TO STUDY BASIC MATHEMATICAL OPERATIONS

USING OP-AMP
Rahul shastri
M.Sc Physics
Jan 12,2016

Contents
1

Abstract

Theory
2.1 OP-AMP
2.2 OP-AMP
2.3 OP-AMP
2.4 OP-AMP
2.5 OP-AMP
2.6 OP-AMP

as
as
as
as
as
as

inverting amplifier . . .
Non-inverting amplifier
Summing amplifier . . .
Differential amplifier . .
Differentiator . . . . . .
Integrator . . . . . . . .

Experimental Data
3.1 OP-AMP as Inverting amplifier . . .
3.2 OP-AMP as Non-inverting amplifier
3.3 OP-AMP as Summing amplifier . . .
3.4 OP-AMP as Differencial amplifier . .
3.5 OP-AMP as Differentiator . . . . . .
3.6 OP-AMP as Integrator . . . . . . . .

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Conclusion

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References

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1 Abstract
An operational amplifier(OP-AMP) is basically a very high-gain direct coupled differentialinput amplifier having a high input impedance and a low output impedance.In this experiment we will calculate gain of OP-AMP as a inverting and noninverting amplifier
respectivily and compaire it with the theoretical value.We will also study basic mathematical operations using OP-AMP such as sum,difference,integration and differentiation
and hence compare it with their coresponding theoretical values.

2 Theory
Operation amplifiers or OP-AMPS are the basic buiding blocks of analog elctronics.It was
originally used to perform mathematical operations like addition,subtraction,differentiation
and integration in analog computers .In this experiment we will use IC741 OP-AMP.The
circuit symbol and pin configuration is shwon in the figure below.

Figure 1: circuit symbol

Figure 2: IC741 pin configuration

2.1 OP-AMP as inverting amplifier

Basic inverting amplifier cofiguration of OP-AMP is shown in the figure.In this configuration input voltage is applied to invertng terminal (-) through Rin and non inverting
termina (+) is grounded.V0 is the output voltage. In this configuration the junction

Figure 3: OP-AMP as Inverting amplifier

point of inverting input terminal act as a virtual ground.The Gain of the inverting amplifier can be calculated using kirchoff law at junction pont.
At the junction
Vi /Ri = Vo /Rf
Vo /Vi = Rf /Ri
Hence the gain is given by
A = Rf /Ri
Thus the voltage gain is given by the ratio of the feedback resistance (Rf ) to the input
resistance (Ri ).The negative sign indicates that the output voltage is inverted.Hence the
amplifier is called inverting amplifier.

2.2 OP-AMP as Non-inverting amplifier

Basic Non-inverting amplifier cofiguration of OP-AMP is shown in the figure.In this configuration input voltageVi is applied to non-invertng terminal (+). In this configuration

Figure 4: OP-AMP as Non-inverting amplifier

the junction point of inverting input terminal is also at potential Vi .The Gain of the
Non-inverting amplifier can be calculated using kirchoff law at junction pont.
At the junction
Vi /Ri = (Vo Vi )/Rf
4

Vi (Rf + Ri )/(Ri Rf ) = Vo /Rf

Hence the gain is given by
A = Vo /Vi = 1 + Rf /Ri
The positive sign indicates that the output voltage is in phase with the input voltage.Hence the amplifier is called Non- inverting amplifier.

2.3 OP-AMP as Summing amplifier

The summing amplifier or adder in the inverting configuration is shown in the figure
with two inputs v1 and V2 . The output voltage in terms of the inputs is

Figure 5: OP-AMP as Summing amplifier

Vo = Rf [V1 /R1 + V2 /R2 ]

IF
R1 = R2 = Rf
Vo = (V1 + V2 )
Thus the output voltage is equal to the negative sum of all the input voltages.Hence it
is called summing amplifier.In this case gain is set to unity.

2.4 OP-AMP as Differential amplifier

A differential amplifier is generally used to amplify the difference between two signal
voltages.Basic OP-AMP differential amplifier is shown in the figure with two input signals
V1 and V2 and output voltage Vo . The output voltage in terms of the inputs is given by

Figure 6: OP-AMP as Differential amplifier

5

Vo = R2 /R1 (V2 V1 )
The differential voltage gain is
Gain = Vo /(V2 V1 ) = R2 /R1

2.5 OP-AMP as Differentiator

The basic configuration of differentiator is shown in the figure.The output voltage is
proportional to the rate of change of the input voltage. The current i is given by

Figure 7: OP-AMP as Differentiator

i=

d(CVi )
dV
dq
=
=C
dt
dt
dt

Also
i = Vo /Ri
Therfore
C

dVi
= Vo /Rf
dt

or

dVi
dt
The output waveform is the derivative of the input waveform.
Vo = Rf C

2.6 OP-AMP as Integrator

The basic configuration of integratorr is shown in the figure.It gives an output waveform
which is the integration of the input waveform. Since a virtual ground exists at the

Figure 8: OP-AMP as Integrator

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junction point of inverting terminal,the same current flows through R and Cf .Thus
i = Vi /R =

dq
dt

dq = Vi /Rdt
Also
Vo = q/Cf
Hence

Z
Vo = 1/(RCf )

Vi dt

Where the constant of integration is taken to be zero.The above equation shows that
the output,with the inversion,is proportional to the integral of the input voltage.

3 Experimental Data
3.1 OP-AMP as Inverting amplifier

Figure 9: Circuit diagram of Inverting amplifier

HereR1 = 1Kohm, R2 = 10Kohm, R3 = 1Kohm
Sr.no
1
2
3
4
5

Input Voltage (Vi )

0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00

Output Voltage(Vo )
-2.02
-4.09
-6.08
-8.09
-10.00

Gain A
-10.10
-10.22
-10.13
-10.11
-10.00

Average Gain
A=

(10.10 + 10.22 + 10.13 + 10.11 + 10.00)

= 10.11
5

Theoretical value of Gain is

AT H = Rf /Ri = 10/1 = 10
%Error =

|A AT H |
|10.11 10.00|
100 =
100 = 1.1%
AT H
10

3.2 OP-AMP as Non-inverting amplifier

Figure 10: Circuit diagram of Non-nverting amplifier

HereR1 = 1Kohm, R2 = 10Kohm, R3 = 1Kohm
Sr.no
1
2
3
4
5

Input Voltage (Vi )

0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50

Output Voltage(Vo )
1.15
2.22
3.31
4.45
5.61

Gain A
11.5
11.1
11.03
11.12
11.22

Average Gain
A=

(11.50 + 11.10 + 11.03 + 11.12 + 11.22)

= 11.19
5

Theoretical value of Gain is

AT H = 1 + Rf /Ri = 1 + 10/1 = 11
%Error =

|A AT H |
|11 11.19|
100 =
100 = 1.7%
AT H
11

3.3 OP-AMP as Summing amplifier

Figure 11: Circuit diagram of Summing amplifier

HereR1 = R2 = Rf = 10Kohm, R3 = 1Kohm
Sr.no
1
2
3
4
5

Input Voltage V1
0.20
0.20
0.50
0.60
0.60

Input voltage V2
0.20
0.40
0.40
0.60
0.70

Output Voltage(Vo )
-0.43
-0.62
-0.93
-1.21
-1.32

Theoretical values[(V1 + V2 )]
-0.40
-0.60
-0.90
-1.20
-1.30

3.4 OP-AMP as Differencial amplifier

HereR1 = R2 = Rf = 10Kohm, R3 = 1Kohm

Figure 12: Circuit diagram of Summing amplifier

Sr.no
1
2
3
4

Input Voltage V1
0.70
0.70
0.70
1.00

Input voltage V2
0.10
0.20
0.40
0.50
10

Output Voltage(Vo )
0.62
0.52
0.32
0.52

Theoretical values(V1 V2 )
0.60
0.50
0.30
0.50

3.5 OP-AMP as Differentiator

HereR1 = Rcomp = 1KohmRf = 10Kohm, Cin = 0.1microf arad, Cf = 0.01microf arad

Figure 13: Circuit diagram of Differentiator

Figure 14: Input Triangle wave output Square wave

Figure 15: Input Sine wave output cosine wave

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3.6 OP-AMP as Integrator

HereR1 = Rcomp = 10KohmRf = 100Kohm, Cf = 0.01microf arad

Figure 16: Circuit diagram of Integrator

Figure 17: Input square wave output triangle wave

4 Conclusion
1) Experimental value of gain of Inverting amplifier is A = 10.11 with % error 1.1%
2) Experimental value of Gain of Non-inverting amplifier is A = 11.99 with % error
1.7%
3) We have varified basic configurations and calculated experimental outputs of OPAMP as adder,subtracter,differentiator and integrator and compaired with coresponding
theoretical outputs.

5 References
Geeta Sanon Practical Physics
Johan Huijsing Operational Amplifiers - Theory and Design

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