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INTRODUCTION
An alternative for rural or remote areas, due to its lower cost feature,
power factor and dc-link voltage) at inputoutput converter sides can be controlled. In
general terms, a single-phase to three-phase power conversion presents an inherent
asymmetry, i.e., constant power at the output-converter side (three-phase load) and
pulsating power at the input-converter side (single-phase grid). By using full bridge
diode rectifiers we can eliminate the asymmetry phenomenon the dc-link capacitors,
as well as the power switches of the rectifier and inverter operate with different
voltage and current ratings.
4. From power wave forms shown in figure (C) and (D) above it is clear that in
3-phase system, the instantaneous power is always constant over the cycle
results in smooth and vibration free operation of machine. Whereas in 1-
system the instantaneous power is pulsating hence change over the cycle,
which leads to vibrations in machines.
5. Power to weight ratio of three phase induction motor is high as compare to
single phase induction motor. Means for same amount of Mechanical Power,
the size of three phase induction motor is small as compare to single phase
induction motor. Hence, the overall cost of induction motor is reduced.
Moreover, due to reduction in weight, transportation and installation of
induction motor become convenient and less space is required to
accommodate the Induction motor.
6. 3-phase induction motor is self-started as the magnetic flux produced by 3phase supply is rotating in nature with constant magnitude. Whereas 1-
induction motor is not self-started as the magnetic flux produced by 1- supply
is pulsating in nature. Hence, we have to make some arrangement to make the
1- induction motor self-started. Which further increase the cost of 1-
induction motor.
7. 3-phase motor is having better power factor and efficiency as compare to 1-
motor.
8. Power to weight ratio of 3-phase transformer is high as compare to 1-
transformer. Means for same amount of Electric Power, the size of 3-phase
transformer is small as compare to 1- transformer. Hence, the overall cost of
transformer is reduced. Moreover, due to reduction in weight, transportation
and installation of transformer become convenient and less space is required to
accommodate the transformer.
9. If fault occurs in any winding of 3-phase transformer, the rest of two winding
can be used in open delta to serve the 3-phase load which is not possible in 1-
transformer. This ability of 3-phase transformer further increase the reliability
of 3-phase transformer.
10. A 3-phase system can be used to feed a 1- load, whereas vice-versa is not
possible.
11. DC rectified from 3-phase supply is having the ripple factor 4% and DC
rectified from 1- supply is having the ripple factor 48.2 %. Mean DC
rectified from 3- supply contains less ripples as compare to DC rectified from
1- supply. Hence the requirement of filter is reduced for DC rectified from 3phase supply. Which reduce the overall cost of convector.
From above it clear the 3-phase system is more economical, efficient, reliable and
convenient as compare to 1- system.
It has a "bus" that can split the distribution power off in multiple directions.
It often has circuit breakers and switches so that the substation can be
disconnected from the transmission grid or separate distribution lines can be
disconnected from the substation when necessary.
The box in the foreground is a large transformer. To its left (and out of the frame but
shown in the next shot) are the incoming power from the transmission grid and a set
of switches for the incoming power. Toward the right is a distribution bus plus three
voltage regulators.
Now the distribution bus comes into the picture.
1.4.1DistributionBus
the power goes from the transformer to the distribution bus:
In this case, the bus distributes power to two separate sets of distribution lines at two
different voltages. The smaller transformers attached to the bus are stepping the power
down to standard line voltage (usually 7,200 volts) for one set of lines, while power
leaves in the other direction at the higher voltage of the main transformer. The power
leaves this substation in two sets of three wires, each headed down the road in a
different direction. The next time you are driving down the road, you can look at the
power lines in a completely different light. In the typical scene pictured on the right,
the three wires at the top of the poles are the three wires for the 3-phase power. The
fourth wire lower on the poles is the ground wire. In some cases there will be
additional wires, typically phone or cable TV lines riding on the same poles. As
mentioned above, this particular substation produces two different voltages. The wires
at the higher voltage need to be stepped down again, which will often happen at
another substation or in small transformers somewhere down the line. For example,
you will often see a large green box (perhaps 6 feet/1.8 meters on a side) near the
entrance to a subdivision. It is performing the step-down function for the subdivision.
1.4.2RegulatorBank
you will also find regulator banks located along the line, either underground or in the
air. They regulate the voltage on the line to prevent under voltage and overvoltage
conditions.
Up toward the top are three switches that allow this regulator bank to be disconnected
for maintenance when necessary: At this point, we have typical line voltage at
something like 7,200 volts running through the neighborhood on three wires (with a
fourth ground wire lower on the pole):
1.4.3Taps
A house needs only one of the three phases, so typically you will see three wires
running down a main road, and taps for one or two of the phases running off on side
streets. Pictured below is a 3-phase to 2-phase tap, with the two phases running off to
the right:
Here is a 2-phase to 1-phase tap, with the single phase running out to the right: