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LAB EXPERIMENT 01

DESIZING

DESIZING

Name:
_____________________________________________
____________________

ID No.

Signature of the lab tutor________________________


Date:_____________________

Removal of the size (desizing) by exhaust method


PERFORMANCE/OBJECTIVES
Upon the successful completion of this experiment students will be able to
(i)
(ii)

Understand the process of desizing


Understand the exhaust method of desizing

Tools:

Greigh Fabric
HT Dyeing Machine

CHEMICALS REQUIRED

Desizer
Wetting Agent
Electrolyte

Theory:
Sizes are applied on the wrap yarn before it reaches the weaving machine. Purpose of any
sizing process is to increase weaving productivity by reducing wrap breakage. Wrap yarns
are more prone to breakage due to extensive forces acting on them during weaving. For
example, tension of the drop wires of (wrap stop motion), shade opening by heald frames,
friction of the weft insertion median and beat up forces of the reed etc. Sizes are not applied
on the weft yarn because it is less likely to be processed under extensive forces and
tensions.
Sizes are not applied on the yarn to be used in knitting because of the less likelihood of the
forces on the yarn. At the same time fabric is formed in this process by interloping through
knitting needles and these needles do not exert such huge tension that may require
application of size.
Overall, the sizes serve to achieve the following purposes:
a.
b.
c.
d.

To increase the strength of yarn


Reduction in yarn hairiness
Increase resistance against abrasion
Reduce the chance of fluff and fly during weaving.

Usually sizes are applied on the yarn from aqueous solution and they form a film of
polymers on the yarn. These film forming substances or sizes can be classified into two
major groups as given in the chart below.
FILM FORMING POLYMER

Natural

STARCH

CELLULOSE

Synthetic

PVA ACRYLATE ACRYLOAMIDE

POLYESTER

100% cotton fabrics are mostly sized with starch based sizes and cotton/polyester
blends with PVA to achieve higher weaving efficiency at optimum cost. Most made fibers
on the other hand can be sized with poly vinyl alcohol and poly-acrylic acid sizes.
After weaving, the sizes must be removed from the fabric before it is to be dyed or
finished. This is accomplished during the preparation of the fabric for coloring or finishing
(pretreatment). The process in which these sizes are removed is called desizing. Extent
is decided on the following criteria.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.

Sizes% applied on the yarn


Construction of the cloth
Nature of the size and its viscosity of the size solution
Desizing method
Chemical auxiliaries used in the bath

Water soluble sizes like CMC, PVA and acrylates mostly do not need chemical desizing;
they can be readily desized with hot water. Addition of wetting agents may be helpful. Starch
on the other hand requires especial attention. It is a carbohydrate polymer composed of 25%
amylose and 75% amylopectins. Amylose is the inner and relatively soluble portion of starch
and it is polymer of glucose that consist of long chains of glucose units joined together by
1,4-glycoside linkage. Amylopectin is the outer and almost insoluble portion of a starch and it
is highly branched glucose polymer. Hence, removal of the starch needs some sort of
chemical treatment to break down it into water soluble glucose and dextrin.
For the removal of starch, variety of desizng agents can be used. For example:
a.
b.
c.
d.

Bacteria
Acids
Oxidising agents
Enzymes

Bacterial:
Bacterial desizing is sometimes called rot steeping. Cotton is wetted in the water and is left
in the damp conditions for several hours. Numerous bacteria present in the environment will
degrade the starch in damp and warm conditions. This process of desizing is time
consuming and at same time there are chances of degradation of cellulose of cotton and its
blends by bacteria.

Acids:
2

Sulphuric acid and hydrochloric acid (dilute solution and under cold conditions)can be used
to degrade the starch. Normally, fabric if soaked in the dilute solution of the acid and then it
is left for two to three hours at room temperature. As the acids are prone to dissolve the
cellulose, hence this process requires crucial control of temperature and tie; it may cause
serious damage to the cotton.
However, the main advantage of acid desizing is that it requires less time for degradation of
starch and any metal particles present in the fabric are readily removed in the process.
Oxidizing Agents:
Oxidizing agents like Hydrogen per Oxide (H2O2) and per-sulphates may be used to
degrade the starch without degrading cellulose. As H2O2 is used in the process of
bleaching, it is economical to carry out both desizing and bleaching in one process.
However, it can be a suitable choice, if only, amount of size on the fabric is too less.
Enzymatic desizing:
Enzymatic desizing is the more suitable and most widely used method of desizing the starch.
Enzymes are the bio-catalysts having specific action on the surface; a family of the enzymes
known as amylases converts the insoluble starch into numerous soluble scahardies by
increasing the rate of hydrolysis.
The enzymes breakdown the starch into water soluble sugar, maltose and dextrin; these
water soluble products can easily be washed out.
Typical Recipe
Chemical

Quantity

Parameter

Range

Liquor Ratio
Siruxx2ud
NaCl
Bactosol MTN
Procedure:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Weigh the fabric and prepare the chemical bath according to the recipe.
Check pH of the bath and if required maintain it with acetic acid.
Dip the fabric in the chemical bath and load on the water bath.
Adjust all process parameters on the machine and start operation.
When process is completed hot rinse at 80-90C for 10-15min and then cold rinse for
3mins.
6. Finally dry desized fabric at 90C in an oven.

Calculations:
S.NO

Material

Quantity
3

Fabric weight

Total liquor

Bactosol MTN

Siruxx 2UD

NaCl
%of starch removed = (initial weight of sample final weight of sample)x100%
Initial weight of sample
% of starch removed =
x 100% =
%

TEST RESULT

REVIEW QUESTIONS:
2. Why pH of the desizing bath is kept acidic?

3. Describe the mechanism of starch hydrolysis through enzymatic desizing?

FINAL CHECK LIST:


1. Clean your machinery equipment/material and workbench before you leave.
2. Ensure the replacement of all equipment to their specified storage area.
3. Submit your answer to questions together with your data, calculation and results
before the next laboratory/experiment

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