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SONIC LOG
Sonic (acoustic) log first effective
porosity log (~1958)
Measures:
1) Travel time (i.e. velocity)
2) Amplitude (i.e. attenuation)
Units s / ft
Inverse of velocity = slowness
Sonic Tools
Usually borehole compensated (BHC)
Reduces the effects of change in
borehole size due to caving and tilting of
the tool
Sound emitted at between 20-40KHz
Typically 5 measurements a sec at a
logging speed of 1500m/hr means there
is a sample every 8cm
Caliper Log
Brittle shale
Impermeable sst
Sloughing shale
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Permeable sst
Marl
Sonic Log
Also integrates the travel times to
produce the TOTAL time down the
borehole
Note that will not go to surface due to
steel casing of blow-out preventer
Can get cycle skipping - both sensors
do not receive the same event - in
unconsolidated or fractured formations
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Evaluation of Porosity
Travel time proportional to:
1) Amount and type of fluid in the pore
space
2) Amount of rock matrix
Wyllies timeAverage equation
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Evaluation of Porosity
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Wyllies Equation
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Sedimentary Type
Sonic porosity works well in
consolidated formations
Corrections required for unconsolidated
formations and shaly formations
Shale will normally INCREASE the
estimated porosity since Vshale <
Vsandstone
Secondary Porosity
Signal normally circumvents any
fractures or vugs
Sonic Porosity in carbonates with
secondary porosity typically MINIMUM
porosity estimated
Uncompacted sands
Application of Wyllies formula gives
porosity that is too HIGH - need a
correction
Principal Uses
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Array Analysis
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Display Types
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FORMATION DENSITY
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Attenuation of energy in
backscattered gamma
rays used as an indication
of
ELECTRON DENSITY
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Electron Density
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Porosity Estimates
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Density Logs
Widespread use besides porosity
1) Indentification of evaporite minerals
2) Detection of gas
3) Determination of hydrocarbon density
4) Evaluation of shaly-sand lithologies
5) Determination of oil-shale yield
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Mudcake compensation
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Effect of Gas
Porosity estimated
too high in gas
zone
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Effect of Mica
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Carbonates
Since the tool only sees 25% of the
borehole, in carbonate sequences with
secondary porosity - density tool
estimates porosity TOO LOW
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NEUTRON LOG
Used to delineate porous formation and
determine their porosity
Respond to the amount of HYDROGEN
present in the formation
In clean formations reflects the amount
of liquid filled porosity
Principle
Source of Plutonium Beryllium
(PuBe) or Americium Beryllium
(AmBe)
Two detectors ratio of counts
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Measurement
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Measurement
Dependent on the type of neutron logger
either measures capture gamma rays or
epithermal neutrons
If hydrogen content is high most neutrons
slowed down and captured in a short
distance
NOTE Oil and water have similar H2
content - responding to liquid filled
porosity
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Hydrogen Index
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Calibration
In API pits near
Houston
19% limestone
porosity is
1000 API units
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Porosity Measurement
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Gas Effect
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Evaporites
Units with hydrogen in
chemically bound state
will produce high
e.g. bound water in shales &
water of Xstallisation in gypsum
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