Overview

I. Presentation skills
II. Advocacy

Arben Hajrullahu

I. Presentation skills
Few advices on preparation of a presentation
Take into consideration:
1. Who is the audience?
Interest
Needs
Wishes
Previous knowledge etc. of the listeners / public
2. What would you like to transmit to the listeners?
Content
Main assertions during presentation
Arben Hajrullahu

I. Presentation skills
continues Few advices on preparation of a presentation

Take into consideration:

3. Ordering as main element
Take into consideration previous points and the
characteristics of presentation style
4. Compilation of presentation
Compile the presentation on a spoken language
style (not on dialect!) as clear as possible in
order to be easily understandable by the
audience
Arben Hajrullahu

I. Presentation skills
continues Few advices on preparation of a presentation

Take into consideration:

5. Appearance and gesticulation
The way the person is looking at the audience is
key in catching attention
Dress appropriate depending on the audience
Different audience different styles, for example
the message can pass better if you dress
causally when your audience is youth the
power of identification: the presenter looks
like us
Arben Hajrullahu

I. Presentation skills
continues Few advices on preparation of a presentation

Take into consideration: continues

5. Appearance and gesticulation
Take into consideration the cultural environment:
gender issues, age, appearance, etc
Pay attention to the gesticulation, for instance do
not play with a pen that is noisy, do not make
strange movements, it can be very disturbing for
the audience

Arben Hajrullahu

I. Presentation skills
continues Few advices on preparation of a presentation

Take into consideration: continues

5. Appearance and gesticulation
For people that get stressed during presentations,
they may find useful to locate some friendly faces
in the public (placed in different locations) and
look at them regularly

Arben Hajrullahu

I. Presentation skills
Main points of the presentation:
1. Reduction
Reduce the content by focusing on the main
subject
2. Visual appearance
Shall content and emphasize the main subject
Shall not have multi meanings
Shall respect the perception manners of the
listeners, e.g.: letters shall have an adequate size,
and shall not content confusing information or
other elements that may withdraw attention of
listeners
Arben Hajrullahu

I. Presentation skills
Main points of the presentation:
3. Dramaturgy
Take into consideration moves that you do. During
presentation moves have to be coordinated
Take into consideration difference between how to
present main and secondary information of
respective subject by changing the tone of voice,
pauses between sentences, etc.

Arben Hajrullahu

I. Presentation skills
Main points of the presentation:
3. Dramaturgy continues
Take into consideration short summaries of what it
is said during presentation and not only what is
said at the end
You shall always have the content and ordering of
presentation points in from of you, whatever you
say order in general context and do not forget to
explain briefly the program of presentation, etc.

Arben Hajrullahu

I. Presentation skills
Main points of the presentation:
4. Hand-out
Prepare for each participant a handout, an
overview, of main points or at least present the
content in the table in order to follow easily the
presentation

Arben Hajrullahu

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I. Presentation skills
Ordering / Structure of presentation
I. Introduction
1. Greetings
2. If needed, introduce yourself
3. Do mention the subject and purpose of
presentation, discourse, meetings etc.
4. Present in bullet points the main content of what
you will present in following
5. Create an introduction in the main content by
asking a question, provoking or by emphasizing
the topicality of the subject with the aim of
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producing interest by the audience
Arben Hajrullahu

I. Presentation skills
Ordering / Structure of presentation
II. Main points of presentation
1. Logical ordering create an logical structure
2. During presentation always try to make clear
connection between made assertions and the
subject you present
3. Emphasize the essential content on rhetorical
way with visual means

Arben Hajrullahu

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I. Presentation skills
Ordering / Structure of presentation
III. Conclusion
1. Summarize the content and main assertions
2. Dependent from type and place of the
presentation, at the end you can make an
appeal, make clear conclusions, etc.
3. Acknowledge listeners
4. If required open discussion and give opportunity
for questions etc.

Arben Hajrullahu

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II. Advocacy
To advocate for a policy
How to define public policy?
Key perspectives from the definitions:
Authoritative government action
Problem Solution Relationship
Addressing specific problems to achieve
societal goals (i.e. outcome-oriented)
A course of action or strategy (goals, decisions
and means of achieving)
Political (valuedriven)
Decision-making based on interactions among
stakeholders
Arben Hajrullahu
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II. Advocacy
The policy-making process
1. Problem Definition/
Agenda Setting
2. Constructing the Policy
Alternatives/ Policy Formulation

6. Evaluation

5. Policy Implementation
and Monitoring

3.Choice of Solution/
Selection of Preferred Policy Option
4. Policy Design
Figure 3.1 The Policy Cycle
Writing Effective Public Policy Papers, p.12
(Young and Quinn, 2002)
Arben Hajrullahu

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II. Advocacy

Arben Hajrullahu

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II. Advocacy
Policy networks
goal/objective of the network

types of people/
organisations

A Policy Network

values/interests

means of communication
Arben Hajrullahu

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II. Advocacy
Purpose of the policy paper
to provide a comprehensive and
persuasive argument justifying the
policy recommendations presented
in the paper and therefore, to act as
a decision-making tool and a call to
action for the target audience.
Writing Effective Public Policy Papers, p.18
(Young and Quinn, 2002)
Arben Hajrullahu

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II. Advocacy
Strategic communication model for advocacy
Move to action

Motivate

Persuade

Inform
Arben Hajrullahu

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II. Advocacy

Policy papers used in the policy-making process

Type of Policy Paper

Areas of Difference

Policy Study

Policy Brief

Policy Memo

Audience

Targets other policy

specialists

Targets decisionmakers

Targets a broad audience

of stakeholders

Focus

Issue-driven: Broad
recommendations and
analysis of policy issues

Audience-driven: Specific
policy message designed
to convince key
stakeholders

Audience-driven: Specific
policy message designed
to convince key
stakeholders

Context of
use

Dissemination and
debate on results of
policy research, informs
the policy brief

Used for advocating

and lobbying
purposes

Used for advocacy and

lobbying and to encourage
stakeholders to read
further. (e.g. brief)

Methodology

Can include much

primary research

Rarely includes
primary research

Rarely includes
primary research

Ideas/
Language used

Can be quite discipline

specific/technical

Must be very clear

and simple

Must be very clear

and simple

Length

Up to 60 pages

Between 6 and 15
pages

Up to 4 pages

Arben Hajrullahu

Adapted from: Writing Effective Public Policy Papers,

p.20 (Young and Quinn, 2002)
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II. Advocacy
Common structural elements of the policy study

Policy study

Title
Table of contents
Abstract/Executive summary
Introduction
Problem description
Policy options
Conclusion and recommendations
Appendices
Bibliography
Endnotes
Writing Effective Public Policy Papers, p.22
(Young and Quinn, 2002)

Arben Hajrullahu

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II. Advocacy
Variation in types of policy papers by policy analysts
Academic/
Researcher

Advocate

Objective

Normative
(value-driven)
Research for policy
decision-making

Research about policy

Research
Paper

Focus on reporting
problem-solution based
on research findings

Policy Brief
Policy Memo

Focus on reporting
research
Arben Hajrullahu

Policy Study
Policy Brief
Policy Memo

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II. Advocacy
Making decisions & generating evidence for your
policy study
Steps in policy analysis
1. Define the Problem
2. Assemble Some
Evidence
3. Construct the
Alternatives
4. Select the Criteria
5. Project the Outcomes
6. Confront the Tradeoffs
7. Decide!

Arben Hajrullahu

Key Elements of a
policy study
Problem description
Policy options
Framework of

analysis
Evaluation of policy
options

Conclusion and
recommendations

8. Tell Your Story

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II. Advocacy
Common structural elements of Policy study and
policy brief
Policy study

Policy Brief

Title

Title

Table of contents
Abstract/Executive summary

Executive summary

Introduction
Problem description

Context and importance of the problem

Policy options

Critique of policy option(s)

Conclusion and recommendations

Policy recommendations

Appendices

Appendices

Bibliography

Sources consulted or recommended

Endnotes
Arben Hajrullahu

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