Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
(Asynchronous )
Contents
Introduction
Rotating Magnetic field
Construction and Principle of Operation
Equivalent Circuit
Performance Characteristics
Starting Methods
Speed Control
Laws of Electromagnetism
Faradays Law
Lenzs Law
Flemings Right Hand rule
Flemings Left Hand rule
Interaction of two magnetic fields
Faradays Law of
Electromagnetic Induction
Lenzs Law
The direction of an
induced EMF is such
that its effect tends
to oppose the change
producing it
Rotor
Stator
Introduction
TYPE OF ASYNCHROUNOUS
MOTOR
10
11
12
Amp
t0
t1
t2
1 Cycle
t3
t4
time
13
Axis of phase a
a
Fa
Axis of
a +
phase a
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.
a 2
0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1
-90
t1
t12
t0
t01
a
a
t2
-40
10
60
110
160
210
260
Fc
a
b
c
Fa
c
b
a Fb
Fc
b
c
a
t = t1
Fa
0.5
Fc
t = t0
Fb
-0.5
-1
-1.5
-93
t = t0
F
Fb a
10
113
216
Fb a
c
Fa
c
b
Fc a
t = t2
c
b
Fc a Fb
F t = t3
15
Time
t1
t2
t3
16
Time
t1
t2
t3
c
a
ia
ib
ic
17
3
max
2
3
max
2
3
max
2
3
max
2
Time
3
max
2
t1
ia
t2
t3
3
max
2
At t1
At t2
3
max
2
3
max
2
ib
At t3
b
ic
3
max
2
18
www.ewh.ieee.org
19
Principle of Operation
If the stator windings are connected
to a three-phase supply; a rotating field
will be produced in the air-gap. This field
rotates at synchronous speed ns. This
rotating field induces voltages in the
rotor windings. Since the rotor circuit is
closed, the induced voltages in the rotor
windings produce rotor currents that
interact with the air gap field to produce
torque. The rotor will eventually reach a
steady-state speed nm that is less than
the synchronous speed ns.
The difference between the rotor
speed and the synchronous speed is
called the slip, s ,
www.ewh.ieee.org
ns n
S
ns
s
S
s
2n
60
n in rpm
in rad/s
20
1
1
F ( ) NI m cos( t ) NI m cos( t )
2
2
1
1
NI m cos( t ) NI m cos( t 240)
2
2
1
1
NI m cos( t ) NI m cos( t 240)
2
2
3
NI m cos( t )
2
21
22
Construction
1- STATOR
A three-phase windings is put in slots cut on the inner
surface of the stationary part. The ends of these
windings can be connected in star or delta to form a
three phase connection. These windings are fed from a
three-phase ac supply.
23
Construction (Cont.)
2- Rotor
it can be either:
a- Squirrel-cage (brushless)
The squirrel-cage winding
consists of bars embedded in
the rotor slots and shorted at
both ends by end rings.
The squirrel-cage rotor is the
most common type because it
is more rugged, more
economical, and simpler.
24
/rotor winding
25
Construction (Cont.)
b- Slip ring (wound-rotor)
The wound-rotor winding has the same
form as the stator winding. The windings
are connected in star. The terminals of
the rotor windings are connected to three
slip rings. Using stationary brushes
pressing against the slip rings, the rotor
terminals can be connected to an
external circuit.
26
Cutaway in a
typical woundrotor IM.
Notice the
brushes and the
slip rings
Brushes
27
Wound rotr
compressor
29
SLIP RING
Principle of Operation
n s nm
S
ns
31
Definitions
nr nS nm snS
fr
Slip rpm
p
p
p
( nr )
( n S nm )
( S nS ) S f S
120
120
120
32
Induced EMF
The instantaneous value of the induced voltage
in N turns coil is given by:
d
e N
dt
Let m sin( t )
e N m cos( t ) N 2f m sin( t 90)
The r.m.s. value of the induced voltage per phase is
E rms 4 . 44 f N
ph
pK
where
Nph is the number of turns in series per phase
f is the frequency
p is the flux per pole
Kw is the winding factor
33
R1
Rc
R2
Ir I2
Ic
I1
V
X2
X1
Xc
E2
N2
E1
N1
E1
N1
N2
E2
I2
N1
I2
I
N2
I1
34
R1
X2
I2
R2
Ic
I2
I1
V1
Rc
Xc
E1=E2
Where
E2 = per-phase induced voltage in the rotor at standstill
X2 = per-phase rotor leakage reactance at standstill
35
At any slip S
When the rotor rotates with speed nm the rotor circuit
frequency will be:
fr S fS
I2
sE2
Where
X2
X2
R2
I2
E2
I2
R2/S
R2
E2
SE 2
E2
R2 jSX 2 ( R2 / s ) jX 2
R2(1-S)/S
36
X1
R1
Rc
R2 /s
N1 : N2
I2
Ic
I1
V
X2
Xc
E1
E2
37
R1
Rc
N1
R2
N2
R 2 /s
I2
Ic
I1
R'2
X 2
X1
Xc
E 1 E 2
N2
'
I 2 I 2
N1
N1
'
X 2 X 2
N2
38
R1
X 2
X1
Xc
Rc
R1
E 1 E 2
X 2
X1
Rc
R 2
I2
Ic
I1
V
I2
Ic
I1
R 2 /s
Xc
E 1
E 2
R '2
R '2
'
R2
(1 s )
s
s
R'2
( 1 s )
s
39
Equivalent Circuit of IM
Airgap &
Magnetic Circuit
Stator Circuit
I1
V1
R1
Io
X1
E1
Rc
Rotor Circuit
X
Xm
Load +
Rotational losses
'
2
I2
'
2
(1 S ) R2'
S
40
R1
Rc
R 2
I2
Ic
I1
V
X 2
X1
Xc
E 1
E 2
R'2
( 1 s )
s
Equivalent to transformers
secondary windings
Equivalent to transformers
primary windings
Equivalent to transformers
load
41
R1
X 2
X1
I2
Ic
I1
E 1
Xc
Rc
R1
R 2
R'2
( 1 s )
s
E 2
X 2
X1
R 2
I1
I2
Ic
V
Rc
Xc
E 1 E2
R'2
( 1 s )
s
42
Xeq
I1
Req
I2
Ic
V
Rc
R'2
( 1 s )
s
Xc
'
Req R1 R2
X eq X 1
'
X2
43
Stator Circuit
I1
R1
Io
E1
V1
Rc
Rotor Circuit
X
X
Load +
Rotation losses
'
2
I2
'
2
(1 S ) R
S
'
2
X2 =2 f1L2
X1=2 f1L1
I2
Xm=2f1Lm
R 2 /S
44
Xm
Vth
R (X1 X m )
2
1
V1
2
Rth
X2
Xth
I2
If R12 ( X 1 X m )2
Xm
Vth
V1 K thV1
X1 Xm
Z th
jX m ( R1 jX 1 )
Rth jX th
R1 j ( X 1 X m )
Rth (
Xm
)2 R1 K th2 R1
X1 Xm
R2/S
Vth
and
gap Air
X th X 1
45
W1
V
I
I.M.
V0
Ic
Rc
Im
Xm
No Load
W2
cos( o )
Po
V0 I
I c I cos( o )
V0
Rc
Ic
I m I sin( o )
V0
Xm
Im
46
IbR1+R 2
W1
I.M.
Vb
X1+X2
Zb
Blocked
W2
Rb R1 R2
R2 Rb R1
Pb
,
2
Ib
Zb
&
Vb
,
Ib
X b X 1 X 2 Z b2 Rb2
X 1 X 2
Xb
2
47
dev
= 3V1I1cos
48
R2
S
PRCL 3( I 2 ) 2 R2
R (1 S )
Pdev 3( I 2 ) 2 2
S
PAG 3( I 2 ) 2
X1
R1
I1
V1
X2
I2
I
Ic
Rc
Im
R2
I2
R2(1-S)
S
Xm
49
Stator Losses:
Copper losses (Pcu 1)
Core losses (Piron)
X1
Ic
I1
Pin 3 V I1 cos1
V
Pcu 1 3
V2
Piron 3
Rm
R s P
Pcu 2 3 I
' 2
2
Rc
'
' 2 R2
Pg 3 ( I 2 )
Td
I12 R1
'
2
Pd 3 I
Protational
X2
' 2
2
R2
I2
Xc
E1 E2
'
R2
( 1 s )
s
Pg : Pcu 2 : Pd 1 : s : (1 s )
R2'
(1 s) Pg (1 s) Td
s
Pout T
51
Power relations
Pin 3 VL I L cos 3 V ph I ph cos
PSCL 3 I12 R1
Example
53
Solution
100 hp, 460 V, 8 pole, 60 Hz, star connected, 3-phase IM
Vph= 460/3 = 265.6 V
a) Machine parameters
No Load Test:
Vnl = 460/3 = 265.6 V, Inl = 40 A , Pnl = 4200/3 = 1400 W
cos (nI) = Pnl / (VnI * Inl) = 1400/ (265.6*40) = 0.132
nI = 82.4
Ic = Inl cos (nI)= 40* cos(82.4) = 5.27 A , Rc= Vnl / Ic = 50.38 .
Im = Inl sin (nI) = 40* sin(82.4) = 39.65 A , Xm = Vnl / Im = 6.7 .
Blocked rotor test:
Vbl = l00/3 = 57.74 V, Ibl = 140 A , Pbl = 8000/3 = 2666.67 W
R1+R'2 = Pbl / (lbl)2 = 0.136
But R1 = (0.152/2) * 1.11 = 0.084 , so R'2 = 0.052
Zbl = Vbl/ Ibl = 0.412 .
Xbl ={(Zbl2 -(R1+R'2)2} = 0.39
X1 = X'2.= 0.39/2 = 0.195
54
Z in
55
Problem
56
Performance Characterstics
Torque / speed Curve
Consider Thevenins equivalent circuit
The rotor current referred to stator side is:
I
'
2
Vth
Xth
I2
R2/S
Vth
Rth ( X th X 2 ) 2
s
'
2
Rth
X2
gap Air
PAG (1 S ) PAG 3( I 2 ) 2 R2
m s (1 S ) s
s
Pdev
Vth2
R2'
T 3
2
S s
R2'
Rth ( X th X 2 ) 2
S
Speed p.u.
57
Vth2
TSt 3
s Rth R2 2 ( X th X 2 ) 2
R2'
Maximum torque
Unstable
Stable
dT
0 ,
dS
ST max
Tmax
from which
R2'
2
[ Rth ( X th X 2' ) 2 ]1 / 2
Vth2
Starting torque
STmax
58
Torque-speed characteristics
ST max
R2'
( X th X 2' )
and
Tmax
Vth2
2 S ( X th X 2' )
3
and the ratio between the maximum torque and the torque developed at
any speed is given by:
( R2' / S ) 2 ( X th X 2' ) 2
( R2' / S ) 2 ( R2' / ST max ) 2
Tmax
S
S
'
(
)
(
)
2
' 2
'
2
'
2
( R2 / ST max ) ( X th X 2 ) ST max
( R2 / ST max ) ( R2 / ST max ) ST max
T
Tmax S 2 T max S 2
T
2 ST max S
60
Problem
61
Torque Characteristics
Consider The approximate equivalent circuit. The rotor current referred
to stator side is
I 2'
Td
Xeq
I1
R
R1 X eq2
s
'
2
Pd
I2
Ic
V
V
Rc
'
R
( I 2' ) 2 2 (1 s )
Req
Xc
R'2
( 1 s )
s
3 V 2 R2' (1 s )
' 2
R2
2
s R1 X eq
s
62
Torque Characteristics
s
0
Td
n
n
s
Pd
3 V 2 R2'
2
'
R2
2
X eq
s s R1
s
smax
s
1
Tst
T
max
ns n
ns
Torque
63
Torque Characteristics
s
Small Slip
Maximum Torque
0
s max
Large Slip
1
T
st
max
Torque
64
Maximum Torque
Td
Set
Pd
Td
0
s
smax
R'2
2
R12 X eq
Tmax
3 V 2 R2'
2
'
R2
X eq2
s s R1
s
3V
2
2
2 s R1 R1 X eq
65
Starting of IM
Problems:
High starting current
Low starting torque
66
Xeq
I1
I2
Ic
V
Req
R'2
( 1 s )
s
Xc
Rc
'
I 2st
2
' 2
R1 R2 X eq
67
n
V2 < V1
ns
3V2
V1
Tmax
s max
Tst
Tst 2
Tst 1
Tmax
' 2
2
R1 R2 X eq
2
2 s R1 R12 X eq
3 V 2 R2'
s R1 R
Torque
' 2
2
smax
X eq2
R'2
2
R12 X eq
68
69
ns
I '2st
Radd2
s max
Tmax
Tst2
' 2
2
R1 R2 X eq
R'2
smax
2
R12 X eq
Radd1
Tst1
Tst3=Tmax
Tst
3V2
2
2 s R1 R12 X eq
Torque
3 V 2 R2'
s R1 R
' 2
2
X eq2
70
71
72
Vth2
2 S ( X th X 2' )
ST max
R2'
( X th X 2' )
The
maximum
torque
is
independent
of
the
rotor
resistance. However, the value of
the rotor resistance determines
the slip at which the maximum
torque will occur. The torque-slip
characteristics for various values
of are shown.
To get maximum torque at
starting::
ST max 1
R1< R2< R3
R3
R2
R1
n
nr3 nr2 nr1 n ~n
s
NL
nr1< nr2< nr3
i.e. R2 ( X th X 2 )
73
Maximum Torque
74
From the IEEE recommended equivalent circuit, the input impedance Zin
is:
R2'
'
jX m jX 2
S
Z in R1 jX 1 '
R2
j X m X 2'
S
Z in Z in
The stator current I1 is :
V1
I1
Z in
jX2
jX1
R1
I1
V1
R 2 /S
jXm
Maximum or
pull-out torque
T
I1
p.f.
Tst
art
s
Starting
Typical Induction Motor
Characteristics
No-load
75
Starting
Current
Starting
Torque
Rated
Load Slip
Normal
Normal
< 5%
Low
Normal
< 5%
Low
High
< 5%
Low
Very High
8-13 %
C
B
76
T Vs2
T
V1
Rotor
V2
T
i
A
vA
N
vB
vC
C
4T
3
T
6T
5
T
2
V3
Rotor
V decreasing
V1> V2 > V3
nr1> nr2 > nr3
i
c
n
ns~nNL
77
Td
3 V 2 R2'
Speed
R2'
2
s s R1 X eq
s
f1
ns1
f3
ns3
A
B
f2
ns2
iL
f1 > f2 > f3
Inverter
Rectifie
r
DC AC
AC
DC
Rotor
filter
f Control
78
Torque
Advantages:
Very simple
Very useful at starting:
(high starting torque & low starting current)
Drawbacks:
Low efficiency:extra losses
Slow control
unbalance problems if the three
resistors are unequal.
79
80
Diode Rectifier
Controlled Inverter
81
82
Rext decreases
83
84
Nameplate
85
86
This single-phase
motors are truly twophase machines.
The motor uses a
squirrel cage rotor,
which has a laminated
iron core with slots.
Aluminum bars are
molded on the slots and
short-circuited at both
ends with a ring.
Main winding
+
+
Bars
_
_
Starting winding
Ring to short
circuit the bars
87