Math 113 HW #11 Solutions

5.1

4. (a) Estimate the area under the graph of f (x) = x from x = 0 to x = 4 using four approximating rectangles and right endpoints. Sketch the graph and the rectangles. Is your
estimate an underestimate or an overestimate?
Answer: Since [0, 4] has length 4, each of the four rectangles will have width 4/4 = 1,
so the right endpoints are 1, 2, 3 and 4. Thus, the heights of the four rectangles are

f (1) = 1 = 1

f (2) = 2 1.414

f (3) = 3 1.732

f (4) = 4 = 2.

1.5

0.5

0.4

0.8

1.2

1.6

2.4

2.8

3.2

3.6

Since each rectangle

has

width 1, the area of the first rectangle is 1 1 = 1, the area of

the second is 2 1 = 2, etc. Thus, we can estimate the area under the curve as

1 + 2 + 3 + 2 6.146.
Since f (x) is an increasing function, this is an over-estimate of the actual area.
(b) Repeat part (a) using left endpoints.
1

Answer: The endpoints of the four sub-intervals are the same, though now were interested in the left endpoints, which are 0, 1, 2, and 3. Thus, the heights of the four
rectangles are

f (0) = 0 = 0

f (1) = 1 = 1

f (2) = 2 1.414

f (3) = 3 1.732.

1.5

0.5

0.4

0.8

1.2

1.6

2.4

2.8

3.2

3.6

Thus, the area contained in these rectangles is

0 + 1 + 2 + 3 4.146,
which is an underestimate of the actual area.
18. Use Definition 2 to find an expression for the area under the graph of
f (x) =

ln x
,
x

3 x 10

as a limit. Do not evaluate the limit.

Answer: Since [3, 10] has length 10 3 = 7, if we break this interval up into n subintervals
of equal width, each will have width x = 7/n. Then the area under the graph will be given
by
n
n
X
X
ln xi 7

lim
f (xi )x = lim
n
n
xi n
i=1

i=1

for any choice of sample points xi , where xi is in the ith subinterval. Choosing, say, the right
endpoint of each as the sample point, we can see that
7
xi = 3 + i ,
n
so the above limit becomes

n
X
ln 3 + i n7 7
lim
.
7
n
n
3
+
i
n
i=1

5.2
18. Express the limit
lim

n
X
cos xi
i=1

xi

as a definite integral on [, 2].

Answer: This is simply the definition of the definite integral
Z 2
cos x
dx.
x

22. Use the form of the definition of the integral given in Theorem 4 to evaluate the integral
Z 4
(x2 + 2x 5) dx.
1

Answer: Breaking the interval [1, 4] into n subintervals of equal width, each will be of width
x =

41
3
= .
n
n

Moreover, the right endpoint of the ith subinterval will be

3
xi = 1 + i .
n
Therefore, the height of the ith rectangle will be (since were using right endpoints),
f (xi ) = x2i + 2xi 5




3
3 2
= 1+i
+2 1+i
5
n
n
6
9
6
= 1 + i + i2 2 + 2 + i 5
n
n
n
9
12
= i2 2 + i 2.
n
n

Therefore,
Z

n
X

(x2 + 2x 5) dx = lim

f (xi )x

i=1
n 
X


9
12
3
i 2 +i 2
= limn
n
n
n
i=1

n 
X
36
6
2 27
= lim
i 3 +i 2
n
n
n
n
i=1
" n
#
n
n
X 27 X
X
36
6
= lim
i2 3 +
i 2
n
n
n
n
i=1
i=1
i=1
"
#
n
n
n
27 X 2 36 X
6X
= lim
i + 2
i
1
n n3
n
n
2

i=1

i=1

i=1

Therefore, since
n
X
i=1
n
X

1=1
i=

i=1
n
X
i=1

i2 =

n(n + 1)
2
n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
,
6

we see that the above limit is equal to





54n3 + 81n2 + 27n 36n2 + 36n
27 n(n + 1)(2n + 1) 36 n(n + 1) 6
+ 2
n = lim
+
6
lim
n
n n3
6
n
2
n
6n3
2n2
54 36
+
6
=
6
2
= 9 + 18 6
= 21.
Therefore,
Z

(x2 + 2x 5) dx = 21.

34. The graph of g consists of two straight lines and a semicircle. Use it to evaluate each integral
R2
(a) 0 g(x)dx
Answer: Since on [0, 2] the graph of g(x) is just a straight line of slope 2 coming down
from y = 4 to y = 0, the area is just the area of the triangle
1
2 4 = 4.
2
Since this area is above the x-axis, definite integral equals the area, so
4

R2
0

g(x)dx = 4.

(b)

R6

(c)

R7

g(x)dx
Answer: On [2, 6] the graph of g(x) is a semi-circle of radius 2 lying below the x-axis.
Its area is
1
(2)2 = 2.
2
Since it lies below the axis, the integral is negative, so
Z 6
g(x)dx = 2.
2

2
0 g(x)dx
Answer: Since
Z 7
Z
g(x)dx =
0

g(x)dx +

Z
g(x)dx = 4 2 +

g(x)dx +
2

g(x)dx,
6

R7
we just need to determine 6 g(x)dx. Since this is a straight line of slope 1 going up
from the x-axis (at x = 6) to y = 1 (at x = 7), it describes a triangle of area
1
1
11= .
2
2
R7

Since this area lies above the axis,

Z 7
Z
g(x)dx = 4 2 +
0

g(x)dx = 1/2, so

g(x)dx = 4 2 +

44. Use the result of Example 3 to compute

Z

1
9
= 2 1.78.
2
2

(2ex 1)dx.

R3

Answer: Example 3 says that 1 ex dx = e3 e, we need to use the properties of the definite
R3
integral to express the given integral in terms of 1 ex dx.
Now, by Property 4,
3

3
x

(2e 1)dx =

2e
1

1dx.
1

In turn, by Property 1,
3

1dx = 1(3 1) = 2.
1

By Property 3,
3

ex dx.

2e dx = 2
1

Putting these together, then,

Z

(2e 1)dx = 2
1

ex dx 2.

R3
Plugging in the value we know for 1 ex dx, we see that
Z 3
(2ex 1)dx = 2(e3 e) 2 = 2(e3 e 1) 32.73.
1

5.3
14. Use Part 1 of the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus to find the derivative of the function
Z x2 p
h(x) =
1 + r3 dr.
0

Answer: Make the change of variables u = x2 . Then

!
Z u p

Z x2 p
d
d
0
3
3
1 + r dr =
1 + r dr .
h (x) =
dx
dx
0
0
By the Chain Rule, this is equal to
d
du

up

Z


1+

r3 dr

Using the Fundamental Theorem and the fact that

h0 (x) =

du
dx

du
.
dx

= 2x, we see that

p
p
p
1 + u3 (2x) = 1 + (x2 )3 (2x) = 2x 1 + x6 .

26. Evaluate the integral

2

cos d.

Answer: Since sin is an antiderivative of cos , the second part of the Fundamental Theorem
says that
Z 2
h
i2
cos d = sin
= sin 2 sin = 0 0 = 0.

36. Evaluate the integral

1

10x dx.

Answer: Since

d
(10x ) = 10x ln 10,
dx

we see that

10x
ln 10

is an antiderivative of 10x . Therefore,

Z
0

10x
10 dx =
ln 10
x

1
=
0

10
1
9

=
.
ln 10 ln 10
ln 10

40. Evaluate the integral

Z
1

4 + u2
du.
u3

Answer: Re-write the integral as


Z 2
Z 2
Z 2
4
u2
3
u1 du.
4u
du
+
du
=
+
3
3
u
u
1
1
1
2

Then, since u2 = 2u1 2 is an antiderivative for u3 and since ln u is an antiderivative for

u1 , we see that the above is equal to


i2  2 2 
1 2 h
3
4 2 + ln u = +
+ (ln 2 ln 1) = + ln 2.
2u 1
4 1
2
1