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Shinas College of Technology

LABORATORY MANUAL

Electrical skills

Engineering Department

AY 2015-2016

Course Code: EEPW2241


ID No.:

Name of the Student:

Section No.

Level:

Semester: 2
Specialization:

Updated by Mr. Murali Krishna Boddu & Mr. Mahesh Aphale

Shinas College of Technology

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EEPW 2241: Electrical Skills Lab Manual

EEPW 2241: Electrical Skills Lab Manual

Shinas College of Technology

CONTENTS
Experiment
Name of the Experiment
No.

Page
No.

Table of contents
Course objectives, outcomes
Course assessment scheme
Laboratory rules
General safety precautions and guidelines
in the ELECTRICAL SKILLS lab
Introduction

Updated by Mr. Murali Krishna Boddu & Mr. Mahesh Aphale

Electrical Supply
Measurement of the Earth Resistance
Preparation of Galvanized Steel Conduit
Wiring Lighting Circuit
Testing Wiring Circuits
Connection of Fluorescent Tube Light
Sodium Vapor Lamps
Connection and Trouble Shooting of Fan
Circuit
Metal Halide Lamps

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1
2
3
4
5
6
7

EEPW 2241: Electrical Skills Lab Manual

Shinas College of Technology

COURSE OUTCOMES:
EEPW2241: ELECTRICAL SKILLS
Prerequisites: Engineering Workshop (EEPW 1240)
Goal: To provide the students with the concepts, techniques and applications of
electrical workshop
Objectives
Outcomes
This course should enable the Upon completion of the course, the student will be
student to:
able to:
1. Know the safety practices in
the workshop and production
areas.
2. Understand the
electrical
techniques.

aspects of
installation

1. Familiarize and apply the electricity safety


rules in Oman and in IEE regulation.
2. Describe the power distribution systems,
Earthing arrangement, electrical bonding,
PME supplies and current protective
conductors.

3. Understand how to assemble


steel conduit.

3. Prepare for assembling steel conduit.

4. Understand how to
lighting and circuits.

wire

5. Assemble and connect fluorescent and sodium


vapour lamps.

5. Understand the concepts of


construction of DC and singlephase AC motors.

6. Test the wiring circuits like visual inspection


test, continuity test and insulation resistance
test.

6. Know different methods of


protections.

7. Define the fault diagnosis techniques in


electrical insulations.

7. Understand how to control


circuits of single phase AC
motors.

8. Describe the construction of DC and single


phase AC motor.

4. Wire lighting and power circuits.

9. Construct bell indictor circuits.


10. Apply different
protection.

methods

of

circuits

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11. Control the circuits of single-phase AC motors.

EEPW 2241: Electrical Skills Lab Manual

Shinas College of Technology

Sources:
I. Text Books
1. Electrical Installation work, Brain McAdam, Elsevier 4Th Edition.
2. Electrical skills, Ministry Manual.
II. Reference Books
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Electrical Engineering, Allen R Pearson Prentice Hall.


Basic Electrical Installation Work, Trevor Linsley, Newness(ACT)
Electrical Installation, Thompson FG, Longman (NCT), 4Th Edition.
Electrical Technology, BL Theraja & AK Theraja S Chand Publications.
Residential Construction Academy, Stephen Herman, Thompson Publisher.
Electrical Instant Answer Garg Tuck, MC Graw Hill Publications.

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III. Web sites


http://www.ehcoman.com
http://www.majanco.co.om

EEPW 2241: Electrical Skills Lab Manual

Shinas College of Technology

COURSE ASSESSMENT METHODS


Assessment Scheme (Total Practical Courses)
Course Grading Scheme
Course Passing Grade

: 67-69 (C grade)*

* Depends on the course


Marks
90-100
85-89
80-84
76-79
73-75
70-72
67-69
60-66
55-59
Below 55

Grade
A
AB+
B
BC+
C
CD
F

GPA
4.0
3.7
3.3
3.0
2.7
2.3
2.0
1.7
1.0
0.0

Graduation Grading Scheme


Below grade is displayed in the graduation certificate and it is based on the Overall CGPA of
all levels.
Descriptive Grade
Excellent
Very Good
Good
Satisfactory

Updated by Mr. Murali Krishna Boddu & Mr. Mahesh Aphale

Fail

Grade
A
AB+
B
BC+
C
CD
F

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Overall CGPA
4
3.7-3.99
3.3-3.3.69
923-92.3
.22-.33
.29-.2.3
.23-.2.3
922-9233
923-92.3
0.0-.99

EEPW 2241: Electrical Skills Lab Manual

Shinas College of Technology

Assessment Methods
(Total Practical Courses)
Theory (T)

Practical (P)
Lab report

Not Applicable

Viva-Voce

Written Questionnaire
marks
100 % Practical part marks= Total marks out of 100

45 marks
15 marks
40

Assessment scheme for the Lab work


Part I: Lab report with data collection and analysis 45 Marks
Part II: One Viva-voce 15 marks

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Part III- Written questionnaire 40 Marks


In this part the student is subject to frequent written questionnaire about the performed
experiments. It may include experimental data collection. A minimum of three written
assessments are to be conducted (i.e. n > 3, where n= no. of practical assessments
conducted). Best of (n-1) performances to be considered for final marks. All written
assessments are announced.

EEPW 2241: Electrical Skills Lab Manual

Shinas College of Technology

Attendance:
Issuing of Warning Letter
Percentage
Number of Hours
First
10%
Second
20%
Third
30%
If the absence reaches 30%, the student will be debarred from the final exam and will
get ZERO in the final exam.
A student will be considered as LATE when s/he arrives after 10minutes of the class
start time. Being LATE for THREE times in a class will be considered as ONE class
absence.
The full course delivery plan must be covered. If students are absent without a valid
reason, it will be considered as if the topic/s is already covered and will be included
in exams.
If a student is absent for two continuous weeks within the semester in all courses,
s/he will be DISMISSED from the College.

If a student failed to attend any class, s/he has to submit the original excuse
document within one week from the date of absence to registration department
only.

If a student failed to attend midterm or final exam, s/he has to fill in a


Supplementary Exam Form attached with the original excuse stamped from
concern authorities and submit it to the registration department within one week
from the exam date. Hospital/Clinic Attendance Certificate is not accepted as a
valid excuse.

The coverage of topics in the midterm supplementary exam will include topics
covered up to the midterm exam + topics covered one week after the midterm
exam.

The final complementary exam will be conducted within four weeks from the
start of next semester.

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Absence Excuse:

EEPW 2241: Electrical Skills Lab Manual

Shinas College of Technology

Course Withdrawal
A student is allowed to withdraw one course during the semester. The withdrawal
period will end a week after the midterm exam resultannouncement.
Submission of Assignment
20% of assignment scored mark will be reduced for each day of late submission.
Cheating
In case of an accusation of cheating during an examination is proven, the following will
be imposed:

First Offense (Zero Mark)

Second Offense (Study Suspension for one semester)

Third Offense (Dismissal from the College)

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Disciplinary Action for Cheating Case/s:

EEPW 2241: Electrical Skills Lab Manual

Shinas College of Technology

Theory (T)
Not Applicable

Practical (P)
Lab report

45 Marks

Viva-Voce

15 Marks

Written Questionnaire
100 % Practical part marks= Total marks out of 100

40 Marks

Part I- Lab report with data collection and analysis 45 marks


No.
1
2
3
4

Factors
Ability to follow procedure, data collection

Marks
10

Data analysis, interpretation of results & conclusions related to


10
the objectives and course outcomes
Completeness, accuracy and
correctness of data and results (Figures, graphs, tables, units,
20
software)
Submission on time
05
Total
45 marks

Part II: One Viva-voce 15 marks


Part II- Written questionnaire 40 marks
In this part the student is subject to frequent written questionnaire about the performed
experiments. It may include experimental data collection. A minimum of three written
assessments are to be conducted (i.e. n > 3, where n= no. of practical assessments
conducted). Best of (n-1) performances to be considered for final marks. All written
assessments are announced.

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Total weightage for all the above procedures (Part I + Part II+ Part III) is 100%

EEPW 2241: Electrical Skills Lab Manual

Shinas College of Technology

WRITING LAB REPORT

1. Each Student has to write a Lab report on each Experiment / Exercise performed &
submit the report within one week.

2. But if the student fails to submit the report within one week, he/she will loose 1
mark each day till the report is submitted.

3. After the completion of each experiment student must take the signature of course
Lecturer on the cover page.

4. Attach the cover page to each Lab report before submission.


5. The report must be written on plane A4 sheets & preferably on both sides of the
paper

6. Neat report with all the required data, graph, units and conclusion will get better

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marks.

EEPW 2241: Electrical Skills Lab Manual

Shinas College of Technology

Dos and Donts:


Dos:
1.

Before starting Laboratory work follow all written and verbal instructions
carefully. If you do not understand a direction or part of a procedure, ASK YOUR
CONCERN TEACHER BEFORE PROCEEDING WITH THE ACTIVITY

2.

Do your wiring, setup, and a careful circuit checkout before applying power.

3.

Conduct yourself in a responsible manner at all times in the laboratory. Dont talk
aloud or crack jokes in lab.

4.

Appropriate Personal Protective Equipment should be worn during laboratory


experiments.

5.

Do not eat food, drink beverages or chew gum in the laboratory and do not use
laboratory glassware as containers for food or beverages. Smoking is strictly
prohibited in lab area

Avoid contact with energized electrical circuits.

2.

Do not make circuit changes or perform any wiring when power is on.

3.

Do not wear loose-fitting clothing or jewelry in the lab. Rings and necklaces are
usual excellent conductors in contact with your skin.

4.

Do not touch anything if your hands are wet. The "one-hand" approach is safest.

5.

Do not wander around the room, distract other students, startle other students or
interfere with the laboratory experiments of others

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Donts

EEPW 2241: Electrical Skills Lab Manual

Shinas College of Technology

Electrical Accidents/ Hazards are attributed to:


Shock/ Electrocution
Arcing
Fire
Explosion

Which result in:


Loss of Life
Loss of Property

Safety First
SAFETY CLOTHING MUST BE WORN
WORN

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Girls

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Boys

SAFETY SHOES MUST BE

EEPW 2241: Electrical Skills Lab Manual

Shinas College of Technology

Introduction
Electricity and related water sector in Sultanate of Oman
The Law for The Regulation and Privatization of the Electricity and
Related Water Sector (the Sector Law) was promulgated by Royal Decree
# 78/2004 and came into effect on 1 August 2004.

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Reference : http://www.ehcoman.com

EEPW 2241: Electrical Skills Lab Manual

Shinas College of Technology

Electricity Distribution in Oman: Geographical Coverage

Reference : http://www.ehcoman.com

Majan Electricity Company: Profile


Majan through its systems, processes and people offers sustainable
management of electricity with the purpose of serving the people of Oman
by delivering safe, reliable and economical electricity. *

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Reference : http://www.majanco.co.om

EEPW 2241: Electrical Skills Lab Manual

OES 1

33KV & 11KV Overhead Lines

OES 2

Underground Cables

OES 3

LT Overhead Lines

OES 4

Electrical Installations in Buildings

General Derogation OES 4 clause 6.5

Use of PVC Conduits

OES 5, 5A & 6

Transformers

OES 7, 21, 22, 23, 28 & 31

LT Equipment

OES 8,9,10,16,17,18,20,25, 26, 29 &


33

Overhead Line Material & Equipment

OES 11

General Specifications Electrical Equipment &


Materials

OES 21A, 12B, 13, 14, 15, 19, 34 & 35

Switchgear & Associated Equipment

OES 24 3311KV

Indoor Substations

OES 27 Volume

1 132 33KV Substations

OES 27 Volume 2

132 33KV Substations

OES 30 33

11KV Outdoor Substation

OES 32

132KV OHL

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Describe about

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Regulation

Shinas College of Technology

EEPW 2241: Electrical Skills Lab Manual

Shinas College of Technology

STANDARD OES 4
Ministry of Electricity and Water (now MHEW), Sultanate of Oman has
issued REGULATIONS FOR ELECTRICAL INSTALLATIONS known as
STANDARD OES 4 which is available at
http://www.aer-oman.org

BS 7671:2008
This British Standard specifies the Requirements for Electrical
Installations
It is also known as IEE Wiring Regulations
The regulations apply to the design, erection, and verification of
electrical installations.

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These regulations are updated and applicable in the region.

EEPW 2241: Electrical Skills Lab Manual

Shinas College of Technology

STANDARD OES 4
Scope and Coverage
(Where to use the standard?)
The regulations apply to electrical installations such as those of,
Residential Premises
Commercial Premises
Public Premises
Industrial Premises
Agricultural and Horticultural Premises
Prefabricated Buildings
Construction Sites, Exhibitions, Fairs and other temporary installations.
The regulations cover,
Circuits supplied at normal voltages up to and including 415/240 V AC 50
Hz.
Any wiring not specifically covered by the specifications of appliances.
Fixed wiring for telecommunications, signaling, control (excluding external
wiring of apparatus).

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Reference: STANDARD OES 4, SECOND EDITION, MAY 1989

EEPW 2241: Electrical Skills Lab Manual

Shinas College of Technology

ELECTRICAL STANDARD
Compliance with Regulations
(Why to use/meet the standard?)
Compliance with electrical regulations is essential to ensure safety of life,
plant, equipment and buildings especially from the hazards of fire, electrical
shocks and mishaps in the utilization of electricity in and around buildings.
PROTECTION AGAINST ELECTRIC SHOCK
In electrical installations, one of the major risks is electric shock. Persons and
livestock (animals) shall be protected against dangers that may arise,
a. from contact with live parts of the installation by:
appropriate measures to prevent contact; ISOLATION
Limiting the value and duration of current which can pass through a body to
a value lower than shock current. INSULATION
b. From contact with exposed metal parts by one of the following methods.
Preventing a fault current from passing through the body of any person or
any livestock. EARTHING
Limiting the value and duration of current which can pass through a body to
a value lower than shock current. INSULATION
Automatic disconnection of the supply on the occurrence of a fault likely to
cause a current to flow through a body in contact with the exposed metal
parts, where the value of the current is equal to or greater than the shock
current. ISOLATION
PROTECTION AGAINST THERMAL EFFECTS
Another major risk with the electrical installations is excessive temperature
likely to cause burns, fires and other injurious effects.
Protection shall be provided against
The harmful effects of heat or thermal radiation developed by electrical
equipment.
Ignition, combustion or degradation or material.
Reference: BS7671-2008

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flame and smoke where a fire hazard could be propagated from an electrical
installation to other nearby fire compartments and

EEPW 2241: Electrical Skills Lab Manual

Shinas College of Technology

Safety services being cutoff by the failure of electrical equipment.


PROTECTION AGAINST OVERCURRENT
Persons or livestock shall be protected against injury and property shall be
protected against damage due to excessive temperatures or electro-mechanical
stresses caused by over currents likely to arise in live conductors by,
Automatic disconnection on the occurrence of over-current before the overcurrent attains a dangerous value taking into account its duration.
Limiting the maximum over-current to a safe value and duration.
Conductors other than live conductors and any other parts intended to carry a
fault-current shall be capable of carrying that current without assuming excessive
temperature.
PROTECTION AGAINST VOLTAGE DISTURBANCES AND ELECTROMAGNETIC
DISTURBANCES
Shall cover,
Protection of low voltage installations against temporary over-voltages due
to earth fault in high voltage systems and due to faults in the low voltage
systems.
Protection against over-voltages of atmospheric origin or due to switching.
Measures against electromagnetic influences.
Protection against under voltages

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Reference: BS7671-2008

EEPW 2241: Electrical Skills Lab Manual

Shinas College of Technology

Compliance with OES4 is achieved through following steps:


(How to meet the Standard?)
1. Submission of Drawings: Schematic and wiring diagrams, layout drawings and
schedule of points with site layout should be submitted to the Ministry before
commencement of any electrical work whatsoever large or small, new or
additions, and work shall start only after due approval of the Ministry. All work
should be carried out in accordance with the approved drawings.
2. Inspection: All installation work will be subject to inspection and testing by the
ministry and will be connected to the power supply only after the work is
checked and approved by the ministry.
3. Electrical Supervision: All electrical installation works shall be carried out by or
under the direct supervision of a qualified electrical engineer or a supervisor
holding a competency license issued by the Ministry. Such competency license
will be issued after necessary tests and interview by the Ministry.
4. Standards, Materials and Workmanship: The works shall be carried out in a
neat and workmanlike manner to meet the requirements of these regulations. All
materials used shall be the best of their respective kinds and shall comply with
the latest relevant recommendations of the International Electro-technical
Commission (IEC) if available and if no IEC recommendation is available with the
latest relevant British Standard Specification (BSS)

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Reference: STANDARD OES 4, SECOND EDITION, MAY 1989

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EEPW 2241: Electrical Skills Lab Manual

EEPW 2241: Electrical Skills Lab Manual

Shinas College of Technology

Exercise 1: Electrical Supply


Aim: To understand different types of supply systems and trace the electrical supply
system in Shinas College of Technology
(After discussion of the topic in class the students will be taken around the campus
of the institute to trace the electrical supply system)

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Electrical Power System in Oman:

EEPW 2241: Electrical Skills Lab Manual

Shinas College of Technology

Electrical supply at the consumers (domestic/ commercial/ industrial) is drawn from


distribution substations. Depending on the applications and KVA the supply voltage is
11kV or 400 V. The distribution substations are equipped with necessary means for
isolation and protection.
Bulk consumers of electricity such as Shinas College of Technology receive electrical
supply at 11kV from distribution substation.

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In the consumer premises, the consumer has another substation to step down this
voltage to 400V to meet lighting and low voltage applications.

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Schematic diagram of such a system is displayed in the following diagram:

EEPW 2241: Electrical Skills Lab Manual

EEPW 2241: Electrical Skills Lab Manual

Shinas College of Technology

Exercise 1: Electrical Supply Systems:


Reference:
Chapter 7, Advanced Electrical Installation Work, Fifth Edition,
Publication: Newens
Author: Trevour Linsley
As per the Electricity Regulations applicable in the region to ensure safety, electrical
installations must be equipped with
1. Basic protection and
2. Fault protection
This protection is provided using principle of Protective equi-potential bonding
coupled with automatic disconnection of supply. In this method all exposed metal
work is electrically connected together to an effective earth connection.

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This expose metalwork includes,


Electrical conduits
Trunking
Metal switches
Metalwork of electrical appliances
Water service pipes
Gas and other service pipes and ducting
Central heating and air conditioning systems
Exposed metallic structural parts of the building
Lightening protective systems

EEPW 2241: Electrical Skills Lab Manual

Shinas College of Technology

There are three commonly used arrangements of the earthing connection as described
in IEE Electricity Regulations which are discussed here.

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TN-S System
TN-C-S System
TT System
These have been designated in the IEE Regulations using the letters: T, N, C
and S. These letters stand for:
T - terre (French for earth) and meaning a direct connection to earth.
N - neutral
C - combined
S - separate.
When these letters are grouped, they form the classification of a type of system.
The first letter denotes how the supply source is earthed.
The second denotes how the metalwork of an installation is earthed.
The third and fourth indicate the functions of neutral and protective conductors.

EEPW 2241: Electrical Skills Lab Manual

Shinas College of Technology

TN-S System (Cable Sheath Earth Supply)

Used where the electricity companys supply is provided by underground


cables.
Neutral and protective conductors CP (also called as protective earth PE) are
separate throughout the system.
The protective earth conductor (PE) is the metal sheath and armour of the
underground cable and this is connected to the consumers main earthing
terminal.

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All exposed metalwork is connected to the protective conductor via the main
earthing terminal of the installation.

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EEPW 2241: Electrical Skills Lab Manual

EEPW 2241: Electrical Skills Lab Manual

Shinas College of Technology

This system has the neutral of power supply with connection of earth only at
one point to the source. The consumers earthing terminal is usually connected
to the metallic Armour of the distributors cable into the HV / LV transformer.

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It is commonly used for underground power supply to the premise or factory


from the distributor substation to customer substation. This earth terminal is
connected by the supply protective conductor (PE) back to the star point
(neutral) of the secondary winding of the supply transformer, which is also
connected at that point to an earth electrode.

EEPW 2241: Electrical Skills Lab Manual

Shinas College of Technology

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TN-C-S System (Protective Multiple Earthing Supply)

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EEPW 2241: Electrical Skills Lab Manual

EEPW 2241: Electrical Skills Lab Manual

Shinas College of Technology

The supply cable uses a combined protective earth & neutral (PEN) conductor.
At the supply intake point a consumers main earthing terminal is formed by
connecting the earthing terminal to the neutral conductor.

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All exposed conductive parts of the installation are then connected to the main
earthing terminals. Thus phase to earth faults are effectively converted into
phase to neutral faults

EEPW 2241: Electrical Skills Lab Manual

Shinas College of Technology

TT System (No Earth Provided Supply)

installations protective conductor must be connected to earth via an earth electrode


provided by the consumer. The TT method is used mostly in country areas with
overhead transmission lines.
In contrast to the TN-S system there is no metallic path from the consumer's terminals
back to the sub-station transformer secondary windings. Because the earth path may be
of high resistance, a residual current circuit-breaker (R.C.C.B.) is often fitted so that if a
fault current flows in the earth path then a trip disconnects the phase supply.

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For protection against indirect contact in domestic premises, every socket outlet
requires an RCCB with a maximum rated current of 30mA.

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EEPW 2241: Electrical Skills Lab Manual

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EEPW 2241: Electrical Skills Lab Manual

EEPW 2241: Electrical Skills Lab Manual

Shinas College of Technology

Residual Current Protection


RCDs are designed to disconnect the circuit if there is a leakage current. By detecting
small leakage currents (typically 530 mA) and disconnecting quickly enough (<300
ms), they may prevent electrocution.
They are an essential part of the automatic disconnection of supply (ADS), i.e. to switch
off when a fault develops, rather than rely on human intervention; this is one of the
essential tenets of modern electrical practice.

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By contrast, conventional circuit breakers or fuses only break the circuit when the total
current is excessive (which may be thousands of times the leakage current an RCD
responds to). A small leakage current, such as through a person, can be a very serious
fault, but would probably not increase the total current enough for a fuse or circuit
breaker to break the circuit, and certainly not to do so fast enough to save a life.

EEPW 2241: Electrical Skills Lab Manual

Shinas College of Technology

Advantages

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1. They are less sensitive to fault conditions.


2. While voltage and current on the earth line is usually fault current from a live wire,
this is not always the case, thus there are situations in which an ELCB can nuisance
trip.
3. When an installation has two connections to earth, a nearby high current lightning
strike will cause a voltage gradient in the soil, presenting the ELCB sense coil with
enough voltage to cause it to trip.
4. If the installations earth rod is placed close to the earth rod of a neighboring
building, a high earth leakage current in the other building can raise the local
ground potential and cause a voltage difference across the two earths, again
tripping the ELCB.
5. If there is an accumulated or burden of currents caused by items with lowered
insulation resistance due to older equipment, or with heating elements, or rain
conditions can cause the insulation resistance to lower due to moisture tracking. If
there is a some mA who is equal to ELCB rating than ELCB may give nuisance
Tripping.
6. If either of the earth wires become disconnected from the ELCB, it will no longer trip
or the installation will often no longer be properly earthed.
7. Some ELCBs do not respond to rectified fault current. This issue is common for
ELCBs and RCDs, but ELCBs are on average much older than RCB so an old ELCB is
more likely to have some uncommon fault current waveform that it will not
respond to.
8. Voltage-operated ELCB are the requirement for a second connection, and the
possibility that any additional connection to earth on the protected system can
disable the detector.
9. Nuisance tripping especially during thunderstorms.

EEPW 2241: Electrical Skills Lab Manual

Shinas College of Technology

Disadvantages
1. They do not detect faults that dont pass current through the CPC to the earth rod.
2. They do not allow a single building system to be easily split into multiple sections
with independent fault protection, because earthing systems are usually use
common earth Rod.
3. They may be tripped by external voltages from something connected to the
earthing system such as metal pipes, a TN-S earth or a TN-C-S combined neutral
and earth.
4. As electrically leaky appliances such as some water heaters, washing machines
and cookers may cause the ELCB to trip.
5. ELCBs introduce additional resistance and an additional point of failure into the
earthing system.

Answer following questions:


1) Why and where protection is required in the Electrical Installations?

2) Where we can use the earthing systems?


a) TN S System
b) TN C S System
c) TT System

3) What is RCD? How does it work?

4) What is the supply voltage obtained from the electricity board to Shinas college of
Technology?
5) What is the kVA rating of the distribution substation in the college premises?

6) What is the type of transformer in the substation?

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7) How much voltage is required at the consumers premises for Lighting and low
voltage applications?

EEPW 2241: Electrical Skills Lab Manual

Shinas College of Technology

Exercise 2: Measurement of the Earth Resistance


STANDARD, OES4
Section 4.2.9
CONSUMER EARTING SYSTEM

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An independent, separate earthing system shall be installed and maintained by


the consumer. This shall comprise the following,
Earth electrode of 15mm diameter copper earth rod set with driving pin
and head driven to a minimum depth of 3 meters. This shall be installed as
near to the consumers main board as possible inside earth pit with
inspection cover as per figure 2.1. The earth electrode shall include a
corrosion resistant terminal clamp.
PVC insulated stranded copper earth conductor (35 mm 2 copper for single
consumer installation and 70 mm2 copper multiple consumer
installation) with cramped terminal lugs, shall be connected between the
earth electrode and the consumers main earthing terminal or bar.
PVC insulated earth continuity conductor of every outgoing circuit from
the consumers main board shall be connected to the main earthing
terminal.
The resistance of the consumers earthing system to the general
mass of earth shall not exceed 50 . To achieve this value in the
areas of high soil resistivity, additional earth electrodes with a
minimum spacing of 3 meters shall be installed.
Consumers earth electrode resistance shall be measured in accordance
with the method described in Appendix VI of the OES4.
All metal work, exposed conductive parts and enclosures, in the
consumers installation (other than live conductors and current carrying
parts) shall be connected with PVC insulated earth continuity conductor
to the main earthing terminal.
The consumers earthing system shall be connected to the MEW
(electricity Distribution Company) earthing system.
The neutral conductor shall remain insulated throughout the installation
and shall not at any point be connected to the earthing system.

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(Note: all dimensions are in mm)

42

Figure 2.1: Earth Pit

Shinas College of Technology

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EEPW 2241: Electrical Skills Lab Manual

Shinas College of Technology

Aim: To measure the value of earth resistance and earth voltage by using Earth
Resistance Tester (Kyoritsu 4102A).
Apparatus Required:
1) Earth resistance tester

- 1 No.

2) Connecting leads

- 3 Nos.

3) Earth Electrodes

- 2 Nos.

4) Hammer

- 1 No.

Theory:
The importance of earthing lies in the fact that it deals with safety. The word
earthing comes from the fact that the technique itself involves making a lowresistance connection to the earth or to the ground. The earth is considered to be a
large conductor which is at zero potential.
Reason for Earthing:

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The basic reason for earthing is to prevent or minimize the risk of shock to human
beings and livestock by providing a low resistance discharge path for earth leakage
currents which would otherwise provide injuries or even death to a person or animal
touching the metal part.
The following diagram describes the degree of danger of the leakage current; if, it
flows in the human body.

EEPW 2241: Electrical Skills Lab Manual

Shinas College of Technology

The following example through the figures describes how the earthing system works:
In the following diagram the metallic part is not earthed and the human being is
touching it.

Let,
The supply voltage is 240V, AC circuit. The apparatus is having 40 and the defective
insulation is making the metallic body live and it is not earthed. Let the body
resistance is 1000:

As shown above the leakage current may cause death to the person that is in contact
with the metallic part. The fuse in the path will not be able to identify the small rise in
current.
In the following diagram the metallic part is earthed and the human being is touching
it.
With the same supply system let, the sum of the resistance of cable and the metallic
part be 10

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Now the current is 4.8 times the fuse rating current. So, the fuse will operate and
protect the human by:
i. Blowing out and separating the supply from the body in touch with the
equipment
ii. By making the potential across the body Zero (i.e. a shorted electric part
through the earth wires).

EEPW 2241: Electrical Skills Lab Manual

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Types of earth electrodes:


Rod and pipe electrodes:
The following drawing describes how such electrodes are used in a distribution
wiring system:

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Plate electrodes:

EEPW 2241: Electrical Skills Lab Manual

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The following drawing describes how such electrodes are used in a distribution
wiring system:

47

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Shinas College of Technology

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Preparation for Measurement:


A) Mechanical Zero Adjustment
To obtain a measurement value with high accuracy, rotate the meter zero adjuster
with a screwdriver with the range selector switch OFF, and surely match the
indicator to 0 graduation value at the left of the scale board.
B) Connecting Test Probe
Insert the plug of the probe securely into the terminals of the instrument. Loose
connection may result in inaccurate measurements.
C) Battery Voltage Check
Set the range selector switch to BATT.CHECK position and press the test button.
Then the indicator swings, make sure that the indicator is at the right of BATT.GOOD
graduation borderline on the scale board. Otherwise, the batteries are exhausted.

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Connection Diagram:

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Procedure:
1) Strike the auxiliary earth spikes P and C into the ground deeply. They should be
aligned at and interval of 5 -10 meters from the earthed equipment under test.
2) Connect the Green Wire to the earthed equipment under test, Yellow to the
auxiliary earth spike P and the Red to the auxiliary earth spike C from terminals E,
P and C of the instrument respectively.
3) Set the range switch to EARTH VOLTAGE position to check earth voltage. Record
the reading in table below.
4) Set the range switch to 100 positions, and press the test button. The LED
remains illuminated during testing. Turn the range switch to 10 and 1
when the earth resistance is low. This indicated value is the EARTH RESISTANCE of
the earthed equipment under test.
5) Change the spike P position to 2m, 4m, 6m, 8m, 10m from the earth pin E and
note down the earth resistance and tabulate the readings.
Observations:
Distance From the Earth
Pin E to the Spike P

Earth Resistance Observed


Value (Unit)

2m
4m
6m
8m

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10 m

EEPW 2241: Electrical Skills Lab Manual

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Graph
The variation of earth resistance with distance

Conclusions:
Answer Following Questions,

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Why is it necessary to provide earthing?


From the observations above, comment if the earth resistance measured is
acceptable as per the OES 4.
If the value of resistance is unacceptable, what are the measures required to bring it
to the acceptable range?

EEPW 2241: Electrical Skills Lab Manual

Shinas College of Technology

Exercise 3: Preparation of Galvanized Steel Conduit


STANDARD, OES 4
Section 3.13
Steel Conduits and fittings for use in building electrical installations shall
comply with BS 4568, Parts 1 and 2 of heavy gauge hot dip galvanized inside
and outside, screwed type.
Section 6.1
Installation of Conduits
The conduits for each circuit shall be completely installed before any cable is
drawn in.
Conduits shall be securely fixed and where they are liable to mechanical
damage they shall be adequately protected.
Provision for the safe and easy drawing in of cables shall be made by use of
inspection fittings, draw boxes. Provisions shall be such that cables can be
drawn in or replaced without the cables being damaged or conduit
dismantled.
All runs of the conduit shall be truly vertical or horizontal.
Section 6.2
Conduit Saddles
Where conduits are installed on the surface of building fabric they shall be
supported by purpose made conduit saddles or spacer bar saddles.
Supports shall be provided at a maximum spacing of 1500 mm for
galvanized steel conduits and 1200 mm for high impact PVC conduit.
Section 6.3

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Smooth Finish of Conduits


The boxes of all the conduits shall be smooth and free from projection which
may injure cables or obstruct their drawing in. ends of conduits shall be so
reamed and when they terminate at boxes, trunking and accessories not
fitted with spout entries, shall be so bushed as to obviate abrasion of cables.

EEPW 2241: Electrical Skills Lab Manual

Shinas College of Technology

Section 6.4
Radius of Bend
The radius of every conduit bend shall not be less than 2.5 times the outside
diameter of the conduit.
Section 6.5
Galvanized Steel Conduits
Galvanized Steel conduit system shall be earthed and connected to the earthcontinuity conductor. All joints shall be made mechanically and electrically
continuous by screwing. The conduit shall not however be used as an earth
continuity conductor and a separate earth continuity cable shall be drawn
into the conduit for every final sub-circuit.
Only Galvanized Steel conduits shall be used in the space between a roof and
suspended false ceiling, in situations subject to fire risk and in surface
mounted industrial installation. PVC conduits shall not be used for such
applications. (Derogation issued in2009 to use PVC conduits)
Galvanized Steel conduits shall not be used under floor tiles of buildings or in
concealed wiring systems embedded in walls or floors. PVC conduits shall be
used for all such applications.
Section 6.6
PVC Conduits and Fittings
PVC conduits and fittings shall be of the unthreaded type. All joints shall be
made with vinyl cement and entries of all conduit fittings shall be designed
such that reliable water tight joints can be obtained.
Surface mounted PVC conduit systems shall be so supported as to allow for
longitudinal expansion and contraction. A cement that shall remain in
adhesive plasticized state shall be used for expansion couplers.
Section 6.7
Flexible Conduits
Flexible conduits shall only be used for the final connection of motors and
other equipment subject to vibration or adjustment of position.
PVC flexible conduits and fittings shall comply with BS 4607 part 3. Metallic
flexible conduits and fittings shall comply with BS 731 Part 1 and shall
preferable be provided with an outer sheath of PVC.

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Flexible metal conduit shall not be used as the sole means of providing earth
continuity and a separate earth continuity cable shall be provided.

EEPW 2241: Electrical Skills Lab Manual

Shinas College of Technology

Where necessary, flexible conduit shall be adequately supported and / or


protected.
In damp or wet situations flexible conduits shall be watertight and remain
impervious to ingress of water or moisture.
The ends of flexible conduit shall be securely anchored to fixed conduit and /
or equipment entries by purpose made flexible conduit adaptors.
Section 6.8

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Conduit Sizes
Conduits shall be limited to the following sizes
16 mm, 20 mm, 25 mm, 32 mm and 50 mm

EEPW 2241: Electrical Skills Lab Manual

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Aim: To make the Galvanized Steel conduit to do the wiring for the following
measurement.
1) Making 900 bend from a fixed point.
2) Making two 900 set.
3) Making thread for 1.5 cm at one end.
Tools Required:
1) Steel Pipe Bending Vice
2) Steel Pipe
3) Threading Die
4) Hand File
5) Wire Brush
6) Measuring Tape
7) Marker Pen

- 1 No.
- 1 No.
- 1 No.
- 1 No.
- 1 No.
- 1 No.
- 1 No.

Cutting:
Conduit pipes can be cut by using a hacksaw or a pipe cutter as shown in the following
figures:

Procedure:
1. Fix the conduit in the vice so that the vice grips the conduit 50 or 75mm from the
point where the cut has to be made
2. The blade is to be installed so that the cut is made on the forward stroke.
Precautions:
a. After cutting by any method the inside edge
of the conduit must be smoothed with half
round file as shown in the figure.

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b. Be sure that the ridge is cleared before


installing the pipe for wiring.
c.

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Threading:
When short lengths of conduits are to be used for switch or lamp drops, the end of
the pipe needs to be threaded to enable fixing of the conduit to the accessories. The
threads on the conduit in all cases shall be between 11mm to 27mm long.
This threading of conduit is done by using dies and a die-stock.
Note:
1. Apply cutting oil to the end before starting to cut threads.
2. Cutting threads longer than necessary will leave exposed threads that are not
protected from corrosion.
Precaution:
a. Use only a brush to remove the metal burrs from the die. Do not use your hand.

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Metal conduit boxes and the symbols used in metal conduit wiring:
The following figure shows different popular outlet boxes used in metal conduit
wiring:

EEPW 2241: Electrical Skills Lab Manual

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Following figure shows the various symbols used for different boxes in a single line
diagram for such a wiring:

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The following figure shows the wall and ceiling boxes for conduit wiring, a switching
box is also displayed:

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Preparing the boxes for the conduit wiring:


The boxes can be used after removing the knock-outs in the boxes. The knock-outs
can be removed from the boxes by using any of the method shown in the following
figures:

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After removing the knockouts the boxes are prepared as shown in the following

Page

figure:

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Conduit pipe bending:


It is often necessary to set or bend the conduit to enable it to pass over an
obstruction as shown in the following figure:

The bending can be made by using:


a.
Simple bending block:

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Simple bending hickey:

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b.

EEPW 2241: Electrical Skills Lab Manual


c.

Shinas College of Technology

Using a bending machine:

d 160

8
8
63 mm

Actual radius of bend =


inner radius of the pulley

d = outer diameter of
the bending pulley

60 mm

80 mm

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Pulley

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Procedure:
1. Measure diameter of the Galvanized Steel Pipe given for the exercise.
2. Select suitable pulley for bending the pipe.
3. Making 900 bend from a fixed point.
1) Take a steel pipe of length 900 mm and mark 300 mm from the edge or a fixed
point consider that mark as an initial mark.
900
mm
300
mm
2) Add 1 th of the outer circumference of the bending pulley from the initial mark
8
Example: 300mm + (

160
) =363 mm and consider this as a new mark.
8

63 mm
300
mm
3) Place the tube in the former with the fixed point at the rear and place the pipe

exactly at the new mark which should be aligned with the perpendicular scale.
4) This will give a 900 bend at the required distance from the fixed point to the back
of the bend.

300
mm

4. Making two 900 set:

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1) From initial mark of 300 mm, measure another 300 mm and mark.

EEPW 2241: Electrical Skills Lab Manual

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2) Take this new mark as reference, subtract 1 th of the outer circumference of the
8
bending pulley. Consider this as reference mark for the second bend.
300 mm

63 mm

300
mm

3) Now measure the gap between two bends. If you get 300mm from center to
center of the bends means your work is carried out successfully.
300 mm

300
mm

300
mm

5. Making thread at one end:


1) Mark the threading length in the steel pipe from the fixed end. Take the die and
fix it with the tool used for making the thread.
2) Place the threading tool at the edge of the pipe and rotate it in forward direction

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for one full circle and rotate in opposite direction for one full circle.

EEPW 2241: Electrical Skills Lab Manual

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3) Repeat the same thing until the full thread is made at one end as per the
measurement.

S.No

Quantity

Length of pipe used

Size of Pipe used

The angle made at one end

The angle made at other end

Radius of the bend

Distance between the bends

Distance from one end to center of the bend

Measurement

Results:
1. Mention the various types of conduits.
2. What are the available sizes of conduits used in industry?
3. Mention the applications of various types of conduits.

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4. Mention the precautions taken while performing the exercise?

EEPW 2241: Electrical Skills Lab Manual

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Exercise 4: Wiring Lighting Circuit


STANDARD OES 4
Section 4.2.10
Connection of Switch and Control Gear
Switches, circuit breakers, fuses, thermostats and similar control devices shall
be connected in live (phase) conductor only, a bolted or screwed link being
connected in the neutral conductor. If the switch or circuit breaker includes an
isolating neutral link, it shall be arranged to make before and open after the
live (phase) poles.
Section 4.2.17
Load on lighting circuits
Load on lighting circuits in domestic installations shall not exceed 1500 W per
final sub circuit.
Section 4.2.20
Lighting Switches
Local switches for lighting points and for appliances not connected to socket
outlets shall have a minimum current rating of 5A. For outdoor and industrial
use, switches shall be metal clad and water tight.
Switches for control of discharge lighting shall have a current rating of not less
than twice the steady state continuous current of the circuit.
All local switches shall be mounted in readily accessible positions with the
dollies at the minimum height of 1250 mm from finished floor level.
In kitchens and in situations other than bathrooms, where water is regularly
used no switch shall be mounted within 2 meters of any tap, basin, sink, if this is
not possible, ceiling mounted insulating cord operated switches shall be used.
In bathroom and toilets, switches shall be of the ceiling mounted insulating
cord operated type. If wall mounted switches are used for control of lighting
and exhaust fans, same shall be located in an accessible position outside the
bathroom or toilet and immediately adjacent to the door. Special wall mounted
switch for control of supply to water heater shall be similarly mounted.

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Switches for lighting and fans inside a room shall be mounted inside the room
on the side of the door nearest to the door catch, handle knob or lock
approximately 150mm from the door frame.

EEPW 2241: Electrical Skills Lab Manual

Shinas College of Technology

Section 5.2
Current Ratings
Current Ratings for single core and multicore cables to be adopted for use in
consumers installation are set out in tables 2, 3, 4 and 5 (Appendix IV) of OES4.
The current carried by the cables at any time shall not exceed the specified
ratings.
Section 5.4
Protection against damage
All conductors and cables shall be adequately protected against any risk of
mechanical damage to which they may be liable in normal condition of service.
Where cables pass through hole in metal works, rubbers or plastic grummets or
bushes shall be provided of the edge lined with soft material to prevent
abrasion of the cables.

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Section 5.18
Flexible cord and cables
Current ratings for flexible cords and cables are set out in Table 1 (Appendix IV)
of OES4.
Where the apparatus requires to be earthed, flexible with earth core shall be
used.
Where the flexible cables and cords are exposed to the risk of mechanical
damage, they shall as a minimum be sheathed with PVC or rubber and where
necessary shall be armored, the armour not being used as sole means of
providing earth continuity.
Flexible cords and cables shall be connected to plugs, ceiling roses and movable
apparatus with the BROWN core to phase, BLUE core to neutral and
GREEN/YELLOW core to earth terminal of accessory or frame of the apparatus.
In situations where high temperatures are encountered, flexible cables and
cords shall be insulated with silicon rubber type E12 of BS6899/IEC540
Where a flexible cord supports or partially supports a luminaire, the maximum
mass supported by the cord shall not exceed the values given in Table 1
(Appendix IV)

EEPW 2241: Electrical Skills Lab Manual

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Section 5.19
Colour identification of cable cores
a. Colour identification of insulated cable cores for fixed installation and of
sleeve, band or disc for bare conductors shall be as follows:
- earthing conductor
green and yellow
- phase of a.c. single phase circuit
red
- neutral of a.c.single phase or three phase circuit black
- phase R of three phase a.c. circuit
red
- phase Y of three phase a.c. circuit
yellow
- phase B of three phase a.c. circuit
blue
- positive of d.c. 2 wire
red
- negative of d.c. 2 wire
black
b. Colour identification of flexible cables and flexible cords shall be as follows:
- live
brown
- neutral
blue
- earthing
green and yellow
Mounting Heights of Accessories
Height from finished floor level

Lighting Switch

1250 mm

Ceiling Fan Regulator

1250 mm

20Amp, D.P switch for water heater or A/C units

1250 mm

Shaver socket outlets

1250 mm

13Amp switched socket outlet for general purpose

450 mm

13Amp switched socket

250 mm

Cooker control unit

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1000 mm

65

outlet in kitchen

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Item

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Symbols of Electrical Accessories (Appendix 3 of OES 4)

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Aim : To connect two lamps in parallel


Objectives:
1) Knowing the OES 4 and its sections pertaining to wiring at different installations
2) Category of load as per OES 4
3) Standards pertaining to wiring of a building for a normal household consumer
4) Standard pertaining to voltage drop, current rating, parallel operation and
protection against damage.
5) Practice of wiring for a normal parallel connected load for domestic application.
Tools Required:
6) Electrical / Manual Driller
7) Screw Drivers
8) Hacksaw frame with Blade
9) Wire Stripper
10)

Pliers

Accessories Required:
1) PVC Conduit
2) Conduit Saddles and Screws
3) Elbow or Bend
4) Junction box
5) Lamp Holders with Lamps
6) Single pole switch
7) Miniature Circuit Breaker (MCB)
8) Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker (ELCB)
9) 15 Amps , 1 Way Terminal Box
Measuring Instruments:

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Multi Meter for measurement of current and voltage

EEPW 2241: Electrical Skills Lab Manual

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Circuit Diagram:

Single Phase
240 V, 50 Hz

L1

L2

N
E

Line Diagram:

Lamp 1
Distribution
Board

ELCB

MCB

Switch

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Lamp 2

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Layout Diagram:

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List of Material:
Sr. No.

Item

Conduit

Saddles

Specification

Quantity
Required

Cable Red
3

Cable Black

Switch

Junction box

Elbows or Bends

Lamp holder

MCB

ELCB

10

Lamp1

11

Lamp2

12

Clamp meter

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Cable Yellow and Green

EEPW 2241: Electrical Skills Lab Manual

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Procedure:
1) Connect the items collected per the layout diagram on the work board.
2) Check the tightness of the connections.
3) Never forget to verify the tracing of the wires as per the layout diagram.
4) CHARGE THE CIRCUIT UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF TECHNICIAN.
5) Verify the live terminal at input of the ELCB using line tester.
6) Switch ON the ELCB and using line tester observe that the circuit is live and the
wiring is perfect.
7) Switch on the MCB and observe that the wiring is working perfect.
8) Similarly check that the live terminal at the Lamp Holders turns Live, only on
making the switch ON.
9) Note the Operation of the circuit by visual inspection and record the data in
your report.
10) Note down the reading of Voltage and current in the observation table and

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calculate the power.

EEPW 2241: Electrical Skills Lab Manual

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Measurements and Calculations:


Sr. No.

Condition

Only Lamp1
(______W,______V)

Only Lamp2
(______W,______V)

Lamp 1 and 2

Voltage (V)

Current (I)

Calculations:
Sl
No

Result:

Specification

Lamp 1 (alone): ______W

Lamp 2 (alone): ______W

Voltage
V

Current
I

Power
Consumed (P)

Write how the activity performed meets the requirements of various

sections of OES referred at the beginning of this experiment.


Answer the following questions.
1. What is the use of MCB in the circuit?
2. What is the use of ELCB in the circuit?
3. By observing the Currents drawn by the circuit and bulbs, How the bulbs
are connected?

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4. What is the use of earth terminal in the circuit?

EEPW 2241: Electrical Skills Lab Manual

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5. Exercise 5: Testing Wiring Circuits


GUIDELINES FOR TESTING WIRING CIRCUITS AND CERTIFICATION OF TESTING
The Oman Electricity Standard, OES 4 in Section 11 guides on the testing and inspection of
the electrical installation.
STANDARD, OES4
Section 11.1 General
Every installation and major alteration to an existing installation shall on
completion and before being energized, be inspected and tested to verify
compliance with MEW regulations.
Section 11.2 Visual Inspection
A visual inspection shall be carried out to verify if the installation is in
accordance with approved drawings and the execution of the work and
workmanship and the installation methods adopted meet the requirements of
the MEW regulations.
Section 11.3 Colour Identification
It shall be verified that the correct colour identification has been adopted for all
wiring and the fuses and switches are connected in the live conductors only and
links or linked switches are connected in the neutral conductor.
Section 11.4 Earth Continuity Test
Earth continuity test shall be carried out between the consumers earthing
terminal and the remote end earth continuity conductors.
The resistance value obtained shall not exceed 0.5 ohm.

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Section 11.5 Insulation Resistance Test


Insulation resistance test shall be carried out on the installation. For purpose of
these tests large installations must be divided into groups each containing 50
outlets. A 500V DC test voltage shall be applied.
The insulation resistance to the earth shall not be less than 1 mega ohm, when
measured with all poles and phases of wiring connected together and switches
and fuses all in place. The insulation resistance when measured between all the
conductors connected to any one pole or phase of supply and in turn all
conductors connected to each other pole or phase shall not be less than 1 mega
ohm.

EEPW 2241: Electrical Skills Lab Manual

Shinas College of Technology

Section 11.6 Continuity Test


Test shall be made to verify the continuity of all conductors including the earth
continuity conductor of every ring circuit.
Section 11.7 Earth Electrode Resistance Measurement
Earth Electrode Resistance Measurement shall be carried out in accordance
with method described in Appendix VI. The resistance shall not exceed 50 Ohms.
Additional electrodes shall be provided where necessary to obtain this value.
Section 11.8 Protection Test
Tests shall be carried out to verify effective and correct operation of all earth
leakage circuit breakers, close excess current protection of circuit breakers and
fuse links and other protective devices.

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Section 11.9 Completion Certificate


Following the inspection and testing, a completion certificate in the attached
format shall be submitted by the electrical contractor to MEW signed by
contractors competent engineer. The installation will then be further inspected
and tested by MEW inspector and if found satisfactory, the installation will be
permitted to be connected to supply.

EEPW 2241: Electrical Skills Lab Manual

Shinas College of Technology

COMPLETION CERTIFICATE
(Completion certificate to be given by the Electrical Contractor and signed by
Contractors Competent Engineer/ Supervisor):

I hereby certify that the electrical installations at:

has been completed, inspected and tested in accordance with the regulations
for electrical installations issued by the Ministry of Electricity and Water,
Sultanate of Oman and is now ready for connection to mains supply.

The results are given in the attached forms.

Signed: ___________________________________ Date:__________________


For and on behalf of : _____________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
Address: ______________________________________________
________________________________________________
_______________________________________________

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MEW Registration No. and Date: _____________________________________

EEPW 2241: Electrical Skills Lab Manual

Shinas College of Technology

FORM A
Particulars of the installation covered by this Certificate:
New Installation.

Alteration / Extension to existing installation.

Installation Drawing:
It is anticipated that the installation would comprise the following:
S. No.

Description

Light Points

Air conditioners

Fans

Single Phase Motors

Three Phase Motors

Water Heaters

Refrigerators

Freezers

Cookers

10

13 A Socket Outlets

11

Other Loads

12

13

No.

kW
Unit

Total

Comment (if any) on existing installation (where the certificate relates to an


alteration or addition)

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Signed:____________________________________ Date:_________________

EEPW 2241: Electrical Skills Lab Manual

Shinas College of Technology

FORM B
INSPECTION AND TEST REPORT
1. Compliance with drawings:
2. Standard of Installation:
Material:
Workmanship:
3. Colour identification of wiring:
4. Polarity Checks:
Switches:
Breakers:
Links:
Linked Switches:
5. Resistance of Earth Continuity
Conductor from remote end to
main earthing point:
6. Insulation Resistance:
- With all poles and phases
connected
together
and
switches, fuses and breakers
all in place
- With all conductor on one
phase connected together
and in turn all conductors
connected to each other.
Red:
Yellow:
Blue:

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Neutral:

EEPW 2241: Electrical Skills Lab Manual

Shinas College of Technology

7. Continuity of all Conductors


-

Red:

Yellow:

Blue:

Neutral:

Earth:

8. Continuity of earth continuity conductor in ring circuit for socket outlet.


9. Earth Electrode Resistance:
10. Earth Leakage Circuit Breakers(Residual Current Operated Type)
Continuous Rating

Operating Current

(A)

(mA)

Main Subsidiary 1)
2)
11. Load Balance
Red
-

Lights

Refrigerators

Air conditioners

Freezers

Cooker

Motors

Water Heaters

13A Socket Outlet

Other Loads

Yellow

Blue

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Signed:_____________________________________ Date:_________________

EEPW 2241: Electrical Skills Lab Manual

Shinas College of Technology

Objectives: At the end of the exercise the student should be able to understand the
following:
1) Understanding the need for Testing and Inspection of wiring in electrical
installations
2) Understanding the different types of Testing and Inspection procedures as per
OES 4
3) Preparing Completion Certificate pertaining to Testing and Inspection of
electrical wiring as per OES 4
4) Inspection & Testing procedure required to follow as per OES 4, for a given
electrical circuit.
Aim : To Connect a 3 Pin Plug connection and perform following tests
1) Visual inspection
2) Color Identification
3) Earth Continuity Test
4) Continuity Test and
5) Protection Test
Tools Required:
1) Electrical / Manual Driller
2) Screw Drivers
3) Hacksaw frame with Blade
4) Wire Stripper
5) Pliers
6) Line Tester
Accessories Required:
1) Conduits
2) Conduit Saddles and Screws
3) Elbow or Bend
4) Red, Black and Yellow/ Green Cable
5) Junction box
6) 3 Pin Plugs with Switches
7) Miniature Circuit Breaker (MCB)
8) Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker (ELCB)

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9) 15 Amps , 1 Way Terminal Block

EEPW 2241: Electrical Skills Lab Manual

Shinas College of Technology

Measuring Instruments:

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Multi Meter (KYORITSU KEW SNAP 2017)

EEPW 2241: Electrical Skills Lab Manual

Shinas College of Technology

Circuit Diagram:

Single Phase
240 V, 50 Hz
AC Supply

Line Diagram:

Distribution
Board

MCB 1
ELCB

Switch Socket
Outlet 1
MCB 2

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Switch Socket
Outlet 2

EEPW 2241: Electrical Skills Lab Manual

Shinas College of Technology

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Layout Diagram:

EEPW 2241: Electrical Skills Lab Manual

Shinas College of Technology

List of Material:
Sr. No.

Item

Conduit

Saddles

Elbows or Bends

Specification

Quantity
Required

Cable Red
4

Cable Black

Switch Socket Unit

Junction box

Terminal Box

MCB

ELCB

10

Clamp meter

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85

Cable Yellow and Green

EEPW 2241: Electrical Skills Lab Manual

Shinas College of Technology

Procedure:
Visual Inspection Test:
Observe the following points in this test and write observations.
1. The installation is as per the layout diagram.
2. The installation comprises of the protection devices as shown in the line
diagram.
3. Accessories used are of standard quality and note down the standards printed
(if any)
4. Connections and joints of the cable are firm/ tight and appropriately insulated.
5. Cables are protected against mechanical damage.
6. Switches are mounted at a minimum height of 1250 mm from finished ground
surface.
Colour Identification:
Observe that appropriate colour code is used in the electrical installation. Write the
observations below,
1. Colour of the cable used for Live/ phase wire:__________________
2. Colour of the cable used for Neutral wire: _____________________
3. Colour of the cable used for Earth wire: _______________________
Earth Continuity Test:
Write observation in the table below.

Earth terminal of Socket Outlet


1 and Earth terminal of the
Distribution board

Earth terminal of Socket Outlet


2 and Earth terminal of the
Distribution board

Observation
Sound
Resistance

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Comment

86

Connection of the multimeter

Page

Sr.
No.

EEPW 2241: Electrical Skills Lab Manual

Shinas College of Technology

Continuity Test:
Sr.
No.

Connection of meter

Line terminal of outlet 1 and Line


terminal of outlet 2

Neutral terminal of outlet 1 and


Neutral terminal of outlet 2

Line terminal of outlet 1 and Line


terminal of Distribution Box

Neutral terminal of outlet 1 and


Neutral terminal of Distribution
Box

Line terminal of outlet 1 and


Earth terminal of Distribution Box

Neutral terminal of outlet 1 and


Earth terminal of Distribution Box

Observation
Sound

Resistance

Comment

Protection Test:

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Press the test button of the ELCB and note your observation:

EEPW 2241: Electrical Skills Lab Manual

Shinas College of Technology

Answer the following questions


1. What is Visual Electrical Inspection?
2. Explain color identification procedure for electrical installation
3. What is Earth continuity test?
4. What should be the Insulation resistance as per OES-4?
5. What is continuity test?

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6. How much should be the earth resistance as per OES -4?

EEPW 2241: Electrical Skills Lab Manual

Shinas College of Technology

Exercise 6: Connection of Fluorescent Tube Light


Objectives: At the end of the session the student should be able to,
1) Draw the circuit diagram of a single tube fluorescent lamp
2) State the function of each component in the circuit
3) State probable causes for different problems in the circuit malfunctioning
Aim: To study the working principle, assemble, connect and check the fluorescent tube
light.
Tools Required:
1) Line Tester
Accessories Required:
1) Fluorescent Tube Light 20 W
2) Tube light fitting
3) Ballast
4) Starter
5) Connecting wires

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Types of lamps:

EEPW 2241: Electrical Skills Lab Manual

Shinas College of Technology

Construction:

The fluorescent tube light consists, a sealed glass tube. The tube contains very
small amount of Mercury mixed with an inert gas, typically Argon, kept under very
low pressure.

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The tube also contains a Phosphor powder, coated along the inside of the glass.

EEPW 2241: Electrical Skills Lab Manual

Shinas College of Technology

The tube has two electrodes, one at each end, which are connected to the electrical
supply through bi-pin plugs at both ends of the tube.
Ballast/ Choke:

Starter:

Circuit diagram:
Starter
Capacitor

Cathode

Bi-Pin
Plug

Cathode

Bi-Pin
Plug

Switch

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91

240V, AC
Supply

Page

Ballast/
Choke

EEPW 2241: Electrical Skills Lab Manual

Shinas College of Technology

Features of Fluorescent Tube Light:


require a ballast
have a range of color temperatures and color rendering capabilities
have low surface brightness compared to point sources
have a cooler operation
are more efficacious compared to incandescent
ambient temperatures and convection currents can affect light output and life
all fixtures installed indoors must use a Class P ballast that disconnects the ballast in
the event it begins to overheat; high ballast operating temperatures can shorten
ballast life
have options for starting methods and lamp current loadings
require compatibility with ballast
low temperatures can affect starting unless a "cold weather" ballast is specified

Working of the Fluorescent Tube Light Circuit:


The electrical circuit is connected to an alternating current (AC) supply of 240V, 50 Hz.

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When the switch is turned ON, the path of least resistance is through the bypass
circuit, and across the starter switch. In this circuit, the current passes through the
electrodes on both ends of the tube. These electrodes are simple filaments, like you
would find in an incandescent light bulb. When the current runs through the bypass
circuit, electricity heats up the filaments. This boils off electrons from the metal
surface, sending them into the gas tube, ionizing the gas.

EEPW 2241: Electrical Skills Lab Manual

Shinas College of Technology

At the same time, the electrical current sets off an interesting sequence of events in
the starter switch. The conventional starter switch is a small discharge bulb,
containing neon or some other gas. The bulb has two electrodes positioned right
next to each other. When electricity is initially passed through the bypass circuit, an
electrical arc (essentially, a flow of charged particles) jumps between these
electrodes to make a connection. This arc lights the bulb in the same way a larger
arc lights a fluorescent bulb

One of the electrodes is a bimetallic strip that bends when it is heated. The small
amount of heat from the lit bulb bends the bimetallic strip so it makes contact with
the other electrode. With the two electrodes touching each other, the current
doesn't need to jump as an arc anymore. Consequently, there are no charged
particles flowing through the gas, and the light goes out. Without the heat from the
light, the bimetallic strip cools, bending away from the other electrode. This opens
the circuit.

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By the time this happens, the filaments have already ionized the gas in the
fluorescent tube, creating an electrically conductive medium. The tube just needs a
voltage kick across the electrodes to establish an electrical arc. This kick is provided
by the lamp's ballast, a special sort of transformer wired into the circuit.

EEPW 2241: Electrical Skills Lab Manual

Shinas College of Technology

When the current flows through the bypass circuit, it establishes a magnetic field in
part of the ballast. This magnetic field is maintained by the flowing current. When
the starter switch is opened, the current is briefly cut off from the ballast. The
magnetic field collapses, which creates a sudden jump in current and the ballast
releases its stored energy. Now the tube light becomes switched ON.
Procedure:
1) Connect circuit as per the diagram.
2) Energize the circuit with 240V, 50 Hz single phase power supply.
3) Check Whether Light is glowing properly.

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4) Switch off the supply and dismantle the circuit.

EEPW 2241: Electrical Skills Lab Manual

Shinas College of Technology

Troubleshooting of Fluorescent Tube Light Circuit:


Problem
Possible Cause
Solution
Replace with new fluorescent tube
Burnt-out tube.
of correct dimensions and wattage
Replace starter with new one of
Defective Starter
appropriate wattage
Defective
Ballast,
Sometimes
accompanied Replace ballast with new one of
smell
of
burnt appropriate wattage
Lamp
will with
insulation
not glow
Defective Switch
Replace Switch
Turn the tube and insert both the
Tube not fixed correctly in
bi-pin plugs into the socket
the sockets
correctly
Check availability of power and
No power to lamp
continuity
Replace Tube. If the lamp has been
Defective Tube
flashing ON and OFF repeatedly for
Lamp glows
long time, also replace Starter.
dim
Replace starter with new one of
Defective Starter
appropriate wattage
Wiring incorrect
Check wiring
Replace starter with new one of
Tube lit at
Shorted Starter
appropriate wattage
the ends but
middle part
Replace with new fluorescent tube
Tube Burnt-out
is dim or
of correct dimensions and wattage
dark
Replace ballast with new one of
Wrong Ballast
appropriate wattage
Replace with new fluorescent tube
Lamp
Defective tube
of correct dimensions and wattage
Flashes On
and also replace Starter
and
OFF
Replace starter with new one of
repeatedly
Defective Starter
appropriate wattage

Observations:

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Specifications printed on ballast: --------------------------Specifications printed on the Fluorescent Tube: -------------------Specifications printed on the Starter: ----------------------------------Voltage of the electrical supply: _________________
Current taken by the circuit from supply: ____________
Power (P) measured: __________________
Power factor of the Fluorescent Tube circuit (calculate): _________________

EEPW 2241: Electrical Skills Lab Manual

Shinas College of Technology

Layout Diagram:

Result: The tube light connections were made and checked as per the circuit diagram.
Answer the following questions.
1. What do you understand by power factor?
2. Which kind of circuit is your fluorescent lamp circuit?
3. What is the power factor of the circuit?
4. How can you improve the power factor of such a circuit?
5. If the power factor will improve. What will happen to the total power consumed?

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6. Current drawn by this lamp circuit?

EEPW 2241: Electrical Skills Lab Manual

Shinas College of Technology

Exercise 7: Sodium Vapor Lamps


Objectives: At the end of the session the student should be able to:
1) Understand the working principle of Sodium Vapor Lamps
2) Analyse the differences between types of Sodium Vapor Lamps
3) Able to compare the different types of Vapor Lamps
4) Understand the connection of Sodium Vapor Lamps
Aim: To assemble, connect and check the High pressure Sodium Vapor Lamp, low
pressure sodium vapor lamp and also study the working principle.
Accessories required:
Module AZ-143a: High Pressure Sodium vapor lamp with diffusing bulb of 230 V,
150 W, lamp socket E 40
Module AZ-143b: High Pressure Sodium vapor lamp with transparent bulb of 230 V,
150 W, lamp socket E 40
Module AZ-143c: Ballast for High Pressure Sodium vapor lamp of 230 V, 150 W
power factor correction capacitor of 20 F
Module AZ-144a: Low Pressure Sodium vapor lamp of clear glass with coat
reflecting infrared rays - 230 V, 35 W, lamp socket BY 22d
Module AZ-144b: Ballast for Low Pressure Sodium vapor lamp of 230 V, 35 W,
power factor correction capacitor of 20 F
Theory:
A sodium vapor lamp is a gas discharge lamp which uses sodium in an excited state
to produce light.
There are two varieties of such lamps: low pressure and high pressure.
Low Pressure Sodium (LPS) Vapor Lamp

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Low-pressure sodium (LPS) vapor lamps, also known as sodium oxide (SOX) lamps,
consist of an outer vacuum envelope of glass coated with an infrared reflecting layer
of indium tin oxide, a semiconductor material which allows visible light wavelengths
to pass and reflects infrared back, keeping it from escaping. It has an inner

EEPW 2241: Electrical Skills Lab Manual

Shinas College of Technology

borosilicate glass U-pipe (arc tube) containing solid sodium and a small amount of
neon and argon gas mixture to start the gas discharge, so when the lamp is turned
on it emits a dim red/pink light to warm the sodium metal and within few minutes it
turns into the common bright yellow as the sodium metal vaporizes.
LPS lamps are the most efficient electrically-powered light source when measured
for photopic lighting conditions up to 200 lm/W, primarily because the output is
light at a wavelength near the peak sensitivity of the human eye. As a result they are
widely used for outdoor lighting such as street lights and security lighting where
faithful color rendition is considered unimportant.

LPS lamps are available with power ratings from 10 W up to 180 W;


however, longer bulb lengths create design and engineering problems.
LPS lamps, however, do increase energy usage slightly (about 10%) towards
their end of life, which is generally around 18,000 hours for modern lamps.
Because they have neither a starting electrode or an ignitor, Low Pressure
Sodium Lamps require an open circuit voltage of approximately three to
seven times the lamp voltage to start and sustain the lamp.

Advantages of Low-pressure sodium (LPS) lamps:


Very efficient lamp
Powerful lamp for use of large areas
Despite a warm up time of 5-10 minutes it restarts immediately if there is a
brownout
Lumen output does not drop with age (such as in LEDs or incandescent)
Disadvantages of Low-pressure sodium (LPS) lamps:

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Worst color rendering of any lamp


Sodium is a hazardous material which can combust when exposed to air
(such as if the bulb is broken in the trash)

EEPW 2241: Electrical Skills Lab Manual

Shinas College of Technology

High Pressure Sodium (HPS) Vapor Lamp


High-pressure sodium (HPS) lamps are smaller and contain additional elements
such as mercury, and produce a dark pink glow when first struck, and a pinkish
orange light when warmed. Some bulbs also briefly produce a pure to bluish white
light in between. This is probably from the mercury glowing before the sodium is
completely warmed.
The Sodium discharge is the main source of light from the HPS lamp, and it is
extremely pressure broadened by the high sodium pressures in the lamp; due to this
broadening and the emissions from mercury, colors of objects under these lamps
can be distinguished. This leads them to be used in areas where good color
rendering is important, or desired such as streetlights and security lighting.
HPS Lamps are favored by indoor growers (horticulture) for general growing
because of the wide color-temperature spectrum produced and the relatively
efficient cost of running the lights.
High pressure sodium lamps are quite efficient about 100 lm/W when measured for
photopic lighting conditions.
Understanding the change in human color vision sensitivity from photopic to
mesopic and scotopic is essential for proper planning when designing lighting for
roads.
Construction of the High Pressure Sodium Vapour Lamp:

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Because of the extremely high chemical activity of the high pressure sodium arc, the
arc tube is typically made of translucent Aluminum Oxide. Xenon at a low pressure
is used as a "starter gas" in the HPS lamp. It has the lowest thermal conductivity and
lowest ionization potential of all the non-radioactive noble gases. As a noble gas, it
does not interfere with the chemical reactions occurring in the operating lamp.

EEPW 2241: Electrical Skills Lab Manual

Shinas College of Technology

The low thermal conductivity minimizes thermal losses in the lamp while in the
operating state, and the low ionization potential causes the breakdown voltage of
the gas to be relatively low in the cold state, which allows the lamp to be easily
started.
High Pressure Sodium vapor lamps have no starting electrodes. In addition to an
open circuit voltage of approximately two times the lamp voltage, these lamps are
started by a high voltage starting pulse, provided by an ignitor, applied across the
arc tube.
Advantages of High-pressure sodium (HPS) lamps:
Good efficiency (lumens per watt)
Smaller size than LPS or fluorescent, the HPS fits into many fixture types
Can be retrofitted into older Mercury Vapor fixtures
Better bulb life than LPS lamps
Disadvantages of High-pressure sodium (HPS) lamps:
Still has a bad color rendering compared to metal halide and halogen lamps
Requires a lossy ballast (inefficient) that operates a low arc voltage of 52100V. This reduces the actual efficiency of the lamp when you count the
whole system together.
High pressure
sodium vapor
lamp
35 W to 1000 W

70000 Lumens

150000 lumens

50000 lumens

80-180 lm/W

50-140 lm/W

14000 h -18000 h

16000 h -24000 h

Yellow

White

25-60 lm/W
16000 h 24000
h
White

25

15-55

7 -10 minutes
3 -12 seconds

3- 4 minutes
0.5 - 1 minute

5 -7 minutes
3 6 minutes

Updated by Mr. Murali Krishna Boddu & Mr. Mahesh Aphale

Mercury Vapor
lamp
50 W to 1000 W

100

Ratings
Maximum light
output Range
Efficacy Range
Approximate
lamp life
Color of Light
CRI Color
Rendering Index
Warm up time
Re-strike time

Low pressure
sodium vapor
lamp
18 W to 180 W

Page

Properties of
discharge lamps

EEPW 2241: Electrical Skills Lab Manual

Shinas College of Technology

Circuit diagram:
Connection of Low Pressure Sodium Lamp:

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Connection of High Pressure Sodium Lamp:

EEPW 2241: Electrical Skills Lab Manual

Shinas College of Technology

Procedure:
1) Connect circuit as per the diagram.
2) After giving connection energize the circuit with 240V, 50 Hz single phase power
supply.
3) Check Whether Light is glowing properly.
4) Switch off the supply and disconnect the circuit.
Observation: Write your observation

Quantity

Low Pressure Sodium Vapor


Lamp

High Pressure Sodium Vapor


Lamp

Voltage

Current

Power Consumed

Warm-up time

Restrike Time

Result: Write your observation

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Discussion questions:
1. What are the differences between Low pressure and High pressure
Sodium Vapor Lamps?
2. What is the need for Ballast in Sodium Vapor Lamp?
3. What is the need for Ignitor in High pressure Sodium Vapor Lamp?
4. Give the applications of Sodium Vapor Lamps.

EEPW 2241: Electrical Skills Lab Manual

Shinas College of Technology

Exercise 8: Connection and Trouble Shooting of Fan Circuit


Objective:
1) To identify components of Fan motor
2) To understand the principle of working and controlling the Fan motor
3) To recognize possible faults and troubleshooting of the Fan circuit
Aim:

1) To identify components of Fan motor


2) To understand the principle of working and controlling the Fan motor
3) To recognize possible faults and troubleshooting of the Fan circuit

Accessories Required:
1) Motor body Stator and Rotor
2) Cap and cover
3) Housing.
4) Capacitor
5) Terminal Connecter
6) Hanging bolt rod, pin, bobbin.
7) Fan blades
8) Wire guards
9) Speed regulator

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Theory:
Fan is an electrical load which contains single phase induction motor, speed
variation resisters, and capacitor etc. We know, that if a single phase induction
motor is energized with single phase supply then the resultant torque produced by
it will be equal to zero. So the motor does not have self starting torque.
To overcome this drawback and make the motor self starting, the motor is
temporarily converted into a two phase motor during starting period. For this
purpose the stator of a single phase motor is provided with an extra winding which
is called as starting or auxiliary winding in addition to the main or running winding.
The two windings are spaced 900 electrically apart from each other and connected
in parallel across single phase ac supply.
The phase difference between currents flowing through the two windings is kept
large (ideally 900) just as two phase currents to produce rotating magnetic field and
make the motor self-starting.

EEPW 2241: Electrical Skills Lab Manual

Shinas College of Technology

Fan motor is generally Permanent Split Capacitor (PSC) Induction Motor.

Ceiling Fan Assembly:

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A Yoke
B Motor Cover
C Bearing
D Rotor
E Stator

EEPW 2241: Electrical Skills Lab Manual

Shinas College of Technology

Speed Control of Fan:


Fan Speed Regulator

1
OFF

4
O
N

240 V, 50 Hz,
AC Supply

VRegulator

VFan

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105

VSupply

EEPW 2241: Electrical Skills Lab Manual

Shinas College of Technology

Troubleshooting Split Phase Induction Motors:


Tight or worn bearings: Tight or worn bearings may be due to the lubricating system
failing, or when new bearings are installed, they may run hot if the shaft is not kept
well oiled. If the bearings are worn to such an extent that they allow the rotor to
drag on the stator, this will usually prevent the rotor from starting. The inside of the
stator laminations will be worn bright where they are rubbed by the rotor. When
this condition exists, it can generally be easily detected by close observation of the
stator field and rotor surface when the rotor is removed.
Bent shaft and bearings out of alignment: A bent rotor shaft will usually cause the
rotor to bind in a certain position but then run freely until it comes back to the same
position again. Test for a bent shaft by placing the rotor between centers on a lathe
and turning the rotor slowly while a tool or marker is held in the tool post close to
the surface of the rotor. If the rotor wobbles, it is an indication of a bent shaft.
Bearings out of alignment are usually caused by uneven tightening of the end-shield
plates. When placing end shields or brackets on a motor, tighten the bolts
alternately, first drawing up two bolts, which are diametrically opposite.
Open circuits and defective centrifugal switches: Open circuits in either the starting
or running winding will prevent the motor from starting. This fault can be detected
by testing in series with the start and finish of each winding with a test lamp or
ohmmeter.
A defective centrifugal switch is generally caused by dirt, grit, or some other
foreign matter getting into the switch. The switch should be thoroughly cleaned
with a degreasing solution and then inspected for weak or broken springs.
If the winding is on the rotor, the brushes sometimes stick in the holders and fail
to make good contact with the slip rings. This causes sparking at the brushes. There
will probably also be a certain place where the rotor will not start until it is moved
far enough for the brush to make contact on the ring. The brush holders should be
cleaned and the brushes carefully fitted so they move more freely with a minimum
of friction between the brush and the holders.
Reversed connections and grounds: Reversed connections are caused by improperly
connecting a coil or group of coils. The wrong connections can be found and
corrected by making a careful check on the connections and reconnecting those that
are found at fault. The compass test with a DC power source can also be used for
locating reversed coils. Test the starting and running windings separately, exciting
only one winding at a time, with direct current. The compass should show alternate
poles around the winding.
The operation of a motor that has a ground in the winding will depend on where
the ground is and whether or not the frame is grounded. If the frame is grounded,
then when the ground occurs in the winding, it will usually blow a fuse or trip the
over-current protective device.

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106

A test for grounds can be made with a test lamp or continuity tester. One test
lead should be placed on the frame and the other on a lead to the winding. If there is

EEPW 2241: Electrical Skills Lab Manual

Shinas College of Technology

no ground, the lamp will not light, nor will any deflection be present when a meter is
used. If the lamp does light or the meter shows continuity, it indicates a ground is
present due to a defect somewhere in the motors insulation.
Short circuits: Short circuits between any two windings can be detected by the use of
a test lamp or continuity tester. Place one of the test leads on one wire of the
starting winding and the other test lead on the wire of the running winding. If these
windings are properly insulated from each other, the lamp should not light.
If it does, it is a certain indication that a short or ground fault exists between the
windings. Such a condition will usually cause part of the starting winding to burn
out. The starting winding is always wound on top of the running winding, so a
defective starting winding can be conveniently removed and replaced without
disturbing the running winding.
Procedure:
1. Collect the necessary items like fan, regulator, PVC conduit, saddles, screws,
screw drivers, drilling machine and wires required for doing fan experiment.
2. Measure the conduit and wires as per the requirement and cut it. Fix the conduit
over the work board with the help of saddles and screws.
3. Take the red wire and connect to the one end if the regulator and take the other
end and connect it to the fans line terminal.
4. Take the black wire and connect it from the fans neutral point to the supply
neutral point.
5. Now energize the fan circuit with the help of single phase 240 V, 50 Hz supply.
6. Now vary the speed of the fan by using conventional regulator.

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Connection Diagram: Complete the connection diagram

EEPW 2241: Electrical Skills Lab Manual

Shinas College of Technology

Observations:
1. If regulator is kept in maximum resistance position then part of the input supply
will be dropped across the regulator and remaining will be applied across the
fan so the fan will run slowly.
2. If regulator is kept in medium resistance position then part of the input supply
less than the previous one will be dropped across the regulator and remaining
will be applied across the fan so the fan will run at moderate speed.
3. If regulator is kept in minimum resistance position then very less input supply
will be dropped across the regulator and remaining will be applied across the
fan so the fan will run at maximum speed.
Sr.
No.
1
2
3

Connection of
Multimeter
Red and Black
Wire of fan
motor
White and Black
Wire of fan
motor
Red and White
Wire of fan
motor

Resistance Value

Sr. No.

Voltage

0V

25 V

50 V

75 V

100 V

125 V

150 V

175 V

200 V

10

225 V

11

250 V

Speed

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108

Conclusions: Write your conclusion from above observations.

EEPW 2241: Electrical Skills Lab Manual

Shinas College of Technology

ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS

Updated by Mr. Murali Krishna Boddu & Mr. Mahesh Aphale

109

What happens if the connection terminals of are interchanged?


Mention any two problems arise in home regarding the fan?
What is the Maximum speed in rpm of the fan used in the circuit?
Why two windings of the fan circuit connected in perpendicular?
What is the use of Capacitor in the fan equivalent circuit.

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2.
3.
4.
5.

EEPW 2241: Electrical Skills Lab Manual

Shinas College of Technology

Exercise 9: Metal Halide Lamps


Objective: To conduct an experiment on the given Metal Halide lamp to record the
power consumed and Power factor of this lighting load, operating at laboratory
conditions.

Apparatus Required:
1)
2)
3)
4)

Metal Halide Lamps


Ballast
Ignitor
Connecting Patch codes

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110

Construction Features & Working of Metal Halide Lamps

EEPW 2241: Electrical Skills Lab Manual

Shinas College of Technology

Metal halide (MH) lamps consist of an arc tube (also called a discharge tube or
"burner") within an outer envelope, or bulb. The arc tube may be made of either
quartz or ceramic and contains a starting gas (usually argon), mercury, and MH salts
(Bromides or Iodides of Sodium/ Scandium/ Thallium/ Indium/ Holmium/
Thulium). Traditional quartz MH arc tubes are similar in shape to mercury vapor
(MV) arc tubes, but they operate at higher temperatures and pressures .Inside
the fused quartz arc tube two tungsten electrodes doped with thorium, are sealed
into each end and current is passed to them by molybdenum foil seals in the fused
silica. The ends of the arc tube are often externally coated with
white infrared reflective zirconium silicate or zirconium oxide to reflect heat back
onto the electrodes to keep them hot and thermionicaly emitting
MH lamps start when their ballast supplies a high starting voltage higher than
those normally supplied to the lamp electrodes through a gas mixture in the arc
tube. The gas in the MH arc tube must be ionized before current can flow and start
the lamp. In addition to supplying the correct starting voltage, the ballast also
regulates the lamp starting current and lamp operating current.
As pressure and temperature increase, the materials within the arc tube vaporize
and emit light and ultraviolet (UV) radiation. A bulb (also called "outer jacket" or
"outer envelope"), usually made of borosilicate glass, provides a stable thermal
environment for the arc tube, contains an inert atmosphere that keeps the
components of the arc tube from oxidizing at high temperatures, and reduces the
amount of UV radiation that the lamp emits. Some MH lamps have a coated finish on
the inside of the bulb that diffuses the light. Often a phosphor coat is used to both
diffuse the light and change the lamp's colour properties.

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111

Connection Diagram

EEPW 2241: Electrical Skills Lab Manual

Shinas College of Technology

Observation Table
Power rating of
MH Lamp ( P )

Result

Voltage (V)

Current ( I )

Power Factor
= P/(V*I)

Experiment on given Metal Halide lamp is conducted and the Power factor of this
lighting load is found as above.

What are the differences between sodium vapor lamp and Metal Halide lamp.

2.

What are the typical ratings of Metal Halide lamp?

3.

What is the need for ballast in Metal Halide lamp?

4.

Give the applications of Metal Halide lamp.

Updated by Mr. Murali Krishna Boddu & Mr. Mahesh Aphale

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112

Answer the following questions

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