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MICROBIOMAS
Freeman
2005
4/2/14
Cells of eukaryotes (left) and prokaryotes (right). The top part of the figure shows a typical human cell and typical bacterium
drawn to scale. The human cell is 10 m in diameter and the bacterium is rod-shaped with dimensions of 1 2 m. The lower
drawings show the internal structures of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. Eukaryotic cells are characterized by their membranebound compartments, which are absent from prokaryotes. The bacterial DNA is contained in the structure called the nucleoid.
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The impact of lateral gene transfer on the content of prokaryotic genomes. The chart shows the DNA
that is unique to a particular species in blue and the DNA that has been acquired by lateral gene
transfer in red. The number at the end of each bar indicates the percentage of the genome that derives
from lateral transfer. Note that intergenic regions are omitted from this analysis. Redrawn from Ochman
et al. (2000).
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Posicin filogentica
Estudios de Filogenia molecular han mejorado la
perspectiva sobre la biodiversidad
microbiolgica
Se basa en la construccin de rboles
filogenticos basados en secuencias de genes,
los cuales permiten articular el fugaz concepto de
biodiversidad
Anlisis de los genes ribosomales: rRNA de la
subunidad pequea 16S o 18S (SSU RNA, small subunit
rRNAs)
Establecen tres dominios principales de la vida:
Bacteria, archea y eucariota
Figure 10-30. A ribosome contains a large and a small subunit. Each subunit contains both rRNA of varying
lengths and a set of proteins (designated by different shapes and shading). There are two principal rRNA
molecules in all ribosomes. (a) Ribosomes from prokaryotes also contain one 120-base-long rRNA that sediments
at 5S. (b) Eukaryotic ribosomes have two small rRNAs: a 5S RNA molecule similar to the prokaryotic 5S, and a
5.8S molecule 160 bases long. The large subunit proteins are named L1, L2, and so forth, and the small subunit
proteins are named S1, S2, and so forth. (From H. Lodish, D. Baltimore, A. Berk, S. L. Zipursky, P. Matsudaira, and
J. Darnell, Molecular Cell Biology, 3d ed. Copyright 1995 by Scientific American Books, Inc.)
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FIG. 1. Evolutionary distance tree of the bacterial domain showing currently recognized divisions and putative
(candidate) divisions. The tree was constructed using the ARB software package (with the Lane mask and Olsen
rate-corrected neighbor-joining options) and a sequence database modified from the March 1997 ARB database
release (43). Division-level groupings of two or more sequences are depicted as wedges. The depth of the wedge
reflects the branching depth of the representatives selected for a particular division. Divisions which have
cultivated representatives are shown in black; divisions represented only by environmental sequences are shown
in outline. The scale bar indicates 0.1 change per nucleotide.
FIG. 2.
Relative representation in selected cosmopolitan bacterial
divisions of 16S rRNA sequences from cultivated and uncultivated
organisms. Results were compiled from 5,224 and 2,918 sequences from
cultivated and uncultivated organisms, respectively
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Fig. 1. Increase in the number of genomes completed per year separated by bacterial phylum.
SGM
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DIAP 2
DIAP 3
Genome (Mb)
References
125
25 500
AGI (2000)
Caenorhabditis elegans
97
19 000
CESC (1998)
180
13 600
3200
30 00040 000
12.1
5800
4.64
4400
4.41
4000
Mycoplasma genitalium
0.58
500
6.26
5700
Streptococcus pneumoniae
2.16
2300
4.03
4000
Yersinia pestis
4.65
4100
Archaeoglobus fulgidus
2.18
2500
Methanococcus jannaschii
1.66
1750
Eukaryotes
Bacteria
circular genome
linear genome
3.27 Mb
Archaea
DIAP 4
DIAP 5
Buchnera sp (-protobacteria)
Bacteriocito
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DIAP 6
DIAP 7
Bacillus megaterium
La mayora de los genomas procarioticos tienen un tamao menor de 5 Mb. Una excepcin es B.
megaterium cuyo tamao es de 30 Mb. Esta bacteria suele ser 100 veces mas grande que E. coli.
Hoy da la bacteria se utiliza mucho en la industria como un sistema para la expresin de protenas.
DIAP 8
VISION TRADICIONAL DEL CROMOSOMA BACTERIANO
Loops superenrrollado
(40-50 [aprox. 100 Kb])
DIAP 9
1:400
LINEALESB. burgdorferi
Loops no superenrrollado
E. coli
1.6 mm (cromosoma)
1.0 x 2.0 (clula)
Relacin 1 a 1600
E. coli
UNICO
CIRCULAR
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DIAP 10
DIAP 11
COMPARACION DE GENOMAS
DIAP 12
Excepciones: Parsitos
intracelulares
Rickettsia prowazekii
(tifus)
(24% noncoding DNA)
Mycobacterium leprae
(Hansen's disease, a.k.a. lepra)
(51% noncoding DNA)
10