Assignment Module 1 : Set Theory

Set
A set is a collection of objects of any kind of our intuition or thought which are distinct and distinguishable.
By the word 'distinct' we mean that no object is repeated and by the word distinguishable, we mean that the object of
the collection must be known i.e. given any object we must be able to decide whether that object belongs to the
collection or not.
The objects of a set are taken as distinct only on the ground of simplicity. Generally objects of a set have a common
property and objects outside this collection do not have this property.
The objects of the collection are called the elements or members of the set.
A set is represented by listing all its elements between braces { } and by separating them from each other by commas
(if there are more than one element).
Sets are denoted by capital letters of English alphabet while the elements are denoted in general, by small letters.
If x is an element of a set A, we write x A (read as 'x belongs to A'). If x is not an element of A, we write x A (read
as 'x does not belong to A'). The symbol is called the membership relation.

Representation Methods of Set

1. Tabular Form or Roaster Form
In this method of describing a set, the elements of the set are listed separated by commas within brackets.
Examples:
(i) The set of all odd positive integers less than 10 can be described as {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}.
(ii) The set of all vowels can be described as {a, e, i, o, u}.
(iii) The set of all natural numbers can be described as {1, 2, 3, 8}. Here three dots ... stand for "and
so on".
(iv) The set of letters of the word EXAMINATION is {E, X, A, M I, N, T, O}

2. Property Method or Set-Builder Form

In this method of describing a set, a variable x which stands for each element of the set is written under braces and
then after giving a semicolon; or oblique line the property or properties p(x), possessed by each element of the set is
written within the braces itself.
Examples:
i) The set A = [1, 3, 5} can be written as
A = {x /X N, x is an odd number x < 5}
ii) The set A of all even natural numbers can be described as
A = {2n ; n N}
iii) The set A = [a, e, i, o, u} can be written as
A = {x /x is a vowel of English alphabet}

Cardinal Number of a Finite Set

The number of elements in a finite set A is called the cardinal number of set A and is denoted by n(A).
Example : Let A = {1, 3, 5}, then n(A) = 3

Different Types of Sets

Finite Set
A set having finite number of elements is called a finite set.
Examples:
(i) Let A = {1, 2, 3}. Here A is a finite set as it has 3 elements (finite number of elements),
(ii) Let B = set of all odd positive numbers = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9, ...}.here B is not a finite set.

Infinite set
A set which is not a finite set is called an infinite set. Thus a set A is said to be an infinite set if the numbers of
elements of A is not finite.
Examples:
(i) Let N = set of all positive integers = {1, 2, 3, 4,...} Here N is not a finite set and hence it is an
infinite set.
(ii) Let Z = set of all integers = {..., 4, 3, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, ...}

GTIM : SCO 42, 2nd Floor, Sector 20-C, Chandigarh. Phone: 0172 3258041, 4280095, Web site : www.gtimchd.in


p
(iii) Let Q = set of all rational numbers Hence Q is an infinite set = : p, q Z , q 0 Here Z is an

q
infinite set.
(iv) Let R = set of all real numbers. Here R is an infinite set.
(v) Let A = Set of all points on a particular straight line. Here A is an infinite set.

Null set: (or Empty set or Void set)

A set having no element is called a null set or an empty set or a void set. It is denoted by or {}
Examples:
(i) Let A = The set of odd numbers divisible by 2.
(ii) Let B = The set of immortal persons.
Here A and B are null sets.
(iii) Let C = {x : x N and 1 < x < 2}.
Here C is a null set because there is no natural number lying between 0 and 1.
Note: The set {0} is not an empty set as it contains one element 0. The set {} is not an empty set as it contains one
element .

Singleton Set
A set having single element is called a singleton set. It is represented by writing down the element within the braces.
Examples:
(i) A = The set of present president of India.
(ii) {2}, {0}, {}

Equivalent Sets
Two finite sets A and B are said to be equivalent if they have the same cardinal number. Thus sets A and B are
equivalent iff n(A) = n(B)
If sets A and B are equivalent, we write A B.
Example:
Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, B = {a, e, i, o, u}.
Here n(A) = n(B) = 5.
Therefore, sets A and B are equivalent.

Equal Sets
Two sets A and B are said to be equal if each element of A is an element of B and each element of B is an element of
A. Thus two sets A and B are equal if they have exactly the same elements but the order in which the elements in the
two sets have been written down is immaterial.
If sets A and B are equal, we write A = B.
Examples:
(i) Let A = {4, 5, 6, 7}, B = {5, 6, 4, 7}.
Here A and B have exactly the same elements.
Therefore, A = B.
(ii) Let A = {2, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7}, B = {x : x N and 2 x < 8}
Here A and B are equal sets.
Note: 1. Two sets A and B are equal if
x A x B and x B x A.
2. Equal sets are equivalent sets but equivalent sets may or may not be equal.

Set of Sets
A set S having all its elements as set is called a set of sets or a family of sets or a class of sets.
Examples:
(i) {{1, 2}, {2,5}, {3,6, 8}} is a set of sets having three elements {1,2}, {2,5}, {3,6,8} which are
themselves sets.
(ii) {} is a singleton set of set having null set as its element.
(iii) S = {{1,2}, 3, {4}} is not a set of sets as 3 S is not a set.
Illustrations
1.
Examine whether following collection of objects are sets or not
(i) The collection of all months of a year beginning with the letter J.
(ii) The collection of most talented writers of India.
(iii) The collection of eleven best cricket batsmen of the world.
(iv) The collection of bright students of class XI of your school.
Sol.
(i) Let A = the collection of all months of a year beginning with the letter J
GTIM : SCO 42, 2nd Floor, Sector 20-C, Chandigarh. Phone: 0172 3258041, 4280095, Web site : www.gtimchd.in

2.
Sol.
3.
Sol.

4.
Sol.

= {January, June, July}.

Clearly A is a collection of well defined objects and hence A is a set.
(ii) Let B = the collection of most talented writers of India.
Elements of B are not known as no yardstick has been mentioned for deciding as to who are most talented
writers of India. Hence B is not a set.
(iii) Let C = the collection of eleven best cricket batsmen of the world.
Elements of C are not known as no criterion has been mentioned to know who are the best cricket batsmen of
the world. Hence C is not a set.
(iv) Let D = the collection of all bright students of class XI of your school.
Elements of D are not well defined as there is no criterion to decide when a student will be called a bright
student.
Hence D is not a set.
Represent the set A = {4, 3, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5} in the set-builder form.
Let x denote an arbitrary element of A. Then x can be any integer from 4 to 5.
A = {x : x is an integer and 4 x 5}.
Represent the set A = {a, e, i, o, u} in set-builder form.
Let x denote an arbitrary element of A.
Then x can be any vowel of English alphabet.
A = {x : x is a vowel of English alphabet}.
1 2 3 4 5 6
Write the set A = , , , , , in set- builder form.
2 3 4 5 6 7
We observe that in every element of set A numerator is a natural number from 1 to 6 and denominator is one
more than the numerator.

n
, n N,1 n 6
Hence A = x : x =
n+1

Subsets
A set A is said to be a subset of a set B if each element of A is also an element of B. If A is a subsets of set B, we
write A B.
Thus, A B x A x B
Example:

(i) Let A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {2, 3, 4, 1, 5}. Then A B.

(ii) Let A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {2, 3, 1}. Then A B. Also B A.
The statement A B can also be expressed equivalently by writing B A (read as 'B is a
superset of A').
Thus B A if and only if B contains all the elements of A.
If A is not a subset of B i.e., if there is an element in A which is not an element of B then we write
AB

Proper Subset of a Set

A set A is said to be a proper subset of a set B if A is a subset of B and A B i.e. if
(i) Every element of A is an element of B and
(ii) B has at least one element which is not an element of A. This fact is expressed by writing A B or B A. (read as
'A is a proper subset of B').
Thus B has more elements than the number of elements in A.
Examples:

(i) Let A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {2, 3, 4, 1, 5}. Then A B and B A.

(ii) Let N = set of all natural numbers = {1, 2, 3, 4,...}
I = set of all integers = {..., 3, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3,...}
p
Q = set of all rational numbers = { : p and q are integers, q 0}
q
R = set of all real numbers
C = set of all complex numbers = {x + iy : x and y are real numbers and i =

GTIM : SCO 42, 2

nd

1}

Floor, Sector 20-C, Chandigarh. Phone: 0172 3258041, 4280095, Web site : www.gtimchd.in

Then N I Q R C

Alternative Definition of Equality of Sets

Two sets A and B are equal if A is a subset of B and B is a subset of A.
Thus, A = B A B and B A.
i.e. A = B {x A x B}
Note: A B A B and A B.

Some Important Properties of Subsets

1. Every set is its own subset:
Let A be any set. Then x A x A.
Hence A A.
2. Empty set is a subset of each set:
Let be the empty set and A be any set.
Since has no element, therefore, we can say that there is no element in which is not in A.
Hence each element of is an element of A A
3. Let A and B be any two sets : Then A = B A B and B A.
4. Let A, B, C be three sets. If A B and B C, then A C

Superset of a Set
Definition: A set A is said to be a superset of set B, if B is a subset of A i.e., each element of B is an element of A. If
A is a superset of B, we write A B.

Comparability of Sets
Definition: Two sets A and B are said to be comparable if either A B or B A or A = B.
If neither A B and B A nor A = B, then A and B said to be incomparable.
Examples:
(i) Sets {1, 2, 3} and {2, 3, 6, 7} are incomparable.
(ii) Sets {1, 2, 3} and {1, 2} are comparable.

Power Set
Definition: The set or family of all the subsets of a given set A is said to be the power set of A and is denoted by P(A).
Symbolically, P(A) = {X : X A}
Thus, X P(A) X A
Also, P(A) and A P(A) for all sets A.
The elements of P(A) are the subsets of A.
Examples:

(i) If A = {1}, then P(A) = {, {1}}

(ii) If A = {1, 2}, then P(A) = {, {1}, {2}, {1, 2}}
(iii) If A = {1, 2, 3}, then P(A) = {, {1}, {2}, {3}, {1, 2}, {2, 3}, {1, 3}, {1, 2, 3}}
n

If A has n elements then its power set P(A) has 2 elements.

A B P(A) P(B)
Proof : Given, A B
To prove P(A) P(B)
Let X P(A) X A
X B ( Q X A and A B)
X P(B)
Thus X P(A) X P(B)
Hence P(A) P(B)

8(1)

GTIM : SCO 42, 2nd Floor, Sector 20-C, Chandigarh. Phone: 0172 3258041, 4280095, Web site : www.gtimchd.in

Universal Set
Definition: In any discussion in set theory we need a set such that all sets under consideration in that discussion are
its subsets. Such a set is called the universal set for that discussion.
Any set which is superset of all the sets under consideration is called the universal set and is denoted by or S or U.
A universal set can be chosen arbitrarily for any discussion of given sets; but once chosen, it is fixed for that
discussion of the sets.
Example :
Let A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {3, 4, 6, 9} and C = {0, 1}
We can take S = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9} as universal set

Venn Diagrams
A Swiss mathematician Euler introduced the pictorial representation of sets in which a set is represented by the region
within a closed curve usually circle or ellipse. A statement involving sets can be easily understood with pictorial
representation of the sets. The diagram formed by these sets is called the Venn diagram of the statement. Venn
diagram is named after British logician John Venn.
Thus a set is represented by circles or a closed geometrical figure inside the universal set. The universal set S is
represented by a rectangular region. An element of a set A is represented by a point within the circle which
represents A.
S
A

B
S
a c
p
b A
q
d
r

Subset:
S
A
B
AB

Operation on Sets
In algebra of numbers, the operations of addition (+) when applied on two numbers given a third number a + b.
Multiplication and subtraction () give the numbers a.b and a b respectively. Likewise, we have three operations :
Union (), Intersection () and difference () applicable on any two sets. The laws satisfied by these operations form
the algebra of sets.

Union of Two Sets

The union of two sets A and B is the set of all those elements which are either in A or in B or in both. This set is
denoted by A B (read as A union B)
Symbolically, A B = {x : x A or x B}
or A B = {x : x A x B}
Clearly, x A B x A or x B
The union of two sets can be represented by a Venn diagram as shown in the figure. The shaded region represents A
B.
S
A

AB
(when A B)

Examples:

S
A

A B when neither
A B nor B A

S
A

A B when A and B are

disjoint sets

(i) Let A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {2, 1, 5, 6}

Then A B = {1, 2, 3, 5, 6}

GTIM : SCO 42, 2nd Floor, Sector 20-C, Chandigarh. Phone: 0172 3258041, 4280095, Web site : www.gtimchd.in

(ii) Let A = {x : x is a prime number less than 10} and B = {x : x Z, 5 < x < 5}
Then A = {2, 3, 5, 7} and B = {4, 3, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4}
A B = {4, 3, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7}
Note: 1. x A B x A and x B
2. If A B, then A B = B.
Generalized Definitions
Definition: The union of sets of A1, A2, 8. is the set of all those elements which are elements of at least one of these
sets A1, A2,8.

It is denoted by

UA

or A1 A2 A3 8.

n =1

Symbolically,

UA

= { x : x A n for at least one n N}

n =1
k

Similarly,

UA

= { x : x A n for at least one value of n out of 1, 2, 3, 8., k}

n =1

Example: Let A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {3, 5}, C = {4, 7, 8}

Then A B C = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8}

Intersection of Two Sets

The intersection of two sets A and B is the set of all the elements which are common in A and B. This set is denoted
by A B (read as A intersection B)
Symbolically, A B = {x : x A and x B}
or
A B = {x : x A x B]
Clearly, x A B x A and x B.
The intersection of two sets can be represented by a Venn diagram as shown in the given figure. The shaded region
represents A B.
S

AB
when A B . A B = A

Example:

S
B

A B when neither
A B nor B A

S
A

AB=
(No shaded region)

Let A = {1, 2, 3,} and B = {2, 1, 5, 6}

Then A B = {1, 2}

Generalized Definition
Definition: The intersection of sets A1, A2, 8. is the set of all the elements which are common to all the sets A1, A2, 8.

It is denoted by

IA

or A1 A2 A3 8.

n =1

Symbolically,

IA

= { x : x A n for all n}

n =1
k

Similarly,

IA

= { x : x A n for n = 1, 2, 3, 8 k}

n =1

Example:

Let A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {2, 4, 6}, C = {1, 2}

Then A B C = {2}

Some important results Algebra of Two Sets

1.
If A B, then A B = A
2.
x A B x A or x B
GTIM : SCO 42, 2nd Floor, Sector 20-C, Chandigarh. Phone: 0172 3258041, 4280095, Web site : www.gtimchd.in

3.
4.
5.

Associative law : (A B) C = A (B C)
Distributive Law : (i) A (B C) = (A B) (A C)
(ii) A (B C) = (A B) (A C)
(i) (A B) A = A and (A B) B = B
(ii) (A B) A = A and (A B) B = B

Disjoint Sets
Two sets A and B are said to be disjoint sets if they have no common element i.e., A B = .
The disjoint sets can be represented by Venn diagram as shown in the figure.
S
A

Examples:

(i) Let A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {4, 6}

Here A and B are disjoint sets because A B = .
(ii) Let A = set of all rational numbers
B = set of all irrational numbers.
Then A B = , as no number can be both rational and irrational.
Here A and B are disjoint sets.

Difference of Two Sets

Definition: The difference of two sets A and B (also called relative complement of B in A) is the set of all those
elements of A which are not elements of B. It is denoted by A B
Symbolically, A B = {x : x A and x B}
A B can be represented by Venn diagram as shown in the given figure. The shaded region represents A B.
B

A B when A B
(A B = )

AB
when B A

Example:

S
A

A B when neither
A B nor B A

A B when A and B are

disjoint sets. Clearly A
B=A

Let A = {1, 3, 5, 6, 7}, B = {2, 3, 4, 5}

Then A B = {1, 6, 7}, B A = {2, 4}

Remarks:
(i) Clearly A B B A (as evident form above example). Hence difference of two sets is not commutative.
(ii) A B can be obtained by discarding the elements of B, present in A.

Symmetric Difference of Two Sets

The symmetric difference of two sets A and B, denoted by A B, is defined as
A B = (A B) (B A)
For example, if A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} and B = {1, 3, 5, 7 9} then A B = (A B) (B A) = {2, 4} {7, 9} = {2, 4, 7, 9}.

GTIM : SCO 42, 2nd Floor, Sector 20-C, Chandigarh. Phone: 0172 3258041, 4280095, Web site : www.gtimchd.in

Complement of A Set
Definition: The complement of a set A (also called absolute complement of A) is the set of all those elements of the
c
universal sets S which are not elements of A. It is denoted by A or A.
c
Clearly A or A = S A
S
A
c
Symbolically, A or A = {x : x S and x A}
c
A
Thus x A x A.
Complement of a set can be represented by
Venn diagram as shown in the given figure. The shaded region represents A.
Examples:

(i) Let S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9} and A = {2, 3, 5, 6, 7}

Then A = S A = {1, 4, 8, 9}
(ii) Let S = N = {1, 2, 3, 8 } and A = {1, 3, 5, 8.}
Then A = {2, 4, 6, 8, 8.} = B (say)
Clearly, B = {1, 3, 5, 8.} = A
Thus, A = B B = A

Important Properties of Complement

1.
A A =
3.
U =
5.
A B B A
7.
A B = A B

2.
4.
6.
8.

A A = U
(A) = A
A B = B A
B A = A B

Demorgans Laws
1.
(A B) = A B
2.
(A B) = A B
3.
A (B C) = (A B) (A C)
4.
A (B C) = (A B) (A C)

Important Properties of Cardinal Number of Sets

Let A, B, C are finite sets in a finite universal set U. Then
1.
n(A B) = n(A) + n(B) n(A B)
2.
If A and B are disjoint sets then n(A B) = n(A) + n(B)
3.
n(A B C) = n(A) + n(B) + n(C) n(A B) n(B C) n(A C) + n(A B C)
4.
n(A B) = n(A) n(A B) = n(A B)
5.
n(A B) = n(A) + n(B) 2 n(A B)
6.
n(A) = n(U) n(A)
7.
n(A B) = n(U) n(A B)
8.
n(A B) = n(U) n(A B)

Note :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

x A B x A or x B
x A B x A and x B
x A B x A and x B
x (A B) x A or x B
x A B x A and x B
x A x A
x A x A

GTIM : SCO 42, 2nd Floor, Sector 20-C, Chandigarh. Phone: 0172 3258041, 4280095, Web site : www.gtimchd.in

Exercise :
1.

2.

3.

4.
5.
6.
7.

8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.

Let A = { 1, 2, { 3, 4 }, 5 }. Which of the following statements are incorrect and why?

(i) {3, 4} A
(ii) {3, 4} A
(iii) {{3, 4}} A
(iv) 1 A
(v) 1 A
(vi) {1, 2, 5} A
(vii) {1, 2, 5} A
(viii) {1, 2, 3} A
(ix) A
(x) {} A
If A = {x : x is a positive integer < 8 and x is a multiple of 3 or 5},
3
2
B = {x : x 6x + 11x 6 = 0},
C = {x : x is positive even number 7}, then show that
(i) A (B C) = (A B) (A C); (ii) A (B C) = (A B) (A C); (iii) A (B C) = (A B) C
+
+
Let A = {x : x Z }, where Z denotes the set of all positive integers.
B = {x : x is a negative integer}, C = {x : x is a positive odd integer}
Find (i) A C
(ii) A B
(iii) A C
If S = {1, 2, 3, 8., n}; A = {x : x = 2n, n S}; B = {x : x = 2n 1; n S}; C = {1, 2, 3, 8., n}, then find
(i) (A B)
(ii) A C
(iii) A B
(iv) A
On the real line, if A = [0, 3] and B = [1, 4], then find A, B, A B, A B and A B.
Give an example of sets A, B, C such that A B , B C and A C , but A B C = .
Prove that
(i) AB = B A
(ii) AB = A B
(iii) AB = (A B)
(iv) AB = (A B)
(v) A B = B A
(vi) A B B A
(vii) A (B C) = (A B) (A C)
(viii) A (B C) = (A B) (A C)
(ix) (A B) (A B) = A
(x) If A B C B C A, where C is any set (ncert misc. exercises)
(xi) A B = A C and A B = A C B = C
Show that the following conditions are equivalent:
(i) A B
(ii) A B = A
(iii) A B =
(iv) A B = B
Prove that A B = iff A B.
For any two sets A and B, prove that A B = A B iff A = B.
Let A, B and C be three sets such that A B = A C and A B = A C. Show that B = C.
For any sets A and B, prove that
(i) P(A) P(B) = P(A B)
(ii) P(A) P(B) P(A B). Is P(A) P(B) = P(A B)?
If A and B are any two sets, prove that P(A) = P(B) A = B.
Is it true that for any sets A and B, P ( A ) P ( B ) = P ( A B )? Justify your answer.
Shade the following sets in figure:
A

16.

17.
18.

(i) A (B C)
(ii) A (C B)
There are 200 individuals with a skin disorder, 120 had been exposed to the chemical C1, 50 to chemical C2,
and 30 to both the chemicals C1 and C2. Find the number of individuals exposed to
(i) Chemical C1 but not chemical C2, (ii) Chemical C2 but not chemical C1, (iii) Chemical C1 or chemical C2
Prove that number of elements belonging to exactly two of the sets A, B and C = n(A B) + n(B C)
+ n(A C) 3n(A B C)
Prove that number of elements belonging to exactly one of the sets A, B and C
= n(A) + n(B) + n(C) 2n(A B) 2n(B C) 2n(A C) + 3n(A B C)

Objectives
1.
2.

3.

The set of intelligent students in a class is

(A) a null set
(B) a singleton set
(C) a finite set
(D) not a well defined collection.
Let N be the set of non-negative integers, the set of integers, Np the set of non-positive integers, E the set of
even integers and P and the set of prime numbers. Then
(B) N Np =
(C) E P =
(D) N Np = I {0}
(A) I N = Np
If Na = {an : n N}, then N5 N7 =
(A) N7
(B) N
(C) N35
(D) N5

GTIM : SCO 42, 2nd Floor, Sector 20-C, Chandigarh. Phone: 0172 3258041, 4280095, Web site : www.gtimchd.in

4.
5.
6.
7.

8.
9.

10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.

17.

18.

19.
20.

21.

22.

The number of elements in the set {(a, b) : 2a + 3b = 35, a, b Z}, where Z is the set of all integers, is
(A) 2
(B) 4
(C) 8
(D) 12
If A = {, {}}, then the power set of A is:
(A) A
(B) {, {}, A}
(C) {, {}, {{}}, A}
(D) none of these
If A = {2, 3, 4, 8, 10}, B = {3, 4, 5, 10, 12}, C = {4, 5, 6, 12, 14] then (A B) (A C) is equal to
(A) {3, 4, 10}
(B) {2, 8, 10}
(C) { 4, 5, 6}
(D) {3, 5, 14}
If X {1, 2} = {1, 2, 3, 5, 9}, then
(A) The smallest set of X is {3, 5, 9}
(B) The smallest set of X is {2, 3, 5, 9}
(C) The largest set of X is {1, 2, 3, 4, 9}
(D) The largest set of X is {2, 3, 4, 9}
If n(A) = 3, n(B) = 6 and A B. Then the number of elements in A B is equal to
(A) 3
(B) 9
(C) 6
(D) None of these
Two finite sets have m and n elements. The total number of subsets of the first set is 48 more than the total
number of subsets of the second set. The value of m and n are
(A) 7, 6
(B) 6, 3
(C) 6, 4
(D) 7, 4
(E) 3, 7
If A = {x : x is a multiple of 4} and B = {x : x is a multiple of 6} then A B consists of all multiple of
(A) 16
(B) 12
(C) 8
(D) 4
c
c
Let A and B be two sets, then (A B) (A B) equals
c
c
(B) B
(C) A
(D) None of these
(A) A
If A and B are two sets, then A (A B) is equal to
(A) A
(B) B
(C)
(D) None of these
c
Let U be the universal set and A B C = U. Then [(A B) (B C) (C A)] equals
(A) A B C
(B) A B C
(C) A (B C)
(D) A (B C)
If A and B are two sets then (A B) (B A) (A B) is equal to
(A) A B
(B) A B
(C) A
(D) B
If A, B and C are non-empty sets, then (A B) (B A) equals:
(A) (A B) B
(B) A (A B)
(C) (A B) (A B) (D) (A B) (A B)
In a class of 100 students, 55 students have passed in Mathematics and 67 students have passed in
Physics. Then the number of students who have passed in Physics only is
(A) 22
(B) 33
(C) 10
(D) 45
The shaded region in the given figure is
(A) A (B C)
(B) A (B C)
(C) A (B C)
(D) A (B C)

Given n(U) = 20, n(A) = 12, n(B) = 9, n(A B) = 4, where U is the universal set, A and B are subsets of U,
C
then n((A B) ) =
(A) 17
(B) 9
(C) 11
(D) 3
c
c
Let n (U) = 700, n (A) = 200, n (B) = 300 and n (A B) = 100, then n (A B ) =
(A) 400
(B) 600
(C) 300
(D) 200
In a town of 10,000 families it was found that 40% family buy newspaper A, 20% buy newspaper B and 10%
families buy newspaper C, 5% families buy A and B, 3% buy B and C and 4% buy A and C. If 2% families
buy all the three newspapers, then number of families which buy A only is
(A) 3100
(B) 3300
(C) 2900
(D) 1400
In a class of 55 students, the number of students studying different subjects are 23 in Mathematics, 24 in
Physics, 19 in Chemistry, 12 in Mathematics and Physics, 9 in Mathematics and Chemistry, 7 in Physics and
Chemistry and 4 in all the three subjects. The total number of students who have taken exactly one subject is
(A) 20
(B) 18
(C) 22
(D) none of these
Out of 800 boys in a school 224 played cricket, 240 played hockey and 336 played basketball. Of the total, 64
played both basketball and hockey; 80 played cricket and basketball and 40 played cricket and hockey; 24
played all the three games. The number of boys who did not play any game is
(A) 128
(B) 216
(C) 240
(D) 160

GTIM : SCO 42, 2nd Floor, Sector 20-C, Chandigarh. Phone: 0172 3258041, 4280095, Web site : www.gtimchd.in

10

Answers :
1.
3.
4.
5.
6.
15.

(i) False
(ii) True
(iii) True
(iv) True
(v) False
(vi) True
(vii) False
(viii) False
(ix) True
(x) False
(i) A C = C, A B = , A C = A
(i) S (ii) B (iii) A (iv) B
A = (, 0) (3, ); B = (, 1) (4, ); A B = [0, 4]; A B = [1, 3]; A B = [0, 1)
A = {1, 2}, B = {2, 3}, C = {1, 3}. This is not unique.
U

B
C

16.

(i) 90, (ii) 20, (iii) 140

Objectives :
1.
6.
11.
16.
21.

(D)
(A)
(A)
(D)
(C)

2.
7.
12.
17.
22.

(D)
(A)
(C)
(D)
(D)

3.
8.
13.
18.

(C)
(C)
(B)
(D)

4.
9.
14.
19.

(C)
(C)
(C)
(C)

5.
10.
15.
20.

(C)
(B)
(C)
(B)

GTIM : SCO 42, 2nd Floor, Sector 20-C, Chandigarh. Phone: 0172 3258041, 4280095, Web site : www.gtimchd.in

11