Sustainable Development for

Civil Engineering Freshmen

Hsin-yu Shan

Change is the only reality.

Theres nothing is and nothing was,
but everythings becoming.
Heracleitus

(Change is constant)

The Sustainability Link

The Earth
Is One System

The Sustainability Link

Security, Quality of
Life, and Global
Sustainability
are all linked.

Global Environmental
Trends
World Resources Institute
http://www.wri.org/wri/

Population (billions)

Global population continues to rise

10
8
6
4
2
0
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050

Africa
Europe
North America

Asia and Oceania

Latin America and Caribbean

Stabilization Ratio (births/deaths)

(1 = no population growth)

Stabilization remains a challenge

4
3
2
1
0
1950

2000
Developing
Africa
South and Central America

2050
Developed
Asia

Different assumptions,
different projections
World Population (billions)

12
10
8
6
4
2
0
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040
Low

Medium

High

Fertility declines, real and projected

Children per Woman
(2.1 = no population growth)

7
6
5
4

Developing
Developed
Africa
Asia
South and Central
America

3
2
1
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050

10
8
6
4
2
0
-2
-4
-6
19
71
19
73
19
75
19
77
19
79
19
81
19
83
19
85
19
87
19
89
19
91
19
93
19
95

GDP Growth Rate (percent)

Rapid growth in low income

economies

World

Low Income

Middle Income

High Income

(millions in absolute
poverty)

The number of poor continues to

grow
1,400
1,200
1,000
800
600
400
200
0

East Asia

Latin
America

1987

Middle
East

1990

South
Asia

SubSaharan
Africa

1993

Total

(per capita income in constant international dollars)

Growing disparities in incomes

among regions
25,000
20,000
15,000
10,000
5,000
0
1970

1975
Africa
W. Europe

1980
Asia
N. America

1985

1990

Latin America

Population (billions)

Urban Growth Spurt Continues

10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
1950

1975
Rural Developed
Rural Developing

2000
Urban Developed
Urban Developing

2025

(percent)

Africa and Asia are Urbanizing

Fastest
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0

1970

Africa

2000

2025

Asia

Central
America

Europe

North
South
America America

People on the Move

971

Net Number of Migrants (thousands)

1000

739

500

404

340
-1366

0
-63

-41

111

102

-9

-85

-500

-392

-1000
-1500

Africa

Asia

Number (thousands)
Rate (per 100,000 population)

Europe

Latin
America and
Carribean

North
America

Oceania

Democratically Elected Governments by Region, 1960-94

Progress Toward Democracy

10
8
6
4
2
0
-2
-4
-6
-8
1962 1965 1968 1971 1974 1977 1980 1983 1986 1989 1992
OECD

Latin America

South and East Asia and Pacific

Sub-saharan Africa

Eastern Europe and Central Asia

Middle East and North Africa

(percent)

More Children Are Attending

School
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0

1980

World

1990

Africa

1994

Latin
America
and the
Carribean

Asia

Europe

Oceania

(percentage of people older than 15

who are literate)

More Adults Can Read

100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0

1980

World

Africa

1985

1990

Latin
America and
Caribbean

1995

Asia

Europe

Oceania

Yields Are Up, But Growth is

Slowing
5

Yield (metric tons/hectare)

0
1960

1965

1970

Wheat Yield

1975

1980
Rice Yield

1985

1990

1995
Maize Yield

2000

Yields Are Up, But Growth is

Slowing
12
10

% Increase in Yield

8
6
4
2
0
-2

1960

1965

1970

Wheat

1975

1980

1985

Paddy Rice

1990

1995

Maize

2000

Progress in Feeding the World Has

Varied Widely by Region

Index Numbers 1961=100

180
U.S.S.R. (former)
Asia
World

160

Africa
Europe
Latin America

140
120
100
80
1961

1966

1971

1976

1981

1986

1991

1996

Progress in Feeding the World Has

Varied Widely by Region
350

Index Numbers 1961=100

300
250

U.S.S.R. (former)

Africa

Asia

Europe

World

Latin America

200
150
100
50
1961

1966

1971

1976

1981

1986

1991

1996

Despite Gains, Millions Go Hungry

(million persons suffering from
undernutrition)

1,000
800
600
400
200
0
1969-71

1979-81

Sub-Saharan Africa
East and Southeast Asia
Latin America and the Caribbean

1990-92

2010

Near East and North Africa

South Asia

Degraded Soil Means Less Food

(millions of hectares degraded)

World Totals
(million hectares)

350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0

Vegetation Removal
Overexploitation
Overgrazing
Agricultural Activities
Industrial and
Bioindustrial

World

Africa

North and
Central
America

Vegetation Removal
Overgrazing
Industrial and Bioindustrial

South
America

Asia

Europe

Overexploitation
Agricultural Activities

Oceania

579
133
679
522
23

Food Supply Increasingly Relies on

Irrigation
12

(percent)

10
8
6
4
2
0
1961

1966

1971

1976

1981

Africa

Asia

Latin America

North America

Oceania

World

1986

1991
Europe

Farmed Fish Are a Growing Share

of the Global Fish Harvest
120
(million metric tons)

100

Total Capture

Total Aquaculture

80
60
40
20
0
1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995

What Do Industrial Economies Use?

(metric tons per capita)

40

30

20

10

Germany

Metals and industrial minerals

Renewables

Japan

Netherlands

Fossil fuels
Infrastructure excavation

United States
Construction minerals
Erosion

Paper Use is Growing Worldwide

0.25

(metric tons per person)

0.2

1970

1980

1990

1994

0.15
0.1
0.05
0

Africa

North/Central
America

South America

Asia

Europe

Oceania

World

Paper Recycling:
Rising Volume, Growing Importance
70

(percent recovered)

60
50
40
30
20
10
1970

1975

1980

1985

N. America

C. America

S. America

Africa

Oceania

Asia

1990

1995

Europe

Vehicle numbers are rising

dramatically
700

Cars

600

Buses and Trucks

500
400
300
200
100
0
1945

1955

1965

1975

1985

1995

Motor vehicle use is highest in

developed countries
United States

749.7

Japan

519

Europe

269.6
96.6

Brazil
South America

88.3

Hong Kong

81

Africa

22.4

China

7.9

India

6.7
0

(Motor Vehicles Per 1,000 Persons)

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

Surface temperatures have warmed

over the past century

Greenhouse gas warming

Other
Halocarbons
5%
CFC-12
6%
Carbon Dioxide
64%

Nitrous Oxide
6%

Methane
19%

United States
Canada
Russian Federation
Germany

Per capita
CO2
emissions are
small in
developing
countries

United Kingdom
Japan
Poland, Rep
Ukraine
Korea, Rep
South Africa
Italy
France
Mexico
China
India
Developed Countries

10

15

(metric tons of carbon dioxide)

20

25

United States
European Union
Former USSR
China

Developed
nations have
altered the
atmosphere
most

Japan
India
Canada
South Africa
Mexico
Australia
Spain
Brazil
Iran, Islamic Rep
Korea, Dem People's Rep
Korea, Rep
Developed Countries
0

100

200
300
400
500
(billion metric tons of carbon dioxide)

600

Stabilizing CO2 means steep

emission cuts eventually

Success story:
CFC production has fallen sharply
1,200
Industrialized Countries
Developing Countries

1,000
800
600
400
200
0
1986

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

Backsliding: Halon production is

rising again

(000 ODP tons)

200
150
100
50
0
1986
China

1989

1990

1991

1992

Other Developing Countries

1993

1994

1995

Industrialized Countries

(million metric tons)

More fertilizer:
More food, but more pollution too
Africa
Asia
South and Central America
Europe
North America
Oceania
World

160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
1961

1966

1971

1976

1981

1986

1991

(million metric tons per year)

SO2 emissions in Asia could triple

120
100
80
60
40
20
0

1990
Europe

2000
2010
United States and Canada

2020
Asia

NOx levels are still a problem in

Europe and North America
(000 metric tons)

60,000
55,000
50,000
45,000
40,000
35,000
30,000
1980 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
NOx

SO2

Forest Loss Is Severe in the Tropics

50

(percent)

40
30
20
10
0
Asia

Africa

Latin America

World

Amazon Deforestation Remains

High

(millions of square kilometers)

Many of Earths Forests Have Been

Cleared or Degraded
18,000,000
16,000,000
14,000,000
12,000,000
10,000,000
8,000,000
6,000,000
4,000,000
2,000,000
0

Cleared

Russia and
Europe

Asia

Non Frontier Forest

North &
South
America

South
America

Frontier Forest

Africa

Oceania

Water Demand is Growing,

But Supplies Are Limited
World
Africa
Europe
Asia
South America
Central America

Percentage of Water Resources

North America

Total Withdrawals

Oceania

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

Agriculture Dominates Water Use,

But Its Share Will Decline
World
Africa
Europe
Asia
South America
Central America
North America
Oceania
0

20

40

Agricultural

60

Industrial

80

Domestic

100

Low-Income Nations Are Especially

Vulnerable to Water Scarcity

River Habitats Have Been Heavily

Altered
489000

500,000

400,000

(kilometers)

Waterways Altered for Navigation

300,000

200,000

100,000
200

1680

3125

1800

8750

1900

1980

How Much Are Natures Services

Worth?

Global GNP
(US $18 trillion)

Ecosystem Services
(US $33 trillion)

Reef Threats Are Extensive

40%

High

Medium

(percent)

30%

20%

10%

0%
Coastal

Marine

Over-Exploitation

Land-based Pollution

2000
1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0

Noncod Catch (000 metric tons)

300

200

100

0
1950

1960

1970

1980

1990

NON COD CATCH

Flatfishes (flounders, halibuts, etc.)

Haddock

Cod Catch (000 metric tons)

Some Fish Stocks Have Collapsed

from Overfishing

COD CATCH

Red hake

Atlantic cod

Bird Populations Are Under Siege

Worldwide

WRI Pilot Analysis of Global Ecosystems:

Extent of Forest Ecosystems

IGBP Forest Class

Evergreen Needleleaf Forest
Evergreen Broadleaf Forest
Deciduous Needleleaf Forest
Deciduous Broadleaf Forest
Mixed Forest
Non-vegetated

Forests cover about 25 percent of the worlds land

surface, excluding Greenland and Antarctica.

Source: International Geosphere Biosphere Programme (IGBP) Data and Information System, IGBP-DIS
Global 1-km Land Cover Set DISCover, 1998.

WRI Pilot Analysis of Global Ecosystems:

Global Tree Cover

Percent Tree Cover

< 10
10 - 20
20 - 30
30 - 40
40 - 50
50 - 60
60 - 70
> 70
Non-vegetated

The area of transition between forest and other land

cover is one of the most dramatic portions of forest
ecosystems and makes up a significant fraction of
forest ecosystems in many parts of the world.

Source: DeFries, R., Hansen, M.C., Townshend, J.R.G., Janetos, A.C., and Loveland, T.R. 2000. A
New Global 1-km Dataset of Percentage Tree Cover Derived from Remote Sensing. Global Change
Biology, Vol. 6, pp. 247-254.

Frontier Forests 8,000 Years Ago

Frontier Forests Today

Coral reefs are often called the

Rainforests of the Sea

About 4,000 species of fish and 800

species of reef-building coral have been
identified

Coral Reefs as mapped by Darwin

Coral reefs are a vital protein source

for many ...
Globally, one-fifth of all animal protein
consumed by humans comes from marine
environments
Coral reefs provide
food for one billion
people in Asia alone

Beach-related tourism is a major

revenue earner ...
Floridas reefs contribute $1.6 billion to
the economy from tourism alone
Caribbean countries
derive half of their
GDP from tourism
($8.9 billion in 1990)

Coral reefs can save human lives.

Extracts are used to ...
Treat infections, viruses, and other
diseases
Prevent and treat skin cancer
Provide bone grafts

Coral reefs are a valuable resource

Average Global Value of Ecosystem Services ($/HA/YR)

7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
From Costanza et al.

Coral Reefs
Tropical
Forests
Temperate
Forests

Global distribution of coral reefs

The Reefs at Risk Indicator

Low

Medium

High

Finding 3

Many areas of high diversity are also

very threatened
Low
Medium
High

Human Modification in the Coastal

Zone

Least modified
Cropland and built
up area
Cropland/natural
vegetation mosaic

Virtually all lands within 100 km of the coast have been modified to
some extent by human use: 20 percent are highly altered through
conversion to agricultural or urban uses, 10 percent are semi-altered
in a mosaic of natural and altered vegetation, and 70 percent are the
least modified in their vegetative cover.

Source: International Geosphere Biosphere Programme (IGBP) Data and Information System, IGBP-DIS Global 1-km Land
Cover Set DISCover, 1998. Elvidge, C.D., Baugh, K.E., Kihn, E.A., Kroehl, H.W. and Davis, E.R. 1997. Mapping City Lights
with Nighttime Data from the DMSP Operational Linescan System. Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing, vol. 63,
No. 6, June 1997, pp. 727-734.

Results are sobering ...

Nearly 60% of the worlds reefs were
found to be at risk from human activities
Reefs with the highest levels of
biodiversity are threatened

A Global Perspective
life supporting resources

declining

consumption of life
supporting
resources

rising

Life on Earth

What is biodiversity?

Biodiversity is the totality of genetic diversity,

species diversity, and ecosystem diversity.

Protection, conservation and renewal of biodiversity

recognizes the essential role in which the
interactions of genes, species, and ecosystems play
in generating and maintaining diversity.

Our future survival and the future quality of human

life on earth is dependent upon biodiversity.

ISSUE: Human demand for ecosystem services is quickly

growing around the world
Food
Food production must
increase to meet the
needs of an additional 3
billion people over the
next 30 years

Water

Timber

One-third of the
worlds population is
now subject to water
scarcity.

Wood fuel is the only

source of fuel for one
third of the worlds
population.

Population facing
water scarcity will
double over the next 30
years

Wood demand will

double in next 50
years.

ISSUE: A recent study* shows that the capacity of many ecosystems to

provide certain services has been declining

Ag
ro

Services

-e
co
sy
st
em
Co
as
ta
lS
ys
te
m
s
Fo
re
st
Sy
st
em
s
Fr
es
hw
at
er
Gr
as
sla
nd
s

Ecosystem Type

Key
Condition of
Ecosystem

Excellent

Food-Fiber Production

Good
Fair

Water Quality

Poor
Bad

Water Quantity

Not Assessed
Biodiversity

Changing
Capacity

Decreasing

Carbon Storage

Increasing
Mixed

*Source: Pilot Assessment of Global Ecosystems. 2000. WRI, IFPRI

Environmental Scorecard

Conceptual View of Agrobiodiversity

BIODIVERSITY

Agrobiodiversity

Mixedagroecosystems
agroecosystems
Mixed
Cropspecies
speciesand
andvarieties
varieties
Crop
Livestockand
andfish
fishspecies
species
Livestock
Plantand
andanimal
animal
Plant
germplasm
germplasm
Soilorganisms
organismsin
incultivated
cultivated
Soil
areas
areas
Insectsand
andfungi
fungithat
that
Insects
benefitproduction
production
benefit
Wildspecies
speciesfrom
fromoff-farm
off-farm
Wild
habitats
habitats
Culturaland
andlocal
local
Cultural
knowledgeof
ofdiversity
diversity
knowledge

Biodiversity Synergy Dynamics Enhancement

Conservation and regeneration Adaptation and Innovation

Todays Material Flow

Approximately 25% of what goes in the pipe comes out as goods and services.
Waste from your production process, including goods that are no longer useable,
is returned back to the planet creating additional pollution and environmental
disturbance.

Natural
Resources

Goods and
Services

Pollution, Waste
and Environmental
Disturbances

Tomorrows Material Cycle

Tomorrows profit will come from design, not matter

Natural
Resources

Reduce
Use of
Natural
Resources

Goods and
Services

Recover
Technical
Nutrients

Sustainable Development is:

"development that meets the
needs of the present generation
without compromising the ability
of future generations to meet
their own needs."

Sustainable development involves Intergenerational equity, the principle of

equity between people alive today and
future generations.

It involves Intra-generational equity,

the principle of equity between different
groups of people alive today.

Sustainable development also includes

conservation of biodiversity and
precautionary risk aversion
strategies

The problem of sustainable development is

multi-dimensional as it involves a range of

issues concerning society and nature,
multi-disciplinary as it encompasses a wide
spectrum of disciplines from natural to social
sciences,
multi-temporal as it spans a time horizon
covering short to long periods of planning,
multi-geographic, as it spans across all regions
of the world.

Relationship between different aspects of SD

Social
Dimension

Institutional
Dimension

Economic
Dimension

Environmental
Dimension

Interaction between Anthroposphere and Environment

Individual
Human
System
Government

Society

Environment
Natural
System

Economy
Built
System
Infrastructure

One must study sustainable development

from a multiple-scale perspective, in that it
is necessary to consider issues at a microlevel as well as at a macro-level.

Four Types of Capital of Sustainable

Development
Natural Resources or Natural Capital : The
Environmental Dimension
Economic Resources or Built Capital : The
Economic Dimension
Social Resources or Social Capital : The
Social Dimension
Institutional Resources or Institutional
Capital : The Institutional Dimension

Sustainable development with reference to different forms

of capital (Eolss, 2003)

Taiwan
is still
here

Towards sustainable development A maturity model

(Eolss, 2003)

Perceptions and/or Assumptions

sm
AAltlrtruuiism

Ethics
Ethics
Social
Social
Responsibility
Responsibility

nnt t
e
m
e
n
ro m
EEnnvvi iroonut t
isisou

ththeerree te
a
sseeppaarrate

CCoosts
CCoom stsaanndd
mpplilaianc
ncee

OOnly
nlySSm
CCom maallll
omppan
CCan anieiess
anDDo
o

lity
EExxteterrnnaality

RRisiskk
LLiaiabbiliiltiyty
RReegguulalatitoionn

OOnnly B
ly ig
CCoompa Big
mpannieies
s
CCaannAf
f
Affoorrdd

Luxury
Luxuryfor
for
Good
Good
Times
Times

Transitioning towards Sustainability

the key tasks of the coming years include
encouraging and supporting the transition
towards sustainability, involving both
public and private stakeholders, and
building alliances for the next crucial
steps.
From Changing Course: A Contribution to a Global Energy Strategy
Heinrich Bll Foundation Paper No 22, 2002

RE Diffusion

Transition as Evolution

Time

From Jan Rotmans, et al.

Stages of Learning
Unconscious
Competence

Conscious
Incompetence
Unconscious
Incompetence

Know there is a
great deal you dont
know.

Dont know what

you dont know.

Uncomfortable state

Comfortable state

Denial, resistance

Conscious
Competence
You learn and know
more. Mastery
increases.
Move from discomfort
to increasing levels of
comfort.

Mastery. Change
becomes second
nature, part of
organizational
DNA.
New practice
becomes the way
you do business.
Comfortable state

Changing Character of Natural Resource

Challenges in the Last 25 Years
Local
Specific
Short Delay
Low Complexity
Society Impact Low

Global
Diffuse
Long Delay
High Complexity
Societal Impact High

Major Environmental and Resource

Problems
Biodiversity Depletion
Air Pollution
Global climate change
Stratospheric ozone
depletion
Urban air pollution
Acid deposition
Outdoor pollutants
Indoor pollutants
Noise

Food Supply Problems

Habitat destruction
Habitat degradation
Extinction

Major
Environmental
Problems

Overgrazing
Farmland loss and degradation
Wetlands loss and degradation
Overfishing
Coastal pollution
Soil erosion
Soil salinization
Water shortages
Groundwater depletion
Loss of biodiversity

Water Pollution

Human Health

Sediment
Nutrient overload
Toxic chemicals
Infectious agents
Oxygen depletion
Pesticides
Oil spills
Excess heat

Waste Production
Solid waste
Hazardous waste

Childhood diseases
Cancer
Asthma
Immune system deficiencies
Reproductive system problems
Endocrine system disruptions

Source: Living in the Environment, Tenth Edition, G. Tyler Miller, Jr., 1998

The Change in Perspective on

Environmental/Social Issues
Traditional Thinking

Sustainability View

Rhetoric

Operational excellence

Cost burden

Efficiencies

Compliance

Cost competitiveness and strategic

advantage

Doing good

Strong financial performance

Peripheral

Core

Technology solutions

Yes, but only with frameworks, tools,

and programs

Reactive

Innovative, anticipatory,
entrepreneurial

Governments Work

Effective sustainable development policy

relies on an open, consensual, and
accountable process of policy formulation.

There are four stages to this:

1. Agenda-Setting, which involves raising
awareness and pushing issues onto the global
agenda;
2. Negotiating, which involves the application of
decision-making processes;
3. Implementation, which entails translating the
results of negotiations into action, and developing
or improving willingness or capacity on the part
of stakeholders to comply; and
4. Policy reformulation and institutional
learning, which reflect the extent to which builtin mechanisms facilitate learning and change in
the network.

Overview of Water Sector

Water Stress is a Global Problem

Renewable Fresh Water Availability Per Capita

Water Scarcity 2000

Water Stress 2000
Water Scarcity 2025
Water Stress 2025

Source: PAI

Water Use
OECD Water Use
(1995, %)
Industry
and Services
14.6%

Agriculture
45.5%

Household
9.4%

Non-OECD Water Use

(1995, %)

Household
4.0%
Energy
30.5%

Source: OECD

Agriculture
80.6%

Industry
and Services
4.0%

Source: OECD

Energy
11.4%

Water and Sewage Projects

Private Participation in Developing Countries
40
35

Number of Projects

30
25
20
15
10
5
0
1990
Source: OECD; World Bank

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

Dams
Big Dams Built, By Decade
6,000

Number of Big Dams

5,000

4,000

3,000

2,000

1,000

0
1990
Source: ICOLD

00s

10s

20s

30s

40s

50s

60s

70s

80s

90s

Water Vendors
Water Vendors Price as a Multiple of Price of Piped Water
Selected Asian Cities

Delhi
Manila
Mumbai
Phnom Penh
Bangkok
Ho Chi Minh City
Dhaka
Jakarta
0x

Source: UN; Asian Development Bank

25x

50x

75x

100x
500x

Overview of Water Sector

Meters and
Instrumentation

Desalination

Pipes / Valves

Membranes,
Filters and
POUs

Strategic Business Overlap

Wholesale Clean
and Treat

Product and Equipment

$34 billion

Process Systems
$2035 billion
Industrial
Re-use

Water
Sector

Carbonated
Soft Drinks

Beverage
$52 billion

Resort and Housing

Development

Infrastructure
$80180 billion

Bottled
Water

BOTs /
BOOs

Juices

Beer and Spirits

Privatizations

Significant dollars being spent globally across wide variety of businesses

Water Sector Opportunities

One Industry, Two Markets

Domain
Focus Areas

Bottled Water
Public Sector

BOTs

Desalination

Concessions

2nd Generation
Privatizations

Meters/Valves
Pipes/Pumps

Private Sector

Filters/Membranes

NetworkFocused

In-point/Out-point Focused

Availability and Affordability

Efficiency and Technology

Operating Partners

Knowledge Partners

Political Connections

Industry Connections

Patience

Sense of Urgency

Development Mentality

Transaction Mindset
Critical Success Factors

The task is to design policies related to

water for sustainable development that
go far beyond the water sector.
(Sustainable development)

To achieve sustainability
economically, financially,
environmentally, socially, and
politically- reforms must be designed
so as to minimize the need for
revisions.
(Complex systems approach)

Taiwan faces an institutional

threat for the consolidation
of vital reforms already
undertaken and
implementation of crucial
secod-generation reforms.

Thus, reform efforts mus be

viewed against the backdrop
of earlier failures.

The Current Context:

Increasing

globalisation.
Shifting responsibilities for
governments.
Restructuring and liberalisation of
water markets.
The emerging information technology
revolution.
Greater public participation in
decision-making.

Participatory Globalisation
Good governance. Political
stability, an impartial and
independent legal system,
transparency of government
regulations and open access
to information.

Promote Dialogue
Among Key Stakeholders
Politicians and their patrons.
Business interests.
Current and potential water consumers.
Water companies.
Financial sector.
Environmental groups

Strategies to Overcome
Threats to Sustainability
Prospective winners and losers.
Compensation shemes.
Empowerment of beneficiaries.
Public information campaigns.
Political support.
Constitutional environment.
Incentive structures.

Capacity Development
Must be an explicit part of any
successful strategy to use
water as an instrument of
sustainable development.

Capacity development is a
continuous process. This is one of
many reasons that development
assistance should move away
from short-term projects to
longer-term programmatic
support.

"It is impossible to solve a

problem with the same methods
that caused this problem"
Albert Einstein