FIBER TO THE HOME

FTTH
"Fiber To The Home" known as FTTH is Fibre Optic cable being
installed from the telephone exchange to the Home and is used
to deliver communications such as broadband, digital TV and
telephone.

CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION:
Introducing the fiber in the local loop was envisaged nearly 20 years
ago.1–3 As the quality of the optical fiber was improving, efficient
transmitters and receivers appeared, it seemed possible to build an access
network that would be based on the optical technology. Due to the lack of
active units in the light path the architecture of
the system was simple, cost effective and offered bandwidth that was not,
and still is not, possible to achieve by other access methods.
However, the initial progress in the development of optical networks was
slowed to a halt by economical and technological factors. The Internet
was not as widespread then as it is now and customers were not ready to
pay for the broadband access. It was envisaged that a narrow band
Integrated Services Digital Network access would be sufficient for most
of the users until year 20104 and only handful of business customers
would need broadband access.
Rapid progress in development of different types of the Digital Subscriber
Loop (DSL) technology and its widespread adoption in the nineties was
another factor impeding the deployment of FTTH. As the average transfer
rate of 6Mbps could be achieved over DSL, the cost of replacing existing
copper infrastructure with optical cables was not justified from the
economical point of view.
In recent years there has been a new interest in access methods based on
the optical fiber. A couple of major factors are behind the motivation to
revive this powerful idea. From the social point of view the Internet has
become phenomenally popular and the number of customers requiring
broadband access and willing to pay
for it is increasing steadily despite the slumps in the global economy.5
New services such as High Definition Television (HDTV) have been
developed that require more bandwidth that can be provided by DSL or
Cable Modems. Moreover, a further growth in the number of people
requiring broadband access is forecasted. Much
of the current development of broadband networks based on the optical
technology has been achieved as a result of an active and stimulating role
of governmental agencies. They are responsible for implementing policies
that encourage the development of the broadband access networks as a
way to increase the computer literacy amongst citizens. This is especially
the case in Asian countries, where the penetration of broadband access is
the greatest.

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The Japanese Ministry of Public Management estimates that by March

2006 there will be 7.73 million households connected to the Internet by
means of the optical fiber in Japan. Moreover, this number will be higher
than the number of customers connected via DSL or CATV
technologies.5–8. In Korea, 74% of the population already has a
broadband connection to the Internet and main telecommunications
companies are investing heavily in the optical infrastructure in order to
maintain their competitive edge.5, 8–11
In recent years China has been catching up with the leaders. The recent
forecasts indicate that in the nearest
future it will take the first place in terms of number of households with a
broadband connection.12
Also in Europe broadband access is getting more and more attention. The
“eEurope 2005”13 program was launched by the European Council in
2002. Its agenda is primarily concerned with promoting broadband
Internet in the member countries. A plan of action endorsed by the
Council included:
• most of the public services would be accessed online (e-government, e-
learning, e-health);
• an environment for e-business would be created;
• the broadband access would be widespread and available at competitive
prices.
Substantial resources were allocated under Framework Programme 5 and
6 to spur the research and development of broadband access and many
projects received considerable level of funding:

Growing demand for high speed internet is the primary driver for the new
access technologies which enable experiencing true broadband. Today,
there is an increasing demand for high bandwidth services in market
around the world. However, traditional technologies, like Digital
Subscriber Line (DSL) and cable modem technologies, commonly used
for ‘broadband access, which have access speed to the order of a megabit
per second, with actual rates strongly dependent on distance from the
exchange (central office) and quality of the copper infrastructure, can not
fulfill today’s customer demand for bandwidth hungry applications such
as high-definition TV, 3-D TV, high-speed internet access, video on
demand, IPTV, online gaming, distance learning etc. Amongst various
technologies, the access methods based on the optical fiber has been given
extra emphasis keeping into long term perspective of the country. It has
many advantages over other competing access technologies of which
‘Being Future Proof’ and providing ‘True Converged Network’ for high
quality multi-play are the salient ones. The stable and long term growth
of Broadband is, therefore, going to be dependent on robust growth of
fiber in the last mile.

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CHAPTER-2

WHY FTTH:

FTTH is a true multi service communications access which

simultaneously handles several phone calls, TV/Video streams and
Internet users in the home/office. There are several advantages of
deploying FTTH over other traditional access technologies as given
below:

• FTTH provides end-users with a broad range of communications

and entertainment services, and faster activation of new services.
• Competition is beginning to offer a “multi-play” (i.e. voice, video,
data etc.) bundle.
• FTTH provides service provider’s with the ability to provide
“cutting edge” technology and “best-in-class” services.
• Deploying a fiber optic cable to each premise will provide an
extraordinary amount of bandwidth for future services.
• FTTH provides the community in which it’s located with superior
communications which enhance the efficiency of local business
and thus deliver economic advantage for the community.
• Around the world FTTH is viewed as strategic national
infrastructure similar to roads, railways, and telephone networks.
• FTTH provides carriers with an opportunity to increase the
Average Revenues Per User (ARPU), to reduce the capital
investment required to deliver multiple services, and to lower the
costs of operating networks.

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CHAPTER-3

FTTH NETWORKS:

BSNL is rooling out its FTTH network using PON (Passive Optical
Networks) technologies. A PON is based on the premise of a point-to-
multipoint architecture. Passive Optical Network is essentially a cost
effective optical fiber based access system for providing (broadband,
voice, video, data etc) services.

A Passive Optical Networks (PON) use optical fiber and optical power
splitters to connect the Optical Line Terminal (OLT) at the local exchange
(CO) to the subscriber’s Optical Network Unit (ONU) on his premises.
Passive splitters are located downstream from the CO and can split the
fiber signal up to 32 or more times over a maximum distance of 20 km.

The architecture is called passive because all splitters and intermediate

equipment located between the CO and the ONU is passive; that is, it has
no active electronics and therefore does not need separate power. The
OLT system provides aggregation and switching functionality between
the core network (various network interfaces) and PON interfaces and
also supports management functions.

ONU provides access to the users i.e. an External Plant/Customer

Premises equipment providing user interface for many/single customer.
Different wavelengths are used for downstream and upstream traffic.
This approach greatly simplifies network operation and maintenance, and
reduces the cost. Another advantage is that much less fiber is required
than in point-to point topologies.

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CHAPTER-4

TECHNOLOGIES:

BSNL has planned FTTH network based on Gigabit Optical Passive

Network (GPON) and Gigabit Ethernet Passive Optical Network
(GEPON). GPONs, an ITU technology, support downstream rates as high
as 2.5 Gbits/sec and upstream rates from 155 Mbits/sec to 2.5 Gbits/sec.
BSNL is procuring the GPON that will support downstream rate 2.5Gbps
and upstream 1.25 Gbps. In GEPON, an IEEE technology, 1.25 Gbps
uplink and downlink simultaneous Bandwidth is available.

The broadband, voice, data & video etc services will run on this network.
All these services clubbed into a brand name Next Generation Play
Network (NGPN). These services will be rolled out in phase manner.

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Article I. CHAPTER-5

FTTH Fiber to the Home Overview

The leading FTTH technology is PON or Passive Optical Network

technology. This approach differs from most of the telecommunications
networks in place today by featuring "passive" operation. Active networks
like DSL, VDSL and cable have active components in the network
backbone equipment, in the central office, in the neighborhood network
infrastructure, and in the customer premises equipment. PONs have only
passive light transmission components in the neighborhood infrastructure
with active components only in the central office and the customer
premises equipment.

Fiber to the x (FTTx) is a generic term for any broadband network

architecture that uses optical fiber to replace all or part of the usual
metallocal loop used for last mile telecommunications. The generic
term originated as a generalization of several configurations of fiber
deployment (FTTN, FTTC, FTTB, FTTH...), all starting by FTT but
differentiated by the last letter, which is substituted by an x in the
generalization.

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A schematic illustrating how FTTx architectures vary — with regard to

the distance between the optical fiber and theend-user. The building on
the left is the central office; that on the right is one of the buildings
served by the central office. Dotted rectangles represent separate living
or office spaces within the same building.

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Definition of terms

The telecommunications industry differentiates between several

distinct configurations. The terms in most widespread use today are:

 FTTN - Fiber-to-the-node - fiber is terminated in a street

cabinet up to several kilometers away from the customer
premises, with the final connection being copper.
 FTTC - Fiber-to-the-cabinet or fiber-to-the-curb - this is
very similar to FTTN, but the street cabinet is closer to the user's
premises; typically within 300m.
 FTTB - Fiber-to-the-building or Fiber-to-the-basement -
fiber reaches the boundary of the building, such as the basement
in an multidwelling unit, with the final connection to the
individual living space being made via alternative means.
 FTTH - Fiber-to-the-home - fiber reaches the boundary of
the living space, such as a box on the outside wall of a home.
 FTTP - Fiber-to-the premises - this term is used in several
contexts: as a blanket term for both FTTH and FTTB, or where
the fiber network includes both homes and small businesses.

To promote consistency, especially when comparing FTTH

penetration rates between countries, the three FTTH Councils of
Europe, North America and Asia-Pacific have agreed upon
definitions for FTTH and FTTB [1]. The FTTH Councils do not have
formal definitions for FTTC and FTTN.

It is worth pointing out that fiber-to-the-telecommunications

enclosure (FTTE) is not considered to be part of the FTTx group of
technologies, despite the similarity in name. FTTE is a form
of structured cabling typically used in the enterprise local area
network, where fiber is used to link the main computer equipment
room to an enclosure close to the desk or workstation [2]. Similarly, in
fiber-to-the-desk a fiber connection is installed from the main
computer room to a terminal at the desk.

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CHAPTER-6

Benefits of fiber in the access network

The speeds of fiber optic and copper cables are both limited by
length, but copper is much more sharply limited in this respect. For
example, gigabit runs over relatively economical category
5e, category 6, or augmented category 6 unshielded twisted pair
copper cabling but only to 100 meters. However, over the right kind
of fiber, gigabit ethernet can easily reach distances of tens of
kilometers.

Even in the commercial world, most computers have copper

communication cables. But these cables are short, typically tens of
meters. Most metropolitan network links (e.g., those based on
telephone or cable television services) are several kilometers long, in
the range where fiber significantly outperforms copper. Replacing at
least part of these links with fiber shortens the remaining copper
segments and allows them to run much faster.

Fiber configurations that bring fiber right into the building can offer
the highest speeds since the remaining segments can use standard
Ethernet or coaxial cable. Fiber configurations that transition to
copper in a street cabinet are generally too far from the users for
standard Ethernet configurations over existing copper cabling. They
generally use VDSL at (downstream) speeds of several tens of
megabits/sec.

Fiber is often said to be 'future proof' because the speed of

the broadband connection is usually limited by the terminal
equipment rather than the fiber itself, permitting at least some speed
improvements by equipment upgrades before the fiber itself must be
upgraded.

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CHAPTER 7

Fiber to the node

Fiber to the node (FTTN), also called fiber to the neighborhood or
fiber to the cabinet (FTTCab),[3] is a telecommunication architecture
based onfiber-optic cables run to a cabinet serving a neighborhood.
Customers typically connect to this cabinet using traditional coaxial
cable or twisted pair wiring. The area served by the cabinet is usually
less than 1,500 m in radius and can contain several hundred
customers. (If the cabinet serves an area of less than 300 m in radius
then the architecture is typically called fiber to the curb.)[4]

Fiber to the node allows delivery of broadband services such as high

speed Internet. High speed communications protocols such as
broadband cable access (typically DOCSIS) or some form
of DSL are used between the cabinet and the customers. The data
rates vary according to the exact protocol used and according to how
close the customer is to the cabinet.

Unlike the competing fiber to the premises technology, fiber to the

node often uses the existing coaxial or twisted pair infrastructure to
providelast mile service. For this reason, fiber to the node is less
costly to deploy. In the long-term, however, its bandwidth potential
is limited relative to implementations which bring the fiber still
closer to the subscriber.

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CHAPTER-8

Fiber to the curb

Fiber to the curb (FTTC) is a telecommunications system based
on fiber-optic cables run to a platform that serves several customers.
Each of these customers has a connection to this platform via coaxial
cable or twisted pair.

Fiber to the curb allows delivery of broadband services such as high

speed internet. High speed communications protocols such as
broadband cable access (typically DOCSIS) or some form
of DSL are used between the cabinet and the customers. The data
rates vary according to the exact protocol used and according to how
close the customer is to the cabinet.

FTTC is subtly distinct from FTTN or FTTP (all are versions of

Fiber in the Loop). The chief difference is the placement of the
cabinet. FTTC will be placed near the "curb" which differs from
FTTN which is placed far from the customer and FTTP which is
placed right at the serving location.

Unlike the competing fiber to the premises (FTTP) technology, fiber

to the curb can use the existing coaxial or twisted pair infrastructure
to provide last mile service. For this reason, fiber to the curb costs
less to deploy. However, it also has lower bandwidth potential than
fiber to the premises.

In the United States of America and Canada, the largest deployment

of FTTC was carried out by BellSouth Telecommunications. With
the acquisition of BellSouth by AT&T, deployment of FTTC will
end. Future deployments will be based on either FTTN or FTTP.
Existing FTTC plant may be removed and replaced with FTTP.

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BASIC BLOCK

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Section I.1 CHAPTER -9

Fiber to the premises

Fiber to the premises is a form of fiber-optic communication delivery

in which an optical fiber is run from the central office all the way to
thepremises occupied by the subscriber. Fiber to the premises is
often abbreviated with the acronym FTTP. However, this acronym
has become ambiguous and may instead refer to a form of fiber to
the curb where the fiber does not in fact reach the premises but
instead terminates at autility pole.

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(a) FTTH vs. FTTB

Fiber to the premises can be categorized according to where the
optical fiber ends:

 FTTH (fiber to the home) is a form of fiber optic

communication delivery in which the fiber extends from the
central office to the subscriber's living or working space.[6] Once
at the subscriber's living or working space, the signal may be
conveyed throughout the space using any means,
including twisted pair, coaxial cable, wireless, power line
communication, or optical fiber.

 FTTB (fiber to the building, also called fiber to the

basement) is a form of fiber optic communication delivery in
which the optical fiber terminates before actually reaching the
subscribers living or working space itself, but does extend to the
property containing that living or working space. The signal is
conveyed the final distance using any non-optical means,
including twisted pair, coaxial cable, wireless, orpower line
communication.[7] By definition, FTTB necessarily applies only
to those properties which contain multiple living or working
spaces.

An apartment building may provide an example of the distinction

between FTTH and FTTB. If a fiber is run to a panel at each
subscriber's apartment, this is FTTH. If instead the fiber goes only as
far as the apartment building's shared electrical room, then this is
FTTB.

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(b) Direct fiber

The simplest optical distribution network can be called direct fiber.
In this architecture, each fiber leaving the central office goes to
exactly one customer. Such networks can provide excellent
bandwidth since each customer gets their own dedicated fiber
extending all the way to the central office. However, this approach is
about 10% more costly due to the amount of fiber and central office
machinery required.[8] The approach is generally favored by new
entrants and competitive operators. A benefit of this approach is that
it doesn't exclude any layer 2 networking technologies, be
they Passive optical network, Active Optical Network, etc. From a
regulatory point of view it leads to least implications as any form of
regulatory remedy is still possible using this topology. [9].
(c) Shared fiber
More commonly each fiber leaving the central office is actually
shared by many customers. It is not until such a fiber gets relatively
close to the customers that it is split into individual customer-specific
fibers. There are two competing optical distribution network
architectures which achieve this split: active optical networks
(AONs) and passive optical networks (PONs).

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CHAPTER-10

ACTIVE OPTICAL NETWORK

Active optical network

Comparison showing how a typical active optical network handles downstream

traffic differently than a typical passive optical network. The type of active
optical network shown is a star network capable of multicasting. The type of
passive optical network shown is a star network having multiple splitters
housed in the same cabinet.

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Active optical networks rely on some sort of electrically powered

equipment to distribute the signal, such as a switch, router,
or multiplexer. Each signal leaving the central office is directed only
to the customer for which it is intended. Incoming signals from the
customers avoid colliding at the intersection because the powered
equipment there provides buffering.

As of 2007, the most common type of active optical networks are

called active Ethernet, a type of Ethernet in the first mile (EFM).
Active Ethernet uses optical Ethernet switches to distribute the
signal, thus incorporating the customers' premises and the central
office into one giant switched Ethernetnetwork. Such networks are
identical to the Ethernet computer networks used in businesses and
academic institutions, except that their purpose is to connect homes
and buildings to a central office rather than to connect computers and
printers within a campus. Each switching cabinet can handle up to
1,000 customers, although 400-500 is more typical. This
neighborhood equipment performs layer 2/layer 3 switching and
routing, offloading full layer 3routing to the carrier's central office.
The IEEE 802.3ah standard enables service providers to deliver up to
100 Mbit/s full-duplex over one single-mode optical fiber to the
premises depending on the provider. Speeds of 1Gbit/s are becoming
commercially available.

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CHAPTER-11

Passive optical network

A passive optical network (PON) is a point-to-multipoint, fiber to the
premises network architecture in which unpowered optical splitters
are used to enable a single optical fiber to serve multiple premises,
typically 32-128. A PON configuration reduces the amount of fiber
and central office equipment required compared with point to point
architectures.

Downstream signal coming from the central office is broadcast to

each customer premises sharing a fiber. Encryption is used to prevent
eavesdropping.
Upstream signals are combined using a multiple access protocol,
invariablytime division multiple access (TDMA). The OLTs "range"
the ONUs in order to provide time slot assignments for upstream
communication.

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The elimination of active components means that the access network

consists of one bi-directional light source and a number of passive
splitters that divide the data stream into the individual links to each
customer. At the central office, the termination point is in PON optical
line terminal (OLT) equipment. At the customer premises, the termination
point is in optical network terminals or ONTs also called optical network
units or ONUs. These are in the customer premises equipment, or CPE.
Between the OLT and the ONT/ONUs is the passive optical network
comprising fiber links and passive splitters and couplers.

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PASSIVE OPTICAL NETWORKS

The most important aspect of PON architecture is its simplicity. The
Optical Line Terminal (OLT) is the main element of the network and it is
usually placed in the Local Exchange. Optical Network Units (ONUs)
serve as an interface to the network and are deployed on a customer’s
side. ONUs are connected to the OLT by means of optical fiber and no
active elements are present in the link. A single ONU can serve as point
of access for one (Fiber to the Home) or multiple (Fiber to the Block or
Curb) customers and be deployed either at customer’s premises (Fiber to
the Home or Block) or on the street in a cabinet (Fiber to the Curb).
Although PONs can exist in three basic configurations (tree, bus and
ring), the tree topology is favored due to smaller variation in the signal
power from different end stations.
The main element that distinguishes PONs from other wired networks is
the unidirectionality of a coupler. This results in an architecture that is
analogous in nature to a satellite or mobile communication. In the
downstream direction the signal sent by the OLT arrives at the splitter’s
input and later the same signal reaches
every ONU. The signal is attenuated but otherwise its structure and
properties are the same.
In the other direction, from ONUs to the OLT, the situation is different.
The signals from different ONUs arrive at inputs of the splitter. Although
the signals can not reach different ONUs, as they traverse through the
splitter they get mixed with each other and the superposition of all signals
is received at the OLT. Hence, in the upstream direction the TDMA
method is used to avoid the interference of signals from different ONUs.
A schematic architecture of PON access is depicted in Figure 2. While
waiting for its opportunity, an ONU buffers all incoming data. The
contents of the queues are transmitted in a single burst using the whole
available bandwidth of the channel upon the start of an allocated
transmission window.
The existing standards are the results of efforts of two different groups of
network providers and equipment vendors. The standards represent
different views and attitudes towards the problem and the possible future
of the telecommunication market.

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Figure 1. Configuration of Point-to-Point FTTH

Network

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PON - Passive Optical Network

The fiber based network infrastructure between central office and the
home.

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OLT, ONU, ONT - Optical Line Terminal, Optical

Network Unit,
Optical Network Terminal
The fiber link is terminated in the central office at a Optical Line
Terminal or OLT. OLT devices are the semiconductors that perform that
function. They interface to the fiber link connecting the central office
equipment to the customer premises equipment or CPE. In the CPE, the
fiber link is terminated by an Optical Network Unit, or ONU, or by an
Optical Network Terminal, or ONT. These terms have the same meaning,
but ONU is IEEE terminology and ONT is ITU-T terminology.

APON, BPON, GPON, EPON, and GE-PON Explained

These represent three flavors of PON technology. APON and BPON are
the same specification which is commonly referred to as BPON. BPON is
the oldest PON standard, defined in the mid-1990s and while there is an
installed base of BPON, most of the new market deployment focus is now
on EPON/GE-PON. GE-PON and EPON are different names for the same
specification, that is defined by the IEEE 802.3ah Ethernet in the First
Mile standard ratified in June 2004. This is the current standardized high-
volume solution for gigabit PON technologies. GPON is now being
standardized as the ITU-T G.984 recommendation and is receiving
interest in North America and elsewhere, but with no final standard.
GPON devices have just been announced, and there is no volume
deployment as yet.

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CHAPTER-12

Differences Between BPON, GPON and GE-PON

One important distinction between the standards is operational speed.
BPON is relatively low speed with 155 Mbps upstream/622 Mbps
downstream operation. GE-PON/EPON supports 1.0 Gbps symmetrical
operation. GPON promises 2.5/1.25 Gbps asymmetrical operation.

Another key distinction is the protocol support for transport of data

packets between access network equipment. BPON is based on ATM,
GE-PON uses native Ethernet and GPON supports ATM, Ethernet and
WDM using a superset multi-protocol layer.

BPON suffers from the very aggressive optical timing of ATM and the
high complexity of the ATM transport layer. ATM-based FTTH solutions
face the problems posed by the provisioning (requires ATM-based central
office equipment), complexity (in timing requirements and protocol
complexity) and subsequent cost of components. This cost is exacerbated
by the relatively small market for traditional ATM equipment used in the
backbone telecommunications network.

GPON is still evolving; the final specification of GPON is still being

discussed by the ITU-T and FSAN bodies. But by definition, it requires
the complexity of supporting a multiple protocols through translation to
the native Generic Encapsulation Method (GEM) transport layer that
through emulation provides support for ATM, Ethernet and WDM
protocols. This added complexity and lack of standard low-cost 2.5/1.25
Gbps optical components has delayed industry development of low-cost,
high-volume GPON devices.

GE-PON or Ethernet in the First Mile has been ratified as the IEEE
802.3ah EFM standard and is already widely deployed in Asia. It uses
Ethernet as its native protocol and simplifies timing and lowers costs by
using symmetrical 1 Gbps data streams using standard 1Gbps Ethernet
optical components. Like other Ethernet equipment found in the extended
network, Ethernet-based FTTH equipment is much lower-cost relative to
ATM-based equipment and the streamlined protocol support for an
extended Ethernet protocol simplifies development. Specific to PMC-
Sierra, the GigaPASS architecture that is designed for gigabit throughput
for GE-PON devices is adaptable for use with GPON devices as well.

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Figure 2. Configuration of PON FTTH

Network.

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CHAPTER-13

Electrical portion
Once on private property, the signal typically travels the final
distance to the end user's equipment using an electrical format.

A device called an Optical Network Terminal (ONT), also called an

Optical Network Unit (ONU), converts the optical signal into an
electrical signal. (ONT is an ITU-T term, whereas ONU is
an IEEE term, but the two terms mean exactly the same thing.)
Optical network terminals require electrical power for their
operation, so some providers connect them to back-up batteries in
case of power outages. Optical network units use thin film filter
technology to convert between optical and electrical signals.

For fiber to the home and for some forms of fiber to the building, it
is common for the building's existing phone systems, local area
networks, and cable TV systems to connect directly to the ONT.

If all three systems cannot directly reach the ONT, it is possible to

combine signals and transport them over a common medium. Once
closer to the end-user, equipment such as a router, modem,
and/or network interface module can separate the signals and convert
them into the appropriate protocol. For example, one solution for
apartment buildings uses VDSL to combine data (and / or video)
with voice. With this approach, the combined signal travels through
the building over the existing telephone wiring until it reaches the
end-user's living space. Once there, a VDSL modem copies the data
and video signals and converts them into Ethernet protocol. These
are then sent over the end user'scategory 5 cables. A network
interface module can then separate out the video signal and convert it
into an RF signal that is sent over the end-user's coaxial cable. The
voice signal continues to travel over the phone wiring and is sent
through DSL filters to remove the video and data signals. An
alternative strategy allows data and / or voice to be transmitted over
coaxial cable. In yet another strategy, some office buildings dispense
with the telephone wiring altogether, instead using voice over
Internet Protocol phones that can plug directly into the local area
network.

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CHAPTER -14

BSNL to launch FIBER TO THE HOME(FTTH) today

in Jaipur.

For the first time in India BSNL is going to deploy another path breaking
technology after 3G i.e. FIBRE TO THE HOME(FTT H) This is being
launched in Jaipur on 13th March 13, 2010 by Minister of State for
Communications andInformation technology Mr Sachin Pilot. Presently
copper provides the last mile connectivity to home/buildings which has its
limitations but FTTH takes the optic fiber direct to the home and provides
larger bandwidth and higher speeds which are prerequisite
for bandwidth hungry applications. With this technology BSNL now can
offer high speed internet access up to 1000Mbps and plethora of services
based on triple play(voice, video and data). Services like IPTV, HDTV,
3DTV, video on demand , bandwidth on demand, video conferencing ,
interactive gaming , and several other value added services will now be
available through FTTH. Although services like IPTV have been
launched by BSNL on copper cable but they have their limitations in
delivering better value for customers but optic fiber can deliver world
class experience the consumers. BSNL will soon launch these services
across the country in phased manner.
Although telecom PSU’s BSNL and MTNL have been proactive in
bringing latest technology to people but they have never been able to ride
on the success of these initiatives. They have been pioneer in introducing
services like 3G, IPTV, VoIP etc. but one can’t see the PSU’s taking the
larger chunk of the market given their lackadaisical approach towards to
sales , marketing and customer care. Even after deploying service like 3G
for which private players are waiting desperately with their mouths open
and purses exposed, BSNL and MTNL have been unable to make any
substantial headway. May be senior management of these PSU’s need to
learn from these blunders and then go about launching future
technologies.

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Sterlite Technologies partners with BSNL for

India's first large-scale GPON network
PUNE, INDIA — Sterlite Technologies Limited ("Sterlite") BSE
(Bombay Stock Exchange): 532374, NSE(National Stock Exchange of
India, Mumbai): STRTECH],a leading global provider of transmission
solutions today announced that it has won a contract from BSNL, valued
at Rs 372 Crores (US$ 77 Million), for enabling a Fiber-to-the-Home
(FTTH) Network based on Gigabit Passive Optical Network (GPON)
technology. Sterlite was awarded a major share of the total outlay of
project, amongst competition from global players. Sterlite has streamlined
its efforts to ensure that the contract is executed within FY10.

BSNL plans to implement similar FTTH networks at 25 cities across India

by Year 2012, which would impact 2 million subscribers. This would
provide subscribers access to never-experienced bandwidth and speeds (in
excess of 100 Mb/s) as well as multitude of applications ranging from
utility applications such as High-Definition Video Conferencing or
entertainment applications as High-Speed Gaming.

The current phase of the FTTH network would be capable of providing

high-speed internet, IPTV solutions, VoIP, and other Value Added
Services to about 500,000 subscribers. BSNL, one of the largest telecom
service providers globally, will be the first telco in the country to deploy
commercial scale Fiber-to-the-Home network.

At the recent OFC/NFOEC 2009 in San Diego, California, Mr. Kuldeep

Goyal, Chairman and Managing Director of BSNL, indicated that up to
5% of all Indian households would have FTTH by 2011 and IPTV would
be one of the key drivers for uptake of FTTH.

Dr. Anand Agarwal, CEO & Director – Sterlite Technologies says, "India
is at the cross-roads in telecommunication technology, with networks
being rolled out for 3G, Wimax, NGN (Next Generation Networks) and
FTTH. We believe FTTH will offer subscribers limitless possibilities by
serving the requirements of bandwidth-hungry applications and this
would revolutionize the way subscribers work, live and play. We
commend BSNL's relentless efforts in putting India on the telecom map
of the world and we are honored to be chosen as a partner for this
project."

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CHAPTER-15

TECHNOLOGY COMPARISON
In this section we will present a comparison of key aspects of different
FTTH architectures.

1. Available Bandwidth

With advancements in the development of HDTV, it can be envisaged

that future access networks will have to deliver between 70 and 100Mbit/s
per customer. This will enable the customer to watch 3 to 4 HDTV
channels, browse the Internet and carry a number of video calls.
Currently, all types of FTTH architectures are capable of providing such a
bandwidth. In Ethernet-based point-to-point networks 100Mbit/s rates are
explicitly supported in 100BASE–X networks. The rates offered by PONs
are somewhat lower and in the typical configuration around 70Mbit/s can
be delivered. The results recorded for WDM PON show that much larger
transfer rates than the necessary minimum can be provided.25–27

2. Network Reach

The maximum network reach is limited by the power budget of a

particular system. In 100BASE–X and 1000BASE–X networks, it is
specified that the network should have a reach of up to 10km. In standards
specifying PON’s functionality two distances 10 and 20km are
considered. In experimental WDM PONs, a successful transmission was
possible over similar distances.

3. Cost

The total cost of the infrastructure is dependent on several factors such as

the price of the materials, availability of underground or aerial ducts, the
terrain topography and local labor rates.

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CHAPTER-16
REFERENCES
1. J.R. Stern, J.W. Ballance, D.W. Faulkner, S. Hornung, and D.B. Payne,
“Passive Optical Local Networks for Telephony Applications and
Beyond,” Electronics Letters 23, pp. 1255–1257, Nov. 1987.
2. Donald. E.A. Clarke and Tetsuya Kanada, “Broadband: The Last
Mile,” IEEE Communications Magazine 31, pp. 94–100, Mar. 1993.
3. Yih-Kang Maurice Lin, Dan R. Spears, and Mih Yin, “Fiber-Based
Local Access Network Architectures,”
IEEE Communications Magazine 27, pp. 64–73, Oct. 1989.
4. Borgar T. Olsen, Alcibiade Zaganiaris, Kjell Stordahl, L. Aa. Ims, D.
Myhre, T.
Øverli, M. Tahkokorpi, I. Welling, M. Drieskens, J. Kraushaar, J.
Mononen, M. L¨ahteenoja, S.Markatos, M. De Bortoli, U. Ferrero, M.
Ravera, S. Balzaretti, F. Fleuren, N. Gieschen, M. De Oliveira Duarte,
and E. de Castro, “Techno-Economic Evaluation of Narrowband and
Broadband Access Network Alternatives and Evolution Scenario
Assessment,” IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications 15,
Aug. 1996.
5. OECD – Organisation For Economic Co-Operation and Development,
“OECD Communications Outlook,” June 2003.
6. Y. Maeda, “Broadband Access Deployment in NTT.”
http://www.fsanweb.org/Atlanta Workshop.asp,
Mar. 2003. FSAN PON Workshop, Atlanta, USA.
7. Y. Maeda, “Overwiew of Optical Broadband in Japan,” in Proceedings
of ECOC, 1, Sept. 2004.
8. B. Whitman, “Fibre Access Deployment Worldwide: Market Drivers,
Politics and Technology Choices,” in Proceedings of ECOC, pp. 6–9,
Sept. 2004.
9. J. Hongbeom, “Broadband access, service developments and trends in
Korea,” in Proceedings of ECOC, 5, Sept. 2004.
10. C. H. Yim, “Convergence Acess Network in Korea.”
http://www.itu.int/ITU-T/worksem/asna/index.
html, June 2004. All Star Network Access Workshop, Geneva,
Switzerland.
11. J.-W. Yang, “Broadband convergence Network (BcN) - a Korean
National Broadband Project,” in Proceedings of OECC/COIN, pp. 50–51,
July 2004.
12. M. Kunigonis, “International Broadband Deployments. Lessons
learned around the globe..”
http://www.apectelwg.org/apecdata/telwg/28tel/bw/telwg28-BB-12.pdf,
Oct. 2003. APEC Telecommunications and Information Working Group,
Taipei, Taiwan.
13. C. O. T. E. Communities, “eEurope 2005: An information society for
all.” http://www.europa.eu.int/ information society/eeurope/2005/index
en.htm, June 2002.
14. John A. Jay, “An Overview of International Fiber to the Home
Deployment,” in Proceedings of FTTH Conference, Oct. 2002.

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15. S. Paltridge, “Industry in Crisis (?),” in Proceedings of CEPT

Conference, 2003.
16. Dana Bisaro, “FTTH-”HFC vs. PON”,” in Proceedings of FTTH
Conference, Oct. 2002.
17. Patrick T. Garvey, “Economics of FTTH,” in Proceedings of FTTH
Conference, Oct. 2004.
18. ITU-T, “G.983.1 - Broadband Passive Optical Networks (BPON):
General characteristics,” June 1999.
19. David Faulkner, Rajendrakumar Mistry, Tom Rowbotham, Kenji
Okada, Wsewolod Warzanskyj, Albert
Zylbersztejn, and Yves Picault, “The Full Services Access Networks
Initiative,” IEEE Communications
Magazine 35, pp. 58–68, Apr. 1997.
20. Yoichi Maeda, Kenji Okada, and David Faulkner, “FSAN OAN-WG
and future issues for broadband optical
access networks,” IEEE Communications Magazine 39, pp. 126–132,
Dec. 2001.
21. Ingrid Van de Voorde and Gert Van der Plas, “Full Service Optical
Access Networks: ATM Transport on
Passive Optical Networks,” IEEE Communications Magazine 35(4), pp.
70–75, 1997.
22. Hiromi Ueda, Kenji Okada, Brian Ford, Glenn Mahony, Stephen
Hornung, David Faulkner, Jacques Abiven,
Sophie Durel, Ralph Ballart, and John Erickson, “Deployment status and
common technical specifications
for a B-PON system,” IEEE Communications Magazine 39, pp. 134–141,
Dec. 2001.
23. ITU-T, “G.984.1 - Gigabit-capablePassive Optical Networks (GPON):
General characteristics,” Mar. 2003.
24. The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, “IEEE 802.3ah -
IEEE Standard for Local and
Metropolitan Area Networks. Part 3: Carrier Sense Multiple Access with
Collision Detection (CSMA/CD)
Access Method and Physical Layer Specifications. Amendment: Media
Access Control Parameters, Physical
Layers, and Management Parameters for Subscriber Access Networks,”
Sept. 2004.
25. S.-J. Park, C.-H. Lee, K.-T. Jeong, H.-J. Park, J.-G. Ahn, and K.-H.
Song, “Fiber-to-the-Home Services
Based on Wavelength-Division-Multiplexing Passive Optical Network,”
IEEE/OSA Journal of Lightwave
Technology 22, pp. 2582–2591, Nov. 2004.
26. J. ichi Kani, M. Teshima, K. Akimoto, N. Takachio, H. Suzuki, K.
Iwatsuki, and M. Ishii, “A WDMbased
Optical Acess Network for Wide-Area Gigabit Access Services,” IEEE
Communications Magazine
41, pp. 43–48, Feb. 2003.
27. D. J. Shin, D. K. Jung, H. S. Shin, J. W. Kwon, S. Hwang, Y. Oh, and
C. Shim, “Hybrid WDM/TDM-PON
195, Jan. 2005.

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ABHISHEK SARASWAT

1/1056 MALVIYA NAGAR,

JAIPUR
Contact No.:09785995816
saraswatboy4u@gmail.com
RAJASTHAN(302017)
Alternate email id:saraswat_boy4u@yahoo.co.in

,
___________________________________________________

OBJECTIVE

To be a part of an organization, enabling me to contribute to its

advancement and growth, by utilizing my abilities and experiences in
technical areas and achievement of targets for company’s goal
fulfillment.

___________________________________________________________

EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION

B.tech-:( Electronics And Communication Engineering )

Examination Year % of marks

Main subjects

I YEAR 2006-2007 70%

E&E,ME, FOC

II YEAR

III SEMESTER 2007 64%

EDC, EMI, DSA
IV SEMESTER 2008 65%
A.E, D.E., DBMS

III YEAR

V SEMESTER 2008 64%

S&S, L.I.C.,C.T.
VI SEMESTER 2009 67%
D.C, M.P., O.T

IV YEAR

VII SEMESTER 2009 RESULT AWAITED

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FIBER TO THE HOME

Level Name of InstitutionBoard/ Year of %of marks

University Passing obtained
Class X St. FRANCIS Rajasthan 2004 75%
SECONDARY Board
SCHOOL,JAIPUR
Class XII St. EDMUNDS CBSE 2006 60%
SCHOOL,JAIPUR

PROJECTS & SEMINARS UNDERTAKEN

• Completed a project on fire and burglar alarm in 8th standard.

• Completed a project on “EARTHQUAKE DETECTOR”
in 10th standard.
• Attended National Symposium on “ADVANCES IN
MICROWAVE MATERIALS,DEVICES &
APPLICATIONS ”.
• Got certificate of excellence in “ROBOKRITI-09”(2 DAY
WORKSHOP ON ROBOTICS) by
TECHNOPHILIA,MUMBAI
• Underwent a training of 45 days at “MTS,VAISHALI
NAGAR” on “ COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
ARCHITECTURE”.
• Underwent a training of 30 days at “ GENUS OVERSEAS
Ltd.” on “DATA TRANSFER FROM ONE PC TO
ANOTHER USING GPRS MODE”.

___________________________________________________

IT SKILLS

MS office MS Word, MS PowerPoint

LANGUAGES C,C++
Basic knowledge of INTERNET,Windows,Linux.

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EXTRA CURRICULAR ACTIVITIES

• Certificate of excellence in painting and artwork by

“RAJASTHAN PATRIKA”.
• Certificate of first runner up in “VOLLEY BALL” at college
level.

________________________________________________________

PERSONAL DOSSIRE

Name : ABHISHEK
SARASWAT
Date of birth : 29th June 1988
Father’s Name : Mr. Bharat
Bhushan Saraswat
SEX : MALE
Nationality : INDIAN
Marital Status : SINGLE
Languages known :
ENGLISH,HINDI
Permanent Address : 1/1056 Malviya
Nagar,Jaipur
Contact No. :
09785995816,0141-2753734
Passport : YES
Hobbies : Reading books,
net surfing,
Listening
music, playing
Billiards

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