PULSE WIDTH MODULATION

VOLTAGE CONTROL IN SINGLE PHASE INVERTER

AC loads may require constant or adjustable voltage at
their terminals, when such loads are feed by inverters it is
essential that output voltage of the inverter, is so
controlled as to fulfill the requirement of ac loads .
For example to maintain constant voltage at the ac load
terminals at a desired load and also to maintain constant
voltage to frequency ratio for magnetic circuits to avoid
saturation of the magnetic circuit such as induction
motor.
The various methods for control of output voltage of
inverter:
1. External control of ac output voltage
2. External control of dc input voltage
3. Internal control of inverter
The two methods require the use of peripheral
components whereas the third method requires no
peripheral components. These methods are now briefly
discussed.
EXTERNAL CONTROL OF AC OUTPUT VOLTAGE:
In this there are two methods they are
1.AC voltage control

2.series-inverter control
AC VOLTAGE CONTROL: In this method the input voltage
to the input terminals of the load is controlled by using AC
voltage controller,it is inserted between the output of
inverter and load,by varying the firing angle of ac
voltage controller the ac output voltage control is
achieved,but this method gives rise to higher harmonic
content in the output voltage ;particularly when the
output voltage from the ac voltage controller is at low
level for this purpose this method is rarely employed.
SERIES-INVERTER VOLTAGE:In this method of voltage
control involves the use of two or more inverters
connected in series in which the inverter output is fed to
two transformers whose secondaries are connected in
series .phasor sum of two fundamental voltages vo1,vo2
gives the resultant fundamental volatage vo.It is essential
that the frequency of output voltages vo1,vo2 from the
two inverters is the same.when two voltages are
inphase ,vo=vo1+vo2 and if they are out of phase
vo1=vo2.The angle betwenn them can be varied by
controlling firing angle of two inverters.The series
connection of inverters ,called MULTIPLE CONVERTER
CONTROL,does not augument the harmonic content even
at low output voltage levels.

EXTERNAL CONTROL OF DC INPUT VOLATGE:

In case the available voltage source is ac,then dc voltage

input to the inverter is controlled through a fullycontrolled rectifier.
a) through an uncontrolled and chopper
b) through an ac voltage controller and an uncontrolled
rectifier
c) and by using a chopper
ADVANATGES:
In this output voltage waveform and its harmonic content
are not affected appreciably as the inverter output
voltage is controlled through the adjustment of dc input
voltage to the inverter.
DISADVANTAGES:
i)It requires more number of power converters so more
power handling stages results in more losses and reduced
efficiency of the entire scheme.
ii) In this method filter circuit is used for reducing the
ripple content of dc voltage input to the inverter this
increases cost,weight,size and at the same time the
efficiency is reduced.
iii) As the dc input is decreased the commutating
capacitor voltage also decreases this effects the reduces
the circuit turn-off time[t=cv/i] for the scr for constant
load current this difficulty can be overcome by a separate
fixed dc source for charging the commutating
capacitor,but due to this the cost increases and the circuit
becomes complicated.

INVERTER CONTROL OF INVERTER:In this type of method

the output voltage of inverter can be controlled by
excising changes within the inverter itself and this can be
done by using PULSE WIDTH MODULATION inside the
inverter itself.
PULSE WIDTH MODULATION:A fixed dc input voltage is
given to the inverter and a controlled ac output voltage is
obtained by adjusting the ON and OFF periods of the
inverter omponents.This method is called as PULSE
WIDTH MODULATION control technique.
ADVANTAGES:
i)The output voltage control can be obtained without
using any other additional components.
ii)In this the lower order harmonics are eliminated along
with output voltage control and the higher order
harmonics are filtered easily,the filtering requirements
are minimized.
DISADVANTAGES:
i)The main disadavantage of this method is that the
SCRs are expensed as they must posses low turn-on and
turn-off times.
PULSEWIDTH MODULATION TECHNIQUES:
PWM techniques are characterised by constant amplitude
pulses and width of these pulses is modulated to obtain
inverter output voltage control and to reduce its harmonic
content.
PWM techniques are as follows:
a)Single-pulse modulation.

b)Multiple-pulse modulation.
c) Sinusoidal-pulse modulation.
In PWM inverters forced commutation technique is
used the above PWM techniques are differ from each
other in harmonic content and their respective output
voltages. The selection of these PWM technique depends
upon permissible harmonic content in the inverter output
voltage.
In industrial applications, PWM inverters is supplied
from a diode bridge rectifier and an LC filter. The inverter
topology remains same for single phase and three phase
inverter.