1

I.

Configuration
Flat
Flat
Flat
Flat
Flat
Flat
Flat

plate,
plate,
plate,
plate,
plate,
plate,
plate,

laminar, const. Tw
laminar, const. Tw
laminar, const. qw
laminar, const. qw
turbulent, const. Tw
turbulent, const. qw
turbulent

Flat plate, laminar, const. Tw

Flat plate, laminar, const. qw
Cylinder, cross flow: N uD
when ReD P r > 0.2)
Sphere: N uD = 2 +

EXTERNAL FLOW

Nu

Correlation

Comment

N ux
N uL
N ux
N uL
N ux
N ux
N uL

1/2
0.332 Rex P r1/3
1/2
0.664 ReL P r1/3
1/2
0.453 Rex P r1/3
1/2
0.68 ReL P r1/3
4/5
0.0296 Rex P r1/3
4/5
0.0308 Rex P r1/3
4/5
(0.037 ReL 871)P r1/3

N ux
N ux

0.564 Rex P r1/2

1/2
0.886 Rex P r1/2

0.6 ! P r ! 60, Re < Recr

0.6 ! P r ! 60, Re < Recr
0.6 ! P r ! 60, Re < Recr
0.6 ! P r ! 60, Re < Recr
0.6 ! P r ! 60, Re > Recr
0.6 ! P r ! 60, Re > Recr
0.6 ! P r ! 60, Re > Recr ,
Recr = 5 105
P r ! 0.05, Rex P r > 100
P r ! 0.05, Rex P r > 100

!
"
#5/8 $4/5
1/2
0.62ReD P r1/3
ReD
= 0.3+
1+
. (valid
[1 + (0.4/P r)2/3 ]1/4
282000

1/2
0.4ReD

2/3
0.06ReD

3.5 ! ReD ! 7.6 104 , 1 ! /s ! 3.2)

"

1/2

&

Pr

0.4

"

#1/4

. (valid for 0.71 ! P r ! 380,

#
P r 1/4
, n = 0.37 if P r 10 and n = 0.36 if P r 10. All properties
P rs
except P rs are evluated at T . P rs alone is evaluated at the surface temperature.
n
FIG. 1: N uD = CRem
DP r

714

Appendix A: Some thermophysical properties of selected materials

Table A.6 Thermophysical properties of gases at atmospheric

pressure (101325 Pa)
T (K)

(kg/m3 ) cp (J/kgK) (kg/ms)

(m2 /s)

k (W/mK)

(m2 /s)

Pr

Air
100

3.605

1039

0.71110

150

2.368

1012

1.035

0.197105

0.00941

0.437

0.01406

0.251 105

0.587

0.784
0.745

200

1.769

1007

1.333

0.754

0.01836

1.031

0.731

250

1.412

1006

1.606

1.137

0.02241

1.578

0.721

260

1.358

1006

1.649

1.214

0.02329

1.705

0.712

270

1.308

1006

1.699

1.299

0.02400

1.824

0.712

280

1.261

1006

1.747

1.385

0.02473

1.879

0.711

290

1.217

1006

1.795

1.475

0.02544

2.078

0.710

300

1.177

1007

1.857

1.578

0.02623

2.213

0.713

310

1.139

1007

1.889

1.659

0.02684

2.340

0.709

320

1.103

1008

1.935

1.754

0.02753

2.476

0.708

330

1.070

1008

1.981

1.851

0.02821

2.616

0.708

340

1.038

1009

2.025

1.951

0.02888

2.821

0.707

350

1.008

1009

2.090

2.073

0.02984

2.931

0.707

400

0.8821

1014

2.310

2.619

0.03328

3.721

0.704

450

0.7840

1021

2.517

3.210

0.03656

4.567

0.703

500

0.7056

1030

2.713

3.845

0.03971

5.464

0.704

550

0.6414

1040

2.902

4.524

0.04277

6.412

0.706

600

0.5880

1051

3.082

5.242

0.04573

7.400

0.708

650

0.5427

1063

3.257

6.001

0.04863

8.430

0.712

700

0.5040

1075

3.425

6.796

0.05146

9.498

0.715

750

0.4704

1087

3.588

7.623

0.05425 10.61

0.719

800

0.4410

1099

3.747

8.497

0.05699 11.76

0.723

850

0.4150

1110

3.901

9.400

0.05969 12.96

0.725

900

0.3920

1121

4.052

0.06237 14.19

0.728

10.34

950

0.3716

1131

4.199

11.30

0.06501 15.47

0.731

1000

0.3528

1142

4.343

12.31

0.06763 16.79

0.733

1100

0.3207

1159

4.622

14.41

0.07281 19.59

0.736

1200

0.2940

1175

4.891

16.64

0.07792 22.56

0.738

1300

0.2714

1189

5.151

18.98

0.08297 25.71

0.738

1400

0.2520

1201

5.403

21.44

0.08798 29.05

0.738

1500

0.2352

1211

5.648

23.99

0.09296 32.64

0.735

Figure 5.10 The heat removal from suddenly-cooled bodies as

a function of h and time.

213

209

Figure 5.7 The transient temperature distribution in a slab at six positions: x/L = 0 is the center,
x/L = 1 is one outside boundary.

210
Figure 5.8 The transient temperature distribution in a long cylinder of radius ro at six positions:
r /ro = 0 is the centerline; r /ro = 1 is the outside boundary.

211

Figure 5.9 The transient temperature distribution in a sphere of radius ro at six positions: r /ro = 0
is the center; r /ro = 1 is the outside boundary.

Table 5.2 One-term coefficients for convective cooling [5.1].

Bi

Plate

Cylinder

Sphere

A1

D1

A1

D1

A1

D1

0.01
0.02
0.05

0.09983
0.14095
0.22176

1.0017
1.0033
1.0082

1.0000
1.0000
0.9999

0.14124
0.19950
0.31426

1.0025
1.0050
1.0124

1.0000
1.0000
0.9999

0.17303
0.24446
0.38537

1.0030
1.0060
1.0150

1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.10
0.15
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.70
0.80
0.90

0.31105
0.37788
0.43284
0.52179
0.59324
0.65327
0.70507
0.75056
0.79103
0.82740

1.0161
1.0237
1.0311
1.0450
1.0580
1.0701
1.0814
1.0918
1.1016
1.1107

0.9998
0.9995
0.9992
0.9983
0.9971
0.9956
0.9940
0.9922
0.9903
0.9882

0.44168
0.53761
0.61697
0.74646
0.85158
0.94077
1.01844
1.08725
1.14897
1.20484

1.0246
1.0365
1.0483
1.0712
1.0931
1.1143
1.1345
1.1539
1.1724
1.1902

0.9998
0.9995
0.9992
0.9983
0.9970
0.9954
0.9936
0.9916
0.9893
0.9869

0.54228
0.66086
0.75931
0.92079
1.05279
1.16556
1.26440
1.35252
1.43203
1.50442

1.0298
1.0445
1.0592
1.0880
1.1164
1.1441
1.1713
1.1978
1.2236
1.2488

0.9998
0.9996
0.9993
0.9985
0.9974
0.9960
0.9944
0.9925
0.9904
0.9880

1.00
1.10
1.20
1.30
1.40
1.50
1.60
1.80
2.00
2.20
2.40

0.86033
0.89035
0.91785
0.94316
0.96655
0.98824
1.00842
1.04486
1.07687
1.10524
1.13056

1.1191
1.1270
1.1344
1.1412
1.1477
1.1537
1.1593
1.1695
1.1785
1.1864
1.1934

0.9861
0.9839
0.9817
0.9794
0.9771
0.9748
0.9726
0.9680
0.9635
0.9592
0.9549

1.25578
1.30251
1.34558
1.38543
1.42246
1.45695
1.48917
1.54769
1.59945
1.64557
1.68691

1.2071
1.2232
1.2387
1.2533
1.2673
1.2807
1.2934
1.3170
1.3384
1.3578
1.3754

0.9843
0.9815
0.9787
0.9757
0.9727
0.9696
0.9665
0.9601
0.9537
0.9472
0.9408

1.57080
1.63199
1.68868
1.74140
1.79058
1.83660
1.87976
1.95857
2.02876
2.09166
2.14834

1.2732
1.2970
1.3201
1.3424
1.3640
1.3850
1.4052
1.4436
1.4793
1.5125
1.5433

0.9855
0.9828
0.9800
0.9770
0.9739
0.9707
0.9674
0.9605
0.9534
0.9462
0.9389

3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
20.00
50.00
100.00

1.19246
1.26459
1.31384
1.34955
1.39782
1.42887
1.49613
1.54001
1.55525
1.57080

1.2102
1.2287
1.2402
1.2479
1.2570
1.2620
1.2699
1.2727
1.2731
1.2732

0.9431
0.9264
0.9130
0.9021
0.8858
0.8743
0.8464
0.8260
0.8185
0.8106

1.78866
1.90808
1.98981
2.04901
2.12864
2.17950
2.28805
2.35724
2.38090
2.40483

1.4191
1.4698
1.5029
1.5253
1.5526
1.5677
1.5919
1.6002
1.6015
1.6020

0.9224
0.8950
0.8721
0.8532
0.8244
0.8039
0.7542
0.7183
0.7052
0.6917

2.28893
2.45564
2.57043
2.65366
2.76536
2.83630
2.98572
3.07884
3.11019
3.14159

1.6227
1.7202
1.7870
1.8338
1.8920
1.9249
1.9781
1.9962
1.9990
2.0000

0.9171
0.8830
0.8533
0.8281
0.7889
0.7607
0.6922
0.6434
0.6259
0.6079

219

5.3

Transient conduction in a one-dimensional slab

207

Table 5.1 Terms of series solutions for slabs, cylinders, and

spheres. J0 and J1 are Bessel functions of the first kind.

Slab

Cylinder

Sphere

n
Equation for

An

fn

n
2 sin
n + sin
n cos
n

"
!
n x
cos
L

n =
cot

!
"
r

J0 n
ro

n )
2 J1(
#
$
n J 2(
n ) + J 2(
n )

0
1

n cos
n
n
sin
2

n
n sin n cos

ro

n r

&

sin

n r

ro

n ) = Bir J0(
n )
n J1(

o
&

n = 1 Bir
n cot

The solution is somewhat harder to find than eqn. (5.33) was, but the
result is4
%
&

(
) 2 sin
'
n cos[
n ( 1)]
2 Fo
=
exp
(5.34)
n
n + sin
n cos
n

n=1
n are given as a function of n and Bi = hL/k by the
where the values of
transcendental equation
n =
cot

Bi

(5.35)

1 ,
2 ,
n =
The successive positive roots of this equation, which are

3 , . . . , depend upon Bi. Thus, = fn(, Fo, Bi), as we would expect. This
result, although more complicated than the result for b.c.s of the first
kind, still reduces to a single term for Fo # 0.2.
Similar series solutions can be constructed for cylinders and spheres
that are convectively cooled at their outer surface, r = ro . The solutions
for slab, cylinders, and spheres all have the form
=

(
)
'
T T
2 Fo fn
=
An exp
n
Ti T
n=1

(5.36)

where the coefficients An , the functions fn , and the equations for the
n are given in Table 5.1.
dimensionless eigenvalues
4

BiL

See, for example, [5.1, 2.3.4] or [5.2, 3.4.3] for details of this calculation.