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Operations
Research
Unit1
Unit 1
Introductionto OR
Structure:
1.1
Introduction
Objectives
1.2
HistoricalBackground
1.3
Scopeof operationResearch
1.4
lmportantFeaturesof OR
1.5
Phasesof OR
1.6
Typesof OR Models
1.6.1 A broadclassification
of OR models
1.7
Methodology
of OR
1.7.1 Definition
of the problem
1.7.2 Construction
of the model
1.7.3 Solutionof the model
1.7.4 Validationthe model
1.7.5 lmplementation
of the finalresult
1.8
Techniques
or Toolsof OR
1.9
Model
The structureof Mathematical
1.9.1 Decisionvariablesand parameters
1.9.2 Objectivefunctions
1.9.3 Constraints
1.9.4 DietProblem
1.10 Limitations
of OR
1.11 Summary
1.12 TerminalQuestions
1.13 Answersof SAQs & TQs
gly given
circumstance.
In variouspracticalproblemswe may have to take many
technical
at severalstages.The ultimategoalof all
or managerial
decisions
such decisionsis to eithermaximizethe desiredbenefitor minimizethe
effort required.We make decisionsin our every day life withouteven
noticingthem.Decision-making
is one of the mainactivityof a manageror
executive.In simplesituations
decisionsare taken simplyby common
SikkimManipalUniversity
Page No. 1
OperationsResearch
Unit 1
But
sense,soundjudgmentand expertisewithoutusing any mathematics.
here the decisionswe are concernedwith are rather complexand heavily
loaded with responsibility.Examples of such decision are finding the
appropriateproduct mix when there are large numbers of productswith
requirement
or planningpublic
differentprofitcontributions
and productional
transportationnetwork in a town having its own layout of factories,
apartments,blocks etc. Certainlyin such situationsalso decisionmay be
arrivedat intuitivelyfrom experienceand commonsense,yet they are more
judiciousif backedup by mathematical
reasoning.The searchof a decision
may also be done by trial and error but such a searchmay be cumbersome
and costly. Preparativecalculationsmay avoid long and costly research.
Doing preparativecalculationsis the purpose of Operations research.
Operations research does mathematicalscoring of consequencesof a
decisionwith the aim ..rfoptimizingthe use of time, effortsand resources
and avoidingblunders.
LearningObjectives:
After studyingthis unit,you shouldbe able to understandthe following:
1. Knowthe significant
featuresin O.R.
of O.R.
2. Understand
the Methodology
3. Definethe structureof a mathematicalmodelin O.R.
4. Know the significanceof the Objectivefunction
1.2 Historical Background
During Second World War in United Kingdom a team of scientistsfrom
differentdisciplinesstudiedthe strategicand tacticalproblemsassociated
with air and land defenseof the :ountry. Their objectivewas to determine
the most effectiveutilizationof limiter.militaryresourcesto win the battle
and the techniquethey developedwas namedas Operationsresearch.After
the war, Operationsresearchtechniquesrapidlydevelopedin the fields of
industrial,
academicand go'ernmentorganizations.
The applicationof Operationsresearchmethodshelps in makingdecisions
Evi
in such complicated
tive of
situations.
sis to the decision-makers for
research is to
vide a scientific
solving the problems involving the interactionof various componenfs
of organization, by employing a team of scienfisfs from different
SikkimManipalUniversity
PageNo. 2
Operatio
disciplin
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techn
exper
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maxim
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OperationsResearch
Unit 1
Page No. 4
Operatio
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Operations
Research
Operati
Unit 1
1.5'---Phasesof OperationsResearch
1 . 6 . 1A b
a) PhYs
natureof
<-
i) JudgmentPhase:Thisphaseconsistsof
a. Phys
are d
facto
Ther
ffiftheoperation.
b) Establishment
of the objectives
andvaluesrelatedto the operation.
c) Determination
rf the suitablemeasuresof effectiveness
and
problems
d) Formulation
of the
relativeto the objectives.
ii) B_eseqrch
Phase:Thisphaseutilizes
a) Operationsand data collectionfor a better understanding
of the
problems.
b) formulationof hypothesis
andmodel.
c) Observation
to testthe hypothesis
and experimentation
on the basis
of additional
data.
d ) Analysis of the available informationand verificationof the
hypothesis
measureof effectiveness.
usingpre-established
e ) Predictionof various results and considerationof alternative
methods.
iii) Action Phase:lt consistsof makingrecommendations
for the decision
processby thosewho first posedthe problemfor consideration
or by
anyonein a positionto make a decision,influencingthe operationin
whichthe problemis occurred.
lconi
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funct
SelfAssessmentQuestions4
StateTrue/ False
(_
1. O.Rgivesqualitative
solution.
fi
2. Oneof O.Rphasesis Actionphase 1
Self Assr
State Tn
1. Diag
2. Alloc
1.6Typesof operationResearchModels
of the reality.lt is an idealizedrepresentation
or
_Amodelis a representation
abstraction
of a real life system. The objectiveof the modelis to identify
significant
factorsandtheirinterrelationship.
A modelis helpfulin decision
making as it providesa simplifieddescriptionof complexitiesand
uncertainties
of a problemin logicalstructure.Majoradvantage
of modelsis
it rloesnotjnterferewithrealsystem.
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Math
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Page No. 6
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OperationsResearch
Unit1
o the
of
objectiveof the study, (2) an tdentificatigq
system, and (3) a Jqqogni.ljgl],of the limitationlrestrictions and
requirements
of the system,
<
1 .7.2.9onstructionof t
lem, the operationsresearchteam
Depending
on the de_!4|!on
the system.S_uch
shoulddecideon the mostsuitablemodelfor representing
--.--ive and the
a model shouldlpecify quantitativeexpressionsfor the o
var
A modelgivesa
constraints
of the problemin termsof its Oecision
perspectivep
of the whole problemand helps tacklingit in a wellorganized manner. lf the resulting model fits into one of the common
mathematicalmodels, a convenientsolutionmay be obtainedby using
relationships
of the modelare
mathematical
techniques.lf the mathematical
too complexto allow analyticsolutions,a simulationmodel may be more
appropriate.
There are varioustypes of modelswhich can be constructed
u n d e rd i f f e r e ncto n d i t i o n s ,
1 . 7. 3 S o l u t i o no f t h e m o d e l
Once an approprntemodel has been formulated,the next stage in the
of the solutionin the
analysiscalls fr-rrits solutionand the interpretation
of
solutionto a modelimpliesdetermination
contextof the givenproblem._A
a s p e c i f i c s e t o f d e c i s i o n v a r i a b | e s t h a t w o u l A n
r minimizethe performanceof
@
any measurein a modelsubjectto the conditionsand constraintsimposed
on the model.
SikkimManipalUniversity
PageNo. I
OperationsRt
1.7.4-Yill
A
modelis i
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, must improv
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, availablefor
conditionso
The problem
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careful exar
favorable re
using data 1
validationm(
not be avail
1.7.5lrnple
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improve the
shgslq_lg
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understand
recommend
team and tht
1 . 8T e c h n i
---:
1 . L i n e a rP
It is use
may be I
constrai
decision
2. lnvento
The prc
confron
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levels.
3. Goal Pro
Singleot
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Unit 1
OperationsResearch
but in actualpracticetheremay
factorsare considered
as constraints,
has
be numberof importantobjectivefunctions. Goal programming
eachhavinga targetvalueand programme
functions,
severalobjective
fromthesetargets.
deviation
to minimize
modelsaredeveloped
mo9el,sequence
model,lransportation
and
4. The tools,namely,que,uing
assignmen'tmqdel, network analysis are discussed in detail in later
chapters.
-
.t
E--!
!!!+a
solution
1. O.Rmethodology
of definition,
andvatidation
only.F
consists
phase.
in implementation
tr
1.9The Structureof MathematicalModel
situations are concerned with planning
Many-industiiaT-an-d--buGiness
activities.In each case of planning,thereare limitedsources,such as men,
machines,materialand capitalat the disposalof the planner.One has to
make decision regarding these resources in order to either maximize
production,or minimizethe cost of oroductionor maximizethe profit etc.
These problemsare referredto as the problemsof constrainedoptimization.
Linear programmingis a techniquefor determiningan optimalscheduleof
interdependent
activities,for the given resources.Programmingthus means
planningand refersto the processof decision-making
regardingparticular
planof actionamongstseveralavailable
alternatives.
Any businessactivity of productionactivityto be formulatedas a
they
mathematical
modelcan best be discussedthroughits constituents;
are:
Decision
Variab_lqq,
Objective
function,
Constraintg.
1.9.1Decisionvariablesand parameters
to be determined
fromthe solution
Thedecisionvariables
arethe unknowns
of the model"The parametersrepresentthe controlledvariablesof the
svstem.
OperationsI
1 . 9 . 2O b i e
f
This define
function of
obtainedw
best value
objectivefr
solution.
While form
as a funct
programm
to power or
Maxim
Minim
Maxim
Minimi
Minimi
Maxim
Minimi
1.9.3,9o.n
To accoun
constraint
permissib
mathemat
For examp
about throv
about the r
linearprog
The mathe
the values
optimize Z
Subjectto t
g i ( x1 , x 2
and &)0
The functio
SikkimManipalUniversity
PageNo.10
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OperationsResearch
U n i t1
OperationF
Sincethe n
Xr ) 0, Xz)
1.9.4Diet Problem
Formulatethe mathematical
modelfor the following:
-A
Vitamin
and Vitamin- I are foundin food- 1 and food-2. One unitof
-1
food contains5 unitsof vitamin- A and 2 unitsof vitamin- B. One unit
of food-2 contains6 unitsof vitamin-A and 3 unitsof vitamin-8. The
minimumdaily requirementof a person is 60 units of vitamin- A and B0
unitsof Vitamin- B. The cost per one unit of food - 1 is Rs. 5/- and one unit
of food - 2 is Rs. 6/-. Assume that any excess units of vitamins are not
harmful.Find the minimumcost of the mixture(of food-1 and food-2) which
meetsthe dailyminimumrequirements
of vitamins.
#
1.10l-imi
The limitat
mo4eyfactc
w.I. Magnitu
" variable
Lii. Non-q
,.intoacc
v4i. There i
\r{
.*esearcl
Time an
\..(.
,ehanges
lmplem
Self Assess
Fillin the bl
i. OR imb
ii. Linearp
iii. The thre
iv. To selvq
v. llcLr,\
. /T-
Vl.fru?.Ann
1 . 1 1S u m
Next we formulatethe cost function.Giventhat the cost of one unit of food 1 is R's. 5/- and one unit of food - 2 is R3. 6/-. Thereforex1 units of food-1
costs Rs. Sxr,and x2 units of food - 2 costs Rs. 6xz. Thereforethe cost of
the mixtureis given by Cost = 5Xr + 6xz.lf we write z for the cost function,
then we havez= Sxt+ 6xz Sincecost is to be minimized,
we write min z =
+
5x1 6v,
The OR ap
problems o
populationi
problemof r
climate cor
distribution
c
faced by ea
be done in tl
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