Ulf Håll, Turbomachinery 2004-09-23

Axial Turbines
Turbine Fundamentals Simple because Difficult because
l Pressure drop l High temperatures
chap 2.9
l Large ∆h o per stage l Desired speeds

l Wakes allowed higher then stress

Nozzle (1 stator) limit
According to
Lakshminarayana

2004-09-23 Ulf Håll, Turbomachinery 1 2 0 0 4 -0 9 -2 3 Ulf Håll, Turbomachinery 2

Degree of Reaction Efficiencies

l Only used for turbines. Why? l Total to static. Why?
l Impulse stage gives higher work. l Because exit kinetic is a loss! Wrong! Why?
Wrong!! Why? l It can be related to other parameters. No!
l Reaction stage gives higher work. l Efficiency based on kinetic energy good. No!
Wrong!! Why? Why?
l Optimal turbine but how?

hs 2 − hs1
R=
ho 2 − ho1
2 0 0 4 -0 9 -2 3 Ulf Håll, Turbomachinery 3 2 0 0 4 -0 9 -2 3 Ulf Håll, Turbomachinery 4

Turbine Performance Plot Performance

If the rotor is choking, the l Is this an l Smith diagram, 2.61 is only half true!
higher speed lines will explanation for fig l The pressure drop is limited by choking
choke at a lower mass 2.59? l The diagram 2.60 is illustrative! (No?)
flow! See continuity eq.

−. 5 (γ +1 ) / ( γ −1 )
m& γRTor 3  γ −1 2 
= γ M r 3 cos β3  1− M r3 
A3 por 3  2 
m& γRTo 1 & γRTor3 por 3 To1 A3
m
=
po 1 Ap or3 po 1 Tor 3 A1
2 0 0 4 -0 9 -2 3 Ulf Håll, Turbomachinery 5 2 0 0 4 -0 9 -2 3 Ulf Håll, Turbomachinery 6

Lakshminarayana 1
Ulf Håll, Turbomachinery 2004-09-23

Turbine blading Turbine blade design

l Design l IGV flow channel l Action rotor flow
n blade profile, n Continous accelerating channel
t thickness distribution mean flow n High turning
t circular arcs, parabolas n Accelerating suction n Moderately accelerated
side speed on suction side
n channel geometry
n Constant high pressure n Pressure difference from
t circle distribution
pressure side vortex
n profile velocity distribution n Short accelerating exit n Short adjusting section on
l Zweifel restriction on solidity section on pressure in- and outlet for pressure
side side

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Supersonic turbines Radial turbines

l VAC expert l Kongsberg
l Choking problems, i.e. not sonic l Small units, supercharger
l Supersonic from convergent l Bad reputation after Parsons steam failure
l Nozzle flow no help l Good reputation after Francis hydraulic
l Trailing edge expansion do not occur

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Hydraulic turbines Wind turbine force

l Radial, optimal, Ns Ds design
l High efficiency, extremely high
l One operating point
l Best efficiency at some part load
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The force for a wind turbine is in the blade lift direction,
i.e. almost perpendicular do the turbine disc. To get
power one wants a large torque, i.e. a force in the disc
direction. This is almost in the drag direction for a wind
turbine.
So, isn’t the conventional wind turbine a very bad
design???
Why not use blades that give lift in the torque-force
direction, like a Pelton turbine?
Will the ideal, i.e. no blade drag, wind turbine generate
any work?
Ulf Håll, Turbomachinery 11 2 0 0 4 -0 9 -2 3 Ulf Håll, Turbomachinery 12

Lakshminarayana 2