Unit 8 A matter of taste

Reading

Part 2 Gapped text

Vocabulary

Food

FCE Result

Word pairs

Grammar

Modals
So and such
Adjective suffixes

Use of English

Part 3 Word formation

Speculating

Reading
Part 2 Gapped text
In Part 2 of the Reading paper there is a text from which six or seven sentences or paragraphs have been removed. You have to
decide where in the text the sentences or paragraphs have been taken from. I
What's in Part 2?

Exam tips:
A text with some empty spaces (gaps).
After the text there are some sentences
taken from the text. You have to choose
the correct sentence for each gap.

What do I have to
practise?

How many questions

are there?

The missing sentence usually comes in the middle of the paragraph. In order to choose the
right sentence to put in the gap, you should read the whole paragraph - what comes before
the gap, and what comes after. When you have chosen the sentence to fill the gap, read the
complete paragraph again to make sure it makes sense.

How to understand the structure and

follow the development of a text.

If you are not sure which sentence to put in a gap, leave it until later, and do the ones which
you find easier first.

Choose sentences which fit logically with the ideas being expressed in the paragraph. Be
ready to change your mind, if you find that a sentence might go better somewhere else,
because if you put one sentence in the wrong place, you will probably put another sentence
in the wrong place somewhere else.
Concentrate on doing the task rather than worrying about difficult words.

Exercise 1. You are going to read a magazine article about a cookery course. Eight sentences have been removed from the article. Choose from the
sentences A-I the one which fits each gap (1-8). There is one extra sentence which you do not need to use. If you need help, there are hints below
the text.

Learning to cook
With some nervousness I turned up for the first cookery lesson of my life at an expensive Paris hotel off the Champs
Elyses. 1. ___ Would I be the only middle-aged housewife on the course, surrounded by keen young professionals, all
eager to learn from the new guru of French cooking?
I found myself in a group of twenty-five people, and their ages ranged from their early twenties through to their late fifties.
2. ____ Perhaps the only two characteristics we all had in common were our ability to understand French (though not all
of us could speak it well) and our ability to pay the 10,000 francs for a weekend's cookery course.
Guy Dupois is a flamboyant personality. He dresses in extravagantly colourful clothes with none of those typical white
chef's hats and aprons, and he speaks French at tremendous speed, making no allowances for the half of us who were
foreigners on the course. 3. ___ Within five minutes he had us peeling potatoes, slicing carrots and chopping onions.
Everything had to be done with great speed, and cut exactly to the size he required. 4.____ "Those are only fit for the
soup," he would say, before grabbing a potato from the hand of another student and showing him how to peel it in the way
he wanted.
After a session of preparing ingredients for cooking, but no cooking, he moved on to other secrets. We were told to pick
up the different foods and smell them. 5. ____ He insists that the best cooking is invention, not following recipes. You
cannot taste the food before you cook it, but you can have an idea of the flavours that combine by smelling them before
you start, and this allows you to imagine the finished product.
Later in the day we were instructed in the many techniques of good cooking: how to grill, fry, boil and roast correctly. We
were taught to use herbs and spices sparingly. 6. ____ If the taste of the food needs hiding with herbs and spices, the
basic ingredients are not of good enough quality, or you are cooking lazily.
At five o'clock in the morning, we were all taken down to the central market to learn how to buy those high quality
ingredients. 7. ___ The best ingredients are not always the cleanest or the most beautiful to look at, and he demonstrated
how crafty stall-holders may hide the defects in the produce.
Then back to the kitchen, and the preparation of lunch with Guy's guidance. He then showed us how the presentation is
all-important. He explains it by comparing food to fashion products. 8. __So we were shown how to combine colours and
textures to provide both contrast and harmony.
After twenty years of home cooking, this was all food for thought.

A Slice your carrots too thin and he rejects them with a disdainful gesture.
B We were waiting silently in the kitchen for him to arrive, and he burst into the room, already talking and giving
instructions as the door opened.
C Just as the packaging of a perfume, the box and the bottle it comes in, may persuade someone to buy it, so the
arrangement of the food on the plate will add to the appetite and pleasure of the eater.
D By the end of the first day, we were all beginning to show signs of exhaustion.
E For Guy Dupois, the smell of the raw ingredients is a key to the composition of the various dishes we would later
concoct.
F I was by no means the oldest, and, as I was to discover, by no means the least experienced.
G I had cooked for twenty years, but never professionally, and here I was, on a course run by the well-known French chef,
Guy Dupois.
H How to choose and how to reject is an art in itself, according to Guy, requiring intuition as well as training.
I As Guy Dupois says, the art of great cookery is to produce a dish where you are able to taste each ingredient
individually.

Vocabulary
Food

Adjectives

+ Positive:
Tasty: having a pleasant flavour.
Tender: good quality meat that easy to cut and eat.
+ /- Neutral:
Bitter: sharp unpleasant taste like a lemon.
Chewy: needing to be chewed a lot before it can be swallowed.
Crunchy: firm and crisp and making a sharp sound when you bite it.
Fatty: having a lot of fat on or in it.
Mild: not strong, spicy or bitter (of a flavor)
Plain: basic, without any strong flavours or tastes.
Rich: food that is heavy and that you can only eat a little of
Salty: of, tasting of, or containing salt.
Spicy: having a strong taste because spices have been used to flavor it.
Sweet: having a pleasant taste like that of sugar.
-Negative:
Greasy: having a lot of oil on or in it.
Stodgy: heavy and filling food that is not pleasant.
Tasteless: having no flavor.
The following adjectives could be negative if the food is not supposed to have these qualities: bitter, chewy, fatty, greasy,
plain, salty, and sweet.

Describing food and drinks

rich, sweet and

tasty

rich, bitter, sweet,

mild amd tasty

mild, rich, spicy and

tasty

bitter, salty and

tasty

chewy, fatty, tender

and tasty

chewy, fatty, greasy,

tasty and tender

plain, stodgy and

tasteless

Methods of cooking

Fried: to cook or be cooked in fat, oil, etc., usually over

direct heat.
Boiled: to change or cause to change from a liquid to a
vapour so rapidly that bubbles of vapour are formed in the
liquid.

Fried

Boiled

Roast

Grilled

Barbecued

Baked

Roast: to cook (meat or other food) by dry heat, usually

with added fat and esp in an oven.
Grilled: cooked on a grill or gridiron.
Barbecued: to cook (meat, fish, etc.) on a grill, usually
over charcoal and often with a highly seasoned sauce.
Baked: to cook by dry heat in or as if in an oven.
Stewed: (of meat, fruit, etc.) cooked by stewing.

Stewed

Describing restaurants

Cramped: does not have enough space for

the people in it

Boring

Exicting

Formal

Friendly
Dear: expensive; costing a lot of money.

Value for money: how much sth is worth

compared with its price

Romantic

Informal

Traditional

Lively: full of interest or excitement

Trendy: very fashionable.

Overpriced: too espensive; costing more

than it is worth.

Noisy

Quiet

Word pairs
There are many words pairs that are joined by a conjunction.

The order of the words is fixed.

bread

butter

pots

pans

table

salt

chairs

pepper

fish

forks

chips

knives

Bread and butter: basic; very important

Employment and taxation are the bread-and-butter issues of politics.
Wait and see: used to tell somebody that they must be patient and wait to find out about something later.
We'll just have to wait and seethere's nothing we can do at the moment.
Fish and chips: a dish of fish that has been fried in batter served with chips/fries, and usually bought in the place where it
has been cooked and eaten at home, etc, especially in Britain.
Three portions of fish and chips, please.

Sometimes the words in the pair are near synonyms.

Fun and games: (informal) activities that are not serious and that other people may
disapprove of.
Law and order: a situation in which people obey the law and behave in a peaceful
way.
The government struggled to maintain law and order.
Sick and tired: bored with or annoyed about something that has been happening for a
long time, and wanting it to stop.
I'm sick and tired of your moaning.
Safe and sound: not harmed, damaged, lost, etc.
They turned up safe and sound.
Peace and quiet: the state of being calm or quiet.
I would work better if I had some peace and quiet.
Bits and pieces/bobs (British English, informal): small objects or items of various kinds.
She stuffed all her bits and pieces into a bag and left.

Sometimes the words in the pair are opposite.

Take it or leave it: 1 used to say that you do not care if somebody accepts or
rejects your offer.
2 used to say that somebody does not have a strong opinion about something.
Dancing? I can take it or leave it.
Give and take: to be willing, in a relationship, to accept what somebody else wants
and to give up some of what you want.
You're going to have to learn to give and take.
Pick and choose: to choose only those things that you like or want very much.
You have to take any job you can getyou can't pick and choose.
More or less: 1 almost.
I've more or less finished the book.
2 approximately.
She could earn $200 a night, more or less.
Back to front (British English) (nAE: backwards): if you put on a piece of clothing back to front, you
make a mistake and put the back where the front should be.
I think you've got that sweater on back to front.
Sooner or later: at some time in the future, even if you are not sure exactly when.
Sooner or later you will have to make a decision.
Now and again/then: from time to time; occasionally.
Every now and again she checked to see if he was still asleep.
Ups and downs: the mixture of good and bad things in life or in a particular situation or relationship.
Every business has its ups and downs.

Sometimes the words in the pair are the same words.

Side by side: 1 close together and facing in the same direction.

There were two children ahead, walking side by side.
2 together, without any difficulties.
We have been using both systems, side by side, for two years.
The two communities exist happily side by side.
Go from strength to strength: to become more and more successful.
Since her appointment the department has gone from strength to strength.
Bit by bit: a piece at a time; gradually.
He assembled the model aircraft bit by bit.
Bit by bit memories of the night came back to me.
Heart to heart: a conversation in which two people talk honestly about their feelings and
personal problems.
To have a heart-to-heart with somebody
More and more: continuing to become larger in number or amount.
More and more people are using the Internet.
Face to face (with somebody): close to and looking at somebody.
The two have never met face to face before.
The room fell silent as she came face to face with the man who had tried to kill her.
Little by little: slowly; gradually.
Little by little the snow disappeared.

Phrases

Grammar
Modal verbs
Speculating

Logical assumptions (must-cant)

Must = Im sure/certain that sth is true.
Must is used in affirmative sentences and expresses positive logical assumptions.
It is Sunday. He must be at home. (Im sure he is at home)
Cant /couldnt: Im sure that sth isnt true, real, etc.
Cant and couldnt are used in negations and expresses negative logical assumptions.
It is Sunday. He cant/couldnt be at work. Im sure he isnt at work.

Possibility
To talk about possibility in the present use May/Might or Could + simple infinitive (usually the verb to be) or
continuous infinitive.
Wheres Tony? I dont know. He may be outside.
Whose is this? It could be Emmas.
Alisons not in the office today so she may be working at home.
I wont phone Jennifer now because she might be having a rest.
To talk about possibility in the past, use May, Might or Could + perfect infinitive (simple or continuous)
Its 8.30 so she may have left by now.
I dont know why theyre so late. I suppose they could have got lost.
Sue wasnt at the party last night. She might have been feeling too tired to come.
To make a deduction something in the past, use Must or cant (or couldnt) + perfect infinitive (simple or
continuous)
Its very wet outside so it must have rained in the night.
He cant have forgotten about the meeting: he talked to me about it only this morning.
You must have been talking on the phone for a long time last night: I phoned for times and it was engaged.
Eddie couldnt have done that robbery: he was with me the whole weekend.

Im sure she knows him well.

Present infinitive

Perhaps he will be late.

She must know him well.

Hey may be late.

Its possible that shes working late tonight.

Present continuous

He could be working late night.

Im sure shell be working tomorrow.

infinitive

She must be working tomorrow.

Im sure he didnt know the truth.

Perfect infinitive

He cant have known the truth.

Perhaps they have missed the bus.

They might have missed the bus.

Its possible he had got lost.

He may have got lost.

Im certain he was sleeping.

Perfect continuous infinitive

He must have been sleeping.

Perhaps she has been lying.

She may have been lying.

Its likely they had been hiding.

They could have been hiding.

Exercise 1 Choose the best word to complete these sentences.

No one knows how he died, but one theory is that it .. have been a tragic accident.
The potato crops may have destroyed by insects.
Scientists have many theories about what might.. causing global warming.
When zoologists measured the spiders, they realised that they must been at least 16cm in length.
I should have homework more often when I was at school.
It is not true that the Great Wall of China can . seen from the moon.

Exercise 2 Rewrite these sentences using 2-5 words. Be very careful that you keep the time the same.
I'm sure he didn't understand what I was saying to him.
He. what I was saying to him. (Misunderstood)
It's possible that he missed his train.
He.. his train. (Might)
It was very wrong of you to borrow my car without asking.
You my car without asking. (Have)
Maybe Tom is looking for a new place to live.
Tom for a new place to live. (Could)
Why aren't you at home revising for your exam?
You. for your exam at home now. (Be)
He looks really disappointed. Obviously he expected to win the race.
He looks really disappointed. He to win the race.

So and Such
So, what's the difference between so and such?
She's so beautiful.
She's such a beautiful woman.
I met so many people last night.
I ate so much food that I feel sick.
We use so with adjectives (e.g. tired, dangerous ...).
We use such with adjective + noun (e.g.bad weather, big tree).
We use so with "many + countable noun" (e.g. many trees).
We use so with "much + uncountable noun" (e.g. much time).

Now try these sentences - type in the word 'so' or 'such'.

I've studied . much grammar that I'm exhausted.
My sister is.. good at English - she should be a teacher.
I've been waiting for.. a long time.
I watched a lot of TV last night.
I watched . much TV last night.
I'm .. hungry, I could eat a horse.
I have many ideas, I don't know where to begin.
Ask Tom for help - he gave me good advice last time I asked him

Adjective suffixes
With suffixes, the new word a different part of speech. But the new meaning is related to the old meaning - it is "derived"
from the old meaning. Some adjectives are formed from nouns and others are formed from verbs.

We can add more than one suffix, as in this example:

derive (verb) + tion = derivation (noun) + al = derivational (adjective)
suffix

-al
-ary

making

adjectives

example

example

original word

suffixed word

accident

accidental

imagine

imaginary

-able

tax

taxable

-ly

brother

brotherly

-y

ease

easy

-ful

sorrow

sorrowful

forget

forgetful

Here are the most common adjective suffixes in English:

Example: golden, mistaken

-ern adjective (meaning = related to; coming from;
characterised by)
Example: northern, eastern
-escent adjective (meaning = becoming)
Example: pubescent, evanescent
-ful adjective (meaning = full of; having the quality of)
Example: colourful, restful
-ic / -ical adjective (meaning = pertaining to; related
to)
Example: mythic, historical
-ing adjective (meaning = having the quality of; as
present participle of verbs)
Example: interesting, moving
-ish adjective (meaning = like; having the quality of;
nationality)
Example: childish, Swedish

-able / -ible adjective (meaning = capable of)

Example: portable, edible

-ive adjective (meaning = concerned with; having the

nature of)
Example: attractive, quantitative

-acious / -icious adjective (meaning = full of;

characterised by)
Example: audacious, avaricious

-less adjective (meaning = without; not having)

Example: careless, endless

-al adjective (meaning = pertaining to; related to)

Example: regional, musical

-ly adjective (meaning = having the quality of;

recurring at intervals of)
Example: brotherly, hourly

-an / -ian adjective (meaning = related to;

characterised by; nationality)
Example: republican, Iranian

-oid adjective (meaning = like; resembling)

Example: anthropoid, ovoid

-ant / -ent adjective (meaning = full of)

Example: reluctant, fluent

-ose adjective (meaning = full of; having the quality

of)
Example: verbose, bellicose

-ary adjective (meaning = related to; concerned with)

Example: budgetary, military
-ed adjective (meaning = having; affected by; as past
participle of verbs)
Example: talented, excited
-en adjective (meaning = resembling; as past
participle of verbs)

-ous adjective (meaning = full of; characterised by)

Example: courageous, mountainous
-some adjective (meaning = having the nature of;
characterised by)
Example: tiresome, loathsome
-worthy adjective (meaning = deserving; suitable)

Example: trustworthy, noteworthy

Example: cloudy, sleepy

-y adjective (meaning = full of; having the quality of)

In the following question, all the words you need are adjectives which you have to build from the nouns or verbs
on the right. For questions 1-10, read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of each line to
form a word that fits in the space in the same line.

Use of English
Part 3 Word formation
In the task in part 3 of First Certificate Paper 3 Use of English. In this task, you are given a text with some gaps, and a list of root
words. You must use the root word to make the new word which you need in each gap. You must think about the kind of word you
need: a noun, an adjective, an adverb or a verb, whether it should be singular or plural and whether it should be positive or negative
in meaning.

What's in
Part 3?

Exam tips:

A text containing 10 gaps. Each gap

represents a word. At the end of the
line is a prompt word which you
have to change in some way to make
the missing word and complete the
sentence correctly.

What do I

Vocabulary word building: the

have to
practise?

different words which you can make

Use word-building tables to develop your familiarity with how words are
changed.
Always, read the title and entire text before answering the questions.
Use the context carefully to help you choose your answer- decide what part of
speech is missing.
Always check for negative forms.
Remember that it is always necessary to change the stem word at the end of
the line; don't leave it unchanged.
Don't write more than one word in your answer.
Read the completed text to check it makes sense.

from a base word, e.g. compete

becomes competition,
competitor, competitive,
competitively or uncompetitive.

How many

10

questions
are there?

Exercise1. For questions 1-10, read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of each line to form a word that fits in
the space in the same line.

Answer key
Reading
Learning to cook
1G 2F 3B 4A 5E 6I 7H 8C
Adjetives

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Use of English
1 belief
2 Necessity
3 development
4 surprisingly
5 possibility
6 length
7 Operators
8 Payment
9 Flight
10 ability