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Культура Документы
Fayez W. Zaki
Ehababdelhay@mans.edu.eg
fwzaki@yahoo.com
Sherif S. Kishk
Hossam S. Moustafa
shkishk@mans.edu.eg
hossam_moustafa@hotmail.com
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Ehab H.Abdelhay, et al International Journal of Review in Electronics and Communication Engineering [Volume 3, Issue 6, December 2015]
symbols with total time 0.5ms for 10 MHz bandwidth, 50RBs are
provided as shown in Figure 1 [9]. In addition a guard band of
1MHz is required [9].
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Ehab H.Abdelhay, et al International Journal of Review in Electronics and Communication Engineering [Volume 3, Issue 6, December 2015]
2.5. MIMO Technique:
AMC causes performance improvement in LTE system. MIMO
can also improve network performance. There are different methods
to make MIMO according to transmitting and receiving antennas
configuration; as transmit diversity (TD), receive diversity (RD), and
spatial multiplexing (SM). In transmit diversity the same information
can be sent from multiple antennas using multiple input single output
method (MISO) [14]. In Receive diversity multiple antennas are used
in receiving side using Single Input Multiple Output (SIMO) method.
TD and RD improve SNR, and this affects the throughput indirectly.
In Spatial Multiplexing the throughput can be increased using
number of transmitting antennas which transmit independent data to
increase transmitted data rate [14]. SM and SD are combined to give
higher order 2x4MIMO which can be used in uplink LTE-A
networks.
3. SYSTEM MODEL
This section presents the considered Channel capacity model,
cost231hata model, and link adaptation.
Rb
BW log 2 1 SNR SNR ; SNR SNRm ax
B
R
R
or : b b
; SNR SNRm ax
B
B m ax
So
and
values have to be estimated for different
antenna configurations and for uplink parameters.
C B log2 (1 SNR)
(1)
(2)
(3)
The bandwidth efficiency due to the Cyclic Prefix (CP) overhead,
is calculated as shown in equation (4), where
in LTE-A is
0.5 msec and a SC-FDMA subcarrier spacing f = 15 kHz
corresponds to a useful symbol time Tu = 1/f 66.7s [8].
(4)
To carry out uplink coherent demodulation, the eNB needs to
estimate the uplink channel. A straightforward way to enable channel
estimation in case of SC-FDMA transmission is to insert known
reference symbols into the SC-FDMA time frequency grid. The
reference symbol density depends on the number of TX antennas
used in the MIMO, so
can be obtained by equation (5), Where
is 12 subcarriers per resource block and
is 7 symbols per
subcarrier, and r is the number of transmission antennas, so for 1
antenna conFigureration
= 0.95.
Figure 4: LTE-A Spectral Efficiency of AWGN channel
But in [12],[13] the authors used different modulation and coding
schemes as described in section 2.4 to estimate the LTE-A spectral
efficiency for AWGN channel and the results was lower than
maximum theoretical spectral efficiency given in equation 1 as
shown in Figure 4
And when Authors tried to simulate LTE-A network with AMC
and made curve fitting for results it give a results lower than
maximum theoretical capacity as shown in Figure 5
(5)
The total results for the LTE link-level bandwidth efficiency are
given by
(6)
And the system-level results can be estimated by multiplying
by 0.56 [8]. So the LTE bandwidth efficiency becomes 40% for
SISO and around 38% for multi-antenna MIMO.
(7)
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Ehab H.Abdelhay, et al International Journal of Review in Electronics and Communication Engineering [Volume 3, Issue 6, December 2015]
Table 1: SNR and BW efficiencies
Number of trans. antennas
1
2
3
4
0.4
0.38
0.37
0.34
0.91
1.05
1.11
1.24
(8)
ahm
(9)
Value
1000 m
23dBm
180 KHz
10MHz
50 RBs
15KHz
-174dBm/Hz
5 dB
15dB
2.6 GHz
500 msec
Max.
SNR
-6 dB
-4 dB
-2.1 dB
0 dB
2.1 dB
3.8 dB
6 dB
7.8 dB
9.9 dB
12.6 dB
15 dB
Antenna
conFigureuration
1x1 SISO
1x2 SIMO
1x2 SIMO
1x2 SIMO
2x2 MIMO
2x2 MIMO
2x2 MIMO
2x2 MIMO
2x2 MIMO
2x2 MIMO
2x2 MIMO
Modulation
QPSK
QPSK
QPSK
QPSK
QPSK
QPSK
QPSK
16QAM
16QAM
16QAM
64QAM
rx 1
Code
rate
1/8
1/5
1/4
1/3
1/2
2/3
4/5
1/2
2/3
4/5
2/3
2r.dr
With
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ro 0
(10)
rx21 rx2 C
rx 1
Where
4. PERFORMANCE STUDY
A single LTE-A/E-UTRAN cell in urban area is considered with
network parameters as given in table 3. Study is carried out for
Uplink. The cell has one RS, whose position is variable and its best
position in the cell is evaluated for higher Throughput, and lower
MFTT, and results are compared with theoretical estimated optimum
placement. Cost-231hata path loss model is used [15], and [16].
Proposed SDMT scheme is used in the RS, and results compared
with the standard transmission scheme. New file transfers from
random users at random locations in the cell, are initiated with wide
range of arrival rates [16]. High order 2x4 MIMO technique is used
in simulations [17].
rx
C r
2
cell
(11)
rx2
(12)
/ Z total
(13)
Where rcell is the cell radius and Ztotalis the total number of
zones per cell.
(14)
Where:
is the distance between UE and eNB, is the distance
between RS and eNB, and may be obtained as shown in (15),
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RS. The data rate of a CCU in a segment at distance r1 from the BS is
estimated in (22),
R(CCU ) C(SNR(r1))
(22)
Cell Edge users are users who need RS to transmit data to eNB
with higher data rate than when transmit directly. The data rate of
CEUs can be defined as the bottleneck of the UE-RS link and RSeNB link as:
R(CEU )
2
j RS jUE
K
(23)
1
minC ( SNR(d )), C ( SNR(r2 ))
2
(15)
nr
log 2 1 SNR
SNR( x)
min(nt , nr )
SNR( x)
PT _ max
N o W RB L( x)
SNR(d )
(16)
; SNR SNRmax
PUE _ m ax
N o W RB L(d )
; SNR SNRm ax
SNR(r2 )
PUE _ m ax
N o W RB L( r2 )
; SNR SNRm ax
(17)
PT _ new SNRmax N o RB L( x)
Where
PT _ new PT _ new
(18)
(19)
(20)
SNR(r1 )
PUE _ max
N o W RB L(r1 )
; SNR SNRmax
(24)
(25)
(21)
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Ehab H.Abdelhay, et al International Journal of Review in Electronics and Communication Engineering [Volume 3, Issue 6, December 2015]
According to this; (18) will be modified simply to be as follows:
R(CEU )
1
minC ( SNR(d )), C ( SNR(r2 ) SNR(r1 )) (21)
2
Where;
SNR(d )
PUE _ m ax
N o W RB L(d )
; SNR SNRm ax
(22)
PUE _ m ax
N o W RB L( r2 )
; SNR SNRm ax
(23)
PUE _ max
N o W RB L(r1 )
; SNR SNRmax
(24)
Max.
SNR
-6 dB
-4 dB
-2.1 dB
0 dB
2.1 dB
3.8 dB
6 dB
7.8 dB
9.9 dB
12.6 dB
15 dB
Antenna
configuration
1x1 SISO
1x2 SIMO
1x2 SIMO
1x2 SIMO
2x2 MIMO
2x2 MIMO
2x2 MIMO
2x2 MIMO
2x2 MIMO
2x2 MIMO
2x2 MIMO
Modulation
BPSK
QPSK
QPSK
QPSK
QPSK
16QAM
16QAM
16QAM
16QAM
16QAM
64QAM
Code
rate
1
1/3
1/2
2/3
4/5
1/3
1/2
2/3
4/5
5/6
1/3
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will increase as described in section 3, so using AMMCS can
improve BW efficiency using smaller number of antennas when SNR
is low.
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Ehab H.Abdelhay, et al International Journal of Review in Electronics and Communication Engineering [Volume 3, Issue 6, December 2015]
From Figures 14 to 19 it can be concluded that proposed SDMT
improve CEUs throughput more than using standard transmission
mode. But total throughput gain is too low to be seen in Figures since
the total throughput is mainly affected by CCUs, beside the CEUs
effect.
Figures 20, and 21 show the Mean file transfer time MFTT (sec
per 1Mbit) for AMMCS with standard transmission mode, and
SDMT mode; respectively.
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7. CONCLUSIONS
This paper has investigated the uplink performance improvements
using Multi-hop Relay technology with based on AMMCS compared
with 2x2MIMO in LTE-A networks. This research mainly discusses
two points; the impact of RS position on LTE-A uplink performance,
and how to improve network performance.
In first part CQI-thresholds for adaptive MIMO, modulation and
coding switching (AMMCS) were proposed in accordance to spectral
efficiency related to SINR curves for different available standard
antenna configurations for uplink LTE-Advanced and used for the
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Ehab H.Abdelhay, et al International Journal of Review in Electronics and Communication Engineering [Volume 3, Issue 6, December 2015]
rest of paper for comparing its performance with other standard
antenna configuration schemes.
For this study, a model has been developed for an urban area
single LTE-A cell. The cell is split into equally sized segments. In
order to calculate the data rate of the UEs; AMMCS is considered.
Furthermore, the resource blocks allocation was made regarding the
UL scheduling scheme. The channel-unaware Fair Work Conserving
(FWC) uplink RB scheduler was used. Transmission is done using
two transmission modes; standard Multi-hop transmission mode, and
proposed Synchronous Direct and Multi-hop transmission mode.
Total and average LTE-A uplink throughput and system capacity
was investigated as a function of arrival rates for three scenarios,
2x2MIMO, AMMCS, and AMMCS with SDMT. It was shown that
under empirical path loss model like cost-231hata the RS placed at
50% of the cell radius (counted from the center towards the cell
edge) provide the highest total uplink throughput, and also provides
the highest system capacity. Also when the mean file transfer time
(MFTT), it can be concluded that the best place to locate an RS is at
50% of cell radius. Moreover, it can be concluded that SDMT mode
can increase CEUs throughput with a marginal increase in network
capacity. Also it can be concluded that by using the AMMCS with
SDMT; CEUs achieve full use of available scheduled RBs.
According to this; their throughput will be increased, and MFTT in
the cell will be decreased. Also results show that using AMMCS
gives the same throughput, maximum capacity, and arrival rate as
standard 2x2MIMO for all RS positions, but with less antenna
complexity, BER and more bandwidth efficiency.
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[15] S. Kale, A.N. Jadhav,An Empirically Based Path Loss Models for
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AUTHORS BIOGRAPHIES
Ehab H. Abdelhay is an assistant professor at Faculty
of Engineering, Mansoura University, Egypt. He received
the B.Sc. degree in Comm. Engineering from Mansoura
University, Egypt in 2005. He received M.Sc. degree
from the same university in 2010. He received Ph.D.
degree from the same university in 2015. He worked as a
Demonstrator at Department of comm. and electronics
Faculty of Engineering, Mansoura University, from 2006, Lecture assistant
from 2011, and Lecturer from 2015 till now. His research interest the area of
Wireless Telecommunication Systems as 3G, 4G, and 5G mobile systems,
WSNs, Speech and Image processing.
Fayez W. Zaki is a professor at Faculty of Engineering,
Mansoura University. He received the B.Sc. in
Communication Eng. from Menofia University Egypt
1969, M.Sc. Communication Eng. from Helwan
University Egypt 1975, and Ph. D. from Liverpool
University 1982. Worked as a demonstrator at Mansoura
University, Egypt from 1969, Lecture assistant from
1975, lecturer from 1982, Associate Prof. from 1988, and
Prof. from 1994. Head of Electronics and Communication Engineering
Department Faculty of Engineering, Mansoura University from 2002 till
2005. His research interest Digital Communications, Mobile
Communications, Communications Networks, Speech and Image processing.
He supervised several MSc and PhD theses. He has published several papers
in refereed journals and international conferences. He is now a member of
the professorshippromotion committee in Egypt.
Sherif S. Kishk is an associate professor at Faculty of
Engineering, Mansoura University. His experience
covers watermarking, 3D object recognition, Optical
signal processing, Wireless networks, Circuits design,
Biomedical image processing. He received the B.Sc.
degree in Electronics and Communications Engineering
in 1992, Mansoura University, Egypt. and the M.Sc.
degree in Electrical Communications 1995 from
Mansoura University, Egypt. He received another M.Sc. degree in Electrical
and Computer Engineering in 2001 from the University of Connecticut, CT,
USA. He received the Ph.D. degree in Electrical and Computer Engineering
in 2004 from the University of Connecticut, CT, USA. He has been a
reviewer for Applied optics, Optics Express, Optical Communications, He
has published several papers in refereed journals and international
conferences.
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