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Introduction
Previous Work
Background information on artificial neural network methodology and application is given in the
following references.1-14
Theoretical Models
Pressure waves can injure neural cells.18 How impact
pressure waves reach the brain and cause injury are
AATCC Review January/February 2011 www.aatcc.org
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an open question. In theoretical models, it is important to determine how this physical mechanism
works so that exposure risks can be assessed and
effective preventive measures can be implemented.
Many theoretical models were proposed. A simple
estimate of the peak pressure p (kPa) at distance r
(cm) from the bullet path is given by Eq. 1.
p|
10 E
d 4S r 2
Eq. 1
ANN Study
Model Variables
Various model variables used for the artificial neural
network model in this study are shown in Fig. 1.
Eq. 2
1
W ( d ) = E 1
3
d
1 + d
0
Eq. 3
1
E= (ti yi)2
2i
Eq. 4
I (v ) = v
Eq. 5
Backpropagation Algorithm
Backpropagation is typically used to generalize a
wide variety of problems. These training methods
are called supervised training because they use both
Table I.
Input and Output Ranges of Data Set
Variable
Minimum
Maximum
Mean
SD
Unit
T1
T2
T1
T2
T1
T2
T1
T2
Specific modulus
Input
3800
3900
3850
4150
4000
4050
3978.4
3954.17
3966.2
85.84
17.38
74
cN/Tex
Specific Tenacity
Input
182
190
190
198
198
198
192.24
195.5
192.8
4.7
2.88
3.89
cN/Tex
Density
Input
1.42
1.42
1.43
1.46
1.45
1.46
1.44
1.44
1.44
0.01
0.05
g/cm3
Extension to Break
Input
3.6
3.8
3.9
4.3
4.2
3.96
3.96
0.15
0.14
0.05
Modulus
Input
54
54
54
58
58
56
55.4
55.3
55
1.29
1.63
GPa
Tenacity
Input
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.9
2.9
2.92
2.68
2.65
2.74
0.138
0.164
0.15
GPa
Sample Weight
Input
1.9
5.6
1.9
13.9
13.9
13.9
11.52
11.28
9.68
3.644
3.63
5.87
g/cm2
Impact Velocity
Input
242
244
243
289
253
259
250.96
249.5
249.4
9.91
4.18
6.66
m/s
Penetration Depth
Output
0.673
0.673
0.673
2.34
2.12
1.72
1.263
1.25
1.312
0.469
0.49
0.455
cm
Dissipated Energy
Output
25.1
26
28
32.9
32.9
32.9
29.556
29.63
30.34
2.100
2.32
2.37
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Eq. 6
10
Tr-Blue
I (v ) =
10
10
SSW
10
# Parameters
8
16 Epochs
10
12
14
16
Conclusions
The objective of this study was to develop a
model based on backpropagation neural networks
for predicting dissipation energy and penetration
depth during firing and resistance offered by single
layer bulletproof vests made from para-aramid
fibers. The developed prediction model in this study
gave excellent correlations with the samples selected.
The optimized networks can be used for design
and development of ballistic protection fabrics
without further destructive tests. This therefore
represents a very significant development in ballistics simulations. Performance of the developed
model, strengthened with the Bayesian information criterion coupled with the gradient descent
algorithm, overcomes the problem of determining
the optimal number of neurons in hidden layer and
shows satisfactory results. A mixed neural network
would create a knowledgebase on current materials.
Studying new designs may lead to improvements
over existing ones.
The present study proposes to overcome the
limitations of conventional fiber science and theoretical analytical models by analyzing ballistic fabric
properties using newer techniques and methods of
simulation to evaluate their structural behavior
during ballistic tests.
Acknowledgements
The authors wish to thank the CSIR-India, Central
Silk Board/Central Silk Technological Research
Institute, the Ministry of Textiles, the Indian Government, and K. S. Gurumurthy, Department of
Electronics and Communication Engineering, Bangalore University for providing financial assistance
to carry out this research.
References
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
Author
Gurumurthy B. Ramaiah has an M.Tech degree in
textiles and has worked in both academia and industry. Ramaiah is currently lecturer in the Department
of Fashion Technology, Acharya Institute of Graduate Studies, Bangalore, India. He has authored
books, presented research papers at international
conferences, and has received several awards
for his work.
Gurumurthy B. Ramaiah, Dept. of Fashion and
Apparel Design, Oxford College of Science,
#235/2, 2nd D Cross, 6th Main, III Block, III Stage,
Basaveshwaranagar, Bangalore-560079, India;
phone +91 89 51440759; brgmurthy@live.com.
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