Report

100000
200000
300000
400000
Time (s)
500000
Study on Stability and

Dredging of Eden Channel
Preliminary Report
Client
Kolkata Port Trust

Consultants
Prof.V.Sundar
Prof. K.Murali
DEPARTMENT OF OCEAN ENGINEERING

INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY MADRAS
CHENNAI, INDIA - 600 036
Feb. 2016
Study on Stability and Dredging of Eden

Channel - Preliminary Report
Department of Ocean Engineering,

IIT Madras.
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Kolkata Port Trust (KoPT) have approached IIT Madras, through their consultants Boston
Consulting Group (BCG), to provide technical support for carrying out a comprehensive
study on the navigational channels of the Hooghly estuary, with specific reference to the
stability of Eden channel as a possible main navigational route to Haldia Dock Complex
(HDC) vis-a-vis Auckland channel from the Bay of Bengal.
The Eden channel has been a self maintaining channel upto a depth of ~5m over the upper
Eden stretch from chart datum, though, there are occasional observations of shoaling in
patches. In order to finalize the proposal, the following must be established analytically:
Stability of Eden channel what is the potential shoaling that can take place in
Eden channel and hence what will be the maintenance dredging needed to maintain
the channel at 4.5m?
Impact of stoppage of dredging at Auckland bar on the other channels Eden and
the Rangfalla channel that connects to Kolkata Dock system, KDS.
The focus of the study reported herein is to mathematically model in order to assess the
stability of Eden channel for availability of navigable depths over the shorter term.
Assessment of the annual dredging requirement over the Eden Channel for maintaining a
depth of 4.5 m vis--vis depth of 4.6m over the Auckland bar/channel is also addressed in
this report. The mathematical model used in the present study has been calibrated to
simulate field conditions as closely as possible. The calibrated model has been applied to
study hydrodynamics of the estuary and siltation.
I.
The study suggests that Eden channel could continuously be used with little dredging
in the shorter term of about 2-3 years associated with continuous monitoring.
ii.
Further, non-dredging of Auckland channel may not have any bearing on the
operation of Eden channel as per the model results and the trend analysis of the
formation and migration of shoals. Thus, it is recommended that Eden channel will be
stable in the shorter term, over the next 2-3 years with continuous monitoring.
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iii.

IIT Madras.
Simultaneously, monitoring the upper and lower parts of lower Auckland bar also
shall be carried out. During the long term study, the stability of Eden channel over the
next 5 to 10 years will be addressed. Further decisions / actions may be taken up on
the review of ground conditions, as deemed fit, based on the continuing monitoring
exercise and long term study.
iv.
As of now, 4 potential dumping grounds are suggested for the dumping of the dredged
spoil. Out of these, two locations around the Eden Channel have been identified (Loc
1, 2) for possible disposal only through barges. These locations do not have navigable
depths for access by dredgers. The location 3 is the same as that being used by KoPT
for dumping of the dredged spoil. This location shall be accessed by a single lane
channel over the lower Auckland. The location 4 is an area with a water depth of
about 7.1m and tending deeper offshore. This location is recommended for dumping
of dredged spoil from Eden channel and Eden-Auckland confluence only. The life of
this location could be about 5 years.
v.
As part of operationalization Eden, a navigable one-lane channel shall be maintained

over lower Auckland channel for the purpose reaching dumping ground 3. Thus, a
one-lane channel shall be maintained in this stretch for a bottom width of 100m as per
PIANC guidelines. The side slope of this channel will be 1:5 to 1:6.
CLIENT: KOPT

IIT Madras.

CONTENTS
DESCRIPTION
Page No.
BACKGROUND
1.1
Objective and scope
NAVIGATIONAL ASPECTS OF HOOGHLY
METHODOLOGY
11
3.1
Model set-up and boundary conditions
11
MODEL CALIBRATION
13
TIDAL HYDRODYNAMICS OF HOOGHLY ESTUARY
14
WATER DEPTH CHANGES DUE TO SILTATION
16
WAVE CONDITIONS OVER LOWER EDEN AREA
18
DREDGING & DISPOSAL
19
LONG TERM RECOMMENDATIONS
21
10
RECOMMENDATIONS
21
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IIT Madras.
1.0 BACKGROUND
Kolkata Port Trust (KoPT) have approached IIT Madras, through their consultants Boston
Consulting Group (BCG), to provide technical support for carrying out a comprehensive
study on the navigational channels of the Hooghly estuary, with specific reference to the
stability of Eden channel as a possible main navigational route to Haldia Dock Complex
(HDC) vis-a-vis Auckland channel from the Bay of Bengal. In this connection, Prof.
V.Sundar and Prof.K.Murali, Department of Ocean Engineering have made a site visit to
Haldia and made subsequent discussions at the office of Hon'ble Minister for Transport, GoI
and KoPT officials.
In continuation, the present study was entrusted on IIT Madras to
investigate the hydrodynamics and morphodynamics of the Hooghly estuary with specific
reference to stability of Eden channel for permanent operation (Hyd/9043/D/Part-I/1506).
The study took off immediately and an Inception Report was submitted in Nov. 2015
followed by commencement of field investigations. Considering the tight time frame, the
study focussed on obtaining the bathymetry and time histories of current in the estuary at
specific locations on the main channel and east & western branches. The filed study was
completed on 06 Jan. 2016.
This report brings out the preliminary findings of IIT Madras on the stability of Eden
channel.
1.1 Objectives and Scope

The main objective of this project is the mathematical modelling and field monitoring of
stability of Eden channel for availability of navigable depths in the shorter and longer terms.
The detailed scope of the study is given below with the envisaged time scheduled. The entire
study needs to be completed by March/April 2016.
a. Stability of Eden Channel recommendation for its continuous use in the
immediate term. Assessment of the annual dredging requirement over Eden
Channel for maintaining a depth of 4.5m. vis--vis depth of 4.6m over Auckland
bar/channel.
b. Assessment of Eden channel in the longer terms of up to 10 years for its
stability.
c. Assessment of the impact of discontinuation of dredging over Lower Auckland
(upper part) and its effect to improve the flow and depth over Eden Channel as
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IIT Madras.
well as approach route to Haldia through Eden Channel or adversely affect it, if
so remedial measure. Effect of the closure of dredging over Lower Auckland
(upper part) may be assessed on Kolkata Channel i.e. on Rangafala Channel.
d. Assessment of wave climate over Eden channel in comparison to Lower
Auckland/ Middleton Channels. This is to compare the manoeuvrability of
vessels and bottom clearance.
e. Monitoring of bathymetry over an area of 9sq.km, which is the confluence
between Eden-Auckland. This will be carried out twice a week for 4 months.
f. Current meter measurements in Eden, Haldia and Kolkata channels for one
spring - spring period.
This report brings out the preliminary findings on item (a & d) above. The impact on other
channels (c above) is also addressed.
2.0 NAVIGATIONAL ASPECTS OF HOOGHLY

The present navigational channels (Fig. 1) to the Haldia Dock Complex (HDC) is through
Middleton- Auckland-Jellingham channels of Hoogly river. Since this route cuts across
Hoogly river, the navigation is hindered by the existence of 3 bars with their crests higher
than (-)4m. The Middleton channel starts from the south of Sagar Island and the bar is
maintained at a depth of 6.5m, presently. After passing Sagar LH, the vessels arrive at
Lower Auckland channel in which they sail past Auckland bar, which is presently
maintained at -4.6m. Passing the upper Auckland channel, the vessels finally sail over
Jellingham Shoal ( maintained at -4.0 to -4.1m) . Due to the need for maintaining the bars at
the specific water depths, there is a continuous need for dredging these channels. However,
there is an alternative route to HDC through Eden Channel which connects Upper Auckland
channel to the sea on the west of Mizzen island.
KoPT is investigating the option of reducing the overall dredging cost by using the Eden
channel as the primary channel of navigation. This will enable KoPT to drastically reduce
the overall dredging requirement at Auckland and hence bring the cost down. The Eden
channel has been a self maintaining channel upto a depth of ~5m over the upper Eden
stretch from chart datum, though there are occasional observations of shoaling in patches. In
order to finalize the proposal, the following must be established analytically:
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IIT Madras.
1. Stability of Eden channel what is the potential shoaling that can take place in
Eden channel and hence what will be the maintenance dredging needed to maintain
the channel at 4.5m
2. Impact of stoppage of dredging at Auckland bar on the other channels Eden and
the Rangfalla channel that connects to Kolkata Dock system, KDS.
Based on site visit and observations, IIT Madras have made a comparative evaluation of
Eden and Auckland channels as presented in Table.1. It is evident that Eden channels
appears to be the most attractive navigational path for HDC.
However, there are
apprehensions that (stopping of Auckland dredging) might have adverse effects on the
approaches to HDC & KDS. In the view of IITM, the scenarios in Table.2 are the ones
likely to happen by shifting of the navigation to Eden channel. It is seen that the worst
scenario is unlikely to happen.
The present investigations will focus on ascertaining the stability of Eden channel for its
continuous usage and feasibility of complete stoppage of Auckland dredging. Thus, it is
believed that the exercise will help in understanding the situation more clearly using
scientifically proven approaches. The study has a component of field monitoring to obtain
the present levels of bathymetry and currents for the purpose of calibration of numerical
models. The methodology adopted through numerical modelling to achieve the objectives of
the study is discussed in the next section.
CLIENT: KOPT

IIT Madras.

Table.1. First qualitative impression on Eden and Auckland channels.

EDEN Channel
AUCKLAND Channel
Impression
Natural channel for

Haldia
A diversion across river

from Kolkata Channel
Flow
Along
Across
Navigation
In & out of flow
Across flow
Manoeuvring
ability
Very Good
Good
Travel time
Shorter
Longer
Dredging
window
availability
Round the clock. In

view of higher wave
conditions
towards
lower Eden, this aspect
shall be re-looked at
after IIT Madras
provides wave data
conditions over lower
Eden.
Round the clock
Lead
distance
Dredge disposal
Shorter
Longer
Future expansion
Yes
More difficult
CLIENT: KOPT

IIT Madras.

Table.2. Scenarios that may emerge out of Eden channel usage and stoppage of
Auckland.
Scenario
Scenario 1
Scenario 2
Scenario 3
Scenario 4
Aspects
Eden & Kolkata

channels manage
to sustain
Eden survives
Kolkata suffers
Kolkata survives but

Eden suffers
Both Kolkata & Eden

are in trouble
Likelihood
emergence of
this scenario
More likely
Less likely the most of

the ebbing flow in
Hooghly
passes
through this channel.
Less likely
Unlikely
Dredging
requirement
Minimal in both
Eden
and
Middleton
Minimal in Eden
But more in Kolkata
Minimal at Middleton
But more in Eden
Auckland
closed
permanently and cost
of two channels is high
Cost
of
dredging
compared to
present
Acceptable
Acceptable
Acceptable
Unacceptable
No of calls
At Haldia
Is
bound
increase
to
Not affected
Less affected
Affected
Is
bound
improve
to
Not affected
Not affected
Unacceptable
Flow
condition
Channels
in
but
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IIT Madras.
Fig.1.Layout of navigational channels to HDC & KDS
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IIT Madras.

3.0 METHODOLOGY
Assessment of Eden channel stability as against Auckland channel has been carried out
using numerical models. The details of the model is provided in Annexure-I. The model
calculates tide induced flow in the estuary and computes change in bed levels due to the
tidal flow using total sediment load balance in the water column. Site specific conditions
that are considered for the present study are discussed below.
Grain size distribution of sediments

The grain size distribution is the most important data needed for estimation of sediment load
and siltation. In the present study, this data has been obtained from KoPT based on their
earlier investigations. A typical grain size details are provided in Fig.2 for Auckland,
Jelligham and Eden channels. These data are summarised as below in Table.3.
Table.3. Details of sediment properties in approaches to HDC

Auckland channel
Eden Channel
Jellingham Channel
D30 (mm)
0.065
0.100
0.083
D50 (mm)
0.083
0.138
0.100
3.1 Model set-up and boundary conditions

Hooghly estuary is a tidally driven water body. Thus the hydrodynamic model for
Hooghly estuary shall derive the tidal forcing from Bay of Bengal. The geographical
location of Hooghly estuary is shown in Fig.3. The tidal oscillations propagate in to the
estuary from the south and are felt more than 120 km into the river. Thus, there is a
phase difference in the tidal oscillations along the river. KoPT operates the vessels in
this hydrodynamic setting. The vessels usually anchor at Sagar roads till the favourable
tidal conditions are obtained. The tidal oscillations are felt first at the south most point
of Sagar LH. Then the tide is felt at HDC, Diamond harbour and KDS in sequence.
The phase difference between Sagar LH and Diamond harbour is of the order of
110min.
Bathymetry configuration of the Hooghly estuary, which is the most basic data for
hydrodynamic modelling, is provided by the Hydraulics Study Department (HSD) of
KoPT. This data corresponds to 2014 survey in most parts of the estuary and extends
upto south of Sagar roads. For the purpose of model setup, the extent of estuary along
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with the sea portion of Sagar roads is considered as the boundary condition is to be
provided south of Sagar roads. In the north, the computational domain is extended till
north of the Diamond harbour. The bathymetry considered for the present study, and
therefore the extent of computational domain is shown in Fig.4. The water depths (w.r.t
CD) in the computational region varies as much as 5-6m in the regions of HDC and
Diamond harbour. The water depth is a maximum of about 13-14m on the western
banks of Sagar. In the main navigational channels under the present investigation,
Auckland and Eden, in particular closer the Sagar, the water depths range upto 4-8m
and 6-9m respectively.
The model domain is discretised with triangular elements or cells for the purpose of
obtaining a numerical solutions to the hydrodynamic equations. The typical mesh used
is shown in Figs.5 and 6. The average mesh size is about 250-300m over the entire
computational domain.
The regions of Auckland and Eden channels and in their
intersection, the mesh has been refined to about 50-100m resolution to resolve the flow
and water depth details properly. When the siltation of Jellingham and Rangfalla needs
to be estimated the mesh in these regions are also refined with the above finer
resolutions. Therefore, the model is able to capture the details of the bathymetry very
close as shown in Figs. 7 and 8.
Initial condition
Generally, in coastal hydrodynamic modelling, the initial conditions do not play any crucial
role. Hence the usual practice is to assume the ocean to be initially at rest, before the
introduction of boundary conditions on lateral boundaries and on the sea surface, i.e., , qx,
qy = 0; t0.
Boundary conditions
The current solver could work with tide elevation boundary conditions alone. Hence, 15
day tidal elevations are used as boundary conditions along the open boundaries. Free
radiation of velocities along the open boundaries is enabled. Natural boundary conditions are
imposed along the coastal boundaries.
Figure 9 provides
typical time series of tidal elevations along the south and north
boundaries of the model. The specific periods of Feb.'15 and Aug.'15 are chosen as this
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IIT Madras.
corresponds to the measured data used for calibration of the hydrodynamic model. The
simulations are run for one and two neap-spring-neap cycles to ensure stability of
hydrodynamic and morphodynamic model over time. This also provides an extended
simulation results for siltation in various channels of the estuary. Figure 10 provides the
elevation boundary conditions for actual simulations on Eden channel stability.
4.0 MODEL CALIBRATION

The hydrodynamic model has to be calibrated for the purpose of ascertaining that the model
parameters chosen are valid for the present estuary. The main model parameters in the
present formulation are Horizontal Eddy Viscosity coefficient () and Bottom friction
coefficient Kb. Several simulations were conducted to determine the proper range of these
parameters. Usually, where sea bed is smooth with alluvial sediments, the value of Kb could
be of the order of 10-3. In the present case, the value of Kb is varied between 0.001 to 0.005
to identify the suitable value. The value of has been varied between 0.5 and 5.
The calibration exercise could be carried out in various levels. In the present study, the data
sets available with KoPT pertains to current rose diagram at various locations in the
navigational channels along with the corresponding tidal ranges. These locations are
indicated in Fig.11(a). There are 6 locations along Sagar and 5 locations near Haldia. The
results of model calibration are summarised in Tables 4 and 5. It is seen that the model
calibration is satisfactory. The corresponding model parameters are Kb = 0.002 and = 1.5.
Table 4. Comparison of modeled estuarine currents in Sagar region with measured

values during February 2015 at locations as per Fig. 11(a).
SAGAR MODELED VALUES
POINT
TIDE
FLOOD(m/ EBB(m/
S
RANGE(m)
s)
s)
1
4.65
1.32
1.46
2
4.54
1.13
1.18
3
4.4
2.16
2.32
4
4.33
1.97
2.01
5
4.19
1.74
1.9
6
4.19
1.24
1.4
SAGAR MEASURED VALUES

TIDE
FLOOD(m/ EBB(m/
RANGE(m)
s)
s)
4.77
2.33
2.25
4.12
0.52
1.98
4.77
2.36
2.54
4.12
2.1
2.11
4.77
1.29
1.34
4.12
1.14
1.59
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IIT Madras.

Table 5. Comparison of modeled estuarine currents in Haldia region with measured

values during August 2015 at locations as per Fig 11.
HALDIA MODELED VALUES
POINT
TIDE
FLOOD(m/ EBB(m/
S
RANGE(m)
s)
s)
1
4.76
1.75
1.77
2
4.87
1.65
1.83
3
4.76
0.68
0.72
4
4.77
0.57
0.66
5
4.95
0.99
1.12
HALDIA MEASURED VALUES

TIDE
FLOOD(m/ EBB(m/
RANGE(m)
s)
s)
4.23
1.63
1.54
4.23
1.17
1.5
4.88
1.93
1.55
4.88
1.32
0.59
5.3
2.53
2.36
This is the best calibration possible using existing data and acceptable as for as preliminary
report is concerned. The level of closeness of calibrated data is acceptable. As such the
calibration & validation of the Mathematical Model of river Hugli at a macroscopic level is
performed considering the fact that the Hugli Estuary is vast & dynamic in nature. Any
Mathematical model output of such a vast river system (dynamics of which is driven by
tidal water influx from the ocean) gives a qualitative trend of the system (WL, Velocity,
Discharge, Sedimentation), rather than quantitative one-to-one correspondence with the
observed field values measured at different states of tide. With this calibration, the results
of the simulations provide sufficient confidence in terms of computation of flow and
siltation in the Hooghly estuary. IITM has collected field data within the specified scope of
the study. More detailed time series calibration with the statistical quantification of closeness
of calibrated model to measured values will be provided in the long term study report.
5.0 TIDAL HYDRODYNAMICS OF HOOGHLY ESTUARY

In order assess the stability of Eden channel, the following scenarios were considered. Case1 is fundamentally a reconstruction of the present scenario in the channels. In case-2, the
situation of flow and siltation is investigated if the Eden channel is used for navigation
without the Auckland bar being dredged (i.e. it is allowed to close fully leaving a fully
grown Auckland shoal). In this case, the existing deep shoals or bulges at the confluence of
Eden-Auckland are left as it is as per survey data. Some of these shoals projecting into the
channel cause local disturbances to flow. Therefore these are described as impediments
(Fig.11(b)) to flow.
In case-3, these deep shoals are removed with Auckland being
maintained at -4.6m. In case-4, the impediments in Eden and Upper Auckland are cleared
and Auckland bar is left un-dredged as in case 2. In all cases, the Jellingham shoal is
assumed to be dredged as per the present practice (-4.0 to -4.1m). In order to assess the
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impact of stoppage of Auckland dredging on Jelingham and Rangafalla channels, Case-5 &
Case-6 are setup with fine mesh over these regions also. These are basically case-1 and 2
with more refined meshes in the above channels.
Table.6. Critical scenarios to be considered for assessing stability of Eden Channel

Auckland channel
Eden Channel
Upper
Auckland Jellingham
Channel
Channel
Jellingham shoal
is considered to
be dredged to 4.0m to -4.1m as
per the present
practice.
Case - 1
Dredged to - 4.6m
As it is
As it is
Case - 2
Not dredged
As it is
As it is
Case - 3
Dredged to - 4.6m
Clear from
Clear from
impediments
impediments
Clear from
Clear from
impediments
impediments
As it is
As it is
Case - 4
Case - 5
Not dredged
Dredged to - 4.6m
Same as above with

more fine mesh
Case - 6
Not dredged
As it is
As it is
around Jellaingham
and Rangafalla
channels.
The present tidal hydrodynamic conditions at site are mainly characterized by flooding and
ebbing of tide from the sea. Figures 12.1 to 12.24 bring out the flow features in the estuary
during flooding and ebbing. Figures 12.1-12.12 correspond to neap tide and Fig.12.1312.24 correspond to spring tide. The flow directions are indicated by the velocity vectors.
The background colour indicates the variation of current magnitude as per the legend
provided. The figures also bring out the variation of the flow features due to occurrence of
neap and spring tides.
The overall flow features during the neap tide are brought out in the above figures. There is
controlled entry of tide from the south into the estuary during flooding. The velocity of
currents in the Eden, Auckland region varies up to 1.2m/s and where the flow convergence
takes place, the velocities go up to 1.5m/s. During ebbing, the process is reversed with the
similar magnitudes of velocities. In both flooding and ebbing phase, it is evident that along
the Eden channel, the velocity is along the channel and along the Auckland the velocity is
across the channel. During high tide and low tide, the residual circulation is less than 0.2m/s
in the open sea and about 0.5-0.7m/s along the upper reaches.
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Similar flow features with enhanced velocity levels are observed during spring tide
(Figs.12.13 to 12.24). The flooding velocities in the navigational channels could reach up to
1.7-2.0m/s. This is observed to be marginally higher during the ebbing cycle. The residual
circulation in the upper reaches could reach about 1.5m/s at several locations.
Figures 12.25 to 12.72 brings out exploded views of the flow features over the lower reaches
of the estuary and over the areas of Eden-Auckland confluence for the purpose of further
understanding. These plots suggest that there is a presence of moderate eddy formation at
the Eden-Auckland confluence. These eddies symbolize possible areas of sedimentation
provided the sediment supply is considerable. The second aspect has direct impact on the
manoeuvrability of the vessels in and out of the port. Figure 12.73 brings out the typical
velocity rose diagrams for Auckland and Eden channels. This summarises the discussions
made above.
The above aspects of flow in the Hooghly estuary are similar in all the cases considered
(case-1 to case-4). The marked difference between the cases 1-4 which is relevant to the
stability of Eden channel is the volume of flow in the channel (Figs.12.74-12.76), when the
Auckland channel is closed (Case-2) and the impediments in the Eden-Upper Auckland
reaches are removed (Case-3 & Case-4). The increased flow is about 8-10%. Since the
incoming flow in the western channel is same, this increase in flow entering the upper Eden
stretch during ebbing will have a positive effect on the Eden channel stability. Detailed time
histories of fluxes in the western and eastern branches of upper Hooghly are provided in
Figs.12.77 and 12.78. This will further be addressed in detail during the long term study of
IIT Madras.
6.0 WATER DEPTH CHANGES DUE TO SILTATION

The present study was further extended to simulate water depth changes or
morphodynamics in the Hooghly estuary for cases 1 to 6. For Cases-1 and 2, due to the
impediments in Eden and Upper Auckland confluence, the flow is not very well streamlined
in the channels. Hence, there is an indication of significant amount of shoals in the Eden &
Upper Auckland region. However, these impediments are shallow patches and hence need
not be removed as they are away from main navigational channel.
The scenario of siltation in Hoogly estuary after one neap-spring-neap cycle for the Case-1
are projected in Figs 13.1 to 13.4. The bathymetry plots before and after the simulations,
Figs.13.1 and 13.2 show that there are some regions of bed level change during the neapspring-neap cycle. In order to bring out the siltation extent and regions, the differential
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levels are extracted and shown in Fig.13.3 and 13.4. It is evident that the siltation levels are
to the tune of 6-10 cm over the 14 day tidal cycle in the shoal region of Auckland channel.
This is basically the region when the channel is being continuously dredged for the purpose
of providing connectivity to HDC. The figures also suggest a simultaneous shoaling in the
lower Eden regions. This is the result of a deeper trench which is present on the east of
Eden channel. This suggests that Auckland will start shoaling or collecting sediments on a
continuous basis. On the other hand, Eden maintains the water depth beyond -4.5m CD or 7.32m M.S.L).
Similar results are brought out for the Case-2 to 4 in Fig.13.5 to 13.8. The results of Case-2
and Case-4 suggest that Eden channel siltation is expected to reduce if Auckland shoal
continues from north to south across Auckland channel. From the initial run for 14 days of
the model results, the siltation rate of Eden channel is quite less compared to Lower
Auckland Bar and it can be made operational with some dredging to maintain a 4.5m depth
and therefore is most likely to be maintained throughout the year. However continuous
monitoring / review is recommended. The results indicate reduced
siltation in Eden
channel due to flow getting regulated in the western channels. This is a positive aspect for
operating Eden on a continuous basis. There may be minor amount of shoaling in the
confluence between Eden and Auckland. This might need to be dredged and depth of -4.5m
shall be maintained for continuous use of Eden channel. IIT Madras also proposes that the
alignment of Eden Channel shall be looked into more carefully in order to obtain a trouble
free configuration of Eden as for as siltation is concerned. The results pertaining to Case-5
and Case-6, in which the siltation aspects of Jellingham area are studied suggest that there
will not be any significant change in dredging requirements in Jellingham area irrespective
of dredging or not in Auckland channel.
7.0 WAVE CONDITIONS OVER LOWER EDEN AREA

Wave conditions over lower Eden area is an important input in operationalization of Eden
channel.
Under the present study, IITM investigated the wave conditions using
Wavewatch-III for the Bay of Bengal using typical wind force data of 2014. The annual
offshore wave data rose is presented in Fig.14. The figure indicates that waves mostly
approach the Hooghly estuary from southerly direction (about 190 deg. orientation) with
heights less than 2m for most of the year. As the waves cross the lower Eden channel, their
height reduces to below 1.5m all the time of the year (Table 8). The wave periods are 7.5s to
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9.0s most of the time. These waves approach from about 190 deg. These conditions are
ideal for navigation. Pilot boarding should be planned accordingly.
Table.8. Typical Annual Wave Climate at 21.7N, 87.95E (above lower Eden) during
2014.
Month
Maximum
Hs (m)
Mean Period,
Tm (s)
Wave
Direction
(deg.)
Number of
days wave
height 1.5-2.0
Number of
days
(>2.0m)
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
0.85
0.78
0.72
0.91
1.2
1.35
1.45
1.13
1.56
1.08
0.78
0.69
8.3
8.9
8.4
7.9
7.8
8.7
8.8
8.8
9.1
10.2
9.3
7.9
142.8
181.6
196.0
197.2
194.4
196.7
194.1
200.3
193.8
181.2
178.4
152.5
0
0
0
1
19
14
17
15
9
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
3
6
5
6.
3
0
0
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8.0 DREDGING & DISPOSAL

Dredge spoil from Jellingham area disposal through Eden channel shall be carried out at
suitable locations systematically. The following are the criteria for any of the disposal
locations.
It shall be such that sediments do not return to the origin. Hence, the dump spoil
shall remain in the same site or shall be made to move away from the estuary due to
tidal flushing.
It shall be having sufficient spread and water depth for accommodating sediments
for a relatively longer period of time.
In view of the above, 2 sites are selected for dumping dredged material. These sites are
shown in Fig.15. These sites could be accessed either through the Dredger or through a
dump-barge,. Though dredge spoil dumping could be carried out at any time, it would
be better to dispose the same before or after high tide and dumping shall be timed to
coincide with ebbing flow. Due to the ebb currents, which are strong enough, the
sediments will be carried offshore. This process will ensure the sediments do not return
to the Eden channel. The distance to dump sites from Upper auckland channel will be
shorter than the present dumping ground along Sagar.
In the event of non-availability of barges, navigability of dredgers to the dump sites
through Eden could become impossible. On the other hand, deeper and farther dump
sites may involve more cost and other related difficulties. An alternative is to reach
Location-3 will be to maintain a channel of about 100m base width over Lower
Auckland channel. Since this channel is already dredged to -4.6m, it can be readily
available for use. This is shown in Fig.16. Figure 15 & 16 also indicate location 4 for
disposal of material only from Eden channel dredging. Since this is a shallow location,
and also considering the dredging requirement in Eden will be a minimum, Location 4
could have a life of more than 5 years.
Dredging plan
The estuary being wider than 20km in lower estuarine reach and its flow through Eden
channel being uncontrolled and unbounded by banks on either side, only indicative
assessment/estimate could be made regarding the maintenance dredging requirement to
maintain a sustainable operational navigable depth (-4.5 m) over the Eden channel and 4.6m single lane over Lower Auckland. In case of emergent situation, necessary remedial
measures can be adopted based on continuous monitoring / review of ground conditions. In
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order to make this assessment, the siltation rates observed in the simulations are adopted. It
is about 6-10 cm per spring neap cycle over Auckland. Over Eden, it is 3-6 cm. Therefore,
the dredging quantities are estimated as below.
Table.9. Dredging Requirements for Lower Auckland Channel and Eden Channel
Upper part
of Lower
Auckland
Channel
Lower
part of
Lower
Auckland
Channel
Eden
Channel
Length of
Channel,
m
Width of
Channel,
m
Approximate
area to be
dredged
Siltation Rate
(meters/14 days)
6000
120
720000
0.06
0.1
1126286
1877143
2800
120
336000
0.06
0.1
525600
876000
1200
500
600000
0.03
Total dredging estimates apart from Jellingham
0.06
469285.7
2121171
938571.4
3691714
Lower
bound
Upper
bound
Annual Volume of
Dredging (m3)
Lower
bound
Upper
bound
Note: At present, no dredging is taken into account /considered for Rangafalla channel. This
needs to be continuously monitored. The above estimate is arrived based on recent trends and
siltation rates assessed from mathematical modelling. The field monitoring will throw more
light for confirmation of these quantities, while dredging over lower auckland bar will be
significantly catering only for keeping one lane of 100m open for the movement of dredgers.
Jellingham area dredging requirements shall continue as per the present practice to cater for
the requirements of Jellingham shoal, Haldi river confluence and Haldia anchorage. As
provided by Dy. SDDS, KoPT, the Jellingham dredging quantities in the last two years are.
Year
Quantity dredged in million cubic

meters in Jellingham
2014-15
2015-16 (Till January- 16 )
3.60
5.64
Actual infill rate over Lower Auckland bar during suspension of dredging activities in the
next 4 months (except keeping one lane open with dredging for dredger movement), will be
assessed based on field data. The mathematical model results would be used for determining
stabilizing / threshold depth over the Lower Auckland bar.
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Effect of Spur 26
During the meeting of 2nd Nov. 2015 with the Honble Minister for Shipping and Transport,
based on the first impression of the site conditions, it was suggested that removal of Spur 26
could improve the flow and stability of Eden channel confluence with Auckland channel.
However, post this meeting, KoPT have conducted bathymetry surveys which revealed nonexistence of any exposed structure at this location for about 300m from Track 1 of Eden
channel. Hence, it is concluded that the spur or no physical structure exist in this location
and the plan for removal of spur 26 could be dropped.
9.0 LONG TERM RECOMMENDATIONS

During the next phase of this study, the focus will be to assess items (b, c, d and e) as listed
under the objectives. Availability of navigable depths in the longer terms (for about 5-10
years) will be investigated. A discussion on cyclic sand behaviour, provided in AnnexureIII, provides ample scope for continuous but monitored use of Eden channel. The study will
also focus on assessment of the impact of discontinuation of dredging over lower Auckland
and requirement of any remedial measures. Effect of the closure of dredging over Lower
Auckland (upper part) may be assessed on Kolkata Channel i.e. on Rangafalla Channel.
Simultaneously, monitoring of bathymetry over an area of 9sq.km, that is, the confluence
between Eden-Auckland will be taken up. This will be carried out twice a week for 4
months. The purpose of these measurements is to use this information to calibrate sediment
transport model and use this information in the prediction of long term stability of Eden
channel.
10.0 RECOMMENDATIONS
This report brings out the preliminary findings of IIT Madras on the stability of Eden
channel. The focus of the study reported herein is to mathematically model the stability of
Eden channel for availability of navigable depths in the shorter term. Assessment of the
annual dredging requirement over Eden Channel for maintaining of depth of 4.5 m vis--vis
depth of 4.6m over Auckland bar/channel is also addressed in this report.
The numerical model used for the present study has been calibrated to simulate field
conditions as closely as possible. The calibrated model has been used to study
hydrodynamics of the estuary and siltation. The resulting changes in the bathymetry have
also been modelled satisfactorily.
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1. The study suggests that Eden channel could continuously be used with little dredging in
the shorter term of about 2-3 years with continuous monitoring.
2. Further, non-dredging of Auckland channel may not have any bearing on the operation of
Eden channel as the siltation rates appear to not change in Case 4. Thus, it is recommended
that Eden channel will be stable in the shorter term, for the next 2-3 years with continuous
monitoring.
3. Simultaneously, monitoring the Upper and Lower parts of Lower Auckland bar also shall
be carried out. During the long term study, the stability of Eden channel over the next 5 to
10 years will be addressed. Further decisions / actions may be taken up on the review of
ground conditions, as deemed fit, based on monitoring exercise and long term study.
4. As of now, 4 potential dumping grounds are suggested for the dredged spoil. Out of these,
two locations around Eden Channel have been identified (Loc 1, 2) for possible disposal by
barges only. These locations do not have navigable depths for access by dredgers. Location
3 is the same as that being used by KoPT for dumping of the dredged spoil. This location
shall be accessed by a single lane channel over lower Auckland. Location 4 is an area with a
water depth of about 7.1m and getting deeper offshore. This location is recommended for
dumping of dredged spoil from Eden channel and Eden-Auckland confluence only. The life
of this location could be more than about 5 years.
5. As part of operationalization Eden, a navigable one-lane channel shall be maintained over
lower Auckland channel for the purpose reaching dumping ground 3. Thus, a one-lane
channel shall be maintained in this stretch for a bottom width of 100m as per PIANC
guidelines. The side slope of this channel will be 1:5 to 1:6.
Prof. K. Murali
Prof.V.Sundar
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Study on Stability and Dredging of Eden Channel Preliminary Report

IIT Madras.
Fig.2. (a) Grain size distribution curve at Jellingham
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IIT Madras.
Fig.2. (b) Grain size distribution curve at Eden bar
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Fig.2. (c) Grain size distribution curve at Sagar
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Fig.3 Location of the project site
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Fig.4. Computational domain considered for the tidal hydraulics study
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Fig.5. Computational mesh generated from the boundary curve
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Fig.6. Details of dense mesh around the main navigational channels.
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Fig.7. Sea bed levels represented in the computational mesh of Fig.7
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Fig.8. Sea bed levels 3 dimensional view
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Fig.9. (a) Tidal elevation boundary data used for the open boundary at Diamond Harbour
region for February 2015 for comparison with measured values
Fig.9. (b) Tidal elevation boundary data used for the open boundary at Diamond Harbour
region for August 2015 for comparison with measured values
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Fig.9. (c) Tidal elevation boundary data used for the open boundary at Sagar Island region
for February 2015 for comparison with measured values
Fig.9. (d) Tidal elevation boundary data used for the open boundary at Sagar Island region
for August 2015 for comparison with measured values
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Fig.10. (a) Tidal elevation boundary data for two tidal cycles used for the open boundary at
Diamond Harbour region for February 2015
Fig.10. (b) Tidal elevation boundary data for two tidal cycles used for the open boundary at
Sagar Island region for February 2015
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Fig.11. (a) Location of current measurements taken.
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Fig.11. (b) Possible bulges into the present channels as per Case-1.
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Fig 12.1 Typical Estuarine currents during 13.2.2015 (3.00 PM)

based on hydrodynamic simulations
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Fig 12.10 Typical Estuarine currents during 14.2.2015 (12.00 AM)

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Fig 12.25 Typical Estuarine currents in channel region during 13.2.2015 (3.00 PM) based on
hydrodynamic simulations.
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Fig 12.32 Typical Estuarine currents in channel region during 13.2.2015 (10.00 PM) based
on hydrodynamic simulations.
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Fig 12.34 Typical Estuarine currents in channel region during 14.2.2015 (12.00 AM) based
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Fig 12.49 Details of flooding features over the confluence of Eden-Auckland during
13.2.2015 (3.00 PM)
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13.2.2015 (4.00 PM)
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13.2.2015 (5.00 PM)
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13.2.2015 (6.00 PM)
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13.2.2015 (9.00 PM)
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13.2.2015 (10.00 PM)
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13.2.2015 (11.00 PM)
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14.2.2015 (12.00 AM)
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14.2.2015 (1.00 AM)
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14.2.2015 (2.00 AM)
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19.2.2015 (10.00 AM)
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19.2.2015 (9.00 PM)
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Flooding
Ebbing
Flooding
Ebbing
Fig.12.73 Current rose diagrams for Lower Auckland (top) and Upper Eden (bottom)
channels.
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Section used
for Eden
channel Flux
Fig.12.74(a) 600m wide section at which Eden channel flux is calculated.
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Fig.12.74(b) Section at which flux across western and eastern branches of upper Hooghly
are calculated.
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Fig.12.75 Computed fluxes across Eden channel for Case-1.
Fig.12.76 Computed fluxes across Eden channel for Case-4.
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Fig.12.77 Computed fluxes across Western branch of upper Hooghly (section b of

Fig.12.74(b)).
Fig.12.78 Computed fluxes across Eastern branch of upper Hooghly (section c of

Fig.12.74(b)).
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Fig.13.1 Condition of channels when Auckland open before simulation for Case1
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Fig.13.2 Condition of channels when Auckland open after simulation for Case1
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Fig.13.3 Bed level change plot for Auckland open condition for Case1
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Fig.13.4 Three dimensional view of siltation for Auckland open condition for Case1
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Fig.13.5 Condition of channels when Auckland closed before simulation for Case2
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Fig.13.6 Condition of channels when Auckland closed after simulation for Case2
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Fig.13.7 Bed level change plot for Auckland closed condition for Case2
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Fig.13.8 Three dimensional view of siltation for Auckland closed condition for Case2
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Fig.13.9 Condition of channels when Auckland open before simulation for Case3
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Fig.13.10 Condition of channels when Auckland open after simulation for Case3
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Fig.13.11 Bed level change plot for Auckland open condition for Case3
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Fig.13.12 Three dimensional view of siltation for Auckland open condition for Case3
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Fig.13.13 Condition of channels when Auckland closed before simulation for Case4
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Fig.13.14 Condition of channels when Auckland closed after simulation for Case4
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Fig.13.15 Bed level change plot for Auckland closed condition for Case4
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Fig.13.16 Three dimensional view of siltation for Auckland closed condition for Case4
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Fig.13.17 Bed level change plot for Auckland open condition for Case5 at confluence of
Auckland and Eden channel
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Fig.13.18 (a) Bed level change plot for Auckland open condition for Case5 at Jellingham
region
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Fig.13.18 (b) Regions of navigable depths for Case5 ( Blue navigable regions; Red
regions with non-navigable depths).
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Fig.13.19 Bed level change plot for Auckland closed condition for Case6 at confluence of
Auckland and Eden channel
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Fig.13.20 (a) Bed level change plot for Auckland closed condition for Case6 at Jellingham
region
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Fig.13.20 (b) Regions of navigable depths for Case6 ( Blue navigable regions; Red
regions with non-navigable depths).
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N
0
315
45
270
90
0
20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280
225
135
180
Fig.14. (a) Annual wave rose diagram offshore (21.625N, 87.875E) of Lower Eden.
(Each bandwidth represents the cumulative 50 wave direction .The length of the bars
indicates the number of occurrences(each data is 6-hourly representation) of events along
the particular direction.)
N
0
45
315
Hs (m)
90
270
225
135
180
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Fig.14. (b) Annual Wave height rose diagram offshore (21.625N, 87.875E) of Lower Eden.
(Each wave direction of 6-hourly average wave characteristics is presented for the
significant wave height.)
1 X=584333.3 Y=2394745
2 X=598666.7 Y=2384902
3 - X=603000 Y=2383630
4- X=591497 Y=2377744
1
2 3
4
Fig.15. BARGE OPTION: Dumping grounds suitable for disposal of dredged spoil through
Eden channel
(i) during Ebb tide (Location 1 & 2); (ii) at all times (Location 3) (iii) Disposal of Eden
channel dredged spoil (Location 4).
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1
2 3
4
Fig.16. DREDGER OPTION: Access to Dumping ground (Location 3) by a dredged single

lane (W = 72.6m for Dredge XIV) through Auckland bar.
.
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Preliminary Report on Stability of Eden Channel
Annexure-I
A-I Model for Tidal Hydrodynamics and Mophodynamics

A-I-1 Model formulation
Navier-Stokes equations (N-S equations) is the fundamental mathematical framework for
any fluid dynamics process. In the context of tides, the N-S equations simplify to the well
known vertically integrated shallow water equations (SWE) that govern the ocean flow
field with main momentum transport occurring in the horizontal directions only. The
SWE in a cartesian co-ordinate frame fixed to the rotating earth and without lateral
turbulent diffusion are,
q x , x q y , y ,t 0
q
qx
qx , x y qx , y fq y 1 Hpa , x gH, x 1 ax bx
H
H
q
q
q y ,t y q y , z y q y , y fqx 1 Hpa , y gH, y 1 ay by
H
H
q x ,t
Here, the origin of the co-ordinate system is chosen at the undisturbed sea surface with 'z'
measured positive upwards. (qx, qy) is the volume transport vector in the (x, y) plane and
t is the time. The suffixes preceded by ',' indicate partial derivatives. H = h+ is the
total depth of water, h is the undisturbed depth of water at z=0, is the sea surface
elevation measured from the undisturbed sea surface, f is the Coriolis parameter, is the
density of water and g is the acceleration due to gravity. (ax , ay) and (bx , by) are the
stresses at air-sea interface and bottom surface respectively. They are evaluated using the
conventional quadratic law as follows:
a Ka a W W ,
b K b H
qq
where Ka and Kb are the wind and bottom stress coefficients respectively, a is the air
density, W is the wind velocity measured 10m above the sea level and the volume
transport q (qx, qy). The effects of lateral eddy viscosity is added to the model for the
purpose accounts for energy dissipation in lateral direction through standard eddy
diffusivity term and using an Eddy viscosity formulation. Appropriate water levels and
wind velocities have to be specified for this equation for simulation of tides. It has been
observed (Chitra, 1998) that in long wave simulation studies, the initial conditions do not
Annexure-I
affect the numerical solution. Hence, the usual practice in tide simulation studies, is to
assume the ocean to be initially at rest, before the introduction of the free surface
perturbation or wind stress at the ocean free surface, i.e. , qx, qy = 0 for t 0. The
conventional impermeable vertical side wall assumption may be made along the coastal
boundary.
A-I-2 Ocirc 1.0
IIT Madras have developed an in-house computer code to implement the above equations.
Ocirc 1.0 has been used in several projects in the past for investigating tidal
hydrodynamics and siltation, specifically to Cochin, Kandla, Paradeep ports and to study
Storm surge and Tsunami hydrodynamics for DoAE, MES, DRDO etc. The model has
also been applied in high tidal range basins such as Gulf of Kutch and Gulf of Kumbat.
The model uses an unstructured mesh generation technique and solves the shallow water
equations using a Finite Volume Finite Element based method. The convective fluxes
are estimated using Godunov's approach.
Finite Volume Discretisation
The FVM is chosen for the SWE as it will better conserve the mass and momentum in the
truncated solution domain. To obtain a basic idea of the FVM, the reader is referred to
Roache (1998). And for a detailed description of the method one should read Ashford
(1996). The FVM involves partitioning the domain into a set of non-overlapping control
volumes. On each control volume, the integral form of the equations is required to hold.
The solution unknowns are taken to be the cell-average quantities that interact through
fluxes at the boundaries of the control volumes. Using the integral form of the equations
guarantees that any discontinuities that arise in the solution will have the proper strengths
(and speeds in an unsteady calculation). Several possible choices exist for the control
volumes on an unstructured mesh. In this work, a cell-vertex method is used in which the
unknowns are associated with the mesh vertices and the control volumes are taken to be
the cells of the median dual mesh. The fluxes through the boundaries of the control
volumes are computed using an upwind procedure based on Godunov's (Godonov, 1959)
method.
Annexure-I
Time Stepping
For this purpose, an explicit multistage scheme is chosen. With the spatial discretisation
complete, the PDE reduce to a coupled system of ordinary differential equations that can
be written as
dU
R ( U)
dt
U(0) = U0
Where U is the global conserved state vector containing all the unknowns, R(U) is an
operator representing the spatial discretisation and U0 is the initial condition. A widely
used explicit method for the above equations is the multistage scheme, where m is the
stage, is
U ( 0) U n
U ( k ) U n k dtR ( U (k 1) ), k 1,2,..., m
U ( n 1) U ( m)
where (n) and (n+1) refer to recent and new time levels respectively, and k are the stage
coefficients. We have implemented a 1 and a 2 stage scheme with 0 = 1.0 for the 1 stage
scheme and 0=0.5 and 1=1.0 for the 2 stage scheme.
Initial condition
Generally, in coastal hydrodynamic modelling, the initial conditions do not play any
crucial role. Hence the usual practice is to assume the ocean to be initially at rest, before
the introduction of boundary conditions on lateral boundaries and on the sea surface, i.e.,
, qx, qy = 0; t0.
Boundary conditions
The current solver could work with tide elevation boundary conditions alone. When
elevation is provided at boundaries, velocity Sommerfeld radiation condition is satisfied
at these boundaries. In cases, where velocity boundary condition shall be used, the solver
would use the Sommerfeld condition to estimate the elevation at the boundary. It is also
possible to run the model with Elevation and Velocity boundary conditions in case
measurements are available.
Annexure-I
Mesh Generation
An unstructured mesh generation technique has been incorporated in the present model to
produce high quality meshes suitable for shallow water equations. The mesh generation
process is highlighted in Fig.A-I-1. The mesh generation process begins with the
construction of the boundary mesh. In this process, the domain boundaries are discretised
considering a courant number criteria (C-criteria). The discretisation mainly aims at
keeping the overall mesh courant number, required by the user, constant while it will also
try to model the geometry as close as possible. This will produce high quality meshes in
the estuary.
A-I-3 Morphodynamics Model
The mass balance of sediments at a given control volume and resulting change in volume
of sediments is used to estimate change in bed level. This is same as MIKE21 ST module
of MIKE 21 software. The bed level (h) equation as provided below is used to compute
the siltation rates.
h
1
h (q x , q y ) 0
t 1 n
In the above, n is the porosity and q is the total sediment transport rate. The above
approximation assumes that, under a balanced condition, the sediment entrainment and
deposition rates are at equilibrium (Tambroni et al., 2010). In order to smooth out the bed
level changes, a diffusion term could be added to the above equation.
quantifying the diffusion coefficient will require lot of data.
However,
Hence, a laplacian
smoothing of the bed levels is carried out, with 3 cycles, for the purpose of mimicking the
location specific diffusion of bed levels.
In order to compute the sediment fluxes, Ocirc employs the following approaches.
Ackers and White formula: This formula is the most suitable one for the present
situation as it directly computes the total load of sediment transport. It works very well
when the flow conditions mostly shallow water, as that of the present case.
It is
applicable for a wide range of sediment size and water depths. Hence, this formula is
expected to give more appropriate estimate of the sediment load.
Annexure-I
Van Rijn formula: This formula is another favoured formula in field by many engineers
for total load estimates. However, the limitations of this approach (flow depth,h, >1.0m
and D50>0.5mm) is making this formula unusable for the present application.
Bed & Suspended load estimates: Traditionally, the sediment transport has been
considered to be of mainly 2 forms: Bed load and Suspended load. In this approach the
load estimates will be combined to give the total load. It is usually observed that (Coastal
Engineering, 2004) this formula will give the lower bounds of the total load.
3.4.2
Estimation of Total Load
According to Ackers and White formula, the sediment transport is related to,
Ggr = qt (u*/U)n/UD = C[(Fgr/Agr)-1]m
The above relationship is used to estimate qt (m3/m/s) from U (Mean flow), D (D35), u*
(friction velocity), C (Chezy coefficient) and parameters n, m, Agr and Fgr. More
information can be found in Coastal Engineering (2004). The transport equation
governing the bed level change is coupled with the hydrodynamic equation to estimate
the rate of sedimentation in the estuary.
In the present study, the hydrodynamics and morphodynamics modules are coupled in
time domain to provide the most sophisticated estimates of bed level change. After each
hydrodynamic solution, the sediment rates are resolved in each cell and converted into
siltation. The computed siltation is added to the bathymetry to provide a direct feedback
of bed change to velocity computation. Thus the balance between sediment mobilizing
and stabilizing stresses are continuously maintained during the computations.
A-I-4 Validation of Ocirc

The validation of Ocirc has been assessed by applying and comparing the results with the
data (Murali et. al., 2002). The model is also validated by comparing its results with
MIKE21 alternate wetting/ drying calculations in Gulf of Kutch where the effect of
wetting and drying is much large. The details of this validation is provided pictorially in
Fig.A-I-2 to Fig.A-I-8. Figs. A-I-2 to A-I-4 provide the details of the computational
domain of Gulf of Kutch, unstructured mesh and bathymetry modeled respectively.
Fig.A-I-5 gives the details of tidal elevation at the offshore boundary as time series for 15
Annexure-I
days. The comparison of computed velocities during the simulation period is provided
between Ocric and MIKE-21.
The comparison suggests a very good agreement
between Ocirc and MIKE-21, thus validating the Ocirc. Further details of simulations
are provided in Fig.A-I-7 and A-I-8 in terms of simulated water levels and velocity
vectors.
A-I-4 References
1. Chitra.K, Murali.K and Mahadevan.R,(1996c), 'Simulation of storm surges along east
coast of India using an explicit FEM', International Conference in Ocean
Engineerong'96, Ocean Engineering Centre, IIT, Madras, India, Dec. 17-22, 1996.
2. Murali.K, Jing Lou and Kurichi Kumar.(2002). An Unstructured model Simulations
for Singapore Strait. Maritime and Port Journal, Singapore, 2002.
3. Tambroni, N, C.Ferrarin and A.Canestrelli (2010). Benchmark on the numerical
simulations of the hydrodynamic and morphodynamic evolution of tidal channels and
tidal inlets, Continental Shelf Research 30 (2010) 963983.
Annexure-I
Read Boundary as Spline Curves

Bathymetry &
Desirable C and dt
Boundary Discretisation
Smoothing
Curvature Refinement
Proximity Refinement
Boundary Mesh Conditioning
Points Insertion
(with spacing)
Background Mesh Generation
(Define Spacing)
Bathymetry
Domain Mesh:
Advancing Front
(Equilateral Triangles)
Mesh
Quality
NO
Smoothing
Edge Swap
MinMax
YES
Computational Mesh Storage
Fig.A-I-1 Mesh Generation Procedure
Annexure-I
1.2E+05
Kandla Creek
1.0E+05
Tekra
6.0E+04
4.0E+04
Arabian Sea
y (m)
8.0E+04
Gulf of Kutch
2.0E+04
5.0E+04
1.0E+05
1.5E+05
x (m)
Fig.A-I-2 Boundary curve used for mesh generation for tidal model
1.2E+05
Kandla Creek
1.0E+05
Tekra
6.0E+04
4.0E+04
Arabian Sea
y (m)
8.0E+04
Gulf of Kutch
2.0E+04
5.0E+04
1.0E+05
1.5E+05
x (m)
Fig.A-I.3 Computational mesh generated from the boundary curve of Fig.2.1.
1.2E+05
Annexure-I
d (m): -50 -45 -40 -35 -30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5
Kandla Creek
1.0E+05
Tekra
6.0E+04
4.0E+04
Arabian Sea
y (m)
8.0E+04
Gulf of Kutch
2.0E+04
5.0E+04
1.0E+05
1.5E+05
x (m)
Fig.A-I-4 Sea bed levels represented in the computational mesh of Fig.2.2.
Annexure-I
Fig.A-I-5 Tidal elevation boundary data used for the open boundary at Arabian Sea.
Velocity at Proposed Terminal off Tekra

s
)m 0.4
/
(y
tc
io
0.3
e
lV
IIT M ode l
M IKE 2 1 W ith wetting & drying
n
t
a
0.2
tu
ls
e
R
0.1
0 0
Tim e (da ys)
10
Fig.A-I-6. Comparison of present model results with wetting drying calculations.
Annexure-I
Fig.A-I-7. Simulated Tides and Current patterns in Gulf of Kutch calculations (i) flooding and (ii) after flooding.
Annexure-I
Fig.A-I-8. Simulated Tides and Current patterns in Gulf of Kutch calculations (i) ebbing and (ii) after ebbing.
Modelling the wave climate along Eden channel
Annexure-II
A-II Wave climate along Eden channel

A-II-1 Introduction.
The Union shipping ministry has directed the Calcutta Port Trust (CPT) to open a new
shipping channel to cut dredging costs and improve the navigability of the Haldia port. It
can potentially reduce the cost of shipping at the port and increase the cargo movement
capacity every year. The new Eden channel will bypass the existing longer route ships
take to come to Haldia, i.e., via Auckland channel and Jellingham channel. The Eden
channel which is on the west of Auckland channel, Eden is a deeper drafted channel than
the existing route. It is expected that Eden channel may not require extensive dredging to
keep the route navigable like Auckland. In this section, the operational wave climate
along Eden channel has been established through wind-wave modelling.
An application of spectral wave prediction model for Bay of Bengal has been carried out
to evaluate spectral wave parameters along Eden channel. The global wave model is
based on the WAM Cycle 4 model nested into finer grid SWAN for the wave
propagation near the site. These models simulate the evolution of two dimensional ocean
waves using the spectral energy balance equation, in which wave energies are balanced
with the local wind input, wave dissipation and non-linear energy transfer. The coarser
grid model has been executed over a regional domain, Bay of Bengal. The finer grid
model has been set up near the Eden channel with boundary information from the coarse
grid model. The six-hourly wind vectors over an annual year have been obtained for the
interested domain and the wind-waves have been evaluated along Eden channel.
The objective and scope of the present section are as follows:
Numerical model studies for predicting the short-term wave climate along Eden
channel.
A-II-2 Numerical wave modeling.

It is well accepted that waves at the surface of the deep ocean can be well predicted by
third-generation wave models, based on the energy or action balance equation, that are
driven by wind fields. Some of these have been extended to shelf seas by adding the
finite-depth effects of shoaling, refraction and bottom friction. In general, when dealing
with coastal regions, two approaches are available: one is the approach of phase-resolving
models which make use of the mass and momentum balance equations, while the other
one is an extension of the phase-averaged approach of the energy or action balance
Annexure-II
equation by adding the required physical processes and using appropriate numerical
techniques.
In the phase average models, the wave evolution is formulated on a grid; this technique
has been used for deep-ocean or shelf-sea wave models such as WAM wave model. The
third-generation WAM model was developed by an international group of scientists over
a period of ten-years (The WAMDI Group 1988; Komen, 1994). WAM is based on the
spectral energy balance equation, which equates the evolution of the wave spectrum to the
sum of the local wind input, wave dissipation, nonlinear wave-wave interaction and the
propagation of waves from non-local sources (swell). The source terms describing the
wind input, nonlinear transfer of energy, dissipation due to wave breaking, bottom
dissipation, and refraction for finite-depth water are prescribed explicitly. The model is
formulated in spherical latitude coordinates for an arbitrary region.
In coastal waters, limits of this approach are the absence of diffraction and the use of
linear wave theory for wave propagation. Those limits imply that, for the model to be
applicable, the area of interest should be a few wave lengths away from any natural or
artificial obstacles and that non linear corrections to linear wave propagation have to be
accounted. To accommodate nearshore wave effects, depth refraction and depth limited
wave breaking have been included and also shallow water wave model option has been
invoked. WAM cycle 4 and the nearshore propagation model, SWAN are implemented at
the Department of Ocean Engineering, IITMadras, India.
A-II-2.1 The wave model WAM
The WAM model [Komen et al. (1994)] was developed as the global third generation
model to solve the action balance equation in spherical coordinates for the action density
ocean wave spectrum F ( f , , , , t ) with respect to wave frequency f and direction as
a function of latitude , longitude and time t, which is governed by the transport
equation,
F

.

cos 1
cos F
F
( F )
F S
t
(1)
where, the dotted variables, , , , , represent the rate of change of the positions, the
dispersion relation and propagating direction of waves travelling globally.
Annexure-II
The source function, S is represented as superposition of source terms due to wind input,
non-linear wave-wave interaction, dissipation due to wave breaking, and bottom friction.
This leads to
S Sin S nl S ds Sbot
(2)
The wind input source function was adopted from Snyder et al. (1981). Following Komen
et al. (1984), however, the friction velocity u* is used rather than the wind speed U10 at 10
m height. Consequently,
Sin F
(3)
Where,
max 0, 0.25
a
w
u*
28 cos 1
c
(4)
2f
and a ( w ) is the density of air (water).
The dissipation source function is based on the form,
S ds 3.33 10 5 / 2 / PM 2 F
(5)
proposed by Komen et al. (1984), where the mean frequency is,
E 1 F f , dfd
(6)
and is an integral wave steepness parameter defined by E 4 g 2 . The theoretical

value of for a Pierson-Moskowitz spectrum, PM 4.57 10 3 .
E F f , dfd .
(7)
The WAM model is set up with 25 frequency bands on a logarithmic scale, with
f / f 0.1 . The frequencies span over a range defined by f max / f min 9.8 . There are
12 directional bands. Beyond the high frequency limit ( f hf ) of the prognostic region of
the spectrum, a f
tail is added. The model is fully vectorized and a first-order
propagation scheme is used.

Bottom friction
In shallow waters, the dissipation due to bottom friction adds to the sourcing function to
drive the wave spectral formulation. The source term Sbot representing the energy loss due
to the bottom friction and percolation is,
S bot
2
F
g 2 sinh 2 kD
Annexure-II
(8)
with const. 0.038m 2 s 3 .

The infinite depth group velocity v is replaced by the corresponding expression for finite
depth d,
1
1 g
2kd
2
v
tanh kd 1
k
2 k
sinh 2kd
(9)
In equation for wind input, the phase velocity c is replaced by the appropriate value for
the finite depth. Assuming that the dissipation due to wave breaking is controlled
primarily by the wave slope, the source function can be rewritten as
k
S ds ( 2.63 10 5 )~ ~ l
k
(10)
The non-linear energy transfer for finite depth is modified with the scaling factor R as
follows,
S nl ( finite _ depth) R(kd ) S nl (deep _ water )
Where, R( x ) 1
5.5 5 x
5x
1 exp .
6
x
4
(11)
(12)
In the finite depth hind cast studies, the depth dependent angular refraction term is
generally ignored.
A-II-2.2 Nested Grids
If the nested grid option is used, the model has to be run in at least two stages. Firstly, a
coarse grid run, which generates nested grids, is executed. In a second run, the nested grid
option is chosen. This run expects the boundary information from the earlier coarse grid
run. The nested grid is performed by a shallow water wave model SWAN.
A-II-2.3 Shallow Water Wave Model (SWAN)
In SWAN, the wave characteristics are described in terms of two-dimensional wave
action density spectrum which is governed by the spectral action balance equation similar
to Eq.(q).
Annexure-II
The following wave propagation processes are represented in SWAN:
rectilinear propagation through geographic space,
refraction due to spatial variations in bottom and current,
shoaling due to spatial variations in bottom and current,
blocking and reflections by opposing currents,
transmission through, blockage by or reflection against sub-grid obstacles.
The following wave generation and dissipation processes are represented in SWAN:
generation by wind,
dissipation by whitecapping,
dissipation by depth-induced wave breaking,
dissipation by bottom friction,
wave-wave interactions (quadruplets and triads)
In addition the wave-induced set-up of the mean sea surface can be computed in SWAN.
Cycle III of SWAN is stationary and optionally non-stationary and formulated in
Cartesian or spherical coordinates. The stationary mode should be used only for waves
with a relatively short residence time in the computational area under consideration that
means the travel time of the waves through the region should be small compared to the
time scale of the geophysical conditions (wave boundary conditions, wind, tides and
storm surge). A quasi-stationary approach can be taken with stationary SWAN
computations in a time-varying sequence of stationary conditions.
The effects of currents can be accounted for by using the apparent local wind speed and
direction. The dissipation term of wave energy is represented by the summation of three
different contributions: whitecapping Sds,w (, , x, y, t), bottom friction Sds,b (, , x, y, t)
and depth-induced breaking Sds,br (, , x, y, t).
To first order, ocean waves can be regarded as the superposition of free and independent
spectral components. At higher order, however, there exist interactions between spectral
components which result in a transfer of energy between the components. The lowest
order at which such interactions may occur involves the interaction of three waves, triad
interactions. In such cases, two waves interact nonlinearly and transfer energy to a third
component. Such interactions are important in finite depth conditions but are insignificant
in deep water. SWAN takes into account for quadruplet and triad wave-wave interactions.
Annexure-II
A-II-2.3.1 Limitations
Diffraction is not modeled in SWAN, and hence, should not be used in areas where
variations in wave height are large within a horizontal scale of a few wave lengths.
Because of this, the wave field computed by SWAN will generally not be accurate in the
immediate vicinity of obstacles of characteristic length of half the wavelength.
Input
The spatial resolution for the input grids should be chosen such that relevant spatial
details in the bathymetry, currents, bottom friction and wind are properly resolved. The
geographic location, size and orientation of an input grid and also the time characteristics
of the variable, if it is not stationary, are defined by the user.
There can be different grids for bottom level (BOTTOM), current (CURRENT), bottom
friction coefficient (FRICTION) and wind velocity (WIND).
Output
SWAN can provide output on uniform, rectilinear spatial grids that are independent from
the input grids and from the computational grid, but not for isoline or vector plots. An
output grid has to be specified by the user. The information on an output grid is obtained
from the computational grid by bilinear interpolation. This implies that some inaccuracies
are introduced by this interpolation. In the regions, where, the output grid does not cover
the computational grid, SWAN assumes output values equal to the exception value; e.g.
for Hs the exception value is -9. The exception values of output quantities can be changed
by the user. In nonstationary computations output can be requested at regular intervals
starting at a given time always at computational times.
A-II-2.4 Definition of variables
In SWAN, a number of variables, mostly related to waves are used as input and output.
The definitions of these variables are mostly conventional.
Significant wave height, Hs, is the average height (from wave crest to trough) of the onethird highest waves at a location during a wave measurement time period. It is a
frequently used scientific, naval architecture, engineering, and operational planning wave
Annexure-II
parameter. Individual wave heights vary, so that a statistical description, such as

significant wave height, is used to define wave heights over a time period.
HSIGN significant wave height (Hs in m), defined as:
H s 4 E , d, d
(13)
where: E(, ) is the variance density spectrum

Dominant wave period, Tpeak, Dominant wave period, also called peak wave period, is
the reciprocal of the center frequency of the frequency band that has the largest energy.
Dominant wave period corresponds to the period of the larger waves that occurred during
the measurement time period. PDIR peak direction of E(, ) (in )
TDIR direction of energy transport (in )
PER average absolute period (in s):
Tm , p 1, p 2 p 1 E , d, d / p E , d, d
(14)
where the power p can be chosen by the user. If p=1 (the default value) PER and RPER
are identical to TM01 and RTM01 respectively. If p=0, the average period is obtained as
used in WAM, i.e. T(m,-1,0).
RPER average relative period (in s):
Tm 2 p 1 E , d, d / p E , d, d
(15)
where is here the relative frequency. The power p can be chosen by the user. If p=1 (the
default value) PER and RPER are identical to TM01 and RTM01 respectively. If p=0, the
average period is obtained as used in WAM, i.e. Tm(-1,0). The average or mean wave
period that is also called the zero-crossing wave period.
Wave direction convention: The wave direction convention defines wave direction as
the direction from which waves come measured clockwise from magnetic north.
Magnetic north is used instead of true north so that users can collect and process
directional wave data without entering magnetic corrections before every deployment to
Annexure-II
account for local variations of the earths magnetic field. Corrections can be made after
data collection and analysis to interpret wave directions in terms of true north.
A-II-3 SIMULATION METHODOLOGY
A-II-3.1 Model setup
A-II-3.1.1 Bathymetry
The coarse grid bathymetry over the Bay of Bengal is taken from ETOPO5, with 9.0 km
resolution in latitude and longitude (Cartesian grid), covering the region 30o E to 99oE and
5oN to 30oN. The WAM is initially been set-up in Bay of Bengal which is bounded by the
region 77oE-99oE & 5oN-25oN. A spherical grid resolution of 1/8o x 1/8o with 15o angular
resolution for the directional spectra and 10-minute propagation time step are chosen.
A finer grid model (F1) over the narrower domain along the Eden channel which is facing
Bay of Bengal on its south has been setup in the domain covering longitudes 87oE to 90oE
& latitudes 21oN to 23oN (Fig. 1). The grid resolution is about 1km x 1km. The
bathymetry measured in this region was used. The open boundary information for this
finer grid model has been obtained from the coarser grid model. The nearshore
bathymetry has been obtained from the client.
A-II-3.1.2 Wind Input
The employed wind data is the one entire annual year wind vectors obtained from
ECMRWF. The winds are for the period from January 2014 to December 2014 with 0.25o
x 0.25o resolution. However, there are missing data in the presence of clouds below the
satellite tracks. These missing values are linearly interpolated between adjacent grid
points.
A-II-3.1.3 Discretization parameters
The wave hindcasting is being carried out using 24 directional bands, 25 frequency bands
and frequency interval extending from 0.042 to 0.41 Hz. For the coarser grid model, a 10
minutes time step has been used for the integration of advection and source terms,
considering the depth dependent refraction. The above time step is about 5 minutes for
the finer grid run F1. The output time step adopted is 6 hours and the initial condition for
the wave model has been setup by executing the wave model from its calm state for 3
days.
Annexure-II
A-II-4 References
1. Gunther, H., Hasselmann, S. and Janssen, P.A.E.M., (1992): The WAM model
cycle 4 (revised version), Deutsch. Klim. Rachenzentrum, Techn. Rep. No. 4,
Germany
2. Komen, G.J., Cavaleri, L., Donelan, M., Hasselmann, K. and Hasselmann, S. and
Janssen, P.A.E.M., (1994): Dynamics and modelling of Ocean Waves, Cambridge
University Press, NY.
3. Snyder, R.L., Dobson, F.W., Elliott, J.A., Long, R.B., (1981): Array
measurements of atmospheric pressure fluctuations above gravity waves, J. of
Fluid Mech., 102, pp. 1-59
4. The WAMDI Group, (1988): The WAM model A Third Generation Ocean
Wave Prediction Model, J. of Physical Oceanography, Vol. 18, pp. 1775-1810
Annexure-III
A-III Movement of Cyclic sands and their impact on Eden Channel

A-III-1 Observations of Cyclic sand.
The lower part of Hooghly estuary, where the Eden channel lies, comprises of a few
prominent sand-shoals that move periodically around specific regions.
A close
examination of the sand patches, as seen in the bathymetry chart, indicates that the life
and maintenance of Eden channel as a permanent navigational channel to Halidia depend
on the position of these sand-shoals. In the present study, a trend analysis is carried out to
identify any features in the oscillations of these sand shoals which could pose a threat to
Eden channel sustenance. The results are presented in terms of position of CG of the
sands; Area and Orientation in degrees with respect to east, measured positive in counter
clockwise direction. Details of the analysis are presented in Tables A-III-1 &2 and Figs.
A-III-1 to 8. The following inferences could be made.
The Eden channel is controlled by the movements of Kaukhali and Tigris sandshoals. The Kaukhali is in further balance with Singar.
Any net movement in the above sands will affect the Eden. However, from the
trend analysis, Kaukhali appears to restrict itself to the western side of Eden
channel. On the other hand, it changed orientation, thereby pushing bulges in the
lower part of Upper Auckland. As long as he Kaukhali shoal is behaving as a
single large shoal, the possibility of the sand moving into the lower end of upper
Auckland channel would be a minimum. However, over the certain years,
disintegration of this large shoal has been witnessed, in which case, the probability
of an increase in dredging may become higher. A critical examination shows the
probability of the migration/disintegration of the shoal is less, thus permitting the
operation of upper Auckland channel with minimum dredging as recommended in
this study.
The new south-westerly movement of Kaukhali and clockwise change in

orientation appears to provide more space for Eden, while restricting Upper
Auckland to a minimal extent.
This is further assisted by south-easterly
movement of Tigris with also a net change in its orientation.

Therefore, the sand movement pattern appear to encourage a more stable Eden in the near
future.
Annexure-III
Table. A-III-1. Decadal movement of lower Hooghly sands.

KAUKHALI
SAND
Si. Year Lengt

No
h(m)
1 1997 16206
.55
2 2000 13317
.32
3 2003 17587
.26
4 2006 20873
.28
5 2009 26827
.92
6 2012 16812
.12
7 2014 14546
.24
Tirgris
sand
Si. Year Lengt

No
h(m)
1 1997 4299.
638
2 2003 4456.
169
3 2009 4254.
648
4 2012 7104.
385
5 2014 5261.
619
6 2006 7267.
357
Singar
sand
Si. Year Lengt

No
h(m)
1 2003 74458
.31
2 2006 7288.
33
3 2009 10529
.2
4 2012 5185.
951
5 2014 5091.
619
BedfordSandto
MizzenSand1
Perimet
er(m)
33268.1
43
31926.6
38
38423.9
93
48905.1
07
25680.1
85
37233.3
28
36555
Area
(m^2)
1214426
1.1
1437770
7.7
1515114
3.7
1342263
7.7
1205641
2.5
1528371
8
1297259
4.6
CenterCoordinates
Easting
Northin
g
597424.6 240742
87
9.27
598202.3 241006
22
9.42
596367.8 240634
6
4.29
596997.4 240659
07
2.96
597131.6 240782
54
1.22
597729.3 240942
55
2
597123.2 240835
33
7.54
Area
(m^2)
2828020.
08
2131486.
28
2149585.
66
4870601.
33
4220158.
51
3033952.
77
CenterCoordinates
Easting
Northin
g
599264.5
240195
4.42
600005.4
240061
16
3.08
600125.3
240048
51
0.12
599280.8
239870
92
8.27
599911.8
239959
55
4.01
600356.0
240102
98
5.07
Area
(m^2)
2427449.
49
5512011.
1
6290637.
47
3667027.
57
4265212.
02
CenterCoordinates
Easting
Northin
g
590724.2 240413
52
4.15
591585.1 240548
84
6.04
590508.4 240216
26
1.38
591040.0 240355
29
0.01
591125.2 240357
12
5.17
Lat
2146
10.3917N
2147
36.104N
2145
35.3127N
2145
43.2765N
2146
23.1974N
2147
15.1421N
2146
40.6424N
Perimet
er(m)
9623.75
22
9918.99
89
8796.26
84
14700.0
94
11151.4
3
22967.1
84
Perimet
er(m)
9298.59
65
15022.4
06
21934.8
68
10819.5
28
13730.6
34
Lat
2143
11.9611N
2142
28.1859N
2142
23.8371N
2141
26.3805N
2141
55.0608N
2142
41.5139N
Long
Degrees
08756
32.7418E
08757
0.3853E
08755
55.7143E
08756
17.6868E
08756
22.6212E
08756
43.7754E
08756
22.4416E
68
71
65
64
62
66
62
Long
Degrees
08757
35.6218E
08758
1.1205E
08758
5.2659E
08757
35.4923E
08757
57.6429E
08758
13.416E
Lat
Long
2144
24.5038N
2145
8.3136N
2143
20.3804N
2144
5.4469N
2144
6.2494N
08752
38.7745E
08753
9.0167E
08752
30.8722E
08752
49.6523E
08752
52.6227E
95
90
57
56
54
67
Degrees
65
70
63
52
62
Si.
No
1
Year Lengt
h(m)
1997 6171.
994
2 2000 9744.
059
3 2004 7473.
267
4 2007 8492.
944
BedfordSandto
MizzenSand2
Si. Year Lengt

No
h(m)
1 2009 7874.
419
2 2011 8164.
502
3 2014 9262.
168
Perimet
er(m)
14516.6
23
20437.9
6
18075.6
18
22339.3
29
Perimet
er(m)
25627.5
36
23523.4
27
23275.4
91
Area
(m^2)
8816586.
99
1148811
5.7
1237507
6.7
1245546
3.8
Annexure-III
CenterCoordinates
Easting
Northin
g
609991.0 241376
62
3.76
613326.1
241877
83
8.42
611224.7
241498
55
7.34
609387.0
241169
32
0.69
Lat
Long
Degrees
Degrees
2149
33.7505N
2152
16.0759N
2150
13.2652N
2148
26.4645N
08803
51.8239E
08805
49.2403E
08804
35.0949E
08803
30.2879E
55
68
65
63
Area
(m^2)
1114400
8.5
1257392
2.1
2085159
1.2
CenterCoordinates
Easting
Northin
g
609442.9 241159
65
6.76
609163.5 241093
29
2.94
610424.8 241295
92
1.47
Lat
Long
Degrees
Degrees
2148
23.3972N
2148
1.8705N
2149
7.2353N
08803
32.2135E
08803
22.3229E
08804
6.7393E
62
62
69
Annexure-III
A-III-2. Observations of various sands in lower Hooghly over past two decades.
Sands
Kaukhali
Salient Observations
Tigris
Singar
Bedford
Net westerly movement in 12 years by about 500m. Last peak

occurring in 2012, indicating next westerly push could be around
2024.
Net southward movement in 12 years by about 500m.
Grows and shrinks in a narrow range of 1200-1500 hectares.
Orientation reduced by about 5 degrees in 12 years - it is more
inclined towards Upper Auckland channel.
Sandwiched between Eden and Lower Auckland
Easting remains constant
Net southward movement in 12 years by about 2000m. This
shows, as the Kaukhali pushes the Eden towards south-east, the
Tigris gets pushed.
An increase in size observed, as the sediment originating from
Nayachara tail seems to be getting accumulated here.
Due to the above push, the orientation has been changing and is
presently about 55 deg.
There appears to be a 6-7 year periodicity in Tigris.
For one cycle of oscillation in Kaukhali, there is two oscillations
in Tigris.
Similar periodicity as that of Tigris observed.
Orientation remains more or less same.
Indicates there is a growth in size with the orientation remaining
constant.
May be in equilibrium with west bank and Kaukhali.
There is a slow movement towards west by about 3km.
There is also a movement towards south by about 4-5 km.
Complete periodicity could not be observed. The positions could
have a periodicity of about 16 years.
There is a growth of about 80% in the last 5 years.
The orientation is controlled between 60-70 degrees, indicating a
balance between Rangfalla-Kolkata channel and Sager island.
Fig.A-III-1 Position of lower Hooghly sands over the last two decades.
Annexure-III
Annexure-III
Fig.A-III-2 Position of lower Hooghly sands over the last two decades - Closer look.
Fig.A-III-3 Trends of Kaukhali Sands
Annexure-III
Fig.A-III-4 Trends of Tigris Sands
Annexure-III
Fig.A-III-5 Trends of Singar Sands
Annexure-III
Fig.A-III-6 Trends of Bedford Sands
Annexure-III

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Study on Stability and

Kolkata Port Trust

DEPARTMENT OF OCEAN ENGINEERING

Study on Stability and Dredging of Eden

Department of Ocean Engineering,

Study on Stability and Dredging of Eden

Department of Ocean Engineering,

As part of operationalization Eden, a navigable one-lane channel shall be maintained

Department of Ocean Engineering,

Study on Stability and Dredging of Eden

Objective and scope

NAVIGATIONAL ASPECTS OF HOOGHLY

Model set-up and boundary conditions

TIDAL HYDRODYNAMICS OF HOOGHLY ESTUARY

WATER DEPTH CHANGES DUE TO SILTATION

WAVE CONDITIONS OVER LOWER EDEN AREA

DREDGING & DISPOSAL

LONG TERM RECOMMENDATIONS

Study on Stability and Dredging of Eden

Department of Ocean Engineering,

In continuation, the present study was entrusted on IIT Madras to

1.1 Objectives and Scope

Study on Stability and Dredging of Eden

Department of Ocean Engineering,

2.0 NAVIGATIONAL ASPECTS OF HOOGHLY

Study on Stability and Dredging of Eden

Department of Ocean Engineering,

However, there are

Department of Ocean Engineering,

Study on Stability and Dredging of Eden

Table.1. First qualitative impression on Eden and Auckland channels.

Natural channel for

A diversion across river

In & out of flow

Round the clock. In

Round the clock

Department of Ocean Engineering,

Study on Stability and Dredging of Eden

Eden & Kolkata

Kolkata survives but

Both Kolkata & Eden

Less likely the most of

Study on Stability and Dredging of Eden

Department of Ocean Engineering,

Fig.1.Layout of navigational channels to HDC & KDS

Department of Ocean Engineering,

Study on Stability and Dredging of Eden

Grain size distribution of sediments

Table.3. Details of sediment properties in approaches to HDC

3.1 Model set-up and boundary conditions

Study on Stability and Dredging of Eden

Department of Ocean Engineering,

The regions of Auckland and Eden channels and in their

Study on Stability and Dredging of Eden

Department of Ocean Engineering,

4.0 MODEL CALIBRATION

Table 4. Comparison of modeled estuarine currents in Sagar region with measured

SAGAR MEASURED VALUES

Department of Ocean Engineering,

Study on Stability and Dredging of Eden

Table 5. Comparison of modeled estuarine currents in Haldia region with measured

HALDIA MEASURED VALUES

5.0 TIDAL HYDRODYNAMICS OF HOOGHLY ESTUARY