Lecture6 Columns

Lecture 6 Columns
Lecture Goals
Definitions for short columns

Columns
Analysis and Design of Short Columns

General Information
Column:
Vertical Structural members
Transmits axial compressive loads with
or without moment
Transmit loads from the floor & roof to
the foundation

General Information
Column Types:
1. Tied
2. Spiral
3. Composite
4. Combination
5. Steel pipe

Tied Columns - 95% of all columns in
buildings are tied
Tie spacing
h (except for seismic)
tie support long bars (reduce buckling)

ties provide negligible restraint to
lateral expose of core

Spiral Columns
Pitch =s= 1.375 in. to 3.375 in.
spiral restrains lateral (Poissons effect)
axial load
delays failure (ductile)

Spiral Columns
Pitch =s= 1.375 in. to 3.375 in.
spiral restrains lateral (Poissons effect)
axial load
delays failure (ductile)

Elastic Behavior
An elastic analysis using the transformed section method
does not work. But the ultimate strength can be
calculated very well:
For concentrated load, P
P
fc =
Ac + nAst
f s = nf c
uniform stress over section

n = Es / Ec
Ac = concrete area
As = steel area

Elastic Behavior
The change in concrete strain with respect to time will
effect the concrete and steel stresses as follows:
Concrete stress
Steel stress

Elastic Behavior
The change in concrete strain with respect to time will
effect the concrete and steel stresses as follows:
Creep and shrinkage
Concrete stress
Steel stress

Elastic Behavior
An elastic analysis does not work, because creep and
shrinkage affect the acting concrete compression strain
as follows:

Elastic Behavior
Concrete creeps and shrinks, therefore we can not
calculate the stresses in the steel and concrete due to
acting loads using an elastic analysis.

Elastic Behavior
Therefore, we are not able to calculate the real stresses in
the reinforced concrete column under acting loads over
time.
As a result, an allowable stress design procedure using
an elastic analysis was found to be unacceptable.
Reinforced concrete columns have been designed by the
strength method since the 1940s.
Behavior, Nominal Capacity and

Design under Concentric Axial loads
Behavior,
1. Initial Behavior up to Nominal Load - Tied and
spiral columns.
Behavior,
1. Initial Behavior up to Nominal Load - Tied and
spiral columns.
Nominal Capacity
2. Nominal capacity of Tied column.
P0 = 0.85 f c * (Ag Ast ) + f y Ast

Let
Ag = Gross Area = b*h
Ast = area of long-steel
fc = Concrete compressive strength
fy = Steel yield strength
Factor due to less than ideal consolidation and curing
conditions for column as compared to a cylinder. It
is not related to Whitneys stress block.
Nominal Capacity
2. Nominal capacity of Tied column.
Maximum Nominal Capacity for Design Pn (max)
Pn (max ) = rP0
r = Reduction factor to account for accidents/bending
r = 0.80 ( tied )
r = 0.85 ( spiral )
ACI 10.3.6.3

3. Reinforcement Requirements (Longitudinal Steel Ast)
Let
Ast
g =
Ag
- ACI Code 10.9.1 requires
0.01 g 0.08
Will fail as PCC
Difficult to place Conc, honeycomb

3. Reinforcement Requirements (Longitudinal Steel Ast)
- Minimum # of Long. Bars ACI Code 10.9.2
min. of 6 bars in circular arrangement w/min.
spiral reinforcement.
min. of 4 bars in rectangular arrangement
min. of 3 bars in triangular ties

3. Reinforcement Requirements (Lateral Ties)
ACI Code 7.10.5.1
Ties Size
# 3 bar if longitudinal bar
# 10 bar
# 4 bar if longitudinal bar
# 11 bar
# 4 bar if longitudinal bars are bundled

Spacing of ties:
s
16 db
(ACI 7.10.5.2)
( db for longitudinal bars )
48 db ( db for tie bar )

s least lateral dimension of column
s

Arrangement of ties:
(ACI 7.10.5.3)
1.) At least every other longitudinal bar shall have

lateral support from the corner of a tie with an
included angle
o.
135
2.) No longitudinal bar shall have more than 6 in.

clear space on either side from support bar.

Arrangement of ties
Examples of
lateral ties.

3. Reinforcement Requirements (Spirals)
ACI Code 7.10.4
size
1 in.
3/8 dia. (Refer to Table A-15 of Mc. Gregor)
clear spacing between spirals

(pitch)
ACI 7.10.4.3
3 in.

Spiral Reinforcement Ratio, s
Volume of Spiral 4 Asp

s =
=
Volume of Core
Dc s
Asp Dc
from : s =
2
1 4 Dc s

s (min)
where
Ag f c
= 0.45 * 1 * ACI Eqn. 10-5

Ac f y
Asp = cross - sectional area of spiral reinforcement

Ac = core area =
Dc2
4
Dc = core diameter : outside edge to outside edge of spiral

s = spacing pitch of spiral steel (center to center)
f y = yield strength of spiral steel ( 60,000 psi )

4- General Strength Requirement
Pn Pu
Pn (max ) = rP0
where, = 0.65 for tied columns
= 0.75 for spiral columns
Strength reduction factor

4- Expression for Design
Pn = r Ag (0.85 f c ) + Ast ( f y 0.85 f c ) Pu

14243 1442443
steel
concrete
or
Pn = r Ag [0.85 f c + g ( f y 0.85 f c )] Pu

4- Expression for Design
* when g is known or assumed:
Ag
Pu
r [0.85 f c + g ( f y 0.85 f c )]
* when Ag is known or assumed:
u Ag (0.85 f c )
Ast
( f y 0.85 f c ) r
Example
Design a tied column for concentric axial load
Pdl = 150 k; Pll = 300 k; Pw = 50 k
fc = 4500 psi
fy = 60 ksi
Design a square column aim for g = 0.03.

Select longitudinal and transverse reinforcements.
Example
1- Determine the loading Pu
Pu = 1.2 Pdl + 1.6 Pll
= 1.2 (150 k ) + 1.6 ( 300 k ) = 660 k
Pu = 1.2 Pdl + 1.0 Pll + 1.6 Pw
= 1.2 (150 k ) + 1.0 ( 300 k ) + 1.6 ( 50 k ) = 560 k
Check the compression or tension in the column
Pu = 0.9 Pdl 1.3Pw
= 0.9 (150 k ) 1.3 ( 50 k ) = 70 k
Example
2- Determine column sectional area Ag
For a square column r = 0.80 and = 0.65 and = 0.03
Pu
Ag
r 0.85f c + g ( f y 0.85f c )
660 k
0.85 ( 4.5 ksi )
( 0.65)( 0.8)
+
0.03
60
ksi
0.85
4.5
ksi
(
)
(
)
(
)
230.4 in 2
Ag = d 2 d = 15.2 in. d = 16 in.
Example
2- Determine area of long-bars Ast
Pu
1
Ast
r 0.85f c Ag
( f y 0.85fc )
( ( 60 ksi ) 0.85 ( 4.5 ksi ) )

660 k
2
*
0.85 ( 4.5 ksi )(16 in )
( 0.65 )( 0.8 )
5.16 in 2
Use 8 #8 bars Ast = 8(0.79 in2) = 6.32 in2
Example
3- Check the design strength against applied load
P0 = 0.85f c ( Ag Ast ) + f y Ast
= 0.85 ( 4.5 ksi ) ( 256 in 2 6.32 in 2 ) + ( 60 ksi ) ( 6.32 in 2 )

= 1334 k
Pn = rP0 = 0.65 ( 0.8 )(1334 k ) = 694 k > 660 k OK
Example
4- Bar spacing (Use #3 for stirrups)
s=
b # d b 2 ( cover + dstirrup )
( # bars 1)
16 in. 3 (1.0 in.) 2 (1.5 in. + 0.375 in.)
=
2
= 4.625 in. < 6 in. No cross-ties needed
Example
5- Design stirrups
16d b = 16 (1.0 in.)

= 16 in. governs
s 48dstirrup = 48 ( 0.375 in.) = 18 in.

smaller b or d
= 16 in. governs
Use #3 stirrups with 16 in. spacing in the column
Behavior under Combined

Bending and Axial Loads

Usually moment is represented by axial load times
eccentricity (e), i.e.

Axial Load and Moment Interaction Diagram General

Balanced

Balanced

Interaction Diagram Between Axial Load and Moment
( Failure Envelope )
Concrete crushes
before steel yields
Steel yields before

concrete crushes

Concrete crushes
before steel yields
Steel yields before

concrete crushes

Concrete crushes
before steel yields
Steel yields before

concrete crushes
Note: Any combination of P and M outside the

envelope will cause failure.

Concrete crushes
before steel yields
Steel yields before

concrete crushes
Note: Any combination of P and M outside the

envelope will cause failure.

Columns (Code Req.)

Strength Reduction Factor, (ACI Code 9.3.2)
(a) Axial tension, and axial tension with flexure.
= 0.9
(b) Axial compression and axial compression with
flexure.
Members with spiral reinforcement
= 0.70
Other reinforced members (i.g. tie)
= 0.65
Columns (Code Req.)

Strength Reduction Factor, (ACI Code 9.3.2)
Design for Combined

Bending and Axial Load
(Short Column)
Design for Combined Bending

and Axial Load (Short Column)
Design: select cross-section and reinforcement

to resist axial load and moment.
Design for Combined Bending

and Axial Load (Short Column)
Column Types
1) Spiral Column - more efficient for e/h < 0.1,
but forming and spiral expensive
2) Tied Column - Bars in four faces used when
e/h < 0.2 and for biaxial bending
Procedure for Construction of I.D
Procedure for Construction of ID
The interaction diagram (ID) for a column is

constructed using a series of values for Pn and Mn.

Compute P0 and determine max. Pn in compression
Select a c- depth of N.A value (multiple values)
Calculate the stress in the steel components.
Calculate the forces in the steel and concrete,Cc, Cs1 and Ts.
Determine Pn value.
Compute the Mn about the center.
Compute moment arm,e = Mn / Pn.

Computing Pn and moment Mn
( Assume Centroid at h/2 in this case )
Pn = Cs1 + Cc Ts2
1
424
3
compression
is positive
Stresses
Moment about geometric center
Section
h
h
h a
M n = Cs1 * d1 + Cc * + Ts2 * d 2
2
2
2 2

Compute P0 and determine max. Pn in compression
Select a c- depth of N.A value (multiple values)
Calculate the stress in the steel components.
Calculate the forces in the steel and concrete,Cc, Cs1 and Ts.
Determine Pn value.
Compute the Mn about the center.
Compute moment arm,e = Mn / Pn.
Repeat with series of c values (10) to
obtain a series of values.
Example: Interaction Diagram

Consider a square column (20 in x 20 in.) with 8 #10
( = 0.0254) and fc = 4 ksi and fy = 60 ksi.
Draw the interaction diagram.

Given 8 # 10 (1.27 in2) and fc = 4 ksi and fy = 60 ksi
Ast = 8 (1.27 in 2 ) = 10.16 in 2

Ag = ( 20 in.) = 400 in 2
2
Ast 10.16 in 2
=
=
= 0.0254
2
Ag
400 in

1- Compute P0
P0 = 0.85 f c ( Ag Ast ) + f y Ast
= 0.85 ( 4 ksi ) ( 400 in 10.16 in

2
+ ( 60 ksi ) (10.16 in 2 )
= 1935 k
Pn = rP0
= 0.8 (1935 k ) = 1548 k

[ Point 1 on the curve ]

2- Determine where the balance point, cb.

Using similar triangles, where d = 20 in. 2.5 in. =
17.5 in., one can find cb
cb
17.5 in.
=
0.003 0.003 + 0.00207
0.003
cb =
17.5 in.
0.003 + 0.00207
cb = 10.36 in.

Using similar triangles, where d = 20 in. 2.5 in. =
17.5 in., one can find cb
cb
17.5 in.
=
0.003 0.003 + 0.00207
0.003
cb =
17.5 in.
0.003 + 0.00207
cb = 10.36 in.
c+ s

3- Determine the strain and stress in the Comp-steel
cb 2.5 in.
10.36 in. 2.5 in.
s1 =
cu =
( 0.003)
cb
10.36 in.
= 0.00228
cb 10 in.
10.36 in. 10 in.
s2 =
cu =
( 0.003)
10.36 in.
cb
= 0.000104

3- Determine the strain and stress in the Comp-steel
fs1 = Es s1 = 29000 ksi ( 0.00228 )

= 66 ksi 60 ksi compression
fs2 = Es s1 = 29000 ksi ( 0.000104 )
= 3.02 ksi compression

4- Compute the forces in the column
Stress Block Cc = 0.85 f cb 1c
= 0.85 ( 4 ksi )( 20 in.)( 0.85 )(10.36 in.)

= 598.8 k
Upper Steel Cs1 = As1 ( f s1 0.85 f c )
= 3 (1.27 in 2 ) ( 60 ksi 0.85 ( 4 ksi ) )

= 215.6 k
Mid. Steel
Cs2 = 2 (1.27 in 2 ) ( 3.02 ksi 0.85 ( 4 ksi ) )

= 0.97 k neglect

4- Compute the forces in the column
Bott. Steel
Ts = As f s = 3 (1.27 in
) ( 60 ksi )
= 228.6 k
Axial Force P = C + C + C T
n
c
s1
s2
s
Capacity
= 599.8 k + 215.6 k 228.6 k

= 585.8 k

4- Compute the Moment
h
h a
h
M = Cc + Cs1 d1 + Ts d3
2
2 2
2
20 in. 0.85 (10.85 in.)

= 599.8 k
2
2
20 in.
+ 215.6 k
2.5 in.
2
20 in.
+ 228.6 k 17.5 in.
= 6682.2 k-in 556.9 k-ft
N.A

A single point from interaction diagram,
(585.6 k, 556.9 k-ft). [ Second point on the ID curve]
The eccentricity of the point is defined as
M 6682.2 k-in
e=
=
= 11.41 in.
P
585.8 k

Now select a series of additional points by selecting
values of c. Select c = 17.5 in.
Determine the strain of the steel. (c is at the location of
the tension steel)
Repeat the process for each point. Connect the points

Point
c (in)
Pn
Mn
1548 k
20
1515 k
253 k-ft
2 in
17.5
1314 k
351 k-ft
3.2 in
12.5
841 k
500 k-ft
7.13 in
10.36
585 k
556 k-ft
11.42 in
8.0
393 k
531 k-ft
16.20 in
6.0
151 k
471 k-ft
37.35 in
~4.5
0k
395 k-ft
infinity
-610 k
0 k-ft

Use a series of c
values to obtain the
Pn verses Mn.
Column Analysis
2000
1500
P (k)
1000
500
0
0
100
200
300
-500
-1000
M (k-ft)
400
500
600
Example: Axial Load vs. Moment

Interaction Diagram
Max. compression
Column Analysis
1200
1000
Location of the
linearly varying .
800
Pn (k)
600
Cb
400
200
0
-200
100
200
300
-400
Max. tension
-600
-800
Mn (k-ft)
400
500
Thank You

4. Design for Concentric Axial Loads
(a) Load Combination

Gravity:
Pu = 1.2 PDL + 1.6 PLL
Gravity + Wind:
Pu = 1.2 PDL + 1.0 PLL + 1.6 Pw
and
etc.
Pu = 0.9 PDL + 1.3Pw

Check for
tension

Now select a series of additional points by selecting
values of c. Select c = 17.5 in. Determine the strain of
the steel. (c is at the location of the tension steel)
c 2.5 in.
17.5 in. 2.5 in.
s1 =
cu =
( 0.003)
c
17.5 in.
= 0.00257 fs1 = 74.5 ksi 60 ksi (compression)

c 10 in.
17.5 in. 10 in.
s2 =
cu =
( 0.003)
c
17.5 in.
= 0.00129 f s2 = 37.3 ksi (compression)

Compute the forces in the column
Cc = 0.85 f cb1c = 0.85 ( 4 ksi )( 20 in.)( 0.85 )(17.5 in.)

= 1012 k
Cs1 = As1 ( f s1 0.85 f c ) = 3 (1.27 in

= 216 k
) ( 60 ksi 0.85 ( 4 ksi ) )
Cs2 = 2 (1.27 in 2 ) ( 37.3 ksi 0.85 ( 4 ksi ) )

= 86 k

Interaction Diagram
Ts = As f s = 3 (1.27 in
) ( 0 ksi )
=0k
Pn = 1012 k + 216 k + 86 k
= 1314 k

Interaction Diagram
Compute the moment about the center
h a
h
M = Cc + Cs1 d1
2 2
2
20 in. 0.85 (17.5 in.)

= 1012 k
2
2
20 in.
+ 216 k
2.5 in.
2
= 4213 k-in 351.1 k-ft

Interaction Diagram
(1314 k, 351.1 k-ft). The eccentricity of the point is
defined as
M 4213 k-in
e=
=
= 3.2 in.
P
1314 k
[ Point 3 ]

Interaction Diagram
Select c = 6 in. Determine the strain of the steel, c =6 in.
c 2.5 in.
6 in. 2.5 in.
s1 =
cu =
( 0.003)
c
6 in.
= 0.00175 fs1 = 50.75 ksi (compression)

c 10 in.
6 in. 10 in.
s2 =
cu =
( 0.003)
c
6 in.
= 0.002 fs2 = 58 ksi (tension)

c 17.5 in.
6 in. 17.5 in.
s3 =
cu =
( 0.003)
c
6 in.
= 0.00575 fs3 = 60 ksi (tension)

Interaction Diagram
Cc = 0.85 f cb 1c
= 0.85 ( 4 ksi )( 20 in.)( 0.85 )( 6 in.)

= 346.8 k
Cs1 = As1 ( fs1 0.85 f c )
= 3 (1.27 in 2 ) ( 50.75 ksi 0.85 ( 4 ksi ) )

= 180.4 k ( C )
Cs2 = 2 (1.27 in 2 ) ( 58 ksi )

= 147.3 k ( T )

Interaction Diagram
Ts = As fs = 3 (1.27 in
) ( 60 ksi )
= 228.6 k
Pn = 346.8 k + 180.4 k 147.3 k 228.6 k
= 151.3 k

Interaction Diagram
Compute the moment about the center
h
h a
h
M = Cc + Cs1 d1 + Ts d3
2
2 2
2
0.85 ( 6 in.)
= 346.8 k 10 in.
+ 180.4 k (10 in. 2.5 in.)

+228.6 k (17.5 in. 10 in.)
= 5651 k-in 470.9 k-ft
Example: Axial Load Vs. Moment

Interaction Diagram
(151 k, 471 k-ft). The eccentricity of the point is
defined as
M 5651.2 k-in
e=
=
= 37.35 in.
P
151.3 k
[ Point 4 ]

Interaction Diagram
Select point of straight tension. The maximum tension
in the column is
Pn = As f y = 8 (1.27 in
) ( 60 ksi )
= 610 k
[ Point 5 ]

Lecture6 Columns

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Lecture 6 Columns

Definitions for short columns

Analysis and Design of Short Columns

Analysis and Design of Short Columns

Analysis and Design of Short Columns

h (except for seismic)

tie support long bars (reduce buckling)

Analysis and Design of Short Columns

delays failure (ductile)

Analysis and Design of Short Columns

delays failure (ductile)

Analysis and Design of Short Columns

uniform stress over section

Analysis and Design of Short Columns

Analysis and Design of Short Columns

Analysis and Design of Short Columns

Analysis and Design of Short Columns

Analysis and Design of Short Columns

Behavior, Nominal Capacity and

P0 = 0.85 f c * (Ag Ast ) + f y Ast

Design under Concentric Axial loads

Design under Concentric Axial loads

Design under Concentric Axial loads

# 3 bar if longitudinal bar

# 4 bar if longitudinal bar

# 4 bar if longitudinal bars are bundled

Design under Concentric Axial loads

48 db ( db for tie bar )

Design under Concentric Axial loads

1.) At least every other longitudinal bar shall have

2.) No longitudinal bar shall have more than 6 in.

Design under Concentric Axial loads

Design under Concentric Axial loads

3/8 dia. (Refer to Table A-15 of Mc. Gregor)

clear spacing between spirals

Design under Concentric Axial loads

Volume of Spiral 4 Asp

Design under Concentric Axial loads

Asp = cross - sectional area of spiral reinforcement

Dc = core diameter : outside edge to outside edge of spiral

Design under Concentric Axial loads

Design under Concentric Axial loads

Pn = r Ag (0.85 f c ) + Ast ( f y 0.85 f c ) Pu

Design under Concentric Axial loads

* when Ag is known or assumed:

Design a square column aim for g = 0.03.

Pu = 1.2 Pdl + 1.6 Pll

= 1.2 (150 k ) + 1.6 ( 300 k ) = 660 k

Pu = 1.2 Pdl + 1.0 Pll + 1.6 Pw

= 1.2 (150 k ) + 1.0 ( 300 k ) + 1.6 ( 50 k ) = 560 k

Check the compression or tension in the column

Pu = 0.9 Pdl 1.3Pw

= 0.9 (150 k ) 1.3 ( 50 k ) = 70 k

0.85 ( 4.5 ksi )

( ( 60 ksi ) 0.85 ( 4.5 ksi ) )

Use 8 #8 bars Ast = 8(0.79 in2) = 6.32 in2

= 0.85 ( 4.5 ksi ) ( 256 in 2 6.32 in 2 ) + ( 60 ksi ) ( 6.32 in 2 )

Pn = rP0 = 0.65 ( 0.8 )(1334 k ) = 694 k > 660 k OK

16d b = 16 (1.0 in.)

s 48dstirrup = 48 ( 0.375 in.) = 18 in.

Use #3 stirrups with 16 in. spacing in the column

Behavior under Combined

Behavior under Combined

Behavior under Combined