.

placed

gotten
any

sparks

the

the

plate;

dead

Therefore

and

the

confines

and

or

allowing

device

new

which

if

keep

to

water,

quickly,

be

can

foundry

warm,

off

ofif

the

into

shop

the

rake

or

CUPOLA

melting

at

are

work.

While

is

the

in

placed
heat

the

heat?

of

may

except

had

be

brass

it

gauge

from

the

builders,

we

upper

wanted,

supplied

with

each

have

J.

small

below

scale-plate

gauge

in

both

is

is

door

and

yet
W.

Paxson

This

glass

Co.,

This

further

Philadelphia,

the

make

to

above

It

is

greater

the

is

Pa.

running
that

fact

there

perfect

more

tuyeres.
made

of

iron

and

looking

neatest

description

of

part

while

the

hand

naked

cupola

proves

cupola.

tube.

seen.

the

during

tuyeres
and

the

seen

ordinary

an

quickly.

very
the

through

blast

the

back

this

have

we

charging

try

ever

you

that

the

at

pulled

where

fuel

common-sense

be

Did

will

tnerctiry

japanned,
most

the

mentioned

be

may
furnace

admitted

oxygen

new

it

injury.
hand

The

enough

this

Paxson-Colliau

without

combustion

of

speaking

of

this

and

cupola
E.

K.

INDEX.

BROS.

ABENDROTH

cupola

Chester,

Port

of

rows

i:.sed

the

cupola,

admi.ssion

in

of,

30

cupola,

Baskets

admission

blast

of

to,

Bed,

belt,

connecting

location

of

openings
perfect

in

round

of

of,

gauges,

292,
of

fuel

of

too

fuel

with

15

of,

melt

to

pipe

pipes,

281

restriction

to

through
for

in

cupola,

combustion

power

given
pressure,

of

the

passage

cupola,

required
amount

of, 77

effect

the,

from

direct

the
to

of,

35,

of,

85,

blast
a, 286-

of

air-chamber

tuyeres

318

arrangement
cause

(347)

in,

of

eres
tuy-

53

205

204,

36

of, to

the

air-chamber,

16

a
displace
at
given
a

amount

used

86

admission

15,

294

location

works,

cupolas
cupola,

tuyere,

Blast,

estimating

79

connecting

tuyeres
steel

Bessemer
to

296

the

of

quantity

supplying,

295,

78

290

282

341

the

of

chamber,

with

Blakeney

fuel,

the,

large

up

air

Belt

294

293,

for

pola,
cu-

128

a,

of, 286

connection

in

in

in

79
for
required
a,
leveling the top of the, 82
for a, 336
quantity of fuel
78,
lowering
raising or
a,
of the, 253
burning
uneven

15

294

required

rule

of

effect

15

friction

means

depth

tion
objec-

over-head,

capacity

iron,

of

ton

ing
connect-

pipe

of, required

feet

the

warming

for

fuel

or

best,

cubic

16

the,

main

to,

perfect

melting

77

manner

air

poor

250

340

the,
the,

up

290

an,

125

to, 249,

14

the

chambers,

15

of, 14,

212

much,

too

burning

286-290

a,

construction

of,

depth

due

from

direct

93

fuel, 230
of,

size

233-253

bod,

the

away

in

burned

pipes

blast

tuyeres

coal,

77-79

the,
best

of, 5, 6

with

cutting

increase

15,

16
area

and

wood

by

tapping, 92, 93
for measuring

Bars,

14-16

-chamber,

of, 247

cause

of,
examples
cupola, 277-279

for

Bar

the

to

support
23, 24

of, required

amount

caused

Banking

214

45, 46

tuyeres,
of,

the

250, 251

keeping,

of

for

cupola,

90

melting,

BAD

214-221

manner

Air,

coal,

298

198-202,

by

N.Y.,

cupola
foundry

large

of

iron,

melt

to

built

blower

brackets

or

lining

the

Anthracite

tuyeres

Chester,

Port

of

43

by,

iron

Angle

three

fan

3(j9-311

the,

N.Y.,

with

cupola

Adjustable

Mich.,

Detroit,

Co.,

Dixie

Smith's

port
re-

of. 214, 215

Accounts,

Blower

American

Chester,

Port
,

Y.,

N.

of

supplying

for

with,
for

apparent

the

14

supplying,
deficiency

266

of, 91

348

INDEX.

Blast, direct

delivery of,

tuyeres,

to

patented positive pressure,

Green

Blower,

314-321

284
definition

furnace,

required in,

fuel
use

in

lime-stone

of

325

horizontal,
Mackenzie,

of a, 136

obtaining

the, 135,

311-314

of

gate, advantage

the, 290, 291

adjustablebed,and

on

bed

on

bined

29U-292

untershaftj

gauges,

292-294

the, 274

303-305

of,

indications

combined

294-299

melting,

first

when

put

with

double

on,

right
up-

engine^

85

length
off

time
the,
cupola, 27G.

of

gates,

from

the

the,

329-331

85

vertical, and

in,

in

blast

etc., of, 326

blast
forced
pressure,

gauges,

melting, 276,

277

standard

table

by,

inches,

290

of

of,

and

diameter

as

Blue

area

Bod

showing

increase
different

lengths

underground,
best

with

of

way

and

for

283

horse

connecting,

288-290

mode
size

heat,

for

before

iron

the

charging
putting on the, 86,

electric
steel

95

the,

96

of

and

making
shape

the,
of, 9(5

96

motor,

pressure,

Bolton
5

of

explosion

vSteel

and

of Ireland's

by, 147, 148

Co., England,
cupola in, 159

the, to
Bosh, taper from
cycloidal, 321-328
for
setting up, 314, Boshing of cupola, 14

foundation
Garden
329

use

Bottom

efficiency of, 317,

for, 300

door,

Bottom

doors.

the

lining, 109

latches

1)olts and

318

City po.sitiveblast, 328,

by

Iron

Connersville

316,317

caused

iron

of

tuyeres

iron

a, 257

Boiling, cleaning

327
301-309

with,

wet,

87

connection
directions

of

sticks, 9:!, 94

276-299

Buffalo

essential

an

for, 95

mixture

as

working

non-positive,

putting on the, 85
taking off the, during

and

manure

good, 95
material, 94,

95

294, 295

time

qualities of a,
small
cupolas, 95

good,

279, 280

tuyeres,

positive

of,

of, 94

definition

the

necessary
in diameter
for the

very

of speed and
capacities of,
applied to cupolas, 309
clays for spout lining, 68
bar
for cutting away
the, 93

of, 286-288

285

table

of, in

dimensions

of

319

table

for, 280

arrangement

poor
table

311-331

speed of, 320, 321

ley,
by pulfoundry, driven

foundry,

explosions in, 292

galvanized iron, 280, 281
long, poor melting caused
materials

capacities,

cycloidal, numbers,

blast

bed,

same

on

300-331

Blowers,

of, 281-290

explosion

fan, 309-311

engine

326

cupolas,

2S1

diameter

Dixie

Smith's

with

of

300, 301
"s rotary positive pressure,

a,
Roots

276-299

of,

connection

fuel,

into

306

305,

cupola, 290
placed near
placing, 300, 301
prevention of the destruction

294

heated

pipe, preventing
gas
cupola from passing
pipes, 279-2S1
blast

taken

277

of, through

passage
127

be

can

supplying,

for

machines

Blower

com-

with

heating
in

a,

303

13()

gates,

from

results

best

the

11,

of, 4

12

devices

133,134

for

raising

the,

INDEX.

doors,

Bottom

for

way

and

Casing, stack, 2,

1'5

hard

sand

strain upon

in a, 340

of,

111

cupola, height of, 3,

pitch or slope of, 65, 66
plate, 4
plates, shape of, 2()
of

make

Cast,

quantity

the

wet

hard,

too

or

Casting, 339
Castings, fins

quence
conse-

of, 65
tuyere,

46-49

uneven

settling and
a,

Center

blast

340

Chain

blast. 294

iron

iron

steel

in

furnaces
in

"B

Co.,

and

fuel

table
of

cupola

table

steel

blower.

too

large

in

the,

128

cupolas, different
door, 6, 14
distance

for

cast

at

the

proper
rule

iron, 145
Homestead,

22

the

26

lining

of

at

the, 1 10

time

of, 84

way

for, 333
for, 132, 133

tuyere, 41
mould,
explosion

Chenney
Chill

of

iron

in

a,

259

Chipping

the. 111

bottom,

of

floor

the,

low, 334, 335

flux, 84, 85

iron,

of, 12
cupola, construction
7
of,
6,
lining
rusting
preventing the, from

refractory material

the

below

113

doors,

Carnegie Steel
Works,
Pa., cupolas in the, 275, 298, 335
the
for removing
Cars
dump, 100
"Casing, 12-14
brick

port,
re-

of, 13

location

145

of, from

of,

ways

of

scaffold

wear

removal

to, 84

cupola

220

301-309

CANNON,
Carbon,

127

80-82

bad,

"
Co.
Iron
Detroit,
Works,
Byrani
Mich., cupola report of, 214-216

melting of, 224

effect of, upon

of

quantity

melting due
poor
slate
for, and
cupola

pipes
by

Furniture
Co,
Buffalo,
Y., cupola of the, 54
pressure

of

of. 20*'

Charging,

the, 281-283
School

into,

experimental heats, 126,

even
melting, 127
placing the, 82-84

at

of diameter

prepared

336

iron

most

277-279

blast

each,

of fuel and

for

types, 306-308
ing
Buffalo, N. Y., bank-

the,

softening

212

pressure

Forge

in

required

division

effect
"

in

with, 130-132
fuel, 332

as

fuel

Charges,

30"S, 309
built

blower

of,

use

Charge,

cupola

foundries,

electric

N.

299

experiments

Charcoal,

for casing, 111

split,112
of, 9fl,100
Bridging, cause
for

pola,
cu-

cupola, Ireland's. 159-161

tuyeres, experiments with,

breaking of,

of, :23-26
Brackets, arrangement
Brick, curved, for lining, 22

blower

in

on, 342
219

298,
in

melted

be

can

of,

report

10
sand

224

224

of, 63

re-use

be

can

cupola,
weight of a piece of,

size and
that

of, that

in

melted

of, 64

renewal

Buffalo

339

a,

iron,
into

Casings, 4,

of,
cupola, 63, 64
preparation of, 63

too

iron,

wrought

11

introduction

sand,

wet

12

lining,to protect the,

66

66

hollow,

of, 12

the, 12

thickness

340

rammed,

high pitch of,

construction

weight of,
exclusively new

Bottom,

size

reducing

349

out,

101-103

tools

Cincinnati,
off

for,

O., poor

255

melting

in

pola
cu-

at, 251--53

Cinder,

25

for

lining, 21,

brittle, making
a, 136
chipping off, 106
tendency of, in a cupola, 136,

137

INDEX.

350
Clam

shells, 142

Clay,

amount

of sand

in, for daubing,

104
mixtures

sharp sand,

and

of

effect

in

much,

too

of, 62

lining, 68

blue, for daubing, 104

fire, for daubing, 104

Cupola, boshed, burning out of the

lining of the, 109
new
lining in, 105, 106
14
of,
boshing
bottom,
height of, 11
brackets
or
angle iron for the
support of the lining of a, 23, 24

soaking of, 104

sands, 62
wash, 63
yellow, for daubing, 104
Clays for spout lining, 68
and
bad
Coal
wood,
melting caused
by, 250, 251
anthracite, amount
of, required
to melt
iron, 90
hard, use
of, as fuel, 332
melting with, 130

brick

Cogniardelle,

commencement

294

Connellsville,

Coke,

to

iron,

melt

in

of,

consumption

of,

amount

quired
re-

iron,

melting
the

of, from

out

dump,

of,

Colliau

fuel,

as

cupola, claims
history and

for the, 194-196

description of,

193, 194

of

cause

cupola,
cupola, note

-Paxson

192-196

194

193.

the, 345, 346

on

refuse

up

Colliau

stick, 93, 94

Combination

Combustion,

complete, 178
Connersville
cycloidal blower, 321-328
of, 323
Contact, point of, definition
Continuous

slot

34,

tuyere,

improved
patent

blast

center

186

107,

88

a,

of,

12

and

hanging

80-82

the, 101-103
hot
blast, 192-196
of a, 49, 50
tuyere area

out

patent

combined

of

in a^

melting

86

of a, 8-29
with

improved,

Crandall

blast

center

patent
'204

of

does

it pay

to

location

the

in a, 138

155-157

expanding,
experiment

at what

learn

to

the, iron

experimental, 114
melting tin-plate

for

point

melts, 114

for

228,

of

in a, 335

melting

of limestone

effect

202-

zone

the

dumping

Johnson

tuyere,

in a, 123
slag a? 141, 142
from
refuse
the, 98

melting

227,

scrap,

229

best

tin-plate

scrap,
for a, 342
foundation, 2, 9, 10

lining

1-7,

332

of, 1
of, 223

advantages
chief

son
John-

tuyere,

use

consumption

202-

of

coke

in,

332

204

Crates, iron, for removing

the

description of, 2
required in,

dump,

fuel

100,101
in a, with

Crucible, experiments

iron,

130
account,

of

manner

admission

stack, weight

of,

a, 277-279

for a, 10

best

supports
Blakeney,
204,

book,

192

placed
231

of iron

hardening

keeping,

214

205
near,

290

supply of air to the, 30

188Greiner
patent economical,

height

of

a,

in a, 88

13

the

bottom

Herbertz,

173-182

of air to the, 30

banking

blower

of, 221

correctness

214-221

accounts,

and

a,

in a, 99, 100

a,

furnace,

with

cupola

of

material

35

Copper, melting of, 223

Corry, Pa., Pevie cupola at,
of melting, 230-232
Cost

in

bridging

charging
chipping

of

tuyere, 41

Cupola

iron

of

construction

economical

cupola,

hot-blast

patent

Crandall

burning
casing,

the

232

view

lOS

determination

101
use

of a, 10

support

sectional

construction

90

332

picking

for the

walls

bridged

of,

for melting steel, 182-184

highest, in use, 335
iron in the, 88
holding molten

house,
of

a,

novel

27,28

plan of construction,

352

INDEX.

Cupolas, melting of lead in,

mistake
of placing small

223-224

Door,

tuyeres

in, 49

modern,
spark
for, 2G4-26G
of

number

13,
Doors, bottom,

device

devices

shaping

the

linine

59.

of, 33o

of, 2

small, bod

for, 95

breaking
in,

the

away

bridge

99

dumping

of

99

for

location

of

in,

in,

ELEVATOR,
Elizabethport,

for, 263-

and

speed
capacities
as
applied to, 3U9
in,

for

raising, 134

59-61

98-100

N.

Herbertz

J.,

tests

cupola

with

at, 176,

179-182

Ireland's

England,

of limestone

62

device

60

270
blowers

place,

tuyeres

devices

spark catching

in

for raising, 134

small, device
60
of,
supports
Double
tuyere, 42, 43
the
Drying
lining, 58, 59
breaking up the, 101
Dump,
chilling the, 99
constitution
of the, 100
handling of the, 100
picking over
the, lOl
removing the, 11, 100, 101

the

of

of,

raising the, 133,

the, 61,

putting up the,
sliding, 4

52

table

size

12

for

raising the,

best

heavy,

Dumping,

of the stock
support
tap hole for, 16

smaller,

and

60

dropping

location
of
diameter,
52
in,
tuyeres
of very
small
diameter, location
of tuyeres
in, 52, 5^
old style, 149-152
patent, shaping the lining of, 109
for, IJO, 61
props
shapes of, 2
sizes

11,

devices

of, 1U9
large

size

cupolas, height
14

134

tuyeres in,

odd-shaped,
of

catching

for

of

in,

in,

of tanks

use

cupola

patented

157
169

English cupola, old style, 154, 155

with
high tuyeres, impossibility Expanded
tuyere, 32, 33
hot
of making
iron
for light Expanding
cupola, 155-157
work
in melting, 113-134
in, 52
Experiments
with
tom
two
iron, 257-262
Explosion of molten
tap holes, slope of botin, 67
Explosions in blast pipes, 292
blast
Cylinder blower, 294
gauges,
in
blast
numbers,
Cycloidal blowers,
ties,
capaci326
etc.
of,
melting,
use

136

322

curves,

276, 277

103-105
DAUBING,
application of, 105

object of application of, to a

lining, 105
poor, cheap, nothing gained by
using, 104, 105
used

substances

thickness
wet,

Detroit,

Diamond

of

explosion
novel

Mich.,
of

house

of,

scaffold

lining,
by, 262
struction
plan of conand
cupola
107

iron

at, 27, 28
Drill

and

boro, Pa., cupola

M'f'g Co.,
of

the, 46

Doherty tuyere, 33, 34

Door, charging, 6, 14
location

of, 13

Birds-

Dixie, 309-311

for

daubing,
soaking of, 104

Fire-proof scaffold, 26-29

Floor, explosion of iron
upon

Fluor

for, 103

on

Smith's

FANFireblower.
clay

by

falling

the, 258

116, 147

spar,

Flux,

104

charging of, 84,

definition
effect
fluor

of,

of, upon
as

spar

85

135

iron,
a,

138

146, 147

quantity of, required, 84

Fluxes, action of, on lining, 139
materials

used

mineral,

effect
72

use

of, 135

as,

of,

135
on

front

terial,
ma-

INDEX.

Fluxing, improper, injury

iron

to

by,

143,144
in

iron

of

in

the,

to

the

rest

60

of, 10

9, 10

cupola, 2,

of

in

melting

90

quantity of,

by pulley,

bed, 336
furnaces, 1
required
too
heavy charges of, effect of, 81
too
light charges of, effect of, 81

sions
dimen-

under

in, 230

employed
speed of, 820,

men

blowers,

driven

standard,

table

of
in

of,

in

321

inches,

of

keeping

from

the

cupola, 91
theory of melting
Foundrymen,
understood

by,

blast

charges
of,

charges

of a, 136
in the,

332

kinds

of, 332
pot, 332
reverberatory,

332

fuel

various,

required in,

311-

71-73

of the, 72
material, effect of mineral

drying

on,

for

fluxes

GAIvVANIZED

iron

Garden

blast

of, 227
blowers,

passage

of, into

scrap,

in

71

the,

pipe, 85
escaping, composition of, 177,

blast

Gases,

178

effect of, 72
poor,
too
of, 72
wet, effect
in
71
putting
the,

Gates,

thickness

Gauges,

free oxygen

of, 72

required

for

combustion

the

Gould

of, 295, 296

of, in each

charge,

amount

for

required

in each
and

iron,

division

of,

the

76
an

eflfect of

bed, 78
of the charge

too

large
in

much,
23

of,

83

quantity of,

bed, 128

230,

"

use

Stewart's

scaffold

Fberhardt,

in

blower, 314-321
patent economical

the

ciipola,

Greiner

tuyere, 45
Grout, composition

Grouting

for

HEARTH

in the

distribution

of

blast, 292-294

of, 6

lining, 22

tuyeres,

50, 51

depth of,

the, 178

188-192

of, 336

amount

under

336

into

charges, 212
arranging the, for lighting up,
of
too
great
consumption

of,

in

83

N. J., 28
foundry of, at Newark,
Green
patented
positive pressure

81

bed, 79
charge,

charging

Glasgow, Scotland,
cupola at, 186-188

Fuel, 90-92
air

the

342

melting

City positive

328, 329
Gas, preventing
the

72

putting

not

331

Front,

to

136

135,

sheet

blowers,

iron

of

limestone

of

cupola, 1-7,

Furnaces,

212

pressure

in

year

82

blast, definition
use

the

Forced

of the

weight

general, best practicalresults

for melting for, o4o
Foundry man,
requirements of the,

121, 122, 334

every
States, 53

of, 341

waste

in a, 231
melting account
work, furnaces
employed for, 332

tuyeres,

United

accurate

an

for

various

of, wasted

the

Furnace,

204

the

value

319

Stove
Lebanon
department,
Works,
daily report of, 217
Outfitting Co., Detroit, Mich.,
by, 202cupola manufactured
result

the

cupola, 80
proportion of, to iron for melting,

disturbances
Foundries,
205
in,

Foundry

127

heating of, in a cupola, 129

measuring of, 230
old
of placing the, in
way

228

block

upon,
prop
construction

number

Fuel, guessing the weight of, 212

of blast through,
heated, passage

135-148

cupolas,

tin-plate scrap,
Foundation,

353

231

in the

Herbertz

Elizabethport,

movable,

of

the

cupola
N.

Herbertz

cupola, 173
to
Heat, escaping, attempts
the
to
the,
cupola, 273,

at

J., 180

return

274

INDEX.

354
make

Heat,

take

339

a,

"Iron,
blast

during

a, 276-

production of, 44, 45

the

utilization

of,

from

275

cupola, 274,

for

plans

275

utilization

the

of,

11

cubic

50-53

melt

melting

steel, 182-

with

the, 176,

dull,

H., bottom

coke

of, 293,

in the

of,

slot

experiments

as

essential

an

good bod,
Hot
blast
cupolas,

of

in

with,

MPEIvLER,
Iron,

first

complete, 316
charging
limestone

of

amount

136

coal

with

slag,

quired
re-

melt, 90

to

combined

the

142

Connellsville

coke

required

to

melt,

90
limestone

required

137

placed
bed

in

upon
the

charge,

the
first

size and

of carbon

of,
in

that

upon,
can

145
be

cupola, 224
weight of a piece
a

be
of, that can
224
cupola,

with

130-132

crucible,

melted

in

iron, by,

chilling and

ening
hard-

of, 87

fluxing of, in cupolas, 135-148

in melting
employed

furnaces

of, 332
guessing the weight of, 212
hard, experiments in softening,
51

hard, softening, 130-132

sparks from, 258
hardening
of, in a cupola, 88
use
of,
high silicon, Southern,
in stove
foundries, 144, 145
and

hot

of

for

temperature,

even

making,

of

with

high

impossibility
the

of

tuj-eres,

improvement
furnace,
flow

88,

208

light work,

indication

145

quantity

in

melting of,

fuel, division
of, into
charges, 212
of, in the experimental
arrangement
cupola, 114-119
of melting, 211, 212
art
burning
of, in a cupola, 88
carbonized, use of, as softeners,

melted

softening

molten

melted,

81

and

cast, effect

of,

i'59

of, 83

for,

anthracite

for,

of

explosion

271-275

additional,

affinityof

charge

130

258,

227

charcoal

95

the,

128

36,37
blower, 325
slot tiiyere, 34
manure

of

144

heavy

too

tuyere,

to

294

138

upon,
silicon on,

tuyere patented

vertical

ing,
melt-

336

tin on,
and

in

quality

of flux

48

Horizontal

at

66

spout,

cause

effect

177

Horse

the

at

test-heats

of

ton

deception

184

by,

the,

of, in slag, 138

melting, 342
feet
of air
required

of

cost

173-182

for

B.

of

332
contents

cupola,

Hibler,

action

large pieces of, 224

cleaning of, by boiling, 147,

for,

charges

cupola bottom,
tuyeres,

Herbertz

the

148

127

of

in

charge of,

spout, 66
charging, 340, 341

consumption

of, 1, 2, 13

experimental,

Height

first

the

271

utilization

Heats,
126,

in the

change

waste,

of the

82

299

theory of

variations

the

weight

off the

taking

of

cause

a, 339

impossibility
in cupolas

tuj'cres, 52

melting,

under

51

of, in

cupola

143

of the

of, from

melting by
the

tap

the

hole,

89

injury to, by improper

melting

fluxing, 143, 144

ing,
malleable, experiments in makand

143

INDEX.

Iron,

dullness

of
V

in

high

melted

cupola,

of,

355

Isbell

cause

Co., Newark,

Porter

J.,blower

N.

128

built

melting of, correct

theory of, 80
in a cupola, no chance
work

by the,

312

Mackenzie

pola,
cu-

in, 207
used

terms

manu-

facture
b}-,

to

indicate

the,

170-173

339

things

be

to

learned

in,

209

explosion

of, 64, 65,

257-262

Jamestown,

N.

slag, Jobbing

84. 85

Perry, cupolas
by, 271-273
Y., tuyeres in a cupola,

in,

Johnson,
cupola,

88

the

hours

of

N.

cupola

will

in

the

224

melt,

of

way

blast

D., "

action

Hainesport,
lining of

Co.,

fluxes

of

on

of,

cupola

139
298

cupola, 198-202,

Jumbo

placing the,

299

tuyere,

of

table

of, 200

charges

80

cupola,
mould

picking

148

of, with

experiments

Mr.,

center

of

53

Johnson, John

poling of, 147,

location

foundry cupolas,

tuyeres

handling of, 341

holding of, in the

number

"

31

filteringof, through

over,

Treadwell

constructed

molten,

old

JAGGER,

for, 222
the
of, from

out

Mr.,
KNOEPPEL,
cupola, 277-279

dump,

banking

on

101
the

placing

first
the

in

point

of

the

of, on

charge
bed,

80

a,

cupola,
in

melting,

83

Lawrence

cupola,

Lead,

113

of

ing,
to, for melt-

fuel

90

of carbon

removal

for

requisites

332,

dump,

the

from,

tuyere, 38, 39
of, in cupolas, 223

melting
handling

pola,
cu-

into

the

charging,

132,

the,

the

is put on,

86, 87
charges of, effect of,

light charges of, effect of, 81

tuyeres to improve the qualitv
of, 55, 56
weight of the charges of, to the
first

Ireland, Mr.,

bottom

of fuel, 82

charge,

of,

tuyere

effect

tuyeres
center

cupola,

blast

157-159

two

devised

cupola,

rows

large

per

cent,

of, in

of

by, 42
159-161

138

cupola,

in

large quantities, 136-138

object of use of, 136
of, in

use

Lining,

furnace, 135, 136

cupolas, 136
blast

21-23

action

of fluxes

belly of,
brackets

cupola,

139

on,

107
or

support

of
away

out
or

affinityof, for iron, 136

required of, 137
charging of, 140

by,

48

double

of

action
137

burning

81

used

of

217

for, 340

wood

81

charges

of,

amount

133

before

blast

heavy

102

tuyeres,

daily report

Works,

department

Limestone,

333

melting, in a cupola, 77
space
ning
theory of preventing, from runfor

Stove

foundry

of

Ireland's

of, 342

294

bellows,

Leather

Light-up, bad, 340

Lighting-up, 76, 77

1-15

in

melting,

boil

to

reducing

Lebanon
from

of,

recovery
101

too

caused

262

molten,

proportion

time

iron

damp,
LADLE,
by

iron

angle

for

the

the, 2:",24
of

the,

zone,

110

of, 24,

at

the

ing
melt-

25

life of, 110

destruction

of,

at

tuyeres, 110
drying the, 58, 59

and

below

the

356

INDEX.

of fluor

effect

Lining,

on
the, 140
clay in, 68
sand
in, 68

spar

much

too

false, 22, 111,112

filling in the, at the melting
106, 107
of, 110
greatest wear

laying

zone,

material, best,
for spouts, 68
in
cupola, 105, 106
new,

object

to

cupola, burning

out

of

whims

1135.

view

sectional

shape,

of

239, 241

237,

prevention of absorption
by the, 25, 26

of moisture

for, 6,

refractory material
of, 12
of

selection

thickness

of

110

bosh, 109
a,

clays

bods,

for

Loams
Lobdell

door, 110

of, 80
way
lor spout lining, 67
94

Wheel

Car

Del., melting

Co., Wilmington,
at the

cannon

foundry

of,

of

ing
keep-

three

of

rows

21

tuyeres,

30

cupola,

of,

86

230-232

ton,

mode

of

figuring,

231,232
disturbances
in, 205
335
economical,
experiments in, 113-134
fast, 207

the

cupola

for,

improper, injury

tuyeres,

indication

122, 123

iron
dent
"
CO., acciMcGILVERY,
in the foundry of, 259, 260
WM.

Machine

foundry cupolas,

tuyeres
Mackenzie

location

iron,

207
to

iron

by, 143,

of

blower,

art

cost

spalls,142, 143

of

an

80

ture,
tempera-

even

2(i8

311-314

143

the

of, 211. 212

theory of,
of, 342

and

hot

in, 53

the, by the flow of

tap hole, 88, 89

of

from

correct

in

cupola, 170-173
tuyere, 34, 35
Furnace
Co., Boston,
Mass.,
Magee
triangular tuyere used by the, 39
in making,
Malleable
iron, experiments
Marble

result

144

of, 224
Low

to

many,

227
galvanized sheet-iron
scrap,
of
understanding
good, necessity

62

sands,

per

111

old

the,

tap hole, 98

at the

accurate,

107

protect the casing,

of, at the charging

Loading,

account,

cost
on

scientific, 254
chipping out by

commencement

22, 110
to

254,255

254-256

or

daubing

a,

and

of

the, seen
of, 210

of
the

with

art

settling of, 25
shaping the, 105-110
split brick, 112
spout, 67
of,
stack, wear
support of 5
taper of, 107
to the, from

210

attention

no

bottom

in, 205-210
bad, cause
of, 247
caused
and
coal,
by wood
250, 251
of, 233-253
examples
best practical results
for, 343
blast in, 294-299
in the, by two
capacity, increase

139

a,

in

a, 231

renewal

v/ear

of

of

paid by
shape the cupola, 105
102
of,
theory of some,
Melting, 86-89

the. 111,

over

112

Loam

poor,

254

Melters,

lining

iron

255, 256

by the,

interference

a,

109

old, false

a, 339
of every,

good,

skill

of boshed

out

aim

process
101-103

105

a,

run

practical

applying daubing

of

Melt,

directions

342

of

the

Melter,

a, 22

up

explosion
James,
foundry of, 1:60
Massachusetts,
early use
tuyere in, 48
Marsh,

cupola,

no

chance

work

in, 207
terms

most

used

to

dicate
in-

the, 339
in, 209
things to be learned
charges for, 127
even,

point,

77

357

INDEX.

of

Melting point, discovery

in a cupola,
find

to

Steel

M.

Co., Springfield,O., Blakeney

cupola

the,

bed

the

much,

too

in

used

tuyere
to

240,

in

cupola,

the

burned

being

constructed

25(i

Cincinnati

ufactur
by

the, 204,205

pipes,

290

due

man-

78

by long blast

caused

poor,

the, 77

113

by the, 35,

251-

cupola,

Mud, explosion
into, 260

253

for,

preparation of tin-platescrap

of

iron

36

poured

when

225

of, to

reduction
scrap

sheet

sheet

of

a
system,
iron, 227

214, 337

J. B.,
NAU,
173-182

Works,

North

Stove

Syracuse

of, 337
materials

of,

in

cupola,

understood

Oval

in, 209

used

old

the

not

dry
foun-

by

Oxygen,

cupola,

escaping

West

CO.,

melting

N.

225-229

gases,

the

at

Troy,
foundry

of, 242-248

burning

away

note

lining

the

of

the,

the, 345,

on

346

110

depth of,

194

cupola, 193,

Paxson-Colliau

77, 123-129
at

the

E., "

D.

coal, 130

zone,

free, in

PARIS,
Y., bad

227
a

for, 222

178

of, 342
tin-plate scrap,
experiments in, 226.
cost

in

signed
de-

32

tuyere,

iron, mould
Oyster shells, 142

Over

296

212

men,

with

in the

266-2()8

of the

theory

iron

catcher,

spark

J.,
O'KEEFE,
by,

irregular, 337

cause

of

cupola,

208

slow, 207,

study

Herbertz

Bros., explosion
foundry of, 260, 261

218
and

the

on

Perry

125

"

Co.,

of, 253

of

the,
123, 335

at

the

bad

melting

foundry

of,

233-

242

336

of

of

examples

topof,335,
development
filling in the

of having to dump
cupola at the foundry

cause

location

of the

determination

Pevie

the, 129

cupola,

184-186

Picks, cupola, 102, 103

iron, placing the, in the cupola,
106,107
I
location
of the, 77
82, 83
'
of conraising and lowering the, 120, Pipe, main, perfect manner
123
j necting the, with an air chamber,290

lining

at

the,

[Pig

Mercury
Metal

gauges,
from
tin

Pipes, blast,
branch,
doctoring I
I

292

plate

scrap,

of, 227

quality
225, 226
gray,

Moisture,

of, by
sand

Molding
Molten
Mould

the

lining, 25,

for spout

Moulding,

aim

of every,

210

sands

use

for

scales, 21 1

of contact,

melting,

definition

discovery

of

of,

323

the, 77

Poking the tuyeres, 89

iron, 147, 148
Poling molten
in
Cincinnati
a
Poor
melting

cupola,

251-253

339

floors, cleanings from,

sand,

of, 284
in, 281-282

lining, 3

Platform

lining, 07

iron, explosion of, 257-262

for over
iron, 222

Moulder,

Pit

Point

26

of air

294
blower,
of, iPiston
Pit, cupola, 3, 4

tin-plate scrap, 226

absorpprevention of the tion

from

friction

279-281
area

63

daubing,
of,
bods, 94
for

Pot

103

furnace, 332
of coke
consumption
fuel required in, 1

in, 332

358

INDEX.

of,

to

air at

pieces

of iron

large
foimdry of, 224

the

at

62, 99

61

the,

removing

visit

Works,

Locomotive

Providence
to

of

61

Props, 60,

the

Sand

amount

amount

318
given pressure,
charging
Whitney,

"

Pratt

the

estimating
displace a given
for

rule

Power,

248-250

plant of,

bottom, pitch or slope of, 64

riddling out of the, 101
slushing the, 64
of too
effect
much, in lining, 68
for bottom,
working of, 65
62
for sand-bottom,
mould, explosion of iron in a, 259
moulding, use of, for daubing, 103
sharp, for daubing, 104

RANSOM
cupola
Records,
value

Albany,

CO.,

at the

N.

construction

charging

of, 214

38, 39
tuyere, Lawrence,
Truesdale, 37, 38
material
for lining, 6, 7
Refractory

exposure

repairing, 110-112
Relining
Repairing and relining, 110-112
Bros.',214,
Report, cupola, Abendroth

novel

Reducing

daily,

Lebanon
of

old

castings,

or

Return

29

fire-proof,

rendering

old

their

211-213

use,

213

worn-out,

charging of, 83
galvanized sheet

Scrap,

of,
heavy

melting

iron,

227

melting of,224
explosion of iron when
with, 260,
brought in contact

catcher,

government

rusted,

furnace, 332

Reverberatory

consumption
coke
fuel
T

in,

iron, melting of, 227

tin-plate,cupola for melting, 227,

226, 227
fluxing of, 228
melting of, in

pressure

melting,

in

experiments

108

positive

rotary

of

view

of, 212

in size

blower, 329-331
Round
tuyere, 31,

229

228.

bridged cupola at, 107,

increase

262

sheet

required in, 1

sectional

Ind.,

332

37

tuyere,

Richmond,

Roots's

a,

the, 213

upon
of, 211

safest, 28,

and

for

aud

Scales

266-268

Riddles,

of

27,28
Scale, size of, 211

219

cupola, 152, 153

tank
cupola, 167-170
flue
cupola spark

Reversed

floor

in the

devices

for, 221
Reports, blanks
false, 221
keeping of, 221
Reservoir

scales

worn-out

Scaffolds, best

217

works,

Stove

construction

of

27.28

215

of

plan

scales

214,216
Byram"Co.'s,
department
Foundry

27

fire,26,

to

the

26

of, 26

location

and

of, below

floor

door,

of,

proof,

fire

of,

of the

distance

for, 221

blanks

Scaffold, 7, 8,

Y.,

foundry of, 273

stove

226

weights,

Sash
"

cupola,

225-229

preparation of,

32

ing,
for melt-

225

MO.,
ST.LOUIS,
in,
tuyeres
two

Sand,

of,

amount

large cupola

with

in

Shaping

clay

for

daubing,

iron

104

bottom,

lighting up,
tuyere, 34
of,

destruction

in

the,

height

of
to

the,

contend

crackling of,

of

perfect joint
69

the

between

spout

above,

Skinner

the,

lining, 68,

142

of, on
of tuyeres, 49,

Silicon,
Size

the

Slag,

227

142

Shells,

65

tuyeres
19,20,3.33,334
leakage of, 64
and

with

melting

227

melting of,

64

76

galvanized,

scrap,

62-67

elements

105-110

for

blast

Sheet

lining,

the

Shavings

54

iron, 144

effect

Engine
cupola
the,

142

Co., explosion in the

of, 261,
of

amount

50

iron

262

combined

with

36o

INDEX.

aud

of diameter

TABLE

of blast

area

pipes,
speed and
blowers

Trucks

as

of

capacities
applied

in
the

Taking

319

increase
different

pipes, 283
during a heat,

of blast

lengths
off

inches,

necessary
for the

in diameter

the

blast

Tuyere

49, 50

reservoir

or

Tanks,

cupola,
England,

of, in

use

167-170

of

flow

iron

mode

from

melter

the, 88, 89
at the, 98
seen

forming,
preventing the cutting of, 73
reducing the size of the, 87,
of

mode

Tapping

Tin

-plate scrap,

by,

blast, 14
blast, experiments

298, 299
connecting
a

226,

metal

from, 226

of metal

melting,

in

melting

of,

in

and

under

to, 284
the, 121, 122, 334
made
improvement

general

of blast

in,

341

for

ing,
melt-

high,

225

quality

bottom,

19,

341
in

reason

of

metal

from,

increase

by

226

Treat, C. A., remarks

Triangular tuyere, 39

sand

above

cupola,

20, 333, 334

preparation of,

294

lining, at

the

delivery

225-229

Trompe,

of

height of, 50-53

342

225

fuel

286-290

blower, 5
under
the,

the, 110

below

fuel

228

of

the

30-57

destruction

direct

227

fluxing of,
gray

of, with

50,51

cupola,

228

air chamber,

consumption

with,

pipes direct with,

blast

belt

connection

doctoring metal from, 227

experiments in melting,

supplying the,

for

chamber

from

of

46

adjustable, 45,

center

of,

melting, 342
cupola for melting, 227,

loss

18-20

with

93

342

cost

41

Whiting,

iron, 227

on

slot,

38

37

40, 41

Tuyeres,

caused

39

reducing, 37,

vertical

225

of,

32
,

water,

burning up the, 341

iron, recovery
deposited upon
effect

T, 37
31

round,

air

bars, 92,

of a, 297

area

32

Truesdale

258

Tapping

outlet

blast, 34
triangular, 26,

large ladles, 87
of making
the, 96, 97
and
stopping in, 96-98

bar, explosion of iron

and vertical slot, 36, 37

slot, 34
invention, epidemics of, 30, 31
Lawrence
reducing, 38, 39
Mackenzie,
34, 35

sheet

is handled

iron

when

a,

45

horizontal

reversed
88

of, 73
too
long, effect of, 72
Tap-holes, locating the, 17, 73, 74
in

boxes, 19, 56, 57

42
Cheuney,
41
Colliau,
continuous
slot, 34, 35
Doherty, 33, 34
double, 42, 43

oval,

71

sizes

Tap, making

35,36

46-49

bottom,

Greiner,

169

Tap-hole, 16, 17
chilling of slag in the, 75
closing up of the, with slag, 339
indication
of the melting by the
skill of the

Blakeney,

expanded, 32, 33
expanding, 297

276-299
Tank

removing the dump, 100

reducing tu3'ere,37, 38
of a
combined,
cupola,
area,

to

cupolas, 309
standard
foundry blowers
mensions
driven
by pulley; dishowing

for

Truesdale

2S5

of, 344

two

favor

in the
or

melting

three

liability of, to be
of, 18, 19
low. 122, 123
location

of, 51

capacity

of, 21
closed, 50
rows

361

INDEX.

18,

2,

in

of,

projection

49

to,

at

of,

43-45

the

quality

of

iron,

the

built

of,

rows

or

slot,

vertical
best

for

with,

blast

connecting

of

250,

bad

caused

melting

for

the,

lighting

lighting

76

up,

340

up,

steam-jet

Woodward's

blower

Co.,

251

arranging

21

20,

41

the,

by

314-321

the,
coal,

by,
of,

297

way

pipes

by

Chicago,

Co.,

manufactured
Blower

and

43

42,
rows

more

Equipment

Wilbraham-Baker

Wood

297

196-198

cupola,

tuyere

55,56

triangular,

very

242-248

a,

Foundry

102

the,

melting

bad

Works,

Stove

Whiting

from

iron

preventing

rows

Troy

West

into

improve

299

tuyere,

55

50

running
three

the
centerblast

objection

theory

with

lining

the

on

102

of

by,

48,49
hump

19.

49,

of,

small,

bottom

tuyere

21

20,

cupola,

or

of,

with

experiments

D.,

89

the,

over

shape

two

Thomas

West,

the

the,

poking

to

cupola,

19,54,55

placing

size

in

of,

number

Tuyeres,

163-167

cupola.
double

288-290

ere
tuyused

in,
blower

VERTICAL

bed

same

slot

Voisin's

engine

plate,

ZINC,
48

by,

Zone,

double

tuyere

used

in,

melting,

the

123-129

77,

at

of

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24
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CAREY

CATALOGUE.

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Parks

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LAIRD

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26

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SYME.

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Outlines

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28

BAIRD

CAREY

HENRY

"

CATALOGUE.

CO.'S

The
Sugar Beet.
Including a History of the Beet Sugar Industry in Europe, Varietiei
and
Seeds
of the Sugar Beet, Examination, Soils, Tillaj^'e,
Sowing,
Cost of Cultivation, Harvesting, Transportation,Conserva
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By Lewu
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Illustrated by ninety engravings. 8vo.
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?VARE."

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inj^a
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WARN."

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Diagrams, and 3
Treatise
Equivalent Square Bases and EquivalentLevel Heights.
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WILSON.

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