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Types of Flow
Laminar Flow
Laminar flow occurs when the average velocity is comparatively low. In laminar
flow, the fluid moves smoothly in orderly layers, with little or no mixing of the
fluid across the flow stream. Changes in velocity can still exist as the friction of
the wall slows the layers closest to the wall, while the flow in the centre of the
pipe moves at a faster pace. This velocity change produces a parabolic
streamlined flow profile as shown below:
Turbulent Flow
Turbulent flow occurs when the flow velocity is high and the fluid particles no
longer flow smoothly in layers. In this type of flow, the laminar flow breaks down
to produce intermixing between the layers. Turbulent flow is quite random, as
smaller currents flow (known as eddies) in all directions. This type of flow has a
flatter flow profile, such that the velocity of forward flow in the centre of the pipe
is nearly the same as that near the walls of the pipe as shown below:
References
Flow Measurement: Practical Guides for Measurement and Control
Flow Measurement Handbook: Industrial Designs, Operating Principles,
Performance, and Applications
ISA Handbook of Measurement Equations and Tables
Instrument Engineers' Handbook, Vol. 1: Process Measurement and Analysis
Flow Measurement Practice
Conclusion
As a conclusion, the experiment that have been carried out were successful, even
though the data collected are a little bit difference compared to the theoretical
value. The difference between the theoretical value and the actual value may
mainly due to human and servicing factors such as parallax error. This error occur
during observer captured the value of the water level. Besides that, error may
occur during adjusting the level gauge to point at the white line on the side of the
weight pan. Other than that, it also maybe because of the water valve. This error
may occur because the water valve was not completely close during collecting
the water. This may affect the time taken for the water to be collected. There are
a lot of possibilities for the experiment will having an error. Therefore, the
recommendation to overcome the error is ensure that the position of the
observers eye must be 90 perpendicular to the reading or the position. Then,
ensure that the apparatus functioning perfectly in order to get an accurate result.
REFERENCE:
1.http://www.cee.mtu.edu/~dwatkins/ce3600_labs/impact_of_jet.pdf
2. http://www.eng.ucy.ac.cy/EFM/Manual/HM%2015008/HM15008E-ln.pdf
3.http://staff.fit.ac.cy/eng.fm/classes/amee202/Fluids%20Lab%20Impact%20of
%20a%20Jet.pdf
4. Welty, J.R.; Wicks, C.E.; Wilson, R.E.; Rorrer, G. Fundamentals of Momentum, Heat and Mass Transfer 439446 (John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY, 2000)
5. Mulder, M. Basic Principles of Membrane Technology (Kluwer Acad. Publ., Boston, 1991)
Lauga,E;Brenner, M.P.;Stone, H.A.; Microfluidics No-Slip Boundary Condition to appear in Handbook of
Experimental Fluid Dynamics, (Springer, New York, 2005)
6. Majumder, M.; Chopra, N.; Hinds, B. J. Effect of Tip Functionalization on Transport through Vertically
Oriented Carbon Nanotube Membranes J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 127, 9062 (2005)