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1985
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reading comprehension
by
najor;
English
Approved:
Iowa
1985
11
TABLE OF
CONTENTS
Page
INTRODUCTION
LITERATURE REVIEl^
Readers
15
19
Subjects
19
Materials
19
Design
21
Procedure
22
RESULTS
24
DISCUSSION
34
39
REFERENCES
43
ACKN0V7LEDGMENTS
47
APPENDIX A:
SAMPLE TEST
48
APPE>]DIX B:
EIGHT COMBINATIONS
65
INTRODUCTION
llhat
1973).
1981),
Another related
intended.
23).
As a first step
48),
In
Consider
grass / at a time /
LITERATURE REVIEW
(as
phrase boundaries.
At the
(Amble, 1967),
(Amble 1967, p.
122) .
The results
corrected.
The
Finally, the
vocabulary.
10
If the reading
To investigate the
The
11
These findings
in this
12
fifteen words.
13
material.
14
their scores on the vocabulary subtest on the GatesMacGinitie Reading Test, Level F, Stevens found that
henders; (c) sentence fragments format, with sentence preorganized into units which did not correspond to the sense
15
(1970),
(1983)
The
They found
16
do.
They
that Anglos read silently with the phrasing they would use
in silent reading because it is not provided by suprasegmental cues intonation, stress, and pauses as it is in
17
He rewrote
time.
informally found that it was common to get 125-v/ord-perminute readers up to 400 v/ords per minute in one semester on
simple material.
Therefore, in this
The basis
18
19
METHOD
Subjects
Host of
Materials
They
20
A third pilot
21
modified.
passages
3)
two interraediate
C3A and 3B) .
Out of each pair, one passage was chunked and one was
left unchunked,
than help.
Appendix A.
Design
22
These
In order to
one to
Subjects 1-8
(and subjects
The
Procedure
23
Therefore, the
Before
Every
If they finished
24
RESULTS
Table 1.
Mean
Scores
Standard
Variable
Deviation
Chunked
49
5.92
2.39
Unchunked
49
6.35
2,62
Mean
Diff
Value
-.43
-1.34
Prob>T
,19
analysis.
(MEPT),
Table 2.
Sex
Mean Scores
Chunked
Unchunked
Mean
Diff
Standard
Deviation
39
5.79
6.38
-0,59
2.38
10
6.40
6.20
0.20
1.55
Table 3,
ANOVA
Source
DF
Source
Sum of
Between
The
Squares
table
for
riean
sex
Square
Value
.98
4.96
4.95
Within
47
237,04
5.04
Total
48
242.00
Prob>F
.33
unchunked passages.
26
1)
Table 4.
Region^
Mean
N
Chunked
Scores
Unchunked
Mean
Diff
Standard
Deviation
18
6,05
5.83
0.22
2.04
15
6.67
7.00
-0.33
2.50
10
4.00
5.20
-1.20
2.57
6.83
8.16
-1.33
1.03
27
Table 5.
ANOVA
Source
DF
source
table
Sura of
Squares
Mean
Square
Value
18.62
6.21
within
45
223,38
4.96
Total
48
242.00
Between
1.25
Prob>F
.30
28
Table 6,
Mean
Languages^
chunked
Scores
Mean
Unchunked
Diff
Standard
Deviation
6.33
5.33
1.00
3.46
15
6.67
7.00
-0.33
2.50
10
4.00
5.20
-1.20
2.57
6.83
8.16
-1.33
1.03
6.50
5.16
1.33
1.75
5.75
6.75
-1.00
1.15
5.60
6.20
-0.60
1.52
Table 7
Source
DF
Squares
Square
Value
37.20
6.20
1.27
Within
42
204.80
4.88
Total
48
242.00
Sum of
Betvveen
Mean
Prob>F
.29
29
in lEOP.
Table 8.
The
and 9.
f1
Mean
Levels
Chunked
Scores
Standard
Deviation
Mean
Unchunked
Diff
11
5.09
4.54
0.55
2.42
13
5.23
5.77
-0.54
2.10
6.00
-1.11
2.47
16
7.00
-0.62
2.09
7.62
level 5-6.
Table S.
Source
Sum of
Mean
DF
Squares
Square
Value
15.40
5.13
1.02
Within
45
226.60
5.03
Total
48
242.00
Between
Prob>F
.39
30
However, once
The
Table 10.
Sum of
riean
DF
Squares
Square
27.62
27.62
Error
47
214.38
4.56
Total
48
242.00
Source
Age
Parameter
Estimate
Intercept
2.9435
Age
-0.1352
Value
Prob>F
6.OS
0.0176
0.11
31
The
15.00
20. 00
25.00
fl&E
30. 00
SIngle Points
D oubIe P oInt5
35. 00
40. 00
45. 00
Figure 1,
32
Table 11,
Sum of
Squares
Mean
Square
Value
Prob>F
14.47
14.47
2.99
0.0904
Error
47
227.53
4.84
Total
48
242.00
DP
Source
Reading
Scores
Parameter
Estimate
Intercept
2.9779
Reading Scores
0.06
-0.0454
33
SIngle Po j nts
Doub1e P o[nts
4. 00
5. 00
6. 00
-T
7. 00
REflDING SCORE
0. 00
(xlO^
9. 00
10. 00
Figure 2.
34
DISCUSSION
These
school readers.
that slash lines in the material they would read divided the
material into thought units and that if they could use these
to organize their thought, their comprehension would
improve.
discussed.
to enhance comprehension.
35
These differences in
Since subjects in
Stevens' study were told that the slashes v/ould enable them
For
will be conducting
in the city
next week"
a survey
(phrasing used
Syntactically,
Thus,
subjects' comprehension.
36
expectations.
These hypotheses
One
37
(11%).
This finding
who do not complete the test usually leave answers blank (or
While we can
assume that students who got high MEPT reading scores are
Therefore,
38
39
IMPLICATIONS
AND
CONCLUSIONS
Hov;ever,
1.
2.
3.
40
Given the
1.
2,
Sipay, 1980).
41
4.
Recordings of radio
listener.
5.
6.
42
themselves in reading.
further evaluated.
43
REFERENCES
1979.
Amble, 3, R,
20 (1966), 210-2i8.
Amble, B. R.
"Reading by Phrases."
Research-
18
Journal of Educational
(1957), 116-124.
(1970), 85-93,
Educational Psvcholocv.
Journal of
Brigance, A. H.
.Skills,
Journal of
Associates, 1981.
Carver, R.P.
Journal of ADDlierl
44
PsvcholoQV, 54,
(1970), 288-296.
Journal of Verbal
PsvcholoQV. 61
(1970), 471-483.
2nd
Journal of Educational
ed.
Psychology in Teaching
Hall, 1977.
Goodman, K. S.
(1966), 83-84,
Ability;
Metho(^g.
7th
Hatch, E.
ed.
ucLA.
"Acoustic Scanning or
45
Journal of
(1974), 275-285.
The Eye-Voice-Span,
Cambridge:
Martin, E. B,
(1968), 251-253.
National
(1984), 405-422.
"Identification,
Plaister, T.
(1971) , 71-78.
Students."
Radebaugh, M. R.
Readers."
Rode, S.
Reading
3 (1983), 20-28.
in Children."
(1974-75), 124-142,
46
Schlesinger, I. M.
Process,
Silvaroli, N. J.
4th
ed.
(1983),
185-189.
(1979),
47-54.
Reading Horizons,
Classification and
New York:
Elsevier
North-Holland, 1977.
Weaver, P. A.
(1979-80), 129-146.
Yorio, C. A.
(1967), 620-643.
Reading Research
Language Learner,"
(1971), 107-115.
47
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
43
APPEMDIX A:
SAMPLE TEST
49
INFORMATION
Subject#
F i r s t LanCTuaae
Country
Age
Sex
SHEET
50
Directions
The other three are presented in phrases; that is, one to five
words are put together to express a single thought.
are put betv/een phrases to show phrase boundaries.
The explosion
v;as horrible
in Cleveland, Ohio,
v/ere trapped
in 1916.
in a tunnel
No
one
could enter
to
rescue survivors.
Extra spaces
For example;
Thirty-two men
the smoked-filled
tunnel
allowed.
I will tell you hov/ much time you have for each passage
Passage I
Reading Comprehension
Time -- 2i minutes
51
Ice plant
ovmers who have been in the business for over thirty years say
manager said she has customers for all the air conditioners she
can mangage to acquire.
GO ON TO THE QUESTIONS
52
Circle the letter of the best answer to each question. You may
look back at the passage if necessary.
think
c.
ice
b. vending machines
c.
air conditioners
d.
Coca cola
STOP
Passage II
Reading Comprehension
Time -- 24 minutes
53
City firefighters
v/ill be conducting
of house numbers
in the city
of house numbers
should be uniform
of the street,
next v/eek.
The placement
when responding
Making addresses
a survey
easier to read
should be
should be
is part
of the city's
The city
If an ov/ner
the firefighters
will make
the installation.
GO ON TO THE QUESTIONS
54
Circle the letter of the best answer to each question. You may
look back at the passage if necessary,
1. Firefighters will install house numbers
a,
a, following a pattern
b, easy
c. military clothing
d. varying in form
4. The main idea of this article is;
Passage III
Reading Comprehension
Time
-- 3a minutes
55
Mud and
The
only way a beaver can get into the house is to submerge and enter
through an opening in the flooded room.
purposes:
GO ON TO THE QUESTIONS
56
Circle the letter of the best ansv/er to each question. You may
a.
room to
b. place of safety
c.
forbidden area
d.
frontier
.STOP
Passage IV
Reading Comprehension
Time
--
minutes
57
Once
how to protect
the group.
On of them
sentinel.
of a low-hanging tree,
by their beauty.
At first,
But soon
One deer
by the branches
I v/atched
feeding in a meadov;.
The other,
that travel
my interest
I noticed something
a sentinel,
stood guard
v.'as held
at feeding.
against enemies.
and used its sensitive nostrils
their teamv/ork.
GO ON TO THE QUESTIONS
58
Circle the letter of the best answer to each question. You may
look back at the passage if necessary.
i t acted as a
ate
b. frightened
c. guarded
d.
watched
STOP
Passage V
Reading Comprehension
Time -- kh minutes
59
They v/ere the first Europeans the people of Shimshal had seen in
tv;enty-seven years!
is the
The Michauds*
To reach
Shimshal the party picked their way along the mountain ledges
with painstaking care.
obstacles.
emotional stress.
60
outside v7orld.
longevity.
Because
The Hunzakuts*
At the turn
GO ON TO THE QUESTIONS
61
Circle the letter of the best answer to each question. You may
look back at the passage if necessary.
2. The Michauds*
a. the Michaud family did not bring enough food to' eat,
STOP
Passage VI
Reading Comprehension
Time
-- 4-2 minutes
62
A young Pygmy
v;as bent
Kis eyes
but nov;
He stood
of a man
His skin
to maintain
The Pygmies
about 35,000
proudly lived
By 1957
their population
robbing them
for survival.
Consequently,
National parks
the Pygmies
by lumber industrialists,
to which
closed in
on their environment.
were established,
had no immunity,
but no land
in their struggle
contagious diseases
and as a result
to v;hich
their population
continued to decline,
GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE
63
In 1960
of Zaire,
for which
to suffer
continuing to lose
The Pygmies
such as
and by 1975
have a warm
and blasphemy.
rapidly dwindled
of nev? burdens
being drafted
mutilation,
stealing,
ritual murder,
lying,
intertribal v/ar,
initiation ordeals,
sometimes associated
64
Circle the letter of the best answer to each question. You may
look back at the passage if necessary,
STOP
65
APPE1>]DIX B:
EIGBIT COMBINATIONS
66
1,
2.
lA
chunked
2A chunked
3A chunked
IB
unchunked
2E
3B
unchunked
3A
unchunked
lA chunked
IB
3,
4.
5,
6.
2B
unchunked
"3B
chunked
2A unchunked
3A chunked
IB
unchunked
2B
33
lA
chunked
2A unchunked
IB
unchunked
2B
chunked
chunked
lA unchunked
2A chunked
IB
2B
chunked
lA unchunked
chunked
lA unchunked
IB
8.
2A chunked
lA chunked
IB
7.
unchunked
unchunked
chunked
unchunked
3A unchunked
3B
chunked
3A chunked
3B
unchunked
2A chunked
3A
unchunked
2B unchunked
3E
chunked
2A unchunked
3A chunked
2B
SB
unchunked
chunked
unchunked
lA unchunked
2A unchunked
3A unchunked
IB
2B
3B
chunked
chunked
chunked