CARMEL POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE

ALAPPUZHA 04

DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
( 2015 - 2016 )
SIXTH SEMESTER ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

PROJECT REPORT ON

POWER RECTIFIER
SUBMITTED BY
JESTIN JAISON
REG. NO : 13030158

FINAL YEAR DIPLOMA IN ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS

ENGINEERING

CARMEL POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE

ALAPPUZHA 04

DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project report entitled on POWER RECTIFIER presented by
JESTIN JAISON ( Reg. No : 13030158 ) in partially fulfillment of the award of Diploma in
Electrical and Electronics Engineering under the board of Technical Education, Kerala during
the year 2015-2016 Carmel Polytechnic College, Alappuzha

GUIDED BY

HEAD OF DEPARTMENT

INTERNAL EXAMINER

EXTERNAL EXAMINER

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We are very much obliged and grateful to Smt. Lizz Joseph, Head of
Electrical Engineering Department, for providing us with best facilities and
atmosphere for the completion of this project.

We also take this opportunity to express our sincere thanks to Mr. Suraj
S., Lecturer in Electrical Engineering Department for this valuable advice and
guidance in this project.

We also grateful to Fr.Kunjumon Job CMI, Principal, Carmel

Polytechnic Engineering, and all the staff members of Electrical Engineering
Department for their encouragement and support.

We also express our sincere thanks to Sri. Thomaskutty Mampra, Sri.

Lijo Sir, Sri. Manoj Sir Lab instructors for their valuable co-operation given to
us.

We also thank our friends and colleagues for the help rended and the
interest shown to make this project a great success.

JESTIN JAISON

PROJECT TEAM

1. Abhishek A
2. Abu Benny
3. Akshay Dhanesh
4. Antony Xavier
5. Jestin Jaison
6. Shidhily I
7. Sujithmon Mathew

Guided by,
Sri. Suraj S

SYNOPSIS
Now a days Electrical energy is the most widely used power resources.
In our day-to-day life the need of electricity is growing with the developments
in any field that utilize electric current.

Proper handing of electricity is needed to ensure safety. Improper

handling may cause hazards like fire, server damage to the machines etc. To
ensure more safety and to avoid such hazards, we should adopt modern facilities
and equipments.

This project is done as a step to modernize our electrical lab by replacing

D.C. generator and old wooden panel board by rectifier circuit and new cubicle
panel board.

CONTENTS

1. Introduction

07

2. Panel Board Diagram

08

3. Wiring Diagram

09

4. Circuit Diagram

10

5. Accessories for Panel Board installation

11

SFU Switch Fuse Unit

11

Auto Transformer

11

Rectifier

12

Voltmeter

29

Ammeter

29

Indicators

29

HRC Fuse

29

6. Fabrication & Assembling

30

7. Testing

31

8. Estimation

34

9. Some I.E & I.S Rules

36

10. Conclusion

38

11. Bibliography

39

INTRODUCTION

In modern era, the world give most importance is given to

the saving of energy. One way of saving power is by using modern electrical
equipment and safety device. For example the regulator of fan changes from
electrical to electronics. This project is based on modernizing our lab by using
modern accessories.
A motor- generator set, provides D C supply in our lab. It was installed
many years back. This method has many disadvantages. It causes a noise
pollution. Greater power is wasted by using this method. Also as this method
have been installed several years back its proper working cannot be guaranteed.
So it is high time to find an alternative way for producing direct current.
The most modern technology for producing D C is by rectifying A C with
the help of rectifiers. The most common method for producing D C is by using
diodes. Now a days metal diodes are widely used as rectifiers.
By using this method, for producing D C , the main problem of noise
pollution can be totally wiped off. Compared to Motor- Generator set for
producing D C there is no wastage of power in this method. greater safety can
be assured, as this is the most modern method . Rather than the former method,
this method has little maintenance. The capital cost required for this method is
much less than the former one. Hence rectifier system is the most favored
system now a days

PANEL BOARD DIAGRAM

WIRING DIAGRAM

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
9

10

ACCESSORIES FOR POWER RECTIFIER

SFU- switch with fuse unit

SFU is expanded as switch fuse unit. Its purpose is to protect the rectifier
from any fault occurring the supply. It consists of three high rupturing capacity
fuses, each of rating 63A.
AUTO_TRANSFORMER
The operating principle and general construction of an auto transformer
is same as that of conventional two winding transformer. The auto transformer
differs from a conventional two winding transformer in the way in which the
primary and secondary are inter related. In the conventional transformer, the
primary and secondary windings are completely insulated from each other but
are magnetically linked by a common core. In the auto-transformer, the two
windings primary as well as magnetically, in fact, a part of the single
continuous winding is common to both primary and secondary.
The auto-transformers are of two type construction. In one type of auto
transformers, there is a continuous winding with taps brought out at convenient
points determined by the desired secondary voltages. In the other type of autotransformers there are two or more distinct coils, which are electrically
connected to form a continuous winding. In either case, the same laws
governing convential two winding transformers apply equally well to autotransformer.
The auto-transformer are of two type. Step down auto-transformer and step up
auto-transformer. Here the number of turns in the primary side is greater than
the number of turns in the secondary side i.e. the value of transformation ratio
(k) is less than one. Fig. b shows a step up auto-transformer. Here the number of
turns in the secondary side is greater than the primary side i.e. the value of
transformation ratio (k) is high.

11

Step down auto - transformer

fig.a

Step up auto-transformer

fig.b

12

RECTIFIER
It is well known that electric energy available to us in our country India is
in the form of alternating 230V, 50Hz. But almost all electronic devices require
D.C Voltage for its operation. Hence D.C is to be obtained from the available
A.C source by converting it to D.C. Thus most of the electronic equipments
include a circuit that converts A.C voltage into D.C voltage. The process of
conversion from A.C to D.C is called rectification and the circuit, which convert
it, is known as rectifier.
Diode is a uni-directional device. It provides a high resistance in one
direction and a low resistance in another direction. It can be therefore be used
as a rectifier for converting A.C to D.C. Power supply circuits using diodes as
rectifiers are commonly used in many types of equipment such as radio , T.V ,
tape recorder, computer etc.

There are two types of rectifiers

Half wave rectifiers
Full wave rectifiers

HALF WAVERECTIFIER

13

Half wave rectifier is a simplest form of rectifier. The circuit arrangement

of a half wave rectifier is shown in the fig. the primary side of the transformer is
connected to the power mains(230v,50Hz).an ac voltage induces across the
secondary winding, which is equal to, less than or greater than the primary
voltage depending upon the turns ratio of the transformer. This will be the input
voltage Vin to the rectifier. When the transformer secondary voltage is on its
positive half cycle, the diode is forward biased and current flows through RL ,
developing a voltage across it. When the secondary voltage is on its negative
half cycle, the diode is reveres biased and no current flow through the RL. Thus
there will be no voltage across the output terminal during negative half cycle.
Fig. b shows the input and output wave forms of a half wave rectifier. Her only
the positive half cycles are suppressed. Thus we get a pulsating dc in output.

Wave form of half wave rectifier

14

Disadvantages
Low output because one half cycle only delivers output.
A,c components are more in the output.
It Requires heavy filter circuits to smooth out the output.

Peak inverse voltage (PIV)

In the rectifier circuit given above, during negative half cycle of the
Secondary voltage, the diode is reverse biased. As there is no voltage across the
load resistor RL during this half cycle, the whole secondary voltage will come
across the diode. When the secondary voltage reaches its maximum value Vm in
the negative half cycle, the voltage across the diode in reverse bias is also
maximum. The maximum voltage known as the peak invers voltage (PIV).
In case of half wave rectifier PIV = Vm

Ripple factor
The purpose of the rectifier is to convert a c voltage to dc . but no type of
rectifier converters ac to perfect dc . it produce pulsating dc . this residual
pulsation is called ripple.
Ripple factor indicates the effectiveness of a rectifier in converting ac to
d.c. It is the ratio of the ripple voltage to the dc voltage.

i.e =

? ?? ? ?? ? ? ??? ? ?
? ? ? ? ??? ? ?

? .? .? ? ? ?? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
? ? ?? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
15

= V1 rms / Vdc

=I1 rms /I dc

Or

= (I2 rms I2 dc) / Idc

= (I rms I dc ) -1

= ((Im /2) /(Im/))2 -1

= 1057-1

= 1.21

From this value it is clear that in half wave rectifier the ac component
exceeds the dc component .
Thus the half wave rectifier is a poor rectifier.

16

FULL WAVERECTIFIER
In full wave rectifier, current flows through the load during both half
cycles of the input ac supply. Thus in a full wave rectifier alternate half cycles
of the input a care inverted to get a unidirectional output current.
Full wave rectifiers are two types
Centre tap full wave rectifier
Bridge rectifier

Centre-tap full wave rectifier

The circuit arrangement of a centre tap full wave rectifier is
shown in the fig . during positive half cycle of the input signal the diode D1 is
forward biased and diode D2 is reverse biased condition. Thus a current flows
through D1, Rl and the upper half of the transformer secondary. During negative
half cycle of the input voltage, diode D2 become forward biased and D1 reverse
biased, then current flows through D2 , Rl and the lower of the secondary
winding.

17

Here the current through RL during both half cycle of the input a c
is in same direction. Therefore the output voltage taken across RL will be DC .
the input and output wave forms are shown in fig.b.

18

Peak inverse voltage (PIV)

In centre tap full wave rectifier, during positive half cycle of the
secondary voltage diode D1 conducts and when secondary voltage attain sits
maximum value Vm , a voltage equal to Vm will develop across RL with the
polarity marked in fig. the diode D2 at that instant is reverse biased and the
voltage across it will be the sum of the voltages developed across the lower
winding of the secondary (Vm) and the voltage developed across RL = Vm.
therefore peak inverse voltage across the diode in this case will be
Vm + Vm = 2 Vm
i.e; PIV= 2 Vm

Bridge rectifier

19

Bridge rectifier is the most commonly used full wave rectifier. The
circuit arrangement of a bridge rectifier is shown in the fig. it consist four diode,
but avoids the need for a centre- taped transformer. During the positive half
cycle of secondary voltage, diode D1 and D3 will be forward biased, at the same
instant ,diode D2 and D4 are reverse biased. Therefore diodes D1 and D3 are
conduct and current flows through D1 , RL and D3.
During negative half cycle of the secondary voltage diodes D2 and D4 are
forward biased and D1 and D3 are reverse biased. Therefore current flows
through D2, RL, and D4.
Here in the both condition the current flow through load resistor RL is in the
same direction. Hence dc voltage is obtained as the output. The wave forms are
shown.

Peak inverse voltage

At the instant, when secondary voltage is at its positive maximum value Vm
diodes D1 and D3 are forward biased and conduct. Since conducting diodes
have zero resistance and zero voltage drops across the them.
PIV= Vm

20

Advantages of bridge rectifier

1. It does not require centre-tap transformer.
2. Can deliver an output double to that of the centre-taped full wave rectifier
for the same secondary voltage .
3. Diodes of low PIV (=Vm) rating can be used.
4. Suitable for high voltage rectification
5. Small transformer is used, as current in primary and secondary flows for
the whole cycle.

Disadvantages
1. Needs four diodes
2. As two diodes comes in series during each half cycle, voltage drop due to
their internal resistance is more and hence the circuit is not suitable for
voltage application.

Ripple factor

= (Imax / I dc )2 -1

? (?? /? )?
(? ?? /? )?

-1

=0.482

It shows that in case of full wave rectifier output dc components exceeds the ac
component. Thus full wave rectifier is in rectification process.

21

THREE PHASE HALF WAVE RECTIFIER

Phase and amplitude relation in a three phase system
Rectifier convert alternating current to dc current. We are already
discussed about single phase ac to dc converters. That is half wave and full
wave rectifiers. Such rectifiers are used only for small power application like
radio, audio amplifiers, and television receiver.
The dc power requirement of industry are usually much greater than
that which a single phase rectifier system, can economically supply. To meet
this demand for large quantities of dc power, industry may employ rotary
converters. But these impose severe problems of transmission of the dc power.
A motor desirable solution is supplied by the use of electronic poly phase
rectifier system.

Polyphase rectifier produce less ripple voltage per equivalent filter

section than do single phase rectifiers. Moreover, even if the load does not
require a filtered dc output, polyphase rectifiers are more efficient in that the dc
output is smoother and hence contains less wasted ac power. Since polyphase
rectifiers are normally required to supply large amounts of power, heavy-duty,
solid state rectifiers or gas or vapor filled tubes are used.

22

Let us briefly review the phase relationships in a three phase system.

In fig. a four wire system is used as a source of three phase power. If an
oscilloscope were connected from line to common, the resulting sine wave
would apper as A in fig. this is our reference waveform. Wave form B from line
2 to common is delayed by 1200 or one third of a cycle that is there is a 1200
phase lag between waveforms A and B. similarly , waveform C from line 3 to
common starts1200 after the start of waveform B. fig. is a composite of the three
waveform all plotted on a common time axis to show the phase relationships
among them. These waveforms further show that the peak amplitude and
frequency of each of the voltages are the same.
It is interesting to that single phase power may be taken from any two
the lines in fig. it should be noted, however, that the voltage between any two
hot lines, say, 1and 2 ,is greater than the voltage between any one line , not
including common. Thus in a balanced system the voltage between any two
lines, not including common, is equal to the voltage from any one of line to
common x 3.for example, if voltages A,B and C in fig.are equal to 120 V
.moreover there is a 1200 phase difference between voltages A1 ,B1 and C1.

23

THREE PHASE HALF WAVE RECTIFIER WITH TRANSFORMER

A transformer less rectifier has the disadvantage that it is not line
isolated. A rectifier employing a transformer with isolated primary and
secondary winding overcomes this disadvantage. Moreover, since the voltage
across the secondary can be stepped either up or down, a greater range of dc
output voltage is possible. The circuit shown illustrates a three phase half wave
rectifier using a transformer.the transformer primary is connected in delta, the
secondary in star. Secondary winding Q1, Q2 and Q3 relate respect to primary
windings P1,P2 and P3. Lines 1,2and 3 apply a three phase voltage to the
primary. Assume that switches S1 ,S2 and S3 are closed. Then voltage A
appears across Q1 and is applied to the anode of D1. Voltages B and C appear
across Q2and Q3 , and are applied to the anodes of diode D2 and diode D3. The
cathodes of diode D1 ,D2 and D3 are connected together. The resistive load RL,
common to the three rectifiers is connected
from cathode to the common
return.

24

Secondary winding voltage A,B and C are 1200 apart, as are the
primary voltages. Let us that the respective transformer windings are related in a
ratio 1:1. Then , if 120V appears across each of the primary windings, 120V
will also appear across each of the secondary windings. The only advantage we
have gained in this circuit is the isolation of the circuit from the supply mains.

THREE PHASE FULL WAVE BRIDGE RECTIFIER

The rectifier shown in fig. is popular in industrial applications

because it can operate directly from the three phase power line without the need
of a transformer. However, the circuit in fig is that of a three phase full wave
bridge rectifier whose operation is quite different from that of the six diode
three phase half wave rectifier
Fig. shows that the cathodes D1,D2 and D3 are connected at a
common point C. The anode of D4 ,D5 and D6 are tied together at point A. The
load resistance RL is connected between A and C. We note, moreover , that line
1 of three phase power source is brought to the junction of the anode of D1 and
the cathode D4. Similarly, line 2 goes to the junction of the anode of D2 and
the cathode of D5, and line 3 is connected to the junction of the anode of D3
and the cathode of D6. Only the three phase lines of the three phase supply are
used. Common is not directly connected to the rectifier circuit.

25

METAL RECTIFIERS

The metal rectifiers are now a days preferred to valve rectifiers as they
are mechanically strong, more reliable and do not require any voltage for
filament heating. There are two types of metal rectifiers.
a)Copper Oxide Rectifiers

b)Selenium Rectifiers

a) Copper Oxide Rectifiers

Such rectifiers are made by means of coating on one side of the disc with
layer of red cuprous oxide, which is very hard and is formed by heat
treatment. Such layers offers low resistance for the passage of current
from oxide to copper plate but prevents their passage in the opposite
direction.
b) Selenium Rectifiers
This is the most common type of rectifiers used in the industries. It has an
advantage that a layer of selenium can be formed over any type of metal ,
but generally nickel plated steel is used.

26

Construction of Copper Oxide Rectifier and Selenium Rectifiers

Copper Oxide Rectifiers

Copper oxide rectifiers are made from refined copper plates or disc
which are usually 1mm thick and 25mm in diameter or smaller . These disc are
heated in air to a temperature of about 1000? C until a layer of 1mm of cuprous
oxide is formed over the plates. Then the disc are annealed to modify the crystal
structure of the oxide layer. Usually , over the red cuprous oxide , a black layer
of cupric oxide due to oxidation is also formed , which is removed chemically
leaving the layer of cuprous oxide. Contact is made to the film through the
copper on which it is formed and a soft metal disc pressed on the outer surface.
Over the red cuprous oxide is provide an aqueous suspension of colloidal
graphite over which comes the electrode of soft material such as lead. The
construction of copper oxide is represented in fig. Each disc is so formed is not
generally used singly, since the maximum voltage which can be applied to it is
about 6 to 8 volts and the maximum current in the forward direction should not
exceed 0.1 to 0.15A/?? ? at an allowable voltage of 8 volts per element . Such
units are connected in series and are put under the pressure of about 3kg per. sq

27

Selenium Rectifier
It consist of a supporting plate made of nickel plated steel as shown in
fig. About 1mm thickness layer selenium is applied to the above base under a
pressure at about 130 .Then its temperature is raised to 180 to 215 , which
changes the crystalline selenium into grey form. A low melting point alloy, such
as tin alloy, is then sprayed over the selenium , which acts as a second electrode.
The cell is connected into circuit by means of tags which in contact with both
electrodes. The units can be connected in series or in parallel to make the
rectifier suitable for various voltages and currents are assembled in stacks.
The selenium cell has some advantages over the oxide cell. Changes in
temperature have less effect on selenium cell then on the copper oxide unit .It
can withstand large reverse voltage. It can be operated at temperature as high as
75.

Characteristics of Metal Rectifiers

The rectifier offer low resistance in the forward direction but offer high
resistance in the reverse direction. Fig. represents the current relation of the
copper and selenium rectifiers. For a reverse voltage of about 18 volts , the
selenium rectifier is said to pass current in the reverse direction.
Application
The rectifier instruments use metal rectifier in connection with moving
coil instruments for measurement of AC voltage and current at power and audio
high frequency up to 100KHz.They can be employed on the poly phase circuits
to supply large value of currents.
28

VOLTMETER
M C type vertical mounting with circular dial with Zero adjustment at
the front side .Class of accuracy 1.0 range -0.005V is selected . Using this
voltmeter voltages upto 300 V can be measured using this meter is 50 V.
AMMETER
M C vertical mounting square shapes ammeter is used for measuring the
d.c output .Current ranging up to 100 A can be measured with this ammeter. A
shunt having a drop of 75 mV is connected across it. The dial is divided to 5
sections each of 20A . The smallest parallel current that can be measured
accurately with this meter is 2A.
INDICATORS
This helps to the line indication .These three neon lamps i.e red , yellow ,
blue ,which indicates the RYB line (supply lines).They are either connected
before or after the switch fuse unit .A resistance of suitable value is connected
in series with the lamp in order to reduce the voltage across it to 110V.
H.R.C FUSE
The primary objection of low and uncertain breaking capacity of semi
enclosed re wireable fuses is overcome by high rupturing capacity or H.R.C
catridge fuse. They are capable of clearing high as well as low fault currents.
They do not deteriorate and they have high speed operation.
Under normal working condition the fuse element at a temperature below
its melting point. Therefore it carries the normal load current. When a fault
occurs the current increase and the fuse element melts before the fault current
reaches its first peak. The heat produced in this process vaporizes the melted
silver element. The chemical reaction between the silver vapor and the filling
powder results in the formation of high resistance substance, which helps in
quenching the arc.

29

FABRICATION & ASSEMBLING

FABRICATION
The sheets for fabrication and cut in to required sizes as per the design and
welded to the required structure.
PAINTING
The sheet is pre-treated with surface pretreatment chemicals (PTC), which are
commercially available. The sheet is further phosphatised with phosphating
chemicals. After this, sheet dried under hot air oven. The high-pigmented
Chromium oxide primer is applied by brush and dried at 105 deg. C for 30
minutes in an air oven. The surface is sanded for proper adhesion of topcoat.
The paint is applied by spray guns and dried at 120 deg. C for 20 minutes in an
air oven.
ASSEMBLING
The panel board is of front-hinged type with single door. The required numbers
of holes of suitable sizes are drilled for fixing the accessories. Porcelain spacers
are used to isolate the accessories from the metallic body. Protective fuses,
Bridge rectifier, Switch fuse unit, Shunt of ammeter are provided inside the
cabin. Separate cabin is provided in the cabin for laying the cables. Openings
are provided at the bottom for incoming and outgoing cables.

30

TESTING
Various test to ne carried out on panel. The Indian standards institution has
clearly defined the various tests to be carried out on a medium voltage panel. (IS
8623). The tests are broadly classified into two categories.
1. Type tests
2. Routine tests
Type Tests
The following constitutes type tests.
a). Verification of temperature rise limits
This test is designed to verify that the temperature rise emits for the
different parts of the panel have not exceeded the values as specified in IS
8623. The test is normally carries out at the values of rated voltage,
frequently of current for which the panel is designed. The test shall be made
for a time sufficient for the temperature rise to reach constant value. In
practice, the condition is reached when the variation does not exceed 1
centigrade per hour.
b). Verification of dielectric properties.
This test is conducted by applying a test voltage between all live parts and
the frame of the panel. The value of test voltage is 2500V. For a rated
insulation voltage of 660V.the tests is considered to have been passed if
there is no puncture or flash over.
c). verification of the short circuit strengths
The test is not required for small panels. rated Upton 63A. In this test the
outgoing terminals are provided with a bolted short circuit connection. The
test voltage shall then be applied once and for a time sufficiently long to
enable the short circuit protective device in the unit to operate and clear the
fault. After the test conductors shall not show any undue deformation.
31

d). Verification of the continuity of the protective circuit

The continuity of the protective circuit shall be ensuring before installing
the panel. Connection between live parts and the protective circuit shall be
verified. Short circuit strength of the protective circuit shall also be checked
using single-phase supply. The continuity and the short circuit strength of
the protective circuit shall not be impaired after the test.
e). Verification clearance and crept age distances
It shall be verified that the values are specified by the Indian Standards (IS
4327). These clearance and creep age distance shall be verified by
measurement.
f). Verification of Mechanical Operation
Mechanical Operation of various switchgears shall be verified after
installation. The number of operating circles shall be 50. The test is
considered to have been passed if the operating conditions of the apparatus,
interlocks etc., have not been impaired and if the effort required for
operation is practically the same as before the test.
g). Verification of degree of protection
The degree of protection verified shall be in accordance with IS 2147.

32

ROUTINE TEST
A). Inspection of the panel
Inspection of the panel including the inspection of wiring and if necessary,
electrical operations tests shall be carried out. The effectiveness of
mechanical activating elements interlocks locks etc., shall be checked. The
conductors and cable shall be checked for proper laying and the devices for
proper mounting. A visual is also necessary to ensure that the prescribed
degree of protection, creep age distance and Clarence are maintained. The
continuous especially the screwed connections shall be checked for adequate
contacts, possibly the random tests, further it shall be verified that
information and markings are completed. In addition, the conformity of the
panel to the circuit and wiring diagrams, technical data etc., provided by the
manufacture shall be checked.

b). Di-electrical test

Test voltage as specified in the type is applied for one second. The test
voltage shall be applied between the live parts and the frame of the panel
with all switching devices closed. The test is considered to have been passed
if there is no puncture or flash over.
c). Checking of protective measures and of the electrical continuity of the
protective circuits
The protective measures with regard to electric shock in normal service and
in case of a fault shall be checked. The protective circuit shall be checked by
inspection to ascertain that the measures prescribed are complied within. In
particular, screwed connections shall be checked for adequate contact,
possibly by random tests.

33

ESTIMATION
SL No
1

4
5
6
7
8

9
10

11
12
13

14

Particulars of
item
Tipple Pole
ON/OFF
switch
70 HMR 180
diode
(common
anode)
70 HM 180
diode
(common
cathode)
Heat Sink
Indication
Lamp
Voltmeter
(0-300V)MC
Ammeter
(0-10 A) MC
Ammeter
Shunt
(75 mV)
HRC fuse
(63 A)
4mm2
PVC
insulated
copper
conductor
Porcelain
Insulator
Painting
20mm
dia.
PVC flexible
conduit
4mm2
Lugs
for connecting
the cables

No

Rate
Rs. Ps. Per
1701 10 Each

No

272

00

Each

816

00

No

272

00

Each

816

00

No
No

6
4

113
50

00
00

Each
Each

678
200

00
00

No

175

00

Each

175

00

No

350

00

Each

350

00

No

287

40

Each

287

40

No

66

41

Each

199

23

25

22

75

Each

568

88

No

10

16

03

Each

160

30

380
20

00
00

Each

66

36

Unit

Qty

15

Lumpsum
20
00

42

34

Amount
Rs.
Ps.
1701 00

Remarks

For
TP
switch

15
16
17
18
19
20

16mm2 Lugs
6
8
1
for connecting
the cables
Hyllum
Picec 1
130 00
e
Gum
ml
100
15
00
Screws
Lumpsum
Nut and bolt
Lumpsum
Lumpsum
Transportation
charges
(travelling
allowance)
Total

35

Each

48

Picec 130
e
Each 15
60
110
230

60
00
00
00
00
00

7012 00

SOME I.E & I.S RULES

1. Switchboard shall be created I easily accessible location away from
combustible materials.
2. No article of clothing or any stones shall be kept at the back of the
switchboard.
3. Where switch boards or distribution boards or a group of distribution
boards are erected in a room of building isolated from the source of
supply at a distance from it, adequate means of control and insulation
shall be provided both near the board and at the origin of the supply.
4. HRC fuses in Electric circuit
Each outgoing circuit from switch board (excepting fuse distribution
boards) shall be separately controlled by a suitable automatic circuit
breaker on linked switch and cut outs.
In power circuits fuses shall be throughout of HRC type irrespective
of current rating of the circuit.
N.B. the above rules is however not applicable to installation with
transformer having a capacity of 150 kVA and less.
All switches and circuits breaks shall perfectly be operated from the
front of the switchboard. Where circuit breaker handles, on
switchboards or in panel boards are operated vertically rather than
rationally or horizontally, the UP position if the handle shall be the
ON position
Equipment intended to protect current at fault level shall have been
interrupting rating sufficient for system voltage and the current, which
available on the line terminal of the equipment. Equipment intended to
protect current at the levels other than fault levels shall have been an
interrupting rate at system voltage sufficient for the current that must
be interrupted.
5. All wires and cables shall be provided with soldered on approved lugs on
crimped joints.
6. Woodwork shall not be used in the construction of switchboard.

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7. Every switchboard shall comply with the following provisions viz.

a. Clear space of not less than 1m in width shall be provided in front of
the switchboard.
b. If there attachment on bape connections at the back of the
switchboard, the distance shall either less than 200mm or more than
750mm in width measured from the farest outstanding part of any
attachment on conductor.
c. If the space behind the switchboard exceeds 750mm in width, there
shall be a passage way from either end of the switchboard clear to a
height of 1.8m.
8. All circuits shall be clearly and indelibly labeled for identification in
English and vermicular.
9. Where circuits of different voltage and for AC and DC circuits ate
installed on the same supports, they shall be so arranged and protected
that they shall not come inn to contact with each other when live.
10.The neutral of each main and branch main circuits shall be provided with
a suitable removable link placed in an easily accessible position,
perfectly on the front, for the purpose of the string. The neutral not be
bunched in inconvenient and in accessible positions at the back of the
board.

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CONCLUSION

This project D.C. Cubicle Panel Board is done as per the I.S. standards.
The panel is working satisfactorily. For the proper and effective working of this
panel board, fuse ratings should be proper. We recommended, proper handling
of the equipments for their longer life.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Industrial Electronics, Paul B. Zbar, Third Edition

Power Electronics, Harish C. Rai
Electronics Devices & Circuit, M. P. A. Jaleel
I. E & I. S Rules of Indian Standards
Electrical Design , Estimation & Costing , Bhattacharya

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