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C. Gastric secretions
(a) Gastric glands (Fig.15-17)
(b) Three-layered (layers of stomach wall)
-Mucosal (innermost), muscularis and serosal (outermost)
(c) Gastric pits
a. Mucus glands/ goblet cells
b. Chief cells
Secrete pepsinogen
Pepsinogen converted into pepsin by HCl
c. Parietal cells
Secrete HCl and intrinsic factor
- Activate enzymatic secretion of chief cells
- HCl converts pepsinogen to pepsin
- HCl provides low pH (pH 2) for pepsin (optimal at pH 2-4)
-Intrinsic factor helps absorption of vitamin B12 (RBC formation)
d. Conversion of pepsinogen to pepsin (Fig.15-21)
e. Somatostatin and histamine from stomach as paracrine agents
D. HCl secretion
(a) Secretes 1.5L per day
(b) Involved components (Fig.15-18)
H+/K+ pumps secrete H+ to stomach lumen
Cl- channels secrete Cl- to lumen
HCO3-/ Cl- channels secrete HCO3- to blood
(c) Regulation of HCl production (Fig.15-19)
Stimulation increases H+/K+ pump population on the membrane
Stimulants: Gastrin, Ach, and Histamine (most potent)
Inhibitor: Somatostatin
*Somatostatin from stomach, pancreas, and small intestine (from delta cells)
E. Regulation of gastric secretion (Table 15-5)
Controlled by CNS and hormone (Fig.15-20)
(a) Cephalic phase
Stimuli: Sight, smell, taste, or chewing
From parasympathetic nerve at parietal cells, chief cells, and mucus cells
Increased HCl secretion
(b) Gastric phase
(i) Stimuli: Distension, low acidity, amino acids/peptides
Food in the stomach stretches chemoreceptors of mucosa to secrete gastrin
Gastrin stimulates HCl secretion and movement of stomach
Protein, alcohol, and caffeine are gastric stimulants
(ii) Negative feedback: Somatostatin inhibits secretion of HCl, histamine,
and gastrin
Acidity of stomach is indicator of somatostatin secretion
(iii) Phase lasts several hours while the food stays in the stomach
(c) Intestinal phase (Fig.15-24)
Stimuli: Distension, acidity, osmolarity, and chyme
Arrival of food into intestine triggers the regulation from intestine
Monosaccharides, amino acids, fatty acids, and water are the forms of absorption
Digestive enzymes and buffers are provided by liver and pancreas
Bile salts and bilirubin
7) Large intestine
A. Structure
(1) Frames the small intestine
(2) About 1.5m long
(3) Three portions (Fig.15-33)
(a) Cecum
Pouch shaped intestinal chamber
Connected to ileum by ileocecal valve
Has vermiform appendix
Begins fecal compaction
(b) Colon
Ascending colon
Transverse colon
Descending colon
Sigmoid colon
(c) Rectum
B. Functions
(1) Reabsorption of water and compaction of feces
-Takes about 1.5L of chyme in a day
-Active absorption of sodium leads water absorption due to osmotic pressure
(2) Absorption of vitamins from bacterial functions
(3) Storage of fecal material
C. Absorption in large intestine
(1) Water
About 87% of water absorbed
(2) Vitamins
Vitamin K and B5
(3) Organic compounds
Products from bacterial decomposition
D. Movement of fecal materials
(1) Takes hours while water reabsorption takes place
(2) Forces are mass movement and infrequent peristaltic movement
(3) Stimulation from distension of stomach
E. Defecation
Rectal distension stimulates defecation reflex
Positive feedbacks are involved
-Stretch receptors in the rectal walls and sacral parasympathetic system
stimulates peristaltic movement of rectum
3. Digestion and absorption
1) Carbohydrate (carbohydrate absorption)
Digestion starts from mouth by salivary amylase
-Break into di- or trisaccharides
-The enzyme inactivated by HCl