:Outlines

.Introduction-1
.Definitions-2
.Lifespan consideration-3
.Accidents prevention for child-4
Primary prevention-
secondary prevention-
tertiary prevention-
.Accidents prevention for older adults-5
Primary prevention-
secondary prevention-
tertiary prevention-
.Accidents prevention for adults and working population-6
Primary prevention-
secondary prevention-
tertiary prevention-
.Accidents prevention for older adults-7
Primary prevention-
secondary prevention-
tertiary prevention-
.KSA statistics-8
.Road traffic accident preventions-9
.Definition.
Magnitude of the problem.
.Risk factor.
prevention.
.Safety guidelines-10
:Introduction

in health care,accidents are usually referred to unintenyional

injuries the science of injury control has emerged in recent
years to address the
components of safety hazard that contribute to nonfatal & fatal
injuries. Safety is important on every level of human
interaction.teaching and
applying the concepts of safety are parts of seamless approach
to injury prevention,regardless of setting. Safety is an
.individual, community, national, and worldwide concern

:Definitions

:accident*
Is an event that occurred as a random act of good or bad
.luck,was Unforeseable,and therefore was unpreventable
:unintentional injury*
Is any injury that results from unintended exposure to physical
agents,Includig heat,mechanical energy,chemicals,or
.electricity

:Lifespan consideration

Accident prevention is individualized to fit developmental

stages. The Diverse physiologic and psychological capabilities
and encounters with
Different safety hazard across the lifespan put different age
.groups at risk of different injuries

:infants,toddler, and preschool-1

Toddler and preschool are vulnerable to many types of
accidents or unintentional injuries such as those from unsafe
toys, falls, burns, drowning, Motor vehicle accident, and
.poisoning, especially for children under age 4
Injury from many sources may result in death. Also, motor
vehicle crushed
Account for approximately half the deaths from unintentional
.injuries
:School-aged &adolescents-2
Accidental trauma is the leading cause of death for children
.aged 5 to 14 Years
Motor vehicle accident lead all other type of accidental death
.for this age group
New activities require new skills, and children of this age group
may learn to Ski, ride horse-back, swim, bicycle, sail, or
,participate in team sports, so
They may be at risk of falls, burns, drawing and other
.unintentional injuries
Children should wear helmets when cycling, riding, or playing
.contact sports & life jacket when sailing or boating

:adults & working population-3

Working adults at risk of unintentional injuries like mechanical
injuries of Musculoskeletal system, chemical injuries that may
,affect skin, eyes, lungs
.And GI organs, and both heat & electricity that injure the skin
Almost 42.000 people die each year in unintentional motor
.vehicle crashes
In 1995, 29 million persons visited emergency department as a
.result of Unintentional injuries

:Older adults-4
Older adults may have impaired eyesight and hearing and
decreased proprioception and sensitivity to touch so they are at
.risk unintentional accidents

:Accidents prevention

:I-prevent accident of the child

Primary prevention
FOR BURNS
Burns epically hot water burn(scalds) are some of the most
common Childhood accident. Most burns are preventable.
Babies &child more
:Susceptible to burns because
they are curious-
.they are small-
they have sensitive skin that need extra protection-

:Burn prevention in kitchen/ dining room

when cooking, always turn put handles toward the back of.1
.stove
dont hold a baby or small child while cooking.2
if you have to walk with hot liquid in the kitchen, make sure.3
where your
.Child is, so you don't trip over him
never drink hot soup with child sitting in your lap.4
never warm baby bottles full of milk in the microwave oven,.5
the liquid
May heat unevenly, resulting in pockets of milk that can scald
.your baby
.remove accumulations of leaves and paper around your house.6
.do not store any flammable liquid near the stove.7
.do not use alcohol or gasoline to start a fire.8
.put of all candles and lights before going to bed.9
do not place candles where the wind, children, pets ,and.10
other moving
.Objects may topple them
lamps should not be placed near curtains or other objects.11
.that could catch fire
.crush cigarette butts before throwing them.12
.do not smoke in bed.13
.keep matches or flammable materials away from children.14

(FOR CHOKING (by food, toys, & other objects

don’t give a child under 4years any hard, smooth food that can-
partially or completely block the windpipe, such as nuts of any
.type, grapes, raw carrot, raw peas, popcorn, & hard candy
encourage the child to sit when eating & to chew thoroughly &-
teach them to chew & swallow their food before talking or
.laughing
never let children run, play sports or ride in the car with gum,-
.or candy in the mouth
some soft food can also cause chocking because they are the-
right shape for blocking a child’s windpipe, these foods include:
cheese cubes, hotdogs, sausages, grapes but can be served if
.chopped in small pieces
spoonfuls of peanutbutter & chewing gum should also be-
.regarded as potential chocking hazards
when babies begine eating solids, be aware of food like raw-
apples & pears, which maybe difficult to chew without teeth or
.just few teeth
be sure to keep the caps of bottles of chocolate & pancake-
syrup out of young children’s hands, children may try to lick the
sweet drops out of the caps, which can became lodged in the
.airway
always follow manufactures age recommendation when buying-
.toys. Some toys have small parts that can cause chocking
.check toys frequently for loss or broken parts-
warn older children not to leave loose game parts or toys with-
.small pieces in easy reach of younger siblings
never give balloons to children younger than 8years old, a child-
who is blowing up or chewing up a balloon can choke by
inhaling it. Inflated balloon pose a risk because they can pop
.without warning & be inhaled

:FOR CUTS
It’s normal for children to get scrapes & cuts on the
playgrounds, but they must be protected from sharp &
dangerous items around & outside the house. To prevent cuts
:from occurring at kitchen & bathroom
keep knives,. Forks, scissors, & other sharp tools in a drawer-
.with a safety latch
keep glass objects, such as drinking glasses or bowels in a-
.high cabinet far from reach
if possible keep the kitchen garbage can behind a cabinet door-
.with a safety latch
if u use a razor to shave, keep it in a locked cabinet locked in-
.the bathroom
be sure blades are stored in a safe place, alonge with nail -
.scissors
be sure outdoor playground equipment is safe, with no loose-
.parts
playgroung surfaces should be soft to absorb the shock to-
falls. Good surface materials include sand & wood chips:avoid
.platgrounds with concrete & packed dirt
never allow a child to play on a trampoline, even with adult-
.supervision
:FOR POISONING
:Medications*
store all medications (prescribed or non-prescribed) in a locked-
.cabinet
never leave vitamin bottles, aspirin bottles or other-
medications on the kitchen table, countertops, bedside tables,
or dresser tops: small children may decide to emulate adults &
.help themselves
.never tell a child that medicine is a candy-
take special precautions when u have houseguests. Be sure-
their medications are far from reach, better if locked in their
.bags
.always keep pills & liquids in their original containers-
never administer medications to a child in the dark;u may gave-
.the wrong dose or even the wrong medication
after giving a medication, make sure that u attached the safety-
.cap & stored the medication away safely

:CLEANING PRODUCTS*
Store household cleaning products & aerosol sprays in a high-
cabinet far from reach. Don’t keep any cleaning supplies under
.sink, including dishwasher detergent or liquids
never put cleaning products in old soda bottles or containers-
.that were once used for food
when you are cleaning or using household chemicals, never-
.leave the bottles unattended if there’s a small child present
.never put powders or rat poison on the floor of your home-
keep hazardous automotive & gardening products in a securely-
.locked area in your garage

:LEAD PAINT
.If you have an older house, test the paint for lead-
.do not use cribs, bassinets, highchairs, painted toys-

:OTHER ITEMS
never leave cosmetics with toiletries within easy reach of-
children. Be specially cautious with perfumes, hairdye ,
.hairspray, nail & shoe polish
learn all the names of plants in your house & remove toxic-
.ones
discard used button-cell batteries safely, & store any unused-
(ones. (alkaline substances are poisonous

:FOR SUFFOCATION
because babies are not yet able to raise their hands, they need-
special protection from suffocation. But small children are also
at risk, primarily due to plastic bags of all sizes. Protect your
:child from the dangers of suffocation by
never place an infant face down on soft bedding, such as a-
waterbed, quilt, sheepskin rug, or mattress cover. The same
holds true for any type of soft pillow, such as a beanbag or bed-
.filled pillow. Avoid large stuffed animals
be sure that a crib mattress fits snugly in the crib. This keeps a-
.baby from slipping in between the mattress & the crib sides
.never put an infant down on a mattress covered with plastic-
promptly dispose of plastic shopping bags & plastic dry--
cleaning bags. Tie several knots in each bag before throwing it
.out
keep plastic garbage bags & large sandwich-style out of-
.children reach

:PREVENTING DROWING
.infant & small children can drown in only a few inches of water-
Protect them from danger by providing constant supervision
.whenever they are near water

:BATHTUB/BATHROOM
Never leave a baby unattended in a bath. If u must answer the-
telephone or door, do not rely on an older sibling to watch the
.baby. Wrap your baby in a towel & bring him with you
.stand guard over a bathtub that is filling with water-
don’t use a bathtub seat with suction cups. The seat can-
.overturn & flip a baby’s head first into the water
.install a toilet-led locking device-
never leave a small child unattended near a bucket filled with-
.water or any liquid at any amount

:PREVENTING ELECTRIC SHOCK

.Many household outlets & cords are at a toddler’s eye level
:Protect your child from electric shock by
.cover all unused outlets with safety caps-
.unplug all kitchen & bathroom appliances when unused-
position television & stereo equipment against walls, so small-
.hands don’t have access to the back surface or cords
to prevent injury from chewing on cords from cords or other-
electrical equipment, bind excess cord with a twist tie. You can
also purchase a holder or a spool specially made to hide extra
.cords
.make sure all wires in the house are properly insulated-
check electronic toys frequently for signs of wear & tear, any-
objects that sparks, feels hot, or smell unusual must be repaired
.or discarded immediately
seasonal lighting, such as Christmas tree lights, can pose an-
especially inviting hazard. Make sure all wires are properly
.insulated, bind excess cord, & unplug all lights when not used

:PREVENTING INJURIES FROM FALL

Babies in walkers can fall over objects, can roll around easily
;toddlers & small children can climb there way into troubles.
Protect your child from falls by paying attention to windows,
cribs & beds, different areas of the house & outdoor
.playgrounds

SECONDARY PREVENTION

:WHEN A FIRE IS AT HAND

.call for help-1
stay close to the floor. A wet cloth over your face may help in-2
.breathing
close doors & windows behind you to reduce the spread of-3
.fire
.feel the door before opening it. If hot, keep it closed -4
.know the fire exits of any building you are in-5

:WHEN FIRE CATCHES YOUR CLOTHES

.never run, it fans the flame-1
remembering to( stop,drop & roll) to reduce the oxygen supply-2
.& extinguish the flames in the process
if there’s nothing to wrap yourself in , just drop on the floor &-3
.roll over
place yourself close to the floor in a horizontal position to-4
.prevent smoke inhalation
applying cool water on the burned area to reduce the tissue-5
.damage from the thermal energy impact
.if another person’s clothes got fire, use the same methods-6

ASSESS FOR INDICATIONS OF AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION & IF

:PRESENT USE HEIMLICH MANEUVER
:METHOD 1: Perform it on a conscious person
stand close behind the victim with your thigh between their-1
.legs
Some experts recommend that you stand sideways behind the
victim (with your hip at 90degree angle to the victim’s back).
This enables you to brace your hip against their lower back or
.buttocks
make a fist with one hand, place its thumb first against the-2
.abdomen , an inch (about 3cm) above the umbilicus
cover that fist with your other hand , keeping your elbow out,-3
.sharply & quickly pull your fist inward & outwards
be sure to perform this motion with sufficient force to dislodge-4
the object; its often must be repeated 6times. If the object
remains stuck, lie the person on their back & continue as if the
person is unconscious. If someone else is present, have them
.call 911. If you’re alone proceed

:METHOD 2: Perform it on an unconscious person

lower the person on the floor & onto their back. If another-1
.person is present have them call an ambulance
.open their mouth & try to see the object-2
sweep your hooked finger across the back of their throut.-3
.Remove the object if u find it
.perform CPR according to the condition of ABCs-4

:FOR CUTWOUNDS
.First clean out the wound-
make sure you wash your hands before cleaning the wound-
always wipe away from wound when removing dirt & other-
.particles that maybe in the wound
when washing the wound, use soap & water, but do not scrub-
.b/c it may cause more damage
.look at it & determine how bad it is bleeding-
apply direct pressure with a clean dry cloth or gauze while-
.elevating limb (if possible) above the heart
if bleeding continues heavily after pressure has been applied-
.for 5min, so stitches maybe needed in the hospital
.if the bleeding slows, however cover it with a clean bandage-
make sure the wound is kept clean & dry while it heals.its good-
.to clean & apply fresh bandages daily
if u suspect or know that someone has been poisoned, call the-
.Poison control center immediately
however , if the person who has been poisoned has stopped -
breathing, Requires CPR or become unconscious, call
ambulance
check and monitor the victim’s airway, breathing and-
circulation. If The victim becomes unconscious or if necessary
for other reasons, Begin CPR. If there is something lodged in the
persons throat Do NOT Give CPR until the object has been
.removed
try to make sure that the victim has indeed been poisoned, this-
may Be difficult as its sometimes difficult to tell, especially if
the victim in unconscious or very young . some signs include
chemical-smelling breath , burns around the mouth, difficulty
breathing , vomiting , or Unusual odors on the victim. If
.possible, identify the poison
.only induce vomiting if the poison control center tells to do so-

:For drowning
extend an oar to the victim while lying on any stationary object-
that give through clothes to the victim as a means to bridge the
gap
if no clothes or objects of extension are available an arm or leg-
plus a tig a life
a swimming rescuer should be used only if other means of-
rescuer is no one Should attempt it if has had no training for it

:For the poisoning

if the victim vomits, protect the airway. If you must clear the-
victim’s Airway, warp a cloth around your fingers before
cleaning out his or her Mouth and throat to protect yourself from
any poisons that may havebeen left in the mouth or throat
reassure the victim & keep him comfortable. Position him on-
.the left side while waiting for medical help
call the poison center for any poison taken by mouth, whether-
it was Swallowed or not. Never induce vomiting unless
instructed to do so by the poison center or doctor. You may be
instructed to give the victim sips of water or milk. CAUTION:
some out-of data first-aid and health information charts may
contain incorrect treatment information. DO NOT give raw eggs,
salt, vinegar or citrus fruit juices to induce vomiting or to
neutralize the poison. These treatments are not only ineffective,
.but may be extremely dangerous
if possible, have the poisonous substance or its container-
.within reach While you are speaking with the poison center
if you are instructed to go to a hospital emergency department,-
.take The substance or its container with you

Advance measures deigned to reduce the severity of an

injury when it occur

:Tertiary prevention

for burn prevention of scar contracture-

physical rehabilitation-
functional and cosmetic reconstruction-
psychological rehabilitation-
for chocking limit disability in case of end tracheal intubations-
or Tracheotomy through (speech therapy, wound care, breathing
exercises
coughing exercises&

:complications of electric shock are-

spasm of the muscles .
loss of consciousness.
.burns occur where the current enters and leaves the body .
paralyze the respiratory organs .
.damage the central nervous system .
role of family or medical team to prevent complications and-
limitation of Disability
rehabilitation programs to limit any disability-
advance measures deigned to limit the long term impact of an-
.injury after It occur

ii. Prevent accident of the adolescents:

Primary prevention
*Education should focus on:
- Safe driving skills
- Importance of wearing a seat belt
- Discussion about drug and alcohol use.
- Tobacco use and other teenagers health problems

*Adolescents also need encouragement and education about:

- Way to solve an argument without gun or violence
- Direction to develop a healthy lifestyle and coping with
stressors of daily living
- Providing safety information is crucial to help adolescent make
mature decisions about health hazards they are likely to
encounter.

Secondary prevention:
Secondary prevention activities focus efforts and resources on
populations at higher risk for injuries, such as teenagers or the
elderly. Several factors such as substance abuse, driving
experience, and peer pressure are associated with increased
risk of motor vehicle crashes in the adolescent population.
Services may be aimed to communities or neighborhoods with
higher risk factors. Examples of secondary prevention programs
include:
--Parent education programs located in high schools for teen
drivers
--Substance abuse information programs for young adults

Secondary prevention efforts include early identification and

intervention after an injury has occurred. Examples of
secondary prevention programs include"
--Clinical practice guidelines and protocols for injured patients
 Tertiary prevention:
Tertiary prevention activities focus efforts to reduce the
negative consequences associated with injuries (e.g. decreased
physical, cognitive functioning). These prevention programs
may include services such as:
- Research in area of trauma system outcome studies
- Integration of rehabilitation initiatives early in the care of
injured patient

iii. Accident prevention for adults & working population:

- Identification of the hazards and the measures to control
them.
- Identification of the resources that may be needed in the
event of an emergency.
- Emergency procedures are plans for dealing with
emergencies such as fire, explosions, major releases of
hazardous materials, incidents of violence or natural hazards
- A statement of the responsibilities of employers, the
supervisors and the worker, everyone in the workplace is legally
responsible for health and safety and this responsibility is not
transferable.
- A schedule for regular inspection of the work place and
work processes and procedures.
- Work place inspection identify existing hazards and help
find corrective action, such actions are proactive to ensure
workplace health and safety
- A plan for training workers and supervisors, training links
health and safety policies with specific job practices and raise
awareness and skill levels to an acceptable standers.
- Training sessions must ensure that the employee
understand and can apply the information provided.
- A procedure to investigate accidents, dangerous
occurrences and refusals to work, so steps can be taken to
prevent them from happening again.
- A procedure to review and revise the program, audits
seams to be the best method, the review ensure that the
program adequately address its objectives and that it deals with
known and potential risks.
- Prevention of adult burn, drawing, electrical and chemical
injuries same as in children
 - Home tools injuries
-No task should require the wrist to deviate from side to side or
to remain flexed or highly extended for long periods.
-The handles of hand tools such as screw drivers, scrapers,
paint brushes, and buffers should be designed so that the force
of the worker's grip is distributed across the muscle between
the base of the thumb and the little finger, not just in the center
of the palm.
-People who need to hold any tools (and that pencils and
steering wheels) for long periods of time should grip them as
loosely as possible.
-In order to apply force appropriately, the ability to feel an
object is extremely important. Tools with textured handles are
helpful.
-Working at low temperatures, which reduces sensation in
hands and fingers, should be avoided if possible.
-Power tools and machines should be designed to minimize
vibrations
-Wearing thick gloves, if possible, may lessen the shock
transmitted to the hands and wrists. One 2001 study found,
however, that wearing gel-padded gloves clearly increased
comfort but did not actually protect against compression-
induced CTS

Secondary prevention of injury:

Advance measures deigned to reduce the severity of an injury
when it occur

Tertiary prevention:
Advance measures deigned to limit the long term impact of an
injury after it occur

iv. Accident prevention for older adults:

- Provide adequate lightening, especially on stairs.
- Use a nightlight at night and keep a flashlight handy.
- Place furniture in away as to prevent falls.
- Keep electrical cords short & tack along baseboards.
- Install smoke alarms.
 - Promote adequate heating and ventilation of home.
- Provide door & window locks & keep car locked.
- Ride with other or use public transportation instead of
driving if senses are impaired.
- Promote family coping abilities and relieve stress to
prevent abuse of older persons

Secondary prevention of injury:

Advance measures deigned to reduced the severity of an injury
when it occur

Tertiary prevention:
Advance measures deigned to limit the long term impact of an
injury after it occur.

KSA statistics:
- Fire-related burns were responsible for nearly 322,000
deaths in 2002. Over 90% of these fetal fire-related burns occur
in low-and middle-income countries.
- In 1996 the number of death r/t injuries, poisoning, and
other causes was 5051 which make about 16.92% of total
population.
- In 1997 the number of death r/t injuries, poisoning, and
other causes was 5328 which make about 16.27% of total
population.
- In 1998 the number of death r/t injuries, poisoning, and
other causes make about 15.47% of total population

v. Road Traffic Accidents Prevention:

Introduction:

Road traffic injuries are a deadly scourge, taking the lives of 1.2
million men, women and children around the world each year.
Hundreds of thousands more are injured on our roads, some of
whom become permanently disabled. The vast majority of these
occur in developing countries, among pedestrians, cyclists,
motorcyclists and users of public transport, many of whom
would never be able to afford a private motor vehicle.
Yet the knowledge currently exists to take action on a number
of fronts to prevent these needless deaths and disabilities, and
the immense lose and suffering they cause. Many programs and
policies exist to prevent road traffic crashes. They include
strategies to address rates of speed and alcohol consumption;
promotion of helmets and seat belts and other restraints; and
greater visibility of people walking and cycling. A concerted
effort on the part of governments and their partners to improve
road safety can make a world of difference.

Definition:
A road traffic injury is any injury due to crashes originating,
terminating or involving a vehicle partially or fully on a public
highway.

Magnitude of the Problem:

Road traffic injuries are a major public health problem globally.
With over 1 million people killed each year, it is the 10th leading
cause of death worldwide. With 20 million more injured or
disabled each year, it is the 9th leading cause of disability-
adjusted life year lost worldwide and projected to become third
by 2020. Yet few governments or organizations recognize the
magnitude of the problem, the potential for prevention, or the
need for effective road safety policies.
In 2002 nearly 1.2 million people worldwide died as a result of a
road traffic crash. This represents an average of 3242 persons
dying each day around the world. In addition to these deaths,
between 20 million and 50 million people globally are estimated
to be injured or disabled every year.

Risk Factors:
- driving under the influence of alcohol
- speeding underutilization of safety devices such as belts,
child restrains and helmets
- poor road planning
- unsafe vehicle design
- poor implementation of road safety measures
- poor emergency health services

Prevention:
- seatbelts
- child restrains
- speed control
- alcohol laws and enforcement
- improved road design e.g. separation of vehicles
- improved vehicle designs

Saudi Arabia has one of the world's worst records on road

safety:

According to figures released by the department, 4,848 people

died in the Kingdom in accidents last Hijri year alone. And
267,772 others were injured during the same period.

It is estimated that road accidents also result in SR7 billion in

losses to the Saudi economy every year.

One person is killed and eight are injured every tow hours on
Saudi roads.

(According to the new traffic rules and regulations, the police

will withhold driving licenses when violations accumulate a
certain number of points. The issuance of passports,
recruitment visas and exit- re-entry visas will also be dependent
on the payment of outstanding traffic fines.)

General safety guidelines:

KITCHEN
All electrical appliances and tools should a testing agency
label. Have the appliances repaired if they aren't working right.
If an appliance gets wet, have it serviced.

- Check the cords on all appliances. If they are worm or

frayed, have them repaired.
- Do not overload the outlets.
- Make sure appliance cords are kept on the counter to
prevent them from being pulled down by young children.
- Don't store things over the stove. People get bumed while
reaching.
- Turn pot handles so children can't pull them down.
- Wear tight sleeves when cooking. Loose-fitting garments
can catch fire.
- Check to see if curtains or towel racks are close to the
stove.
- Check to see if the stove and oven are clean of grease and
oil.
- Be sure a fire extinguisher is placed in the kitchen. The
Blandon Fire Department recommends a minimum 2A10 BC
extinguisher.

- All cleaning products and other chemicals should be

stored out of the reach of young children, not under the sink.
Cleaning products and other chemicals should be stored
separately from foods.

- Be sure microwave ovens have room to "breathe" and all

the vents are cleared of obstructions.

OUTDOORS
- Is your roof fire retardant? Roofing material, whether it is
asphalt shingle, shake shingle, tile or slate can be treated with
fire retardant processes.
- Don't ever use gasoline on a grill. Once the fire has been
started, never use lighter fluid or gasoline. Use dry kindling to
revive a fire.
- Move the lawnmower away from gasoline fumes before
starting. Allow the engine to cool before refueling.
- Don't store more of anything than is needed.

BEDROOMS
- Smoke detectors should be tested regularly to be sure
they are functioning correctly
- Have a working flashlight next to each bed.
- Check for overloaded outlets, extension cords and heaters
that are too close to combustible items.
- Each member of the family should know what to do in the
event of a fire.
- Do all family members know the fire escape plan?
- DO NOT smoke in bed.

LIVING ROOM or FAMILY ROOM

- Be sure portable space heaters are at least 3 feet away
from anything that can catch fire including walls and curtains.
- Use a metal or glass fireplace screen
- Have the chimney checked and cleaned regularly.
- Put lighters and matches where small children won't find
them.
- Too small or too full ashtrays are no good. Ashtrays be
large deep and emptied frequently, but only when all signs of
heat and buming are gone.
- Before going to bed, look under cushions for buming
cigarettes. Check carpeting where ashtrays have been used.
- Allow plenty of air space around the TV and stereo to
prevent overheating. If these appliances are not working
correctly, be sure to have them repaired. In the meantime,
unplug them.
- Check for worn or frayed extension cords or other
electrical cords.
- Extension cords should not run rugs and carpets or be
looped over nails or other sharp objects that could cause them
to fray.
- Check for overloaded outlets or extension cords.
- Electrical sockets should be covered with a child proof
fitting.
- Lamp and light fixtures should be used with bulbs with
wattage at or below maximum prescribed by the manufacturer.

BATHROOM
- Check for overloaded extension cords and outlets.
- Don't place or use any appliances near water.
- Make sure all medicines and cosmetics are kept out of
reach of small children.
- Install safety latches on drawers, cupboards and medicine
cabinets if the home has small children.
- Dump old or outdated medicine into the toilet.

BASEMENTS, GARAGES AND STORAGE AREAS

- Store gasoline and other flammables in tight metal
containers.
- Don't use flammable liquids near heat, a pilot light or while
smoking.
- Have heating equipment checked yearly.
- Clean up workbench.
- If a fuse blows, find the problem. Be sure to replace a fuse
with the correct size.
- Don't store things near the furnace or heater.
- Get rid of stored newspaper or other rubbish. Newspapers
stored in a damp, warm place may ignite spontaneously.
- Oily, greasy rags should be kept in labeled and sealed non-
glass containers, preferably metal.
- Keep all chemicals, paints, etc. in their original
containers.
- Set your water heater at 130 degrees Fahrenheit

References:
- Health promotion throughout the lifespan 2nd Ed 1990 Crol Lium
Edelman Carol Lynn Mandle
- Puplic health and preventive medicine/maxcy rosenau/12th Ed
1986
- www.saudia-online.com
- www.members.aol.com
- www.hsph.harvard.edu
- www.who.int/violence-injury-prevention