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( x) = x
or
( p) = p
( x, y , z ) = x, y , z
{ x, y,z }
Formalism
Let
(1)
H1
( 2)
H12
H2
be the tensor-
H1 and H2 .
(1)
(1)
1 2
(1)
( 2)
( 2)
(1)
Schmidt Basis
The easiest way to find a good basis for a
tensor product space is to use tensor products
of basis states from each sub-space
If:
H1
{|n2(2) } ; n2=1,2,,N2 is a basis in H2
{|n1(1) } ; n1=1,2,,N1 is a basis in
It follows that:
{|n1, n2(12) }; |n1, n2(12)=|n1(1)|n2(2) is a basis in
If System 1 is in state:
(1)
N1
= an1 n1
H12.
(1)
n1 =1
( 2)
N2
= bn2 n2
( 2)
n2 =1
1, 2
(12)
= 1
(1)
(2)
N1
N2
= an1 bn 2 n1,n 2
(12)
n1 =1n 2 =1
12
(12 )
= cn1n2 n1, n2
n1 =1 n2 =1
(12 )
Entangled States
The essence of quantum `weirdness lies in
the fact that there exist states in the tensorproduct space of physically distinct systems
that are not tensor product states
A tensor-product state is of the form
(12 )
= 1
(1)
( 2)
12
(12 )
N1
N2
= cn1n2 n1, n2
(12 )
n1 =1 n2 =1
Configuration Space
The state of a quantum system of N
particles in 3 dimensions lives in
configuration space (We dont know about spin yet)
There are three quantum numbers
associated with each particle
It takes 3N quantum numbers to specify a
state of the full system
Coordinate Basis:
r r
r
{ r1, r2,..., rN
Wavefunction:
r r
r
r r
r
PROOF:
A(1) = am am
(1)
am
(1)
B ( 2 ) = bm bm
( 2)
bm
( 2)
A(1) B (2) = am bn am
(1)
am
(1)
(2)
bn
bn
(2)
m,n
= am bn am
m,n
(1)
(12 )
C (12 ) = ambn am , bn
bn
(2)
)(
am , bn
am
(1)
bn
(2)
(12 )
m,n
1 , 2
C
(12 )
1 , 2
(12 )
(12 )
:= 1
(1)
= ambn am , bn
m,n
(12 )
( 2)
am 1
(1)
bn 2
( 2)
(12 )
m' , n'
H12
(12 )
m,n
(12 )
C (12 ) m, n
(12 )
H1
can be upgraded to an
A(12 ) = A(1) I ( 2 )
If A1 is an observable in H1, then it is also an
observable in H12 (since it remains Hermitian
when upgraded).
The spectrum of A1 remains the same after
upgrading
Proof:
Let
A(1) am
(1)
= am am
(1)
Then:
A(1) I (2) am
(1)
(2)
) (
(1)
= A(1) am
= am am
= am am
(1)
(1)
) (
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
( A1 I2 )( I1 B2 ) = A1I1 I2 B2
= A1 B2
Compatible observables
Let A(1) and B(2) be observables in their
respective Hilbert spaces
Let A= A(1) I(2) and B= I(1) B(2) .
Theorem: [A,B]=0
Proof:
[A, B]= AB BA
= (A1 I 2 )(I1 B2 ) (I1 B2 )(A1 I 2 )
= (A1 I1 ) (I 2 B2 ) (I1 A1 ) (B2 I 2 )
= A1 B2 A1 B2 = 0
H1 , is compatible
And versus Or
The tensor product correlates with a system
having property A and property B
Dimension of combined Hilbert space is product
of dimensions of subspaces associated with A
and B
Example: start with a system having 4 energy
levels. Let it interact with a 2 level system. The
Hilbert space of the combined system has 8
possible states.
So a basis is:
{x }
dx x x dy y y dz z z
= dxdydz x x y y z z
= dxdydz( x y z )( x y z )
= dxdydz x, y,z x, y,z
=
x, y , z x y z
( x, y , z ) = x, y , z
= dxdydz x, y, z ( x, y, z )
Three-dimensional Operators
We can define the vector operators:
r
R = X x + Y y + Z z
r
P = Px x + Py y + Pz z
r
R x, y, z = (x x + y y + z z ) x, y, z
rr rr
or R r = r r
Note that: X = X(1)I(2) I(3) and Py = I(1)P (2) I(3)
so that [X, Py]=0.
With
R1 = X
P1 = Px
R2 = Y
P2 = Py
R3 = Z
P3 = Pz
We can use:
[R ,R ] = [P ,P ] = 0
[R ,P ] = ih
j
jk
x1 , x2 = x1
(1)
x2
( 2)
( x1 , x2 ) = x1 , x2
I=
dx dx
1
x1, x 2 x1, x 2 = 1
X1 = X1 I2
P2 = I1 P2
etc...
[ X , X ] = [P ,P ] = 0
[ X ,P ] = ih
j
j
jk
Hamiltonians
One particle in three dimensions:
Each component of momentum contributes
additively to the Kinetic Energy
1
H=
Px2 + Py2 + Pz2 + V ( X , Y , Z )
2m
v
1 r r
=
P P + V ( R)
2m
P12
P22
H=
+
+ V ( X1, X 2 )
2m1 2m2
Conclusions
The take home messages are:
The combined Hilbert space of two
systems, dimensions d1 and d2, has
dimension d12=d1d2
A physical basis set for the combined
Hilbert space, H12 can be formed by
taking all possible products of one basis
state from space H1 with one basis state
from H2.
n1
(1)
H 1,
n1,n 2 := n1
{ n1,n 2
(1)
n2
n2
(2)
} H
(2)
} H 12 := H 1 H 2
(1)
( 2)
1 2
( 2)
(1)