CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION
1.1 I.T. and medical information:
Libraries preserve all literature, documents and records of medical science
subjects by the application of automatic in medical college libraries. The library is
a centre of knowledge and always forward to aware the medical scientists about
new publishing documents in two at least cost three are various forms of medical
science collection and involves three major components:
(a)

Collection of knowledge produced in the form of print or eprint version.

(b)

Medical data relating to the specialized problems of medical

literature.

(c)

Research and laboratory literature.

Since the invention of printing press the knowledge documents were in

printed forms and it was very difficult to retrieve, transmit and processed and
almost impossible to correlate and cross analysis of the information regarding
medical treatment and research. The provision of micro-comports and computer
terminal can expend his medical information handling facilities. Word-processing
facilities enable the medical users to access their information: moreover the library
internet system has community with telephone of doctors, commuted to an
interactive computer system.
1.1.1 Impact of internet:
Computers, communication and information access technologies have
made revolutionary changes in the process of retrieval, storage and dissemination
of information. Internet is network of more than 32000 networks (2006). They are
also called as cybercaf, information superhighway, the net and it has enabled
1

inter-connectivity at global level. Internet is tool for sharing research data and
information and reached to the hights of global communication and now placed as
a per computer communication infrastructure of the world.
Internet is a continuous access tool and growing at rapid pace in 1991 and in
reach to 98countries. 100 countries accessed in 1993 and reached to 194 countries
in 1994.Now it has reached to all courtiers of the world. Than number of users
have more than 3 times. It has a user basso 50 millions and 7 millions host
computers. There is mouthed growth 10-15 y. for computer hosts. There has been a
the members growth in the area of trans mission speeds at which information data
files are transmitted over the net.
Internet covers a variety of subject fields and areas like business,
commerce, education, culture, finance, recreation science and technology including
medical science. Libraries are repeating internet unlimited and endless. Internet
provides access to variety of resources print and E-print which include
bibliographical and full teal databases, table of contents of primary journals;
electronic and online journals, books and newsletters, OPAC, graphic databases,
multimedia, catalogues and campus information service etc. Internet also help in
the services like document delivery service, electronic publishing publicity and
marketing of product and service. It also contribute to integrated access to local
and external information. It is further helpful to access many variety of
information, i.e. development of open source software by research organization.
The technology on internet are changing rapidly and introduced many other tools
to access information, such as E-mail, telnet and FTP and consumer oriented
homepage of www (World Wide Wave) which is a largest information resource of
easy accessing information. All information sources around the world are getting
interlinked through webpage and web servers spread around the world. The web is
subset of the internet using high level protocol (HTTP) and support text, graphics,
2

audio, video and multimedia. The web is one of the best way of advertising to
make the world know about the individual and the library.
Internet and OCLC
OCLC has been an important agency for providing access to online journals
over Internet OCLC offers peer-reviewed journals online through its Ejo service
over internet. OCLC started electronic publication programmed in July 1992 with
the introduction of The Online Journal of Current Clinical Trails in association
with the American Association for the Advancement in Science. This is the first
scholarly peer-reviewed journal made available in the online environment.
First Search Information System of OCLC is www how available on Internet.
Using Web browsers like Mosaic and Netscape Navigator through. The member
libraries of OCLC are rapidly increasing their use of Internet and the WWW.
Approximately 85 percent of First Search usage is on Internet.
Subscribers can browse the contents of the online journals or search the
entire collection by a variety of indexes, Boolean operators and proximity
indicators. The Windows-based software Guerdon of OCLC provides both color
and graphical images and equations along with the text.
Scholarly publishing is increasing rapidly on www and internet. Though very
insignificant portion of the worlds publicly available data is contained in the Web
and Internet (a fraction of one per cent), it is estimated that in the next five to six
years it would be increasing thousand fold and may hold about 80 percent of the
publicly available data. Institute of scientific Information.
Publishing industry is already exploiting the Internet by way of offering online
journals, table of contents of journals, and catalogues of books and products over
Internet. Well-known bookstores around the world are offering their holdings over
Internet.

It

is

possible

to

order
3

book

from,

say,

Blackwell

(http://www.blackwell.co.uk/bookshops), which maintains a database of over

150,000 active titles. Book wire (http://www.bookshops.com) has links to 150
booksellers and over 200publishers to select publication and to order. Of particular
importance is the Acqweb, a Web site interested for library acquisitions.
1.2.7 INDIA AND INTERNET
The Internet fever has been spreading best in India also. Access to
Internet is provided by a few networks which include ERNET, NICNET, VSNL,
NICNET, CMC, and I-NET from public sector and SPRINT/RPG, BI Infptech,
Datapro, UUNET, etc from private sector. ERNET, funded by UNDP, is facing an
uncertain future. At present NICNET is a prime agency providing Internet services.
NIC purposes to provide access to about 15,000 medical, academic,R&D
institutions and organizations. NICNET established the first WWW server in India
allowing users access to browsing tools like Mosaic and Cello, searching, display,
publishing, Telnet, FTP, WAIS. The National Informatics Centre has established 40
Web servers all over India by 2005.
Another example of electronic communication. MED-MAIL, is now being
provided for doctors in the USA, This service offers immediate communication
and message storage facilities within the medical community, a facility for
ordering documents, and electronic bulletin boards and opportunities for
continuing medical education. MED-MAIL is only part of the services offered in
the GTE Telnet Medical Information Network which is produced in association
with American Medical Association. Other facilities include Net databases on Drug
Information, Disease Information and Socio- Economic Information.
There are few changes emerged except perhaps for some changes in the way
that secondary material (and primary, for that matter) is stored. Several new mass
storage devices are now coming on to the market and the most significant of these
is probably the optical disc. Interest in mass storage has grown because of the great
4

information packing density that is available, lack of errors generated in use, a

reasonable degree of permanency, and potential cheapness of copies once a master
has been produced.
A great advantage of the video disk is that it enable the easy storage of
illustration and graphics which are not easily stored in straight magnetic form. For
instance, an average photograph has an information content of about 5 million bits
if in full colour. This is a particularly important consideration in such disciplines as
medicine where photographic illustrations are often extremely important. It it
possible on one disc to offer a mixture of text, illustrations, moving pictures and
sound. A recent interesting application of optical disc is the Medical Information
Retrieval Service (MIRS) produced by Bibliographic Retrieval Services. This
consists of a video disc coupled with a microcomputer to allow users to carry outfull searches of relevant material and then link these searches to the pictorial
material stores on the video disc. At present, the system contains the contents of a
number of standard works and the users are envisaged as being practitioners or
surgeons.
1.1.2 Electronic publication
New storage devices and integrated multi-media presentation leads to the
possibility of full electronic publication which is currently exercising the minds of
both publishers and librarians. In spite of the great interest in this, the full concept
of paperless publication (where material is input, processed and displayed only in
electronic form) is not at all a new one. For several years many secondary
information services have been available only in machine-readable form, and even
the databases available in MEDLARS on-line differ in many respects from the
printed version Index Medic us. It is, however, on the primary journal in electronic
form that much recent interest has been focused. Electronic publication here has
many potential advantages. Processing electronically offers more rapid input to the
5

system, more rapid refereeing and, ultimately, more rapid publication. The primary
literature would be in a form which can be both rapidly scanned in full-text and
efficiently retrieved. It would not take up as much room as the conventional printed
version and, combined with fast printing methods, it would offer the most
attractive potential of on-demand publishing.
Elsevier are also involved in another experiment closely related to electronic
publishing. This is the certain of Elsevier Science Publishers Library (ESPL)
consisting of a full-text database of biomedical journals. The file is restricted to
full-text only and contains no illustrations, graphic or tables. This experiment is
creating a very powerful database for research into the electronic publishing
concept.
There are some drawbacks to this form of publication. A further problem is
that not all medical staff, or indeed their information colleagues, have easy access
to the necessary equipment to use the material. The structure of the journal article
is perfect for scanning when it is presented in journal format, but hardly so when it
presented as sequential frame on a visual display unit and this is an area of
difficulty in which substitution are supporting current research.
The major problems said to be in the techno political area if electronic journals
becomes widespread, then it could call into question the established relationship
between various group, especially authors, publishers, booksellers, printers and
librarians. One could visualized a direct author to reader connection, hopefully
through the medium of a controlling body responsible for refereeing standards at
least as high as at present. The position of the booksellers and librarians. Is
important if libraries are not part of the chain, however, how will the casual user of
a journal obtain his articles? Will the publishers accept responsibility for keeping
the files of obsolescent (i.e. out of print) stock and indeed, will it be economically
viable for them to do so over a long period of time? The answers to problems
6

depend upon the policy of the publishers in making the material available and,
more importantly perhaps, on the pricing policies adopted.
1.1.3 Types of information:
The four areas concentrates on are: types of information: information in the
economy , on-line databases; Not all categories of information fall into the tradable
information sector but emphasize those which do, for example:
1 Conventional literature such as journals
2 Commercial and business data
3 The media
4 Copyright depositories
5 Consultancies
6 Education and caming-including publishing
7 Entertainment-video, view data and cable television.
1.1.4 Government responsibility: There are four principles which are listed:
1 It establishes the legal and regulatory framework.
2 It is the largest information handling organization in the country and a major
information supplier.
3 It can act as a national focus, both for national purpose.
4 It can provide direct financial support for technical developments and other
commercial activities.
No information is free whether traditionally packaged in books or journals, or
based on electronic storage media. What is important is how users gain access to
the electronically stored information. The concept of freedom of access to
information is a very important me. The majority of libraries, especially medical
libraries, provide free access to their stock .The introduction of on-line retrieval or
view data system has to be carefully considered given their long-term financial

implication. Thus contesting the view that information stored in great public
institutions should be subject to fees if made available electronically (part2.8).
Some ethics suggested:
1 Freedom of access was considered a
2 It was recognized that it will be necessary to fulfill the need in a democratic
society the information to be made widely and openly a available as possible.
3 The commercial factor is a part of information.
1.1.5 BULLETIN BOARD SERVICES
The Bulletin Board Service (BBS) is essentially a many-to-many e-mail system.
The first BBS Well (Whole Earth Lectronic Link) was set up in mid 1980 s by a
group of enthusiasts. Now this service disseminates professional information in an
open bulletin board which will be read and commented by users in the field. The
views and critical comments are posted (appended) to the bulletin board which in
turn will be seen by the moderator of the bulletin board server and other
professionals, for further comments, if any. There are two types of bulletin boards,
moderated and unmoderated. Discussion group and forums like PACS-L which
discusses the applications of computers in libraries and LIS-FORUM (of llSc)
which discusses the topics of interest to the librarian have been set up on the
bulletin board service.
1.2. ELECTRONIC/ONLINE JOURNALS
An electronic journal is defined as any serial produced, published and distributed
nationally or internationally via electronic networks. Electronic journal is different
from online journal.
Internet developments related to the publishing of scholarly journals and
L&ICs include the increase in publishing of electronic and online journals and other
primary sources of information like preprints and technical reports, and access to
table of contents of journals and by full document delivery. Several journals are
8

already available on the Net. Some journals like the journal of Universal Computer
Science, Electronic Letters Online Journal of Knowledge Synthesis in Nursing, and
Current Clinical Trials are available only on the Net. There is a well-established
system for distributing and providing access to abstracts and full texts of preprints
and technical reports in the areas of physics, mathematics and medical service in
the academic community around the world. Services like Uncover of Blackwell
and Contents First of OCLC offers Internet access to table of contents of several
thousand journals, followed by online ordering of papers. Institutions have begun
to take such services into account while planning their acquisitions, particularly
journal subscriptions.
Many publishers maintain the contents pages of their journals on
Internet/WWW. For example, Elsevier Science Publishers maintain a table of
contents (called ESTOC-Elsevier Science Table Of Contents) of about 900 journals
published by them. The contents pages appear on the Web at the same time as the
printed issue is released. Elsevier also provides this service free of charge on email (on Internet only) two to three weeks in advance for browsing. Blackwell
Scientific.
McGraw-Hill is offering electronic version of its Business Week on America
Online which has resulted in attracting new readers. It receives over half a million
clicks on its pages every week and each click generates revenue. This free back
enabled editors to analyse and feel the pulse of the readers interest to revise
content.

1.3 COLLECTION PLAN MEDICAL E-RESOURCES

Medical educators, librarians, and library users have taken full advantage
of efficient information delivery made possible through Web communications tools
and electronic formats. Just as medical databases and related documents delivery
services were among the first to be successful in libraries, medical libraries
continue to be on top of the wave of change in library services and technologies.
The Web has proven to be a convenient way to deliver medical information to
medical professionals, students, and researchers, as well as health care consumers.
Online continuing medical education opportunities have developed rapidly.
The phrase medical professionals, students, and researches is used to refer to the
larger group of nursing and allied health professionals, students, and researches as
well as physician, medical school students, and biomedical researchers. Veterinary
professionals, students, and researchers also fall under this umbrella phrase.
Medical e-resources support the information needs of medical school students,
physicians, medical researchers, allied health professionals, and health care
consumers. The real value in Web access to medical information is for the medical
professional and for the health care consumer because it is available at the desktop
computer or on the wearable computing devices that many medical professionals
carry with them.
An e-library developed for a medical school library might support medical
education for physicians, nurses, and allied health or veterinary students, teachers,
and researchers. Academic libraries will be able to use their organizations program
guide and course listings to develop the foundation for their e-resources collection.
University specifically to support the medical, veterinary, and allied health
programs. Medical researchers will also find valuable e-resources that assist in the
dissemination and accumulation of medical research knowledge.

10

Hospital and clinic libraries, whether serving medical professionals, and

researchers or health care consumers, will find plenty of high quality medical ejournals, both free and fee based. Public libraries may also choose to collect for
medical professionals, students, and researchers or health care consumers,
depending on the needs of their community. Some public libraries serve
semiofficially as their local hospitals resource library. Hospital libraries may
choose to serve the needs of local medical professionals.
E-journals for medical professionals, students and researchers may overlap with
those intended for health care consumers. Health care consumers, however, will
need medical dictionaries and frequent referral to a medical professional for
clarification of some of the content that requires a higher level of education and
knowledge.
Not only pod casts and vodcasts but also e-journals are popular among
medical professionals, students, and researchers. Although e-journals have not
done well among other subject area library users due to many technical and legal
difficulties in actually using them, medical reference text users are able to
successfully use e-journals.
TYPES OF E-RESOURCES,
Medical e-resources range from basic diagnostic, treatment, and support
information about diseases, injuries, wellness issues, and varying levels of
information about pharmaceuticals for health care consumers, clinical guidelines,
and evidence-based medical research information for medical professionals,
students, and researchers. Most medical e-resources take forms that can be
described for convenience, in terms of traditional reference source like.
There are medical subject-specific discussion lists, Web forums, and blogs for
almost every possible disease or medical specialty. There are also literally
thousands of discussions, for a, and blogs for patient and family support. The safest
11

strategy to use in locating patient support discussions is to search Medline Plus for
the disease, injury, or other problem in which the library user is interested. Choose
one of the organization Web sites that Medline Plus links to and look through the
organization site for information about patient support discussions, for a, or blogs.
This strategy works well for medical professional discussions, for a, or blogs on
specific topics as well. A real-life reference question was asked by a library user
regarding situation with family member who has a history of depression and has
been taking antidepressants for a long time. The question related to the news that
the relative was pregnant and the library user was looking for background and
supporting information to help her in helping her relative. The library user didnt
know what drugs the relative was taking; for example, she might be taking
antipsychotic as well as antidepressant drugs. Searching Medline Plus for
depression pregnancy support and also for psychiatric drugs pregnancy
support retrieves about a dozen organizations that provide information and host
support discussion lists, Web forums, and blogs for patients and families as well as
for medical professionals, students, and researchers.
There are a peer-reviewed e-journal, indexed by Medline that publishes reviews
and articles about the quality and use of medical e-resources. It is free and provides
full-text access on the Web. This e-journal is used by many librarians in reviewing
medical Web sites for inclusion in their e-library collection or to use for reference
service.
Library is social institution. The society is realizing the importance of information
technology. Computer technology has contributed in general are the tools of new
information environment. It concept was the origin of Gutenberg. These days
libraries have developed their infrastructure and every college library of any size
and type are adopting digital collection: but still there are libraries which offer both

12

type of collection, print and no print and making efforts to continue with digital
resources for years to couce
The college libraries giving more preference to acquire digital collection and
levelalings various systems of purchase of journals, magazines and services like
indexing and abstracting services and due weight age given towards digital books
(e-books) etc. E-resources has many advantages for which libraries encourage user
to use e-books. But the collection is not limited to digital journals which can be
linked with abstracting and inleving databases. The access may be made by users at
library, home, cybercaf and hostels. Even through the library is not open
physically. The library can maintain statistics of the usage which is not possible in
case print version.
Moreover, it is easy to maintain the e-resources and its maintenance and
process and space cost is low than the print collection. All this change and
transition from print to e-print collection has an impact an library users in technical
college. Mr. Thomas Carlyle has said true that true library is that which have large
collection but it is not true in modern time of electronic age where technical
college libraries have collection of various type, form and size of the interest of the
users.
Today, the library community as a whole is realizing that apart from the immediate
practical advantages, computers and information technology (IT) in general are the
tools of new information era which was started with Gutenberg. Libraries of all
sizes and types are embracing digital collection, although most libraries still
continue and will continue to offer both print and digital collections for many years
to come. New purchases and purchases of journals, magazines, and abstracting and
indexing services are heavily weighted toward digital, while digital books (ebooks) are only the beginning to become a presence in library collections. or
dormitory whether or not the physical library is open; the library can get usage
13

statistics that are not available for print collection Libraries prefer e-resource
collections for many reasons, but not limited to digital journals which can be
linked from and to indexing and abstracting database; access can be from the users
home, library s; and e-resources collection are relatively easy to maintain, when
total processing and space costs are taken into account, electronic collection may
also result in some overall reductions in library costs. Such a dramatic switch from
print collections to e-resources collections has an impact on library users and users
perceptions of the technical college. equipping the people with necessary
proportion of accumulated knowledge and preparing them for cooperative social
life The duty of making them assessable to those who acquire the use of them and
the task of converting every person on its neighborhood in a habitual library and
reader of book. The library is sometimes called as the memory of human race
According to pierce Butler2, Library is a social organization necessary unit in the
social fabric effectively planned and utilized for transmitting the accumulated
experience of society to individuals members of the society through the
instrumentality of books and other graphic accounting and holistic materials- maps,
charts, phone records, microfilms, etc. depending upon the nature of clientele and
services, the type of libraries whether academic or special library national library
and contact libraries.
The medical college are special academic institution and plays an
indispensable role in the dissemination of information and knowledge they collect,
store and disseminate information and also performs the laboratory function by
making its resources to be used by the academic community in the learning
process.
Medical college promotes the objectives of higher medical education. An
medical is a part of the colleges system and thereby it aims to fulfill the objectives
of its parent organizations. By accumulation and organization of books,
14

manuscripts, journals, and knowledge in different formats the technical colleges

serves for the conservation of the knowledge and ideas, an active forces in
teaching, learning process, research and extension programmed of the college. The
main objective of the medical colleges is to meet the reading and informational
requirements concerning teaching, research and other academic programmed of the
college. Thus, a model medical colleges aim to function as dynamic institution of
medical education. The modern college with a large faculty, tremendous
enrollment and huge resources is in a position to make significant contribution to
different areas of knowledge. However medical colleges have become complex
organization, in a development country like India; there are expectation is that
colleges should produce who are committed to the development of the social
medical patrons.
The fundamental role the library as a dynamic instrument of medical education
is:
To acquire process. Organize and make available varied types of reading
materials for meeting the needs of different levels of user;
To guide scholars and provide them the resource useful for enhancement
of research projects;
To keep the faculty members informed of the latest amount of resources
through in their fields of specialization;
To establish a information centre in library and render readers advisory
service for the maximum use of library resources;
To adopt Information computer technology to provide purposeful service
in minimizing possible time ; and
To keep to authorities informed of the achievement and library output of
the college, to seek support and financial assistance;
15

Information technology has revolutionized the information handling

activities in the technical colleges during the past few years. The information
society demands the following technologies, i.e.
Literature search service
Current awareness services and SDI services to keep the readers aware with
up to data with the current advances in the subject field by providing
monthly list of articles or contents pages of journals recently received; new
accessions lists; in house abstracting and indexing services etc.;
Document delivery services i.e., delivery the physical document to be user
either from the library collection or from other sources. Inter library loan
online ordering, photocopying services, support of translation and
communication channels like teltfacsimile, etc.
Reference service both short range, and long range providing specific pieces
of information and also by searching for current and retrospective literature,
i.e. complex queries;
Translation services i.e. either to obtain the required translation copies of the
foreign language documents from the translation pools or translation banks.
Referral services to the scholars by directing them to the most like
institution, libraries or individuals who possess the involved in information
processing consolidation, repackaging and retrieval be merged so as to
evolve an integrated system; capable of providing diversified services. In
this direction the automation of individual technical colleges is a first step
rather a pre-requisite for the development of such an integrated technical
colleges and information system.

16

1.3.2 Levels of Evaluation:

There are two levels of evaluations i.e. effectiveness, and cost-benefit. The
effectiveness should be measured in terms of how well a service satisfies the
demands placed upon by its users. Such an evaluation can be subjective (e.g.
conducted by gathering opinions via questionnaire or interviews) objective (e.g.
the measurement of success in quantitative terms), or a combination of the two.
There are the ingredients through which the library services can be evaluated on
the basis of gathering data from the users.
Cost-effectiveness is concerned with is internal operating efficiency. Such a
study measures how cost efficiently the system is satisfying its objectives, i.e.
meeting the needs of its user; it will expose the staff efficiency and their credit
facility in satisfying the users needs4.
Co-ordination between different levels.
Information sources are made available and accessible to every user in the
system.
Union catalogue of the total resources should be created along with local
catalogue; in this connection a computerized online catalogue may prove
more useful.
The library hours of opening must be convenient of the users.
Users awareness of the existence of resources available at different
locations, and
All barriers to access resources must be removed or decreased.
1.1Collection Development
1.1.1 Suitable collection and its collection building is a process of prime
importance for technical libraries. Many users, when asked to evaluate and
technical libraries, will list the strength of the collection high on the major
17

criteria. Science and technology collection are not the easiest ones to
develop successfully in view of the complexity of the subjects and cost
involved, the large numbers of choice to make because of the sizeable
quantity of book and journals from which to select and the difficulty certain
grey area publications such as technical project and reports.
S. no

Particulars

Institutes Percentage

1.

Separate section for e-resources

38.09%

2.

No separate section for e-resources

13

61.91%

Total

21

100.0%

Table-1 medical colleges

Table 1shows the status of e-resources section 61% of the technical colleges
have no separate section of e-resources, while only 38% colleges have separate eresources section.
It is almost impossible for any medical colleges in India to build the
collection to satisfy fully since the amount of literature published as seen above is
so enormous and costly. The output of medical literature grows so rapidly that it
would be neither feasible nor indeed reasonable for medical college libraries to
acquire and stock all the medical literature throughout the world. Under the
circumstances, particularly when there are limited funds available a system must
be evolved to maximize the benefits on low cost without hampering the work of
scientific research and development due to non-availability of the required
information. This problem faced by the medical colleges in Uttar Pradesh also. No
doubt there have been separate section established in few technical colleges but
these sections are known as computer sections and only basic appliances have been
18

housed for users service. There is not a single medical college in U.P. who has no
computer section and running their libraries on traditional methods.
The major problem faced by medical libraries is the non-availability of
selection tools for acquisition of medical publications published in India and the
world. Due to the increasing costs of printing materials and technology, the cost of
the medical publication has been raising tremendously5.
1.2.2 Scientific and medical Journals
It is apparent that scientific and technical journals are of prime important for
scientific and technical libraries. Serials are the key sources despite many problems
involved in selecting, handling and storing such literature moreover periodicals are
the key source of information for the majority of users and specialties.
The networking is a important media to solve the problem to a greater extent
as it is based on centralized control system interlinking various local regional
networks of different geographical areas in country i.e.
This could be achieved by a policy for coordinating the acquisition of
scientific and technical publications and their distribution among different medical
college libraries because of the following benefits-(1) the libraries nay avoid
unnecessary work, (2) Under duplication of material among libraries, can be
avoided and (3) The available funds for the purchase of scientific and technical
publications can be utilized for acquiring maximum number of publication. The
local libraries should house such material to weet, the requirements of their users.
Materials acquired by a technical college should have some relevance with the
parent organization and the potential need of its users. The main library collections
for communication and information services in most of the medical colleges are
books including, periodicals, standards, patents, reprints, trade literatures, maps,
charts, films, slides, microfilms, microfiches, film loops, tapes, etc. Naturally, due
emphasis is being given for the procurement of those materials. In the present day
19

where specialization has become the order of the day, books render only the
fundamental primary information. By the time books are published, the
information

contained

therein

becomes

source

of

basic

nature.

The

specialists/researchers; therefore, it becomes imperative to acquire relevant

periodicals, proceedings, transactions, reports, etc. Periodicals are much more
important books so far as latest knowledge is concerned. Libraries attached to the
institutions of higher technical study and research-work cannot therefore complete
in collection without periodicals. Moreover, the books and periodicals collection
should be of a reasonable size so as to serve as a base for any research and
development work in particular fields of their interest. In modern era document as
large material can be stored in a small space and the pilferage may be minimized in
this form. At present it would be neither possible nor feasible to acquire all the
technical and scientific literature when limited funds are available as the growth of
technical literature is enormous.
In developing countries like India, great responsibilities on specialists to keep
themselves abreast of the latest developments on their fields of interest. There is
also a tremendous upsurge in the inflow of literature and it is extremely difficult
even for the research library and medical colleges to procure all the relevant
materials.
1.4.2.1 Procurement System
There are many technical libraries, in India which prefer to produce periodicals
directly from the publishers. This system involves four stages:
(a) Obtaining proforma invoice from the publishers for particular materials.
(b) Submission of proforma invoices along with completed application form to
the Bank for release of foreign exchange.
(c) Remitting the foreign exchange along with order to the publishers in the
shape of the bank draft.
20

The system is however, not free from disadvantage, as:

(a) It involves more file work for individual correspondence with each publisher
at all stages.
(b) It is difficult to ascertain about the delivery against payment;
(c) It the supply is not received it takes long correspondence to take refund.
(d) Publishers generally do not take that much interest for the supply of
materials to the individual party as they take for the agents;
In medical colleges there is insufficient budget; say less budged for e-resources are
procured out of the budged allotted to books, periodicals or the equipments.
1.4.2.2Through Agency
Collection development through agents is facilities:
(a) The agent concerned consolidates the requirement and places centralized
orders on behalf of individual parties;
(b) Easy recoveries from the agent who fails to supply the materials.
(c) The savings of national foreign exchange: as payment is made in local
currency the agents are getting some discount from the publisher, thereby,
saving some foreign exchange of the nation;
(d) Certain Indian agents are now supplying the materials by registered post
without any additional cost thereby avoiding any missing of materials and
(e) Some Indian agents have now started air-speeded delivery of some their
agency periodicals.
The advancements in information technology, communication technology
and information (literature) explosion all together have forced the libraries &
information centers to go in for the changes in the information services. The use of
CD-ROM database is fast becoming popular in the technical college libraries.
Since last years, a few Technical College libraries are using the on-line information

21

retrieval for rendering the information services. In the 21st century many libraries
are likely to use the on-line information retrieval facility for the services.
1.2Information Services
The information services include the current awareness services and S.D.I. service.
The glossary meaning of information service is A service provided by, or for, a
special library which draws attention to information possessed in the library or
information department in anticipation of demand; this is done by preparing and
circulating news sheets, literature surveys, reading lists, abstracts, particulars of
articles in current periodicals, etc which it is anticipated will be of interest to
potential users of the service. Although the glossary meaning of the information
services gives an idea that these rendered by the special libraries, these services no
more are restricted to special libraries. These services are now rendered by the
libraries of higher and professional educational institutions.
The abstracting service which is an important area of information service is
likely to have changes in its basic structure. At present the abstracts are being
prepared and published in the form of abstracting journal by libraries, professional
societies, some private and government agencies etc. There is a delay in the
preparation of abstracts. The printing and publishing of abstracting journals takes
some more time. By the time the abstracting journals are received by the users,
there is a delay of about six months.
Bourne observes that, The print equivalents of some of the CD-ROM product
are available in the developing countries. Thus the basic information is available.
However the on-line services and the CD-ROM products often contain more
sources than available in the corresponding print product. Thus computer based
searching of a database (on-line or CD-ROM) can provide an answer, that night not
be found in a search of a printed index, for example, because of a particular index
access point like report number is not provide in the printed index, or it might
22

provide an answer in minutes to a topic, that would take hours to search a

equivalent printed index. This is a great way to increase the productivity of a
limited number of skilled professionals. The use of CD-ROM databases and the
on-line information retrieval are expected to help a lot, for information services in
India, to increase the maximum productivity, which is very essential.
The UNESCO publication which is meant to inform about the availability of
the translations i.e. Index Translational, which was so far available only in the
print form, is now available on CD-ROM. It is important to note that this CDROM. replace the paper edition. This is the example of the highly used publication
from the international agencies like UNESCO publishing the information on the
CD-ROM. It is expected that many such publications from internationals
agencies/organizations will be the form of CD-Rom database.
1.4.4 Standardization of Service
The standardization in thing/information service is always advantageous. Same is
true of information service. The users of information services find it difficult to use
the information products which are not standardized. The standardization in future
will be of great use, if the library/information centers starts functioning as a centre
of the library/information network. There are different information/library
networks being set-up in the country like INFLIBENT etc. if the database is
created in the standardized format, it is easy to render the information services. The
standardization is required more now than earlier. The libraries functioned as
almost independent units earlier.
1.3 Objective of the study
The proposed study high light the policies and practices of development and
management of e-journals in medical college libraries and examine the various
criteria for selection and evaluation of e-resources.
Keeping in mind the objectives may be as follows:
23

1. To trace the present status of e-journals in the technical colleges libraries.

2. To find out collection development policies of e-journals adopted by the medical
colleges libraries and evaluate such policies and practices.
3. To explore the current practices of selection and evaluation of e-journals.
1.6Core Professional Competencies for Librarians
Counting Professional Development is an essential part of the medical service
library information professionals successful career planning & prospects. The LIS
professionals with better person, professional and technological competencies have
great opportunities and bright future in the modern libraries. Application of new
ICT in to the libraries immediately requires improvement of different kinds of skill
and knowledge is essential to learn, improve and develop various kinds of
professional skill, knowledge and competencies.
Professional competencies can be thought of as flexible knowledge and
skills that allow the librarian to function in a variety of environments and to
produce continuum of value-added, customized information services that cannot be
easily duplicated by others. They relate to the librarians knowledge in the areas of
information resources, information access, technology, management and research,
and the ability to use these areas of knowledge as a basis for providing library and
information services.
There is an urgent necessity to learn a great variety of professional
competencies to accomplish the role of professional librarian in the constantly
changing challenging web environment. Professional competences enable
librarians to respond effectively and efficiently to the constant development of new
technologies. Some of the unique competencies of the LIS Professionals are
discussed in the following sections.
(a.)

Technical Skills
24

It has become increasingly important that librarians keep up with technology and
have certain basic skills. In the current scenario library professional must have the
knowledge of HTML, Networking, scripting languages, the ability to deal with the
back-end of the OPAC, the ability to translate library services into the on-line
medium, the ability to troubleshoot basic computer and printer problems, or just a
good healthy knowledge of emerging technologies.
(b) Online medium: LIS Professional of medical service libraries need to do
much online these days, way beyond basic catalog and database searching (which
sure isnt easy either). Librarians have to be able to use search engines and use
them well. They need to be able to find quality online resources. They need to help
parrots set up e-mail and teach basic Internet skills. They need to be able to trouble
shoot problems users are having accessing online library resources, at least to the
extent where they can figure out if the problem is on the librarys side or the users
side.
(c) Ability to troubleshoot new technologies: It is just a part of the good user
service provided in medical service libraries. Most of the time when you are
working in library our user facing problem I using the scanner, fix the printer, and
troubleshoot any other technology problems they may be having. As we get new
computers, printers, scanners, etc. then we will need to learn how to troubleshoot
those. The key is just being able to have a decision-tree in your head of what to ask
or try when there is a problem. Many librarians cannot troubleshoot this stuff.
Librarians should be able to play with the technologies in the library, to learn what
problems commonly come up, and to fix them if necessary, because it is often our
responsibility to fix them.
(d) Ability to easily learn new technologies: There are so many new technological
things at the library that they cant keep up. Where we intimated to use new gadget in
library we always asked to IT team of that organization to send an expert to the library
25

to teach library professional how to use it. The best way to play with that technology.
It is hard to learn to use first time that when a user asking you to use it. Learning
about new technology is definitely a skill. People need to learn how to learn about
new technologies without having to ask other people for help all the time.
1.6 Need for the study:
Medical college libraries played important part in medical society and
serves its special patrons. A medical college library is expected to support the
ejectives of the medical college. Its basic function is to assist the medical college to
carry out its programmed and serve the need of the faculty, students of the college and
its research programmed. There is oriented based teacher class meow approach and
library is a student resource centre. The library resources meows the documents
acquired by the college whether connectional or non-conventional documents and new
instruct vial aids. Readings habits changed and techniques changed and thus the
nature and type of resources changed. There is a change in attitude of users and
adopting e-resources in place of traditional resources. All medical college libraries
become computerized.
1.7 Objectives of the study:
Medical college libraries constitute an important segment of the social
institutor, which is responsible for the spread of medical education. College have
better opportunities to share the young generation due to constant increase in the
member of students. The followings objectives are:
(1) To find out availability of interest service in medical sieve educated.
(2)To study the library resources acquired for various services in medical colleges.
(3) To evaluate the library resources.
(4) To study the change in attitude of the users in medical college libraries.
(5) To study Transit from print journals to e-journals.
(6) To find out library services.
26

(7) To evaluate the services and users satisfaction in medical college libraries.
1.8Methodology;
The categorization of proposed investigation into a certain type of survey, a
corresponding method deranged for it and appropriate techniques for collection and
analyzing data are together known as methodology.
There are several techniques for collections data like
(a) Questionnaire method
(b) Interview method
(c) Diary method.
While data are collection a mathematical device is used applying statistical
techniques. I.e. table, charts and diagrams.
For this study the investigator used questionnaire, observation and interview
method for collecting necessary data.
Hypothesis:
Too following are the hypothesis:
1. Concept and acquisition of resources.
2. Libraries have sufficient e-journals
3. Change in attitude of users towards E-journals.
4. Users services are satisfactory.
1.9. Scope of the study:
There are more than 30 medical college libraries, out of which 20 medical
colleges are such having standing for more than 3 to 5 years. The study will include
20 medical colleges which are listed below:
1. Subharti medical college,mearut. (SUBMCM)
2. TMU medical college & Hospital, Moradabad (TMUMCM)
3. Rama Medical College, Kanpur (RAMMCK)
4. Muzaffarnagar Medical college, muzaffarnagar (MNMCMN)
27

5. Saraswati Medical college, Hapur (SARMCH)

6. Rawmurti Medical college, Bareilly (RAMMCB).
7. Era Medical college, Lucknow (ERAMCL)
8. Sautosh Medical college, Ghaziabad (SANMCG)
9. Chhatuapati Sahuji Maharaj medical college, Lucknow. (CHMCK)
10.Hevid Institute of medical science, Barabanki (HINIMB)
11.Sharda Medical college, Gr. Noida (SHAMC Gr)

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31

Chapter 2
Review of literature
Darlington, Linda (1984) stated that information technology penal report is
concurred with library and information science. It is a Govt. document and focuses on
use of information technology. The report comprises high technology for academic
ciaos and recognize the activities regarding provision of online technology.
Perry, B.J. (1984), By new information technology, there are facilities like wordprocessors, computers, mass storage devices and various types of computer likes to
provide fast and efficient information storage, processing retrieval and transmission.
The MEDLARS database was one of the very first to become machine readable-and
searchable. It was the first database available online. Mc seav, Teny and Tsafrir, Janne
(1995) Stated that A professional has some code of thesis as a classic mark. Its
professional institute. EAHIL has recently drafted a code for curapeaw health
librarian. This paper explain the back which has been practiced in field of medicine
and library and information work.
Freedom, Hadarsa (1985) made a survey and questionnaire sent about the library use
by the staff and students of a large teaching hospital and investigated. The first survey
aimed to idently the user and non-users of the library and to assess therale of fulfilled
by library as multidisciplinary information needs of the medical staff and students the
second survey was for the use of library facilities and its analysis to establish priority
for the future development of library services. Library is a social institution and under
the investigated it was found that the library cannot satisfy the majority of the users
growth and need for information with out network whether it is regional, national and
international network for health services.
Talor, R.B. (1985) stated that ALA (American Library Association) has established
professional ethics and code of professional conduct and discussed with particular
32

reference to the responsibility of librarians who are working without the context of
medical health service.
Webb, Reneta, E. (1995) described that health science libraries are specific libraries
for special services. He recognized the changes in the attitude and change in health
science librarianship. Medical Library Association form a task force on knowledge
and skills to identify the changes required during 21 st century. The article focused
education policy and initiatives taken by medical science libraries.
Chapman, Liz. (1995). Discussed about moti vatai among professional staff and the
librarian as manager of the library as he manage the library in current context of
library work. He also take practical solution for pasture achai. He further go through
some reasons and its consequences also its cure for the general malaise of professional
stagnation in libraries. The problems are fairly receipt which draw attention.
Sridhan, M.S. (1995). Describes various factors which effect collection development,
its scope, definition. He further discussed the process of policy of collection
development and highlights the importance of the policy collection development
manually. He explained the present peculiar circumstances and backgrounds of
documents acquisition transition in libraries . He pointed out many problems
concerning to section of documents and procurement process of documents. He
further discussed various types of vendor-controlled order plans and also their merits
and demerits. The to microforms, technical reports, order plans and general
subscription.
Moserthy, A. Lakshman and Karisidappa (1996). The author briefly discussed about
various facilities available over internet. He discussed library environment in digital
era and the contribution of internet. He debt briefly the assessing web-based
information, scholarly publishing and electronic journals on the internet. He further
discussed library network and the internet in India. He finally discussed the role of
internet in commercial publishing.
33

Donaldson, Kerver and Mackay, Donald (1997). Discussed various aspects of world
wide web and health information services which has accepted the challenge in
creating world wide web in information era. He gave an example of HEBSWEB and
its site in health education for Scotland. He also presented the out come of the project
and its possible future in accessing information by users.
MacKay, Donald and Donaldson Kerr (1997). Discussed specific issues relating to
world wide web and health information service. He also explained the practical
change and discussed with particular reference to HEBS web site of Health Education
Board of Scotland the further presented the outcome of the project. He gave an
account of expected future developments.
Hedges, T.Mark (1997). Gave a second thought about information computer
technology. He discussed the question values and future of digital world and the
challenges before the libraries of Medical Science. He complained of the back of
cynicism. He was of opinion that learning is not a fun but a tool of discipline and
handwork. Information is power giving latest knowledge and librarian is a powerful
source of service.
Husen, Alisabeth (1998). The author described the cooperation between European
libraries. He explained the achievements REAHIL and the activities done. EAHIL was
established in 1987, since than working for professional development. It also
improved the cooperation efforts and exchange of experience among its members. The
author described few aims of EAHIL and consolidated some of important aims. He
refused six aims and suggested in its conference. Moreover, he stressed on the
development of efficient network system for the advancement of communication and
information among he established for cooperation with medical and health science
libraries in east and central Europe.
Farmer, Jane and Richardson Armando (1998). Conducted a survey in Oct-Dec. 1996
and a questionnaire was fulfilled by the Library Association Health libraries. He asked
34

the information of health care sector and enquired their views about what they
consider education and research need of the profession. He further tried to know their
opinion about library and information science education. From the survey it was found
that student faced library facilities due to lack of time and resources. He advised to
make practical so what of the problem and encourage greater understandings and
working relationship and to achieve the benefits of academic practitional and librarian
liaison.
Sharma, Sumit (1999). The author discussed the outlines and feathers of information
technology and its impact on the society. He discussed in detail the role of information
technology in social environment. He further discussed information technology
environment and the matching role of the librarian in 21 st century. The case study
gives complete view and status of impact of I.T. on defense service library, a
specialized library of DRDO. It further discussed various library activities and service
defense science library and effective use of I.T. to provide better service and defense
library services.
Satija, M.P. (1999). Discussed about technical services which and provided with the
help of skills and professional efficiency to provide users services in libraries. Medical
Science libraries provides technical services since their evolution. Technical services
home evalned making use of available technology of the present era. Technical
services are also necessary to help libraries to accomplish their nausea of connecting
users with the required information. New technology provide special opportunities
extensively and improve gnalitative library services to users. OPAC is a searching
capability and capacity and versatile mechanism. Classification has its new role to
play in designing, searching and managing electronic databases. The author discuss
and cited Electronic version of devxy to illustrate the role of information technology
in editing and publishing classification schedule.

35

Anaguostelis, Betsy (2000) stated that there has been increase of information in
electronic format. It includes E-books which has been accessed in National Electronic
Library for health. Articles in electronic form on online series are used and known as
wax technology, has been used for a specific purpose. However, while connecting
print format in electronic format, there are many issues arise. The author suggest
possible model for change which will enable information provider to achieve such a
transformation to optimum effect. The author concluder that NeLH will need to
provide direct and customized support to information providers.
Burden,Chuistine (2001) described that British libraries are adopting technology for
all activities and use of e-journals. There are real changes facing by British libraries in
use of licensing issues for legal deposit of e-materials. A code of practice for the
voluntary deposit of non-print publication in between publishers and legal deposit
libraries covering offline electronic media. The deposit serial issues is still rising. Ejournals are purchased for many reasons, like reading room reference, and remote
document supply and statistics.
Rook, Romany and Ads head, Final (2001.The author describe the development of 57
Georges Hospital medical school library public Health information service. A project
was started in 1997 started training programmed. A post of public Health librarian
evolved and service was described. The librarian 15 lab as part of the public Health
network was also discussed. A public health information model was provisional which
made best use of available funds. The LIS model was provisional for effective and
efficient way of maxi missing resources and delivering a service to a specialized user
group spread across a wide geographical area.
Luce, Richard E (2001). Described Los Almos National Laboratory where E-print is
an reparatory for electronic various of papers in physics and mathematics. It is an
rapid and convenient way for scientists. The E-print or XIV worked as part of its

36

library with out walls. The anther again traces the development of or XIV and its
application in libraries.
De Grootr, Sandra L.and Dorseh, Josephine L. (2001). In his research study
determined the impact of online journals on the use of print journals and Inter Library
Loan. The reason behind the decrease in demand use of print journal was the change
in attitude of the patrons |users prefer to access journals online. But there are difficulty
in using online journals which are only available cure while selecting the journals
based on quality and convenience of availability.
Mc Gracker, Peter (2003) discussed that during past two decades E- journals emerged
| published in large number to access electronically. But no research was undertaker to
know the actual status of increase in number of journals and compared the position
with the total number of journals. They receive through many sources including the
print. Serial solution inc. suggested an analysis to compare the e-journals a library is
tracing in comparison with number of print or microfilm titles they have. The author
present a comprehensive analysis about the journals of various types of libraries are
accessed electronically rather than in print. If data collection is improved more
accurate reason can be taken up and provide a basis of study of the growth of
electronic access of the journals and expected reduction in print access to journals.
Maheshwarappa, B.S. and Ebnazar C., Emmanuel (2003) studied on the use of
internet resources and services in Gulbarga University. In this study they found a great
deal of first time and exploratory use of Internet in Gulbarga city. Further study is
required to see if patterns of use change as a function of time and user satisfaction
increase.
K. Manjunatha and Shivalingaiah (2003) revealed that in the age of digital evaluation
escalating price of electronic information, resource sharing is critical for effective
functioning of libraries. Increased availability of information in digital format and
high costs of journal subscription compels the libraries to work together. Technical
37

advancements provide a platform for digital resource sharing and offer many
opportunities for librarians to become more technical and professional. His work also
attempted to identify the needs and factors influencing the electronic resource sharing
and presented requirements and strategies for effective resource sharing in university
libraries.
Vohra, Ranjana (2003) that in the current electronic information environment
emphasis is towards excellent collection than large collection and development
effective means of gaining access to remote databases. Today Internet has established
itself as the store house of all worlds resources in the electronic form. The paper
examined the impact of the information technology on libraries, especially
development of digital libraries. Internet, electronic publications, CD-ROMs etc.
Electronic information resources have brought in new system of storage, retrieval,
preservation and conservation and computerized information system and services.
Policies and programmers relating to collection development should be in the context
of current information environment.
Narayan, Poornima and I.R.N. (2003) stated that electronic information sources
are the prime attraction of readers in todays networked environment. It is equally
evident that it is difficult to know what information exists, what format it is available
and where to look for it. Many search engine, directories and virtual libraries facilitate
retrieving information required from web sources. Creation of ones own library
website plays a significant role in providing single point access to e-Resources created
with in and also available elsewhere free or against subscription on internet.
Singh, S.P. (2003) emphasizes the need of knowing, how to evaluate CD-ROMs and
online reference sources, enumerates the important characteristics of reference sources
and finally describes various criteria in detail which can be used for evaluation of eResources. She also stated that for evaluating e-Resources, one should be very critical
of any information found on web, and it should be carefully examined most important
38

thing about internet sources is to know links given to other web pages are current as
well as the qualitative in nature.
Nyamboga, Constantine M. and Kemparaju, T.D. (2003) discussed in their
paper that the challenges posed by the accelerating pace of change in the world of
information especially in developing countries and stresses the importance of
managing the change by focusing on collection development (inclusive of electronic
resources), training and development skills of the information professional and also
library users. It also examined and provided general views on how libraries and
information centers should approach the situation in order to accomplish and acquire
at least simple electronic resources while talking into consideration the library and
information policy.
Level, Allison and Myers, Sarah (2003) observed that activities to users are an
important and on going component of every library. With intranets and web authoring
tools, digitizing the collection development workflow enables libraries to have an
increase level efficiency and accessibility. This article made the outline, creations,
development and implementation of web accessible collection development tools.
These tools integrate procedures, forms, policies, and library organization websites. A
coordinated website may consist of online tools, web resources, Work flow
processes, instructions and other information for selectors and library staffs as well as
information for library patrons.
Dr. S. A. N. Inamdar (2004) stated that the conventional libraries are now in
transforming phase. The techniques of accumulation gathering of information,
processing it and way of disseminating it among the readers have also drastically been
changed. The librarians, therefore, have to get acquainted with the new trends of
fruitful training on library automation and electronic information handling which they
are lacking. An attempt has been made to draw a strategic plan for electronic
information handling for library professionals. He also suggested some points to the
39

librarian for information handling technology strategy are undertake a systematic

assessment of readers information competence to develop a bench mark, develop a
model list of information competence skills for readers, develop pilot information
competence programs course, utilize computer software that enables the librarians for
information competence and develop a workbook and checklist to assist the
subordinates for information competence.
Perry, B.J. (2004). Informatics technology is a new technology emerged powerfully
for the last two decade. For example computers, word processors, storage device and
other many more kinds of communication links to provide fast and efficient
information storage, retrieval and transmission processing. There are used as per need
to solve the problems of medical information. Medlars introduced in1984 and was the
first database to become machine readable and machine readable and machine
searchable and also available online. Since then during 25 years there have several
hundreds databases out of which more than 500are available in Indian system of
medico, patient records and development in electronic publication.
Bedi, D.S. and Vats,Geeta (2005). Discussed the electronic publishing and their
application in scientific research and contribution in scientific publishing he highlights
technologies. If electronic publishing and developed projects has made an important
place in product marketing. He further consolidated the emerging brands in the field
of electronic publishing.
Kovacs, Diana (2006) stated that web based electronic library may be most useful.
The librarian has to play an important role in planning and developing a web based elibrary in all types of libraries. The author discussed the developing and implementing
a collection plan in Tuesday web based e-library. It is necessary for a collection plan
to assess the functions and need of information and the society it serves. He further
discussed about some practical strategies, guidelines to find out, identily evaluate and
be lection of proper web based information resources. He focused on web based
40

information resources rather electronic information resources suches CD-ROM, or

other data based.
Craft (2007) Stated that interest is a prime source of medical science information. It is
also a book to medical education. There is another sources available on internet is pod
cast which is an important source of access current information in the field of medical
and health and medical professionals. Pod cast has a wide topics and qualities. All
medical college libraries are using the pod cast as educational tools and study did to
students. Publisher are creating pod casts for audio purpose to the printed teet.Pod
casts is also used by professional organization to broadcast news to members. All
famous companies and organizations are offering for continuing medical education
programmed and patient education programmed.
Wakham, Maurice (2008) the author traces the course of health librarianship in United
Kingdom. It has been developed by newsletters, minutes and reports of the events
organized by UHSL. He represented the views of the working of health librarian in the
University sector. It also developed professional development through newsletters and
networking opportunities.
Ahmed, Parvez (2009) discussed the core competence of library and information
science professionals as leader or manager of the organization. The author found more
silvinarity than differences; He outlived the professional skills and new technology
needed for the professionals and managers of library service.
Asha, J. and Halini; R. (2009) discusses the importance of medical college libraries as
source of information. The libraries of medical colleges have been a source of
information for gaining knowledge and conducting research. But their are-few reasons
for hampering research in India like non-availability of adequate journals. There is a
communication gap between librarian and medical fraternity is another reason. The
author concluded through this survey that librarians should come forward to aware the

41

students visit to medical college library and an effective policy should be framed for
the better and proper access of the journals.
Cavalery, Piero (2009). Reported the experiments about the publishing an open access
journal and learn out of it about large field of open access publishing. He eited the
example if European Journal of comparative Economics, a online journal (2004) by
European Association. He further discussed about scientific publication and market
trend in rising power of the subscription price of scientific output. He said that open
access journals could provide increase competition in the market product.
Anderson, Rick (2010) stated the position of research libraries and its increasing
position. Two major subsets of the resources (online) have been succeeded to a very
significant extent and it was found that most of the research libraries have a collection
of e-journals and e-reference sources available but it rises significant problems like
price problems etc. to move from print to e-print for such research material which is
not easily available or very costly.
Andrew, Booth (2010). Discussed about clinical librarian in medical and health
libraries these librarians have been in existence for over 40 years. While examining
the position of medical librarian, it page a challenge to rigorous evaluation about their
population, intervention, comparator and out come, characteristics in wide evaluation
frame work. He further suggested that the development within health research aimed
to evaluate complex intervention.
Siegal, R.Elliot and Donald,A.B. (2010). Discussed a collaborative project to identify
interactive on hence mew to conventional print journals and their articles and evaluate
their contribution to patrons for their learning and satisfaction. He hypotheses that the
articles of journals would yield more knowledge than the original article. They
contribute to acquisition of knowledge and for the enhancement to the original article
and would increase users acceptance.

42

William, Peter and Nicholas, David (2010) discussed the scholarly behavior about the
use of electronic journals. He examined the use and impact of the availability of
journals. E-journals have specific comity. It was resulted to huge rise in availability of
e-journals. There are mixed findings about fate of print journals. E-literature is
accessed keyboard searching with subject gateways and search engines and all other
used by publishers platforms, alerts and other ways to find literature. The value of ejournals has been shown gaining new height and insists. It also help in teaching in
measure of time, cost. There are barriers in using e-journals such as (a) Non-purchase
of titles by the library (b) year (c) volumes which are not available electronically.
Kattirmani, Rarashuram S. (2010).Discussed Internet as a source of information.
Internet and online resources provide access to various types of information. The
information available on internet are verities from primary to tertiary sources. But the
authenticity and value of online information remain questionable. There is a need of
quality awareness. It needs users a value-added information. There are difficult
information sources of online accessibility, format, style and arrangement from
traditional resources. Hence users are expected to adopt different approach to access
and use of online resources. He further discussed online information seeking behavior
of library users. The author gave more emphasis on quality consciousness regarding
online information resources and the library patrons and the internet use.
Pall, Deveyndr. (2011). Discussed various features of collection development policies
and selection catered of library materials in changing environment. There are
increasing patter of electronic medium and communication technology in developing
counters. He identified the changes to integrate the issues of collection development
and management of electronic resources. He also discussed various issues of
collection development and policy applied. He discussed the conditions prevailed in
India regarding collection development.

43

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SuisJila, smith (2001. Tool for assignees subject to e-documents: a steps towards
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Luce, Rechard (2001. E-print intersect the digital library: India theLos Almos or
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Mc Gracker, Peter(2003). A comparison of print and electronic journals holding in
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Mashes warappa, B.S and Ebrazar,C.(2003). Use of internet resources and services
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48

Jrl.

Inf.

Dissenination

and

Chapter 3
Electronic ResourcesElectronic Resources
The electronic resources of information are proliferating at an alarming
proposition in the last decade. Several types of electronic resources have been noticed
with the advantages over traditional resources. These are increasingly acquired in
libraries, particularly those are available in web enabled medium. Hence, knowledge
on the-resources is essential to those who are in information handling profession.
The introduction of electronic resources can be traced to the 1960s with the
development of machine readable files such as ERIC and an early version of the
National Library of Medicine online database. In the 1970s OCLC and third party
online database vendors, such as Dialog, BRS, and Orbit, became standard sources.
The 1980s saw the arrival of personal computers, online public accesses catalogue
(OPACs) to replace the card catalogue and databases on CD-ROMs, housed on
standalone workstations. The early 1990 saw the arrival of local area networks
(LANs) to replace standalone workstations. The mid 1990s brought the latest changes.
Windows and the Internet. By the late 1990s many OPACs and CD-ROM based
databases became available in Web-based system. And many services became
available via remote access to patrons outside the library. The increased reliance on
electronic resources was accelerated by decisions to cancel subscriptions to the print
versions of sources that became available electronically and the increase of technical
to access them.
E-Resources: Why
Many developments have been noticed over the years with respect to the electronic
resources publishing. Publishers are interested in the issues such as publishing costs,
changing readership, changing user expectations, right management and archiving.
49

Authors and corporate institutions are now resorting for self-publishing, new models
for scholarly publishing, quality assurance, rights management and archiving. In
universities researchers prefer to have easy access to complex information space,
including easy access to full text and reference linking. Abstracting and Indexing
services have started to manage the impact of electronic publishing on their printoriented practices, and to implement reference linking and other value-added services.
Aggregators, a relatively new industry, have the problem of managing content from
multiple sources, providing reference linking not just within their own service but to
other content providers, ensuring completeness, and rights management and archiving.
Engineering College libraries have the challenges of keeping up with the flood of new
content and new options, providing their users with easy access to information
wherever it may happen to reside, rights management and archiving.
The electronic resources on magnetic and optional media have a vast impact on the
collections of Engineering College libraries. Initially it was started with secondary
databases and gradually accepted for primary resources are available only in
electronic forms.
Bachmann Moorthy and Karisidappa opined that the impact of electronic publishing
in general and e-journals in particular are four fold. These are more useful due to
inherent capabilities for manipulation and searching, providing information access is
cheaper to acquiring information resources, savings in storage and maintenance, etc.
These offer a variety of capabilities to enhance the quality of services offered by
library and information centers. The types of Electronic Resources include:
Bibliographic Indexes: These files contain information that leads the user to
other material, rather than being an end in themselves. Often, these are
electronic versions of existing print indexes.

50

 Full text and primary indexes: Unlike bibliographic indexes, these files contain
most of the material references. Often they will be a combined bibliographic
and primary index. Examples include Lexis Nexis and Periodical Abstracts.
Journals: This includes those available directly through the publisher or an
electronic aggregator, such as JSTOR.
Application Software: This includes all other types of electronic resources
including computer assisted instruction, interactive multimedia, and educational
games. Examples include Hyper Studio and the Oregon Trail series.
Electronic Book
E-Books
The term e-books is defined broadly to include electronic reference works,
monographs and textbooks. They may be delivered via Web or a hand-held device.
e-books offer some unique advantage over printed equivalents. Several reports by
consultants have predicted that the most successful e-books ventures are those offer a
relevant interactive experience. User studies seem to indicate that the technology may
not be sufficiently mature and still developments are reported in the e-book world .6
The potential advantages of e-books have been described in comprehensive:
importability, instant access, search-ability, annotation, linking, multimedia long-term
preservation of the material, multiples titles in single book, includes online dictionary
and link to other sites, old titles cannot go out-of-print, readers can add several
chapters form several books (e.g. course reserves), update textbooks with minimal
cost to user, lower publishing and distribution costs, reduction of papers and physical
space. So too, they have the disadvantages; the expense of technology, inadequate
screen resolutions, non-availability of titles in the right format etc.
Today, e-books can be read with a variety of devices, including handheld readers
(mainly used for diaries, note-taking and e-mail), dedicated e-book readers or, of
51

course, by desktop access i.e. a personal computer or notebook. There is a great range
of reading devices on the market. Some can support images and technical materials.
There are varying screen sizes, different weights and memory/storage capacities.
E-Book Software An ideal screen technology for e-books should display 200-300
pixels per inch before quality matches paper. Current e-book devices offer only just
offer 100 pixel per inch. Both adobe and Microsoft have been working too produce a
more comfortable reading experience by producing software that smoothes out the
jagged edges of characters and makes text appear sharper. The adobe e-book Reader
software features the Cool Type font-technology and two-page layout. Microsoft has
an equivalent using Clear Type technology. Besides the major e-book producers have
their own software and they are essential when users go for their publications.
A number of surveys of e-book standards and formats are available in the public
domain. While the OEB provides a specification for the content of e-books, EBX
focuses on rights management. Representatives of the Open e-Book Forum and the
Electronic Book Exchange Working Group have developed a plan to combine the
efforts of both organizations.
EBX
The Electronic Book Exchange System is supported by the ALA, Adobe, Versa ware
and others. It is a technical specification for the copyright protection and distribution
of e-books.
Onix
The Onix (Online Information Exchange) System is now widely adopted as a standard
defining how to describe e-books for the book trade.
Preservation
E-books is the natural priority of libraries for preservation. As information
professionals are interested in developing an ideal e-book collection, the preservation
52

generates more debate. The act of keeping a copy such a back up is not permitted as
per copyright and many ways of preserving digital content is not applicable or ebooks. Digital content is fragile and prone to have many other problems. Losing the ebook due to system factors may not lead to get another copy of them.
The global effort to have better preservation of e-books is addressed and discussed by
many bodies such as JISC Preservation Strategy, DNER, Digital Preservation
Coalition, a group of ten organizations committed to the development of a UK digital
preservation etc.
It will take time for teachers to work out how to integrate e-books into their teaching
and how to exploit the mediums capabilities. Student many also need time to work
out how e-books are advantageous. Many aggregators at present offer study tools
alongside their e-book material, such as highlighting, note-taking. Although there has
not been any specific study on the use of these features, the students in the major.
3.2 Collection plan for Medical E-journals
Medical educators, librarians and library users have taken full advantage of efficient
information delivery made possible through communication tools and electronic
formats. Medical databases and document delivery service were successful in medical
science libraries. Smartly, medical science libraries have developed its resources and
accepting the challenge of the wave of change in library to be convenient way to
deliver medical information to medical professionals, students and researchers as well
as health care costumer. Medical education is rapidly developing online.
Medical E-journals support the information needs of medical school students,
physicians, medical researchers and health professionals (Residents). Web access has
real value for medical information to medical professional because it is available on
desktop computer or on wearable computing devices and many medical professionals
carry with them. The medical science libraries are being developed as E-library
supporting the medical education. Medical E-journals cover various aspects of
53

medical sciences, their varying level of information. Most medical E-resources take
forms in tires of medical reference sources like abstracts and indexes, table of contents
service including those with full text of the medical journals.
3.2.1 E-journals from selection to access
Christine Burden a , Andrea Reid a . John Sweeney a, Richard Bennett b Andrew Braid b
and the medical college libraries is currently integrating electronic publications into its
general collection strategy. A formal collection development policy should be formed
as under active discussion and should be published for specialist. Selectors use
existing curatorial expertise to select suitable resources the traditional policies as to
scope content and level and the identification of new electronic resources has become
an integral part of selectors jobs. A wide variety of material is selected (full text.
indexes. databases, bibliographies, abstracts, patents and images in addition to
journals) and free material of value to scholars is also actively identified and
publicized to users. Electronic journals are also acquired for document supply.
The change in emphasis away from acquiring physical material for the collection to
licensing access to information is an acknowledged part of the process and is reflected
in current expenditure patterns. For reasons of preservation and ownership the library
still prefers to acquire print rather than electronic versions where the two are nearly
identical. It is not currently Library policy to rely on electronic copies for archival
purposes. However, in common with many libraries, the issue of continuing
ownership of electronic material is under review. With are its limited budget the
Library does not duplicate print and electronic versions un less there is a pressing
reason. Heavy-used scientific and medical journals for which agreement has been
reached with the publisher are often acquired in both formats. The Library is
increasing taking advantage of publisher offers of free or reduced price access to
electronic versions where print titles are already held. Where a work is to be acquired

54

in electronic format, the Librarys preference is for online access rather than
acquisition of CD-ROM if the functionality and content is identical.
Medical service library acquire electronic material either direct by from the publishers
or through the vender. Title are reviewed each year/ annually before renewal of the
journals. It is attention with the allocated budget allotted for acquisition of electronic
material. The renewal is made under existing licorices the existing system draw had as
but the choice of library users is above all. Many medical college libraries has setup
their access database to provide additional in house information on the range of the
format available (i) license conditions (2) relation ship to exhausting holdings (3) cost
and (4) access requirement. Medical libraries are developing serial registers which
will provide a title base database ultimately improving access for users inside the
library and remotely by collating under are empty and also for holding information for
all formats of a title and indicating where in the library collation the title is held.
The need for license of medical colleges is different from other libraries for
e-material acquired in library. Its refection is world wide and on several sites and its
range of document delivery services offered worldwide where electronic products are
used the user should be able to access them under the same condition that apply to
print media i.e. right to male coppice of the item or its parts under normal fair use
terms most license permits the such activities if the library does not approach the
product clarify the issues before purchase. Most are normally like to use copying the
product. There are medical college libraries keen to use document delivery service.
This can creates problem regarding licensing as there are publishers not allow the
library to use his license other there the particular library or other libraries outside
premises.
There are number of publishing lewted that individual publishing have choice in
selecting which particular terms and conditions agreed and assured the overall content
of the agreement. There are multistic networking course problems, libraries home
55

corporate nature and its collection is shared between possible sites. This collection is
placed on library wide network but some license specify the networking based on
geographical sites only. Sometimes negotiates are necessary to ensure multisided
networking is permitted.
Publishers licenses are often dramas up with academic libraries references to
staff and students. The terms of license are offered to medical college libraries suitable
to the users to access online journals. And a clarification is necessary to ensure to
cover the library operations. The continuing increasing efforts the libraries are
preparing a significant increase directed to acquisition of electronic titles. The library
provides a range of workstation offering access to CD/DVD ROM and web based
resources. The users reword is measured by the use of electronic access workstation as
well as comments and requests received.
In medical college libraries e-journals are not listed in library OPAC
although in process has been begin with certain medical science titles.
In general e-journals are not at present listed in the librarys OPAC although this
process has begun with certain medical sources titles. Printed leaflets list many of the
titles available in individual reading rooms and details are also available on the
website. Access is by icons grouped into subject menus for CD-ROMs, and by web
page for online titles, by alphabetical and subject lists. Many of the e-journals are
made available to readers by licensing access to collections such as JSTOR. Project
Muse or Emerald.
The Library has also developed an extensive dual use e-journals system following
negonations with publishers to allow both reading room use and remote document
supply. ESTAR (the Electronic Storage and Retrieval System) makes use of the
Science Server search interface which allows reading room users to search and browse
through the full text. (For full details see under Document supply below)
Information Service & Use 29(2009) 133-141
56

DOT 10.3233/ISU-2010-0605
IOS Press
3.3Librarians and publishers
4.4.1 Issues confronting libraries
(a) Shrinking budgets, rising prices
The serials pricing crisis is old news: its parameters are familiar to all and need not
be belabored here. Its relevance to the print-to-online transition, however, is
significant: in past year, the money required to absorb massive e-journal price
increases have been taken from book budgets, and those budgets are now under
exceptionally severe pressure.
(b) Emerging alternatives to traditional library services
Libraries have now been struggling for nearly years to complete with the convenience
and richness of free online resources. Those resources have only become richer, more
convenient, and more ubiquitous as WiFi- equipped laptop computers and notebooks
have gained market share, smart phones have become more and more popular and
function-rich, and search engines have increased in sophistication. The Google Books
program, which already makes it possible for anyone to search the full text of many
millions of books from the worlds top research libraries and to read or print many of
them, has not merely exacerbated the problem, but threatens to intensify it
exponentially: when the proposed settlement between Google and authors is approved
(as it almost inevitably will, following some refinement), individual librarys book
collection will become, for many purpose, obsolete. And none of this is to mention
Wikipedia which has become (for better or for worse worlds preferred sources for
answers to ready-reference questions. It may ultimately matter very much to the
common good whether these alternatives are inferior or superior or superior to library
services- but it does not matter at all to the future of libraries. What matters to the
future of libraries is whether our patrons believe that they are a good substitute for
57

library services. (And the fact in many cases they really are.) These alternatives not
only divert patrons increasingly scare time and attention from library resources, but
will inevitably lead funding agencies to question the cost/benefit balance of support
for traditional library structures and services.
(d) E-resource management
Despite a constant proliferation of tools, studies, training programs and standards, the
management of online resources remains an enormous challenge in libraries. The
challenges lie partly in the complexity of online resources, which are not discrete
information products so much as ongoing services comprised of hugely various
component parts, and party from the economics of online information. Which make it
possible to buy far more content than can easily be cared for by a staff that is scaled to
the more modest requirements of print management? While prices are rising at
manifestly unsustainable rates, many libraries are nevertheless making quantum leaps
in the amount of content they are now able to offer their patrons. This paradox arises
in part from the Big, which is itself made feasible by the economies of scale
publishers can only realize in the online realm. And which makes it possible for
libraries to add enormous amounts of new content at marginally tiny price increases.
The real-world problem is that while the price increase may be tiny in professional
terms and inevitably result in a massive decrease in per-article cost, the actual amount
of money spent still increases, and continues to increase at an invariably unsustainable
rate. Even an artificially imposed inflation cap of 4% or 5% will outstrip most
libraries budget increases from year to year. None of this addresses the additional
management burdens placed on remaining staff members when budget cuts lead to
layoffs. Thus, even as budgets tighten, the quantity of available information continues
to grow, and those tasked with managing e-resources are stuck between the rock of
content growth and the hard place of shrinking staff.
(e) Inertia of traditional practice
58

Despite the fact that the research library has changed in truly radical ways over the
past twenty years, and the fact those changes have led to a large array of new and
unprecedented tasks and responsibilities for library staff. It is a rare library that has
actually redirected staff time in a wholesale way from old duties to new ones. In most
cases, new tasks have simply been added on top of old ones: serials clerks still
manage traditional check-in and subscription management duties while also fixing ejournal access problems: collection development departments negotiate license
agreements while still managing approval plans; acquisitions staff order and receive
print books while also setting up access to e-book packages. All of us talk about the
necessity of rethinking traditional practices and perhaps even leaving old ones behind
entirely but few of us have the courage actually to stop doing things that have seemed
essential for so long, despite recognizing intellectually the radically different
environment in which we now work and our patrons completely different expectations
and work patterns. While libraries are often politically progressive, as a profession we
are exceptionally reactionary, and tend to respond with hysterical touchiness to any
suggestion that our traditional practices and standards may be outmoded this fact has
made our transition into the new information realm bitterly difficult, and continues to
make it so- and it is no ones fault but our own.
(e) Demonstrating value
As of this writing the United States economy appears to be starting slowly to
recover from a disastrous 2009. However, for many (if not most) research libraries,
funding for the period that began in that year was cut significantly and many are
expecting further cuts for the following year.In this environment, the need for
libraries to demonstrate their value becomes increasingly urgent. Demonstrating
value does not mean repeating the old pieties that characterize the library as the
heart of campus or a cornerstone of democracy such talk or merely an
assertion of value. In order to compete effectively in a drastically straitened budget
59

environment with campus project that provide clearly demonstrable. Even

quantifiable value-classroom refurbishments, laboratory upgrades, staffing for
grants administration- libraries must be able to point to concrete outputs that
benefit their constituencies in significant and measurable ways. The difficult y in
doing so is tremendous it is very easy to count circulations. But very difficult to
measure the actual impact of circulation on patrons.
3.4. Role of Publishers and Venders.
The challengers enumerated above are serious, and in the case of some libraries
may actually be existential. Libraries do not have to survive the current storm, at least
not in a form that most librarians recognize; much of what most stakeholders want
their libraries to do could- for better or for worse- be outsourced, or managed by IT
departments, or handled by clerks rather than Librarians. The outcome of such radical
changes might not be ideal, but in a steadily worsening budget environment
administrator have no choice but to become more and more amenable to less-thanideal solution.
To the degree that publishers, vendors, and other service provides feel they have a
stake in the survival of the traditional library. It is in their interest to work
cooperatively with libraries to build sustainable acquisition and management models
and to help them demonstrate the value of their services. Many are doing so, in ways
both obvious and innovative.
(a) Moving content online
It should go without saying that, in research libraries at least, it is almost always
better to provide content online whenever possible. Most publishers, especially
journal publishers, recognize this and made dramatic moves in this direction long ago.
For a variety of reasons, book publishers have been slower to move into the online
environment. But for books that are used primarily as searchable databases rather than
for extended reading and make no mistake, this describes most of the use of the
60

majority of their collections available to patrons around the clock, in a fullysearchable format, and from anywhere in the world can make a powerful value
argument to their funding authorities.
(b) Offering flexible pricing and pricing structures
It also goes without saying that publishers who raise prices relentlessly at
annual rates that completely outstrip increases in budget allocations are setting
themselves and their library customers, and their library customers patrons up for
ultimate disappointment. Many do so regardless, for reasons discussion of which is
beyond the scope of this article. However, others are responding more sensitively to
the current fiscal crisis, working in a spirit of cooperation with both individual
libraries and consortia to build ongoing pricing models that are more sustainable in the
long run.
(c) Providing content and services in an intuitive and user-friendly way
A research product that is awkward or difficult to use offers little real value,
regardless of the relevance, timeliness or quality of its content. Publishers and vendors
help libraries to the degree that they offer products that can be used without special
training, that do not require the download and installation of third-party application,
that do not place unnecessary restrictions on remote access, and that work sea messily
with link resolves. When it comes to interfaces and end-user functionality, innovation
counts for very little; what count greatly are ease of use and quality of content.
Vendors that understand this both make life easier for their customers and make it
easier for libraries to demonstrate value.
(d)Providing sustainable Open Access models and opinions
Open Access models help libraries in an obvious and direct way by providing
content to them free of charge. (The deeper reality is more complex than this, of
course, but that too is a topic for a separate discussion.) Indirectly, they help
libraries help their institutions by easing the way to the establishment and
61

population of local repositories. Institutional repositories play an increasingly

important role not only in archiving the organizations scholarly products, but also
in showcasing local scholars accomplishments and making both final documents
and data sets available for data mining and repurposing by others. These are
functions that arguably make the library more critical to its host institutions
mission, and thus more viable and therefore a more reliable and stable customer
to publishers.
In addition to those who actively work to help libraries address the challengers that
face them in the current environment, there are publishers and vendors who
(whether actively or passively ) make it more difficult for libraries to do so. To the
degree that publishers and vendors engage (or fail to engage ) in the following
practices, their impact on the library sector and therefore, usually, on library
patrons as well tends to be negative.
(e) Failing to respond to funding crises with reasonable price flexibility
The serials crisis about which librarians have been warning for decades |7| was
always inevitable, but its arrival has been hastened greatly by the global economic
meltdown. In the past, when faced with trend lines indicating an inexorable crash
course between inflation rates and funding patterns, many publishers have been
able to console themselves (however irrationally ) by ignoring projections and
looking instead at a solid history of sustained demand. But libraries do not
typically cancel journal subscriptions because they see that at current inflation
rates, they will not be able to afford the journal in ten years: instead, they hold into
their subscriptions for as long as they can, while warning publishers that such
cancellations are inevitable. Almost invariably, publishers have ignored them. Now
the cancellations are happening, and more will happen next year, and no one least
of all library users is happy about it.

62

(f) Being unwilling to offer content online

Hard as it may be to imagine there are scholarly publishers who remain convinced
that their future will be largely or even entirely print-based. Some express this opinion
openly: others resist more passively. Some publishers are shocked to hear from
librarians that their offerings would be welcome in online for mats: others simply
refuse to believe that such is the case. Again, it is important to remember that there are
two general ways in which books are used: for extended reading and for interrogation.
Ink on paper is still (for now) the killer app for extended reading, but it is a terrible
format for research. There is no way to search the full text of a printed book without
reading it entirely, and there are many, many situations where that kind of searching is
not only impossible but actually ill-advised. Researchers are poorly served by formats
that are not searchable. To the degree that scholarly and professional book publishers
depend on research library sales, they need to have an online strategy and not as an
after through.
(g) How are libraries and vendors role changing and how should they change?
Libraries, publishers and vendors do not have the option of continuing with business
as usual business as usual no longer exists. We do have a choice between actively
participating in the definition of our future roles and waiting for others to define them
for us. The active approach will require energy, vision and a higher tolerance for risk
either librarians or publishers have historically been willing to develop. Five recent or
current developments in particular require urgent attention on the part of all
participants in the scholarly information chain.
To anticipate (with demonstrably limited success and at great expense) the desires of
patrons are ripe for questioning, and are frankly difficult to defend.
Print-on-demand services are, if anything, even more exciting, no less so for the fact
that they represent a partial reversion to the traditional print environment. Until very
63

recently, patron-driven acquisition of print materials was practically possible only for
relatively brief documents, and libraries utilized it primarily as a delivery mechanism
for journal articles. Publishers had begun exploring on-demand printing of backlist
titles, but real-time printing of books was not yet a widely distributed service. With
the emergence of the Express Book Machine, the game changed suddenly and
fundamentally.
3.5 Change to E-print
Libraries have been slow and reluctant to recognize a radically changed information
environment and adapt themselves to it: publishers, as a whole have been just as
recalcitrant some because they are publicly traded and therefore have shareholders
who are likely to raise eyebrows at too much risk-tasking, others because they are
very old and conservative companies, and still others out of either skepticism or fear
about the future. Many have been at least partially protected from the consequences of
their recalcitrance by the cushion of monopoly: if you publish the core journal in
theoretical physics and choose to continue publishing in print rather online, changes
are good that most of your subscribers will continue, if unhappy, to buy the print. The
problem with such reluctance is not that it reflect an old-fashioned mindset, but rather
that it ignores the obvious fact that print is a poor delivery mechanism for scholarly
articles. Once publishers come to terms with that reality, the need to reinvent their
services in a more fundamental way becomes much clearer. For example, in the online
environment the idea of a journal issue no longer makes sense why bundle articles
together when they could be published individually as soon as they are ready? What
matter are the journal brand and the date of publication, not the purely artificial
designations of volume and issue number.

64

3.6 Medical S.C. Users

The nurses are the only professional group in the hospital to underused the library.
This was reflected in their poor response rate to the questionnaire. For a large
number of nurses use of the library was simply not necessary or inconvenient.
Comments such as my job is practical and there are books available on the
wards themselves. In market contrast to the other student groups, trainee nurses
hardly enter the library. There are three possible factors contributing to this: (1)
despite increasing emphasis of theoretical concepts in nursing (e.g. the nursing
process), training is mainly practical; (2) the School of Nursing has its own library
which is off the hospital site but is convenient when attending the School for
lectures; (3) first year pupil nurses are not permitted to borrow books and this
initial bar may have a more permanent effect on subsequent years.
The surveys have highlighted a problem area which requires further exploration. It
may be that:
1. The library is failing to provide sufficient stock of interest and relevance to
trained and trainee nurses.
2. The library should launch a special publicity exercise in relation to the
importance of current information to nurses.
3. There is a lack of concern with library use as a feature of the nursing profession;
a matter which would require corroboration with evidence from other studies and
should be raised with nurse educators.
Level of resources
Whistle it is recognized that no library can cater for all demands single-handed,
criticism of the librarys resources must be regarded seriously if the library is to
continue to make an impact on its present readership and attract further clientele.
65

The importance and usefulness of the journal collection were reiterated throughout
the surveys. 68% indicated satisfaction with the collection and 25% registered
some dissatisfaction. The majorities of dissatisfied users were staff from the second
survey who are research based or with specialist interests and expect to travel to
the University Library to obtain journal articles. 55% of respondents were contents
with the book collection but 37% expressed dissatisfaction with it. Again the
regular staff users of the second survey were the most dissatisfied group. They are
the most familiar with the collection and are likely to make the most extensive
demands on it. The students in both surveys were better satisfied with the book
collection than the staff. Student tend to work with standard texts and therefore
make more limited demands on stock.
The dissatisfaction with the book stock covered all subject. There were complaints
about the number of copies of books available for loans, the Lack of up-to-date
editions and the limited material available in any one subject.
In a sense the above findings act as a back-handed compliment to the Library. They
indicate that the library has built up a large body of users of a familiar with library
resources, use them intensively and as a first and often last resort. If budgetary
considerations prevent the library from responding to its critics, the intensity of
library use is likely to decline. Financial cutbacks applied to the value of a good
and appreciated service. The book stock could clearly benefit from expansion and
updating. The problem is that of the multi-disciplinary hospital library balancing a
tight rope between its users needs and the funds made available to it.
3.7 Resource-sharing
The library holds the Universitys periodicals list but, as with books, people must
make their own arrangements to obtain a title from the University Library. As yet
there is no union list of periodicals held by the various hospital libraries in the
North Western Region but it is hoped to begin this project soon, although without
66

the sanction of a regional library system. WHML has the individual periodicals
lists of hospitals in the Region and can obtain photocopies of articles on a
reciprocal basis. There is no union catalogue of books held in the Region (an
enormous project) and so there is virtually no interblending of books. Having
checked local holdings as far as possible, the staff at WHML send off 30 requests
for loans to the British Library Lending Division each week (the number is
determined by the cost of the loan vouchers).
It is clear from the above resume that resource sharing in the medical colleges is
poorly developed. The problem of maintaining access to an adequate book and
journal collection for the majority of users as well as catering for minority but
important interests, highlights the urgency of developing a professionally managed,
resource sharing network of libraries in the U.P. A formal regional network would
serve to maximize and exploit existing resources to the full with a careful and
professional watch being kept on financial exigencies. Such a network would
provide the forum for the exchange of materials, ideas and the further education of
library staff. It would give the impetus and direction needed for new schemes such
as the development of a co-operative cataloguing network.
Within the general population of library users, doctors, research and teaching staff
and medical students make heaviest use of the library. The amount of time people
spend on research, teaching or study was found to be a better indicator of regular
library use than time spent on clinical practice, laboratory work or administration.
Over all there are more staff users of medical colleges than student users, but the
latter form a higher proportion of core users in relation to their total number in the
population. The students use the library for its collection of text books, as a quiet
place in which to study, making photocopies and occasional viewing of tape/slide
programmed.

67

The core group of staff users with their heavier emphasis on research and teaching
pursuits are the most sophisticated group of library users. This is shown by the
intensity with which they use the library, their familiarity with its resources and
their readiness to go further a field for information. As a group they make best use
of the range of secondary literature sources available in the library. They are more
adept at literature searching in general and more adventurous in their approach. For
example, they are only group to use Current Contents or attempt the complexities
of Science Citation Index (a new acquisition to the library). Most library users
make do with hearing of references by world of mouth (recommendations, etc) but
may supplement this source with Index Medicos. Indeed Index Medicos is the only
secondary source of reference which is used by the general readership.
The questionnaire listed the major services provided by the library and asked
respondents to indicate their level of interest in them (important/useful/not much
use/nonuse)

and

how

often

they

use

the

service

(frequently/sometimes/rarely/never).
Consulting books and journals in the library is of prime importance to all readers
and constitutes the raison detre of the library. Borrowing books from the library
and photocopying a journal article in the library are rated extremely highly by the
readers. The students are more book-orientated than the staff both in terms of
looking at books in the library and borrowing them. Access to current journal
issues and back issues is of equal importance to staff readers. The facility to
borrow journal parts (back issues only) from the library is not particularly well
used or valued as most people seem happy to read the article in the library or take a
photocopy away with them. It would seem that withdraw wing the facility to
borrow a journal part would cause little hardship to readers and reduce the problem
of missing issues.

68

The library possesses a small collection of tape/slide programmed for viewing in

the library. These are a minority student interest, although titles hired from Audiovisual Library do arouse some wider interest in the hospital. Demand is likely to
grow as these teaching aids develop in medicine with implications for the
equipment budget, noise level and the availability of space in the library.
The interlibrary loans service is used intensively by a minority of core library users
(21% of second survey staff use it frequently and 51% regard it as important) and
occasionally by a wide selection of library users. Within the constraints of the
present system the library staff find that the service is used to the full. The limited
number of loans applied for each week imposes waiting times of up to six weeks
on users. Although some adverse comments were made about waiting times,
further research is required to gauge the full significance of the problem. It may be
that some form of charge should be levied on reader requesting British Library
loans to provide a better service. There is no doubt that the present system requires
development within the context of a regional network of interblending.
The use of Index Medicos as an integral part of a medical library is welldocumented throughout the survey. Access to Index Medicos is regarded as
important by the majority of users, staff and students. It is used less frequently than
might be expected from the high value placed on it (22% of the population use it
frequently and 27% use it sometimes). This is to be expected when time is short
and people have pressing commitments. Some interest was shown in library staff
giving instruction on the use of Index Medicos.
Respondents were questioned on the importance to them of receiving guidance
from library staff. Most people (78%), especially students regard it as important or
useful. Many request assistance from time to time but not regularly, with the core
group of library users the most self-sufficient in the library. This question might
have provided an opportunity for people to express criticism of library staff but
69

none was forthcoming! Answers to another question on useful ways of introducing

people to the library indicated that guidance could be initiated by the library staff
rather than the latter waiting to be approached by readers. People expressed interest
in particular forms of library instruction such as how to use Index Medicos or
Science Citation Index rather than more general approaches such as guided tours.
The present system of handouts met with approval. The library staff give each new
reader registering with the library a printed leaflet detailing library services and
this seems to suit most purposes, at least initially.
Organized programmers of library instructions are labor-intensive activities which
require flair and organization. Medical students with their long-term interest in
libraries would benefit from such instruction as long it as carefully planned in
relation to study and exams commitments. The library staff provides session on the
use of Index Medicos for the physiotherapy students. This works well as the
physiotherapy students and their tutors are confident in their handling of Index
Medicos and the interlibrary loans system.
Concern was expressed about the mechanical aspects of the audio-visual
equipment and the photocopier and perhaps better guiding could be employed. The
layout of the journal collection is a problem for some, although the library is not
big and there is a plan on the notice board.
Some people would like more direction in finding books and articles on their
subject. This might require the more detailed and personalized attention of a
reference librarian or information officer.
In conclusion, programmed of instruction in library use alongside an informal,
helpful approach on the part of library staff are areas for further investigation.
Publicity of library services and library instruction go hand in hand to the extent
that they introduce people to the library and make their use of facilities more
effective. The whole process could have a snowball effect especially among the
70

group who under use the library. Such positives action should serve to enhance the
image of the library, an important consideration when financial cutbacks loom
large.
The library is highly valued as a quiet place in which to work. 18% of users
claimed to be disturbed by noise in the library. Talking, whether around the
photocopier, at the counter or sitting at the tables is the main source of irritation
and the library staff must be vigilant in this regard.
Library users require a multi-functional library .6They visit the library for a variety
of purposes and all the services are appreciated to a greater or lesser degree.
Although value placed on all services out weights actual use made of them, this
only reflect on the commitment of busy people unable to devote as much time as
they might wish to keeping up to date with the literature of their subject.
3.8 clerical Librarian:
In organizing my thoughts around the challenge to evaluation faced by
clinical librarianship. I found it helpful to revisit the PICO structure commonly
used within evidence based practice. This requires that you define a question
relating to the effectiveness of an intervention itself, any Comparators and the
intended Outcomes. In examining the effectives of a clinical librarian programmed
we can identify potential challenges within each of these four elements as well as
within the overarching framework of evaluation. Ideally evaluation would look at
how a clinical librarian service performed in relation to a typical population of
clinician. Potentially any clinical team is a potential beneficiary from such a
service.
Typically however, the team selected for participation in such a service is not
selected at random and so dues not represent clinicians in general. Some element
of selection bias( a senior manager may nominate a particular team as likely to
benefit from the service) or volunteer bias is likely to be present. The nature of
71

pilot studies or innovation means that you would not choose to select a team that
was already practicing optimal clinical knowledge management. Further-more, you
would not choose to create an immediate threat to the efficient use of resources by
recruiting a dysfunctional team with little prospect of improvement. By
constraining the evaluation framework in this way you seek to ensure a potentially
demonstrable margin for improvement removed from the prospect of outright
failure. It is salutary to observe that the factors that make a particular team
attractive to select for participation ( good pre-existing relationships with the
library the charisma of a medical leader or the collective enthusiasm of the team)
are the same ones most likely to lead to a successful evaluation. Such a scenario is
analogue, to a clinician who decides to evaluate a drug and only prescribes it to
those most likely to get better and certainly not to those whose chances of recovery
are slim. What indeed are we evaluating- the effectiveness of the service itself or
the project teams skills in identifying the population most likely to benefit from
extra attention and human resources?
Next we should examine the characteristics of the Intervention. How do we define
a medical librarian? Although the recent review identifies four main
configurations3 the literature records an almost limitless variety of models ranging
from those that support guidance creation to those providing on demand answers to
individual clinical questions. Some clinical librarians deliver information skills
training; others supply lists of references or even full text articles. In some cases
clinicians select and appraise their own evidence in others the medical librarian
selects and interprets the evidence for them. Furthermore if we use the analogy of
drug interventions we have significant variation in dosage (i.e. how many hours a
clinical librarian is able to assign to their role and the amount of direct contact time
they have with the clinical team) and with the site of administration (i.e. whether
interactions take place at a ward round, in a case conference or in the
72

library).Asking whether a medical librarian role is effective might be likened to

asking do patient get better after visiting a dispending chemist? to which the
unsatisfactory answer may be most do, but other die!.
Similar complexities exit when it comes to defining Comparators. The most
common comparisons encountered in the literature are against the effects of a
standard service or of no service at all. Just as a pharmaceutical company might
select a comparison drug of limited efficacy to compete head-to-head with their
new wonder drug so too a clinical librarian service typically operates in parts
where other services cannot reach. I suspect few of us would be satisfied with the
ringing endorsement well at least you are better than nothing!
Finally we shall consider Outcomes. Clearly it is not sufficient to look simply at
measures of clinician satisfaction. At I have previously remarked satisfaction is
meaningless if you are unable to measure people prior expectations. 7 High
expectations are notoriously difficult to satisfy while for a service that is
consistently met with low expectations the only way is up! Surrogate outcomes
such as the number of clinical decisions for which information has been supplied
by a clinical librarian are difficult to interpret and, for the first few months of a
service at least, the trend will be reassuringly, and not unexpectedly, upwards.
Critical incident techniques which ask for examples of the successful use of
information in clinical decision-making are vulnerable to, indeed positively
encourage, selection bias. What are we to make of a possible dozen of uncaptured
instances where the information was unhelpful, was in an unusable format, did not
address the question or did not arrive in time? The true measure of success in a
clinical decision-making context, the holy grail if you like, is surely improved
patient care? The fact that we continually resort to name-checking the same
handful of studies evaluating such outcomes says much about the limitations of the
evidence base. Furthermore, some will argue that a narrow focus on patient-related
73

information episodes does scant justice to the potentially wider impact of a clinical
librarian intervention. Certainly claries kept by clinical librarians demonstrate that
a large proportion of their time involves activities that have less obvious and
tangible benefits.
So returning to our PICO formulation what do we have? In a self-selecting or
deliberately skewed population of clinicians is a range of activities loosely grouped
together under the label of clinical librarian better than doing nothing when
measured across a selection of favorable and non-objective outcome measures,
including those that are difficult both to articulate and quantify?
Beyond the narrow evaluation framework encouraged by the PICO formulation we
encourager a range of their complexities. What are we to make of the effect of the
medical librarians personal characteristics as a feature of the intervention?
Certainly there is some reason to believe that librarians who are more extroverts
are more likely to gravitate to clinical librarians posts. Are we in danger of simply
evaluation whether extrovert librarians have more impact upon other human beings
than those who are more introverted or reticent? Furthermore a new information
initiative is potentially exciting and a recently appointed clinical librarian may
easily sustain their energies and enthusiasm over the short term covered by a
project time-frame. I have previously refused to the myth of the hero innovator.
Launching such a service, like an oasis in an information desert, is quite different
from having to maintain such an impetus year after year within an ongoing service.
How good does a clinical librarian service have to be in order to be worth
continuing? Certainly we have little data on the effectiveness of traditional library
based services against which to benchmark any medical librarian effects.
Colleagues across the globe will rise as one to protest should. I succumb to the
temptation to describe their services as a placebo! It is clear too that elements of
cost should be factored into the equation with a librarian on call at team meeting
74

or ward rounds being more limited in opportunities to fill any downtime

productively than one who remains with the library environs. Of course all the
above assumes that our frame for evaluation is limited to internal comparison
between the clinical librarians role and different variants of health library services.
If we chose instead to adopt a risk minimization framework (i.e. factored around
the cost of missing information and its likely adverse effects).then a clinical
librarian post would be much easier to justify both politically and economically. I
am reminded that one of the most favorable comparisons have used for a clinical
librarian evaluation was of the cost of time spent searching the literature by a
librarian compared with that by a consultant.
This last point reminds us to an inherent tension between generating rigorous,
but perhaps ultimately inconclusive, evaluations for the wider evidence base and
providing a powerful and yet selective rhetoric to justify continuation of a service.
Frequently evaluation teams are implicitly asked to operate more as consultants
than researchers. This provides a notable tension whereby the reputation of an
evaluator relies on their objectivity and rigor and yet their repeated employment on
local evaluation project depends upon the success of their evaluation in securing
the prolonged lifespan of both service and post-holder. Best practice is to develop
interventions systematically, using the best available evidence and appropriate
theory, then to test them using a carefully phased approach, starting with a series of
pilot studies targeted at each of the key uncertainties in the design, and moving on
to an exploratory and then a definitive evaluation. The results should be
disseminated as widely and persuasive very as possible, with further research to
assist and monitor the process of implementation.(p.8.)
Will we witness the development of a new generation of evaluation methods
that can compete, or at least hold their own, within this wider domain of complex
service evaluation? The cynic in me maintains that in the unlikely eventuality of an
75

evaluation team securing the substantial funds required for such a rigorous and
robust evaluation of a library-associated service, the battle to demonstrate the value
of our services to the wider community will already have been well and truly won:

76

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G.B. Jrl.of Librship paud Inf.sc.vol.25,3,1993;pp.123-135.

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Chapter 4

Library Services
Today medical is being reshaped by a number of elements, such as
managed care and other variations in access to healthcare, costs, outcomes and
satisfaction,

concerns

with

patient

safety,

evidence-based

medicine,

complementary and alternative methods of care, and a demanding health consumer

taking an active role in healthcare decisions. Networking and advancing electronic
communication technology of services: diagnosis and treatment, rehabilitation,
disease prevention, and health promotion. Traditionally the most used services
involved diagnosis and treatment. Usually people waited until they were ill to seek
medical attention. However, because recent technologic advances have greatly
improved the capacity of the healthcare system to diagnose and treat illness, people
now seek these services more often. These advances have also increased the
complexity and cost of healthcare.
Modern medicine now also focuses on diseases prevention, and health
promotion, and rehabilitation after illness. Disease prevention is closely related to
health promotion. The aim is to promote un understanding of the risk of disease,
injury, disability, and health. Modern medicine promotes health literacy and
behavior modification in order to eliminate the risks. Health promotion services are
deigned to help clients reduce the risk of illness, maintain optimal function, and
follow a healthy lifestyle. These services are provide in a variety of ways and
settings.
The healthcare system is primarily final Medical Health, of some sort, predates
civilization, probably before the medicine men of primitive tribes, Actually, health
concerns are not limited to humans, as evidence by animals expressing attention
79

and sorrow to member their own species, especially mates and offspring, that
suffer from sickness or die. At a more fundamental level, nature has built into all
living things, both plants and animals, mechanism for fighting diseases and
repairing damaged cells. These mechanism are a part of survival instinct.
Since the beginning of the human race healthcare has been an integral part of life
itself. In the early records from antiquity it appears that caregivers used a
combination of superstition, religion, ritual, and real medicine (Abdilhak er al.,
2007). By the time of the ancient Greeks, the invocation of supernatural powers
and the use of magic potions had faded (although remnants still exist in the modern
world), and medicine began to be based on rational scientific methods. Ancient
Greek medicine formed the information for modern Western medicine. ies are
making health information available to all sectors of society, and a system-based,
team a approach is becoming the norm. A team approach to healthcare means that
health professionals, consumers, and communities work together to improve care
and clinical outcomes. At the same time these changes are bringing many concerns
regarding, for example, post genomic medical ethics, privacy, and security.
Medical Health has always been an integral part of society, and it has always
created societal issues that continually need to be addressed. We discuss some of
these societal issues in this book.
The twentieth century brought rapid changes in medical theory and practice, and
present day forces are reshaping traditional medical practice. The phenomenon of
patients interacting with a single physician, usually over a long period of time, has
given way to patients interacting with many physicians, specialists, sub specialists,
and other healthcare providers. Now health care teams consist not only of
physicians but also nurses, therapists, social counselors, medical health insurers,
the government, and lawyers. Today medical health system, in the United States
and elsewhere, is a complex structure composed of multiple types of facilities,
80

providers, payers, and regulators as well as consumers who are demanding more
and better health care. The modern paradigm is system structured and managed,
driven by information technology, including networking and advanced
communication infrastructures.
Health information is based on an understanding of how the healthcare system is
structured, where information is needed, and the nature of the needed information.
The healthcare system is a complex maze of subsystems, sometimes overlapping,
connected through people and technology. It consists of a broad range of
professionals, technical support personnel, and numerous staff at all levels.
4.1

Types of Services
Many types of healthcare facilities and services are available to the population,
existing in a complex system of therapeutic, remedial, and preventive models.
Healthcare services are provided by hospitals, clinics, governments, volunteer
agencies, independent healthcare professionals, pharmaceutical and medical
equipment manufacturers, and private insurance companies.
The healthcare system offers four broad types ced through nongovernmental,
private means of either personal funds of health insurance plans. The federal
government provides very few direct health services, preferring to develop new,
improved services by furnishing funds for programs it wants to see developed
and/or expanded. With some exceptions, the federal government has no authority
to provide direct.

4.2
4.2.1

Service takers
Hospital

In recent years, a new type of physician has emerged: the hospitalist or inpatient
specialist. These physicians are employed full time by a hospital, where they
maintain an office, equipment, and support staff and receive a salary. They
generally come from the ranks of internal medicine.
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It should be made clear that a hospitalist is a physician. The distinguishing

characteristic of hospitalist is that their primary focus is the general medical care of
patients in a hospital. Their basic activities are patient care, but they also teach and
do research, all of which is related to hospital medicine.
There have always been physicians who focused on inpatients, but in the past
decade the number of doctors practicing as hospitalist has increased dramatically.
More jobs are currently available in this area than in any other area of internal
medicine.
The advantage of this type of service is that patient care is immediately and
consistently coordinated throughout the patients hospital stay. Proponents of the
hospitalist model believe that it also improves quality of care and saves costs. The
downside is that some patients dont like being assigned a new physician during a
critical time in their healthcare. In addition, there is the potential for lack of
communication between the inpatient physician and the patients primary care
provider.
4.2.2

Biomedical Engineers

By combining biology and medicine with engineering, biomedical engineers

develop devices and procedures that solve medical and health-related problems.
Many conduct research, together with life scientists, chemists, and medical
scientists, on the engineering aspects of the biological systems of humans and
animals. Biomedical engineering is different from health informatics in that the
biomedical engineer is basically concerned with machines and devices.

4.2.3

Chiropractors

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Chiropractors diagnose and treat patients whose health problems involve the
bodys muscular, nervous, and skeletal systems, especially the spine. The
chiropractic approach to healthcare is holistic, stressing the patients overall health
and wellness.
Most states require at least two years of undergraduate education to enter a
chiropractic program, although more states are now requiring a full four years. All
states require a Doctor of Chiropractic degree from an accredited four-year
program. In addition, most states require a four-part examination in order to be
licensed. Some chiropractic colleges offer specializations (e.g., sports injuries,
rehabilitation, orthopedics) through postdoctoral training.
4.2.4

Clinical Laboratory Technologists

Clinical laboratory technologists play a crucial role in the detection, diagnosis, and
treatment of disease. They analyze body fluids, tissues, and cells. The basic
education requirement for a medical or clinical laboratory technologist is a
bachelors degree in medical technology or in one of the life sciences. An
alternative is a program that combines course work, specialized training, and onthe-job experience. The education program is heavy in science and laboratory
technical skills.
4.2.5

Dentists

Dentists diagnose and treat tooth and oral tissue problems. They also perform
corrective surgery on gums and supporting bones to treat gum diseases. To be
licensed as a dentist, candidates must complete a program at a dental school
accredited by the American Dental Association and pass an examination. Dental
school programs are usually four years long and consists of courses in the basic
sciences and a clinical part in which students treat patients while under the
supervision of licensed dentists. Graduates receive a Doctor of Dental Surgery
(DDS) or a Doctor of Dental Medicine (DDM). Candidates must pass written and
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practical examinations. The written portion may be taken from the National Board
Dental Examinations or from the a state dental board, and the practical part is taken
at the state level. Postgraduate programs are available for those who want to
specialize (e.g., cosmetic dentistry).
Health Informationists
The National Library of Medicine defines informationists as information
specialists who have received graduate training and practical experience that
provides them with a disciplinary background both in medical or biological
sciences and in information sciences/informatics. The training provides
informationists with a unique perspective on the acquisition ursue postgraduate
training that focuses on health informatics.
4.2.6

Nurse Practitioners

A nurse practitioner (NP) is a special type of registered nurse who maintains a

close relationship with physicians in patient care, providing a wide range of
services, including some generally given by the physicians, and sometimes serving
as a patients regular healthcare provider. NPs focus on individualized care. Some
NPs conduct research and are involved in patient advocacy. They work in widely
diverse environments, including physician offices, community health centers,
home care agencies, hospice centers, hospitals, and nursing homes.
After becoming a registered nurse, the NP candidate must obtain a masters degree
and receive training in the diagnosis and management of common medical
conditions. The state boards of nursing regulate NPs, and each state has its own
likening criteria. NPs can also apply the national certification from the American
nursing Association or other professional nursing boards such as the American
Academy of nurse Practitioners.
4.2.7

Paramedics

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People lives often depend on the quick reaction and competent care of emergency
medical technicians and paramedics. These specialists respond to medical
emergencies and care for patients before the patients reach a health facility. They
work in numerous settings that require quick medical responses, such as
ambulance services, fire departments, private businesses, and industrial settings.
Paramedics need both formal training and certification. Training is offered in tiers,
including basic, intermediate, and higher levels. Classroom work is interspersed
with work time in ambulances and/or emergency rooms. These programs take up to
two years end with an associate degree in applied sciences. The training prepares
the graduates to take the National Registry of Emergency Medical Technicians
Exam and to become registered. Some states require this national registration, and
other states have their own registration systems.
4.2.7

Pharmacists
Pharmacists dispense drugs prescribed by physicians and other health

practitioners and provide information to patients about medications and their use.
They advise physicians and other healthcare providers on the selection, dosages,
interactions, and side effects of medications. Pharmacists must understand the use,
clinical effects, and composition of drugs, includes their chemical, biological, and
physical prosperities. Most pharmacists work in a community setting, such as a
retail drug store, or in a hospital or clinic. They also give advice about durable
medical equipment and home healthcare supplies. In general, pharmacists are
taking a more active role in counseling consumers about their medications. Most
pharmacists keep confidential computerized records of patients drug therapies to
ensure that harmful drug interactions do not occur. These professionals play an
essential role in consumer health education, and they are becoming more actively
involved as agents of change in community health.

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To be licensed, pharmacists must graduate from an accredited college of

pharmacy, serve an internship, and pass a state examination. Pharmacy programs
typically require a minimum of six years of postsecondary study, and graduates
receive a Doctor of pharmacy (PharmD) degree. After obtaining the degree,
graduates may take the licensure examination of a state board of pharmacy.
Pharmacists may do postgraduate work toward masters and PhD degrees.
4.3

MEDICAL RESEARCH
Since humans became conscious of themselves as entities, they have tried to

understand their existence and answer puzzling questions. For this purpose,
humans created religion, philosophy, and eventually science. All professions have a
theoretical base, that is, an extensive set of general principles and understandings
that come from experience and from research. Scientists developed a variety of
procedures for observations and analysis known collectively as the scientific
method using the scientific method to learn new knowledge is called research.
Clinical research is costly and subject to rigid ethical controls. Funding comes
primary form the government and industry. Government funding has been
extensive for many years, but also substantial monies come from the
pharmaceutical industry and other businesses that have economic interests in
healthcare. Also, organizations and philanthropic foundations provide funds.
In addition, administrative research addresses the operations of systems that
deliver healthcare services, including work flow efficiency, utilization of resources,
outcome evaluations, and cost. Educational research addresses the effectiveness of
educating healthcare professionals, including curriculum and education delivery
formats and methods. In recent years educational research has included patient
education and how to make the patient more a part of the healthcare process.
Information professionals are key players in all phases of research. Research
builds on the existing knowledge base of a discipline, and that knowledge base is
86

preserved in the literature. This is where the information professional steps to the
forefront of the research process. Because information technology plays a major
role in research, health informatics experts are involved at the basic level.
Recent changes in medical health include medical advances, the relationship
between these advances and information technology, and recognition of the critical
role that information plays throughout the healthcare endeavor. New trends in
medicine include more group medical practices, managed care, increased role of
the patient, outpatient care, long-term care, complementary and alternative
medicine, the growing uninsured population, and the burgeoning use of the Internet
and integrated medical information systems.
Another trend is the linkages among public health protocols, preventive
medicine, and the development of personalized medicine, which is being
encouraged by the rise of genomic research and applications. In other words, the
new goal is wellness in individuals and in the population (joiner, 2006).
Furthermore, health management, from small clinics to the most complex health
organizations, is increasingly being structured around the systems approach. This
approach usually involves some form of information technology, but the concept
embraces more than technology. It involves the entire infrastructure of the
organization, including people and all the resources engaged in the healthcare
services.
The use of the Internet in the healthcare industry has exploded and continues to
accelerate day by day. Every facets of healthcare is affected, including healthcare
services, access to the professional/nonprofessional literature, telemedicine and
health commercial enterprises, consumer information. Healthcare professionals,
supporting staffs, patients, insures, educators, researchers, government agencies,
commercial enterprises, and others are turning to the Internet. Clearly, the Internet
is becoming interwoven into the fabric of medical health.
87

The concept of integrated medical information system has been around for a
number of years, but the rapid development of communications systems and other
information technology has greatly increased the movement toward integrated
medical information system. The common goal of most healthcare information
systems today is to integrate all electronic systems throughout an organization and
with other healthcare facilities as needed. These systems are designed around
advanced telecommunication technology that allows linkage of patient information
at all levels and interaction of all administrative and support systems in the
organization (s). Integrated systems reduce duplication of work, being faster
information access, and vastly enhance reporting and legal compliances. Major
vendor systems on the market are integrated system. This movement raises issues
of interoperability and standards for communication and data transmission.
Technology is of little use without skilled humans who know where, when, and
how to use it. Health informatics is the study of how health information is created,
structured, and effectively distributed to those who need it. It deals with the total
spectrum of health information from its creation to its final applications. Hence the
general competencies and skills required in health informatics include not only the
ability to analyze medical information but also the ability to communicate that
information as medical knowledge.
Some essential skills are prerequisite for clinician informatics professionals, in
addition to medical knowledge. The informatics professional must know how to
keep up with the growing body of medical knowledge, including understanding the
scientific process and interpreting the statistical-based research that is universal in
medical research. The informatics professional must be able to interpret uncertain
clinical data and to detect inconsistencies and defects in methodology and
procedures in research. Finding evidence and mining the information are basic
competencies required of these professionals.
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Today, the field of health informatics is diverse and the skills and knowledge
required vary according to the job, but there are a number of broad requirements:
(1) knowledge of information technology, especially in healthcare applications; (2)
understanding of the principles of information organization, retrieval, and use; (3)
understanding of the principles of system analysis and design, (4) in-depth
understanding of the healthcare enterprise in all its guises; and (5) excellent
communication skills, both oral and written.
The skills and competencies needed in health informatics change with trends and
developments in the healthcare field and in informatics practices. For example,
presently there is a trend to consumer informatics, measuring and improving
quality in health, team and interpersonal skills, and data mining could be among
tomorrows core competencies and knowledge requirements (Huang. 2007). Also,
as the field of genetics and genomic medicine advance, health informatics
professionals will need to become proficient and knowledgeable about
bioinformatics data and their applications to healthcare.
4.4

TECHNICAL SERVICES
Library technical services can be defined as a mix of skilled and professional

jobs (done as homework mostly behind the screen) to provide user services in
libraries. Bibliographic control constitutes the essence of technical services.
Cataloguing and classification in turn form inner core of bibliographic control
processes. Use of information technology (IT) in libraries has indeed disturbed this
distinction. It has often been heard, mostly from those dazzled by the power of IT,
that classification and cataloguing have become redundant in the days of
computerized information retrieval and information networks. It is like feeling and
saying IT and computers constitute librarianship. These technophiles overtook the
basic fact that IT is simply a tool, not the contents of library services. A tool does
not define a profession, though could be central to it. Even today, catalogue is a
89

tool central to library service and management. Indeed a computer catalogue is bit
more than its outer form. Computer is not the mission but a technological power to
accomplish it. Physical plant, its outlook, shape of its wares may change, but value
and mission of library and information centers remain the same that is to provide
timely information to those who need it. Library is more of a process than a place.
To provide the right information in right quantity at the right time in a costeffective way has been and will remain the function of libraries.
Both the libraries and library users have been interested in the catalogue as an
information retrieval tool irrespective of its form. However, the objectives set out
by CA Cutter as far back as 1876 are still being attempted by librarians throughout
the world. The librarians in the automated environment are required to develop
more effective methods of service to facilitate better access point and multidimension searches in the library holdings. Dr Sewa Singh throws light on these
areas in his article. Mr. Rajesh Singhs paper addresses such problems in
cataloguing in two different technological contexts-printed card catalogue and
online catalogue.
The fundamental purpose of a library is to see that its resources are utilized for
maximum help to information seekers. Classification and cataloguing are the two
techniques designed to facilitate its use. These help to expedite the fullest possible
revelation of knowledge stored in a library collection. For total retrieval strategy, a
complementary approach is essential for satisfactory revelation of the contents of
the collection. Support is, therefore, necessary from alternative means of accessing
information, such as catalogues, bibliographies, subject indexes with alternative
subject approaches and readers advisory services in guiding the users through the
collection. Any system, either manual or mechanical, should be able to display a
great deal of resources on any subject and thus save time in allowing purposes
browsing and searching for information.
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Although researches in this area have been going on for the last two decades, still
there is no sign that automatic producers are sufficiently developed to replace
manual procedures. Most of these findings lack theoretical justification. In
document classification, it is necessary to recognize the inter-relationship of terms
and keywords. Then devise a mechanism in algorithm-design to compute
similarities between keywords. This is a tough job. Through several attempts have
been made at automatic technique the main barrier still remains the same, i.e. the
lack of complete theory of knowledge representation. This is the area of research
with great promise.

Feature
Compact storage

Tool
Digital form, CD-ROM, DVD ( Digital Video

Disc- has 13
Times more storage capacity than a CD-ROM)
Ease of reproduction

Scanners; computer copying

Remote access; removal of time

Networks

And space barriers

Non- linear, multi-dimensional

Multimedia and hypermedia

Interactive texts
In brief, OPACs are compact, efficient, economic and powerful in bibliographic
control. With OPACs, keyword searching has gained popularity. Another advantage
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is that many variant forms of a heading can be retrieved, e.g., University Delhi
and Delhi University both can be retrieved with two keywords Delhi and
University. Ideally and Online catalogue should allow the retrieval of the set of
headings and than permits all headings in that set to be changed in the preferred
form. OPACs allow enormously enhanced and economic access through multitudes
of access points.
There is no need to place restriction on the length of the entry or on the
number of subject headings anymore. Technology has an important role to play in
determine what could be included in the catalogue record. It is now possible and
viable to add extended annotation, or table of contents, or even-back-of-book index
to the catalogue entry. An online catalogue works as a classified and a dictionary
catalogue; and also as a alphabetic-classed catalogue, simultaneously.
It is rightly sad with OPACs the libraries have regained some of the
advantages of classified catalogues. Class number searching or shelf order
browsing on the computer screen is now possible in all online systems. It has
become, in fact, a standard feature now. Entries can be displayed in a strictly
classified order. This will collocate information distributed in several different
physical location and can also be made to indicate the status of the document, viz.,
whether out on loan, or still under process; or missing from the library or
transferred to any other location. In addition, the subject headings in indirect form,
e.g. Engineering-Civil Engineering-Bridges can be used with many advantages.
These can be thus work as alphabetic-classed catalogues.
Above all, an item can be assigned more than one class number; or an entire
collection may be classified by more than one classification system. For example, a
whole library or a part of it could be classified both by the DDC and the CC; and
thus could be browsed on the screen in two ways. Simultaneous use of two systems
on a given collection through bit costly could be quite useful in comparative
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classification and research. Easy reclassification of an existing library is another

advantage.
4.4.1 ONLINE DATABASE
The various uses of classification in online system were listed long back by Elian
Venomous:5
In areas of knowledge, admitting of natural taxonomies, classification can be
used to improve recall and precision and to save the time of the users in keying in
search terms. In other areas of knowledge, perspective hierarchies can be used to
contextualize the meaning of voyage search terms, enabling the computer to
stimulate in part the negotiation of a search request carried out by reference
librarians. Classification in online systems can be used to provide a structure for
meaningful browsing. Classification can be used to provide a framework for the
presentation and retrieval of non-bibliographic information, e. g. statistical data.
Automatic classification can be used to collocate citation in ways not possible in
manual system, e.g., by similarly of linguistics features, to achieve comparability
of retrieval languages by serving as a mediating or switching language. Lois Mari
Chan lists some additional uses of classification in computerized databases.
Call number can be used effectively in retrieving large sets of related records on a
particular topic, area, form, time or language. In a faceted classification searches
could be made by any of the facet. Since long, libraries in Finland and Switzerland
have been using UDC with many advantages in their computerized catalogues.
Call number searches combined with verbal headings can locate data from many
aspects and viewpoints. Such a highly maneuvered searching may not be possible
in traditional catalogues. Such versatility is useful for SDI services and for
downloading subjects from large or cumulative databases.
Classification schemes with hierarchical notation, such as DDC, UDC and CC
are

designed for shelf arrangement as well as for subject retrieval. Built in

93

hierarchy allows moving up and down the chain to move to precisely specific
topics: to move from the bole to the newly sprouted leaf and vice-versa. Hierarchy
allows expansion, refinement or even negotiating a search. We can construct virtual
multi-dimensional classification. Again, according to Chain: with computer
capabilities particularly hypertext, the development of poly-hierarchical and
multidimensional classifications and post coordinate classifications appear
promising.8
CK Ramajah informs that a call number added to a hypermedia catalogue helps
the users in locating the information and also the physical locations of the books in
different floors showing the pictures of those floor, stacks, etc.9
4.4.2 TOOLS
Our traditional subject access tools, such as classification and subject headings lists
were designed for manual catalogues. Economically it is unviable to have new
catalogue independent of these MARC records. The tools, such as the DDC or the
Sears list, have simply been transported to the OPAC environment. According to
Chan, studies show that users are not faring well in subject searchers in OPACs.
However, these tools provide a springboard augmenting searching. She suggests: 12
One road for such improvement is to load features of classification schemes
into online catalogue to provide alternative routines to catalogue records to
enhance vocabulary of the catalogue and to provide users with a map of how topics
are inte-related. A second route is improvements to LCSH and the policies
governing its use. The legacy of classification schemes and subject headings can be
incrementally improved and adapted in the online environment.

4.4.3

ACCESS TO INTERNET

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The World Wide Web has emerged as a gold mine for subject access to
information and documents on the Internet. Librarians are at work to bring some
order to the chaos of information available on this information super highway in
order to improve subject access to it. 13
There is no tradition of cataloging or classification for the Web document which is
uncontrolled but exotically growing sources. Mostly one has to rely on automated
tools for subject access, especially the keywords access to full text documents.
Chan pointedly identifies the following two questions grouping for answers in the
new matrix. 14
How can the subject retrieval tools found on the Web adapted for use in
library catalogues?
1. How can the traditional tools for subject retrieval in library catalogues
classification and subject headings-be used to control the great volume of
information on the Web?
4.4.4

CURRENT TRENDS

In the West the technology is highly unstable. As in other matters so in library

automation, India is a country of great paradox. There are libraries no better than a
jumbled store house of books where accessioning is the only technical processing
to the most advanced use of technology available anywhere in the world. But at the
moment, a large number of libraries are through their first pangs of transition.
Some of the trends can be easily visualized: 15-18.
Card catalogues are being frozen and discontinued.
More and more libraries will get automated; through virtual and print
libraries will coexist.

95

 Very little original cataloguing will be done locally relying mostly on copy
cataloguing: large scale out-sourcing of technical services may also be
resorted to.
More libraries are using multimedia interactive catalogues for various
purposes.
More regional area networks and subject networks are being established for
pooling and sharing of resources, processes and experiences.
CD-ROM or now DVD (Digital Video Disc) databases will become popular
especially in small and remote libraries, and in the Third World countries
libraries still struggling to have reliable telecommunication system and
services.
More and more non-print materials are being acquired in libraries. Large
percentage of acquisition budgets is getting spent on electronic media, and
large amount of budgets earmarked for buying access to commercial
databases on networks.
Technology will be used to add class number and other unique numbers to
digitized material and hypermedia.
Hierarchical classifications and subject headings are being inter-linked to
provide intersecting searches.
Navigation tools based on broader outlines of knowledge in libraries are
being developed.
On the other hand traditional classifications will be adapted to organize and
mine information on the Net.
Formatting of classification schedules is being improved to carry more
information in the form of extended notes, instructions and improved
terminology.
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 In future, there may be two subject access systems: one for the
indexers/cataloguers, and the other for the end users.
Reclassification and switching over to a new system in on the increase.
Automation provides a splendid opportunity to switch over to a better
system without many hassles faced in the days of card catalogues (Title is
retrieved from the database and the new class number is assigned on the
computer screen. Later the spine level of the book is changed). A linked
question is the retrospective conversion of old record into machine readable
format. It is indeed a formidable task for which local policies have to be
formulated whether to do it or not. If yes, then how to do it.
In OPACs more access points and less description will become the norm. To
do this, cataloguing codes will have to be revised.
Catalogues will be mounted on the Internet or on regional and national
networks. Catalogues will be integrated with other databases in the library.
A major problem confronting libraries to be faced in near future is how to
integrate all the databases housed or accessible in a library into a single user
friendly system with a single interface.
4.4.5 Computer Technology and Users
Libraries which were considered only as the storehouses of knowledge have
got a new outlook in the modern Information Communication Technology era. The
activities which were carried out manually in libraries with so much of pain and
strain are being carried out smoothly with the help of ICT with greater
effectiveness. Library organization, administration and other technical processing
have become easier and more quantum of work can be done in relaxed mood. ICT,
which is the basis for the MBO, generates more results at a given time.

97

4.4.6 Library Consortia India

Due to a financial crunch and the rising costs of journals, many Indian University
and college libraries cannot subscribe to all the required journals and databases. To
overcome this problem, libraries are forming consortia. Some special libraries and
organizations like the Indian institute of Astrophysics (IIA) Library, National
Centre for radio Astrophysics (NCRA) Library, Physical Research Laboratory
(PRL) Library, Tara institute of Fundamental research (TIFR) Library, Council of
Scientific and Industrial Research, Department of Atomic Energy, etc, have
established consortia to share electronic access to journal literature, NISCAIR
(formed by the merger of INSDOC and NISCOM) is developing a consortium for
CSIR labs for accessing e-journals.
Consortia in Engineering College libraries of U.P. are all still a new concept that
requires proper guidelines and methodologies. In a survey by UGC in 2001, it was
noted that although 142 Engineering College libraries had computer and Internet
facilities and were interlinked to INFLIBNET, they were subscribing to printed
journals only. In order to solve this problem, UGC launched a major initiative
called UGC-INFONET that provides high speed Internet connections so as to have
electronic access to professional literature including research journals, abstracts,
review publications, and databases from all areas in science and technology, as
well as in social sciences and humanities.
Today, a number of professional journals are available over UGC-INFONET to
all universities. The e-subscription initiative under UGC- info net is an important
portal for sharing print as well as electronic resources amongst Engineering
College libraries. INFLIBNET functions as a resource center with an aim to clear
to the needs of its members for resources not accessible to them in electronic
media or are available in print media.

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4.4.6.1 INDEST Consortium

The Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD) has set up the
Indian National Digital Library in Science and Technology (INDEST)
Consortium. The ministry provides funds required for the subscription to
electronic resources for 38 academic institutions, including the Indian Institute of
Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Regional Engineering College, Indian
Institute of Managements, and 60 centrally- funded/aided government institutions
through the consortium.
The INDEST consortium is the most ambitious initiative so far in the area of
engineering and technology disciplines. The primary objective of libraries is to
organize and provide access to information, and it remains the same although the
format and methods have changed drastically. Under the present scenario of
declining budgets and higher subscription costs of journals in India, it is becoming
very difficult to meet the demands of library/information users.9
The only solution to the problem is the pooling and sharing of resources-print as
well as electronic-by way of consortia. New technology has provided great
opportunities for delivery of services within consortia. More and more libraries
must unite, which of course requires a change in the attitudes, practices, and
policies to get the maximum benefit.
In U.P. Engineering College libraries there are three universities sharing the
resources and have consortia connectivity. Bundelkhand University is utilizing
DELNET consortia while Deen Dayal Upadhyay Engineering Collegesary,
Gorakhpur has connectivity with ERNET. Purvanchal University has joined
DELNET recently. Other Universities are still to have connectivity.
The information technology progress is so penetrating and pervasive that it
now possible to obtain basic information on any topic by accessing databases
across the world within reasonable time and cost. The not distant future homes
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tomorrow would have a minimum of a 100 computers embedded in all kinds of

appliances and amenities. In such a highly computer mediated society, the routine
work of libraries and librarians would be taken over by computer programs. Such
programs will find information no matter where it is stored and will match it to the
needs of the users, and further correlate it with information to make new and useful
synthesis.
The form of quantum of information that can be shared anywhere on the globe has
naturally raised the issue traditionally perceived in the form of brick and mortar
structure. Libraries have no doubt made use of the advances in information
technology right form a standalone computer system to computer networking to the
Web and Internet and also modified the services accordingly. It is clear that
libraries will have to remain relevant by meeting the demands of patrons in the
forthcoming information plenty era.
4.4.6.2 Cyber infrastructure
With the advent of digital technology, libraries are required to balance the
collection development of print, non-print, and digital material and to redesign the
services accordingly. The basic change this new technology has introduced is in
reducing the physical material component of information while increasing the
message part. The question is: where are spiral of technological development
would lead? In this regard, it is noteworthy that each succeeding technology
development has helped the preceding one to consolidate and that is how it would
continue. The evolutionary role played by technology in the library in general is
depicted in the figure.
Phase-I: handwritten manuscripts
Phase-II: Paper based books and journals
Phase-III: Non-print material like microfilms and audio-visual films
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 Phase-IV: Digital CD/DVDs and web pages.

Phase-V: Open access initiative and grid computing
There are the glimpses of Phase-V depicted in figure that would be characterized
by the Open Access Initiative (OAI) and Grid Computing. Physical infrastructure
that is embedded and hidden in our usage of high-speed networks and advanced
computing forms one layer. Intangibles like software, design processes, data,
information, and knowledge constitute another layer. The cyber-infrastructure
layer in the broadest sense constitutes the in-between layer of enabling hardware,
algorithms, software, communication, institutions, and personnel. By integrating
both these layers, the cyber infrastructure layer develops and deploys applications
that contribute to enhancing total quality of information processing.
The

cyber

infrastructure

thus

makes

possible

more

ubiquitous,

comprehensive knowledge environment to enable individuals to have access to

quality information and facilities for discovery and learning. They would
contribute to the universal education too by providing rich material resources,
sharing experiences and expert mentoring to students, faculty, and extension
workers located anywhere, subject to requisite access.
Digital resources, tools and networks have influenced not just the way scholars
make sense of human cultures and societies, but also the way these understandings
are communicated to students and the general public by employing powerful
information

envisioning

tools. The

coming

decade

would

see

further

transformations as masses embrace a digitized cultural heritage in new and

sophisticated ways. The arts, humanities, and the social sciences have vital
contributions to make in designing, building, and operation of such digital
knowledge spheres. The significance of these disciplines is realized because they
represent the human infrastructure that is necessary to drive the technology-based
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applications further Social scientists have therefore an important task of

understanding the way human beings behave, formulate and bring to practice,
policies, tools and resources essential for the realization of any infrastructure.
Discussion on the cyber infrastructure would also be incomplete without thinking
about structures of knowledge, of the academy, and of the society at large.
While much early adoption of computation resources did come from the
science and engineering disciplines e-science was a shorthand term for changes
related with information technology in the scientific disciplines. More recently, the
term e-research and e-scholarship are also being used in recognition of similar
technological and transformative shifts sweeping across the humanities, the social
sciences, and the arts.
4.4.6.3 Global Cyber infrastructure
E-Research cannot reach its full potential without cyber infrastructure. The
conduct of science and research is a global enterprise that transcends geographic
boundaries, disciplines and educational levels. The routine ability to work with
experts from all over the world, to use resources distributed in space across
international boundaries, and to share and integrate different types of data,
knowledge, and technology being generated in real-time from all around the world
is becoming more realistic. It is the development and deployment of compatible
cyber infrastructure linking together computers, data stores, and observational
equipment via networks and middleware that form the operative information
technology backbone of international research teams.
There are three intertwined strands of a global cyber infrastructure:
(i)Cyber environments: that provides researchers with the ability to access,
integrate, automate, and manage complex, collaborative projects across
disciplinary as well as geographical boundaries.

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(ii) Cyber-resources: that ensures that the most demanding scientific and
engineering problems can be solved and that the solutions are obtained in a timely
manner.
(iii) Cyber education: to ensure that the benefits of the national cyber
infrastructure are made students throughout the world.
GARUDA is Indias national grid initiative. It is a collaboration of physical
and natural science researchers and experimenters on a nationwide grid of
computational nodes, mass storage, and scientific instruments. In its Proof of
Concept phase, Garuda (eagle, and in Hindu mythology the mount of Vishnu, the
preserver of the universe) will connect 17 cities across the country to bring Grid
networked computing to research labs and industries.
The cyber infrastructure program offers an exciting opportunity to
reformulate many information processes both at an individual and institutional
levels. A possibility for a universal, omnipresent and iniquitous library that
empowers access to and the understanding of, the breadth and depth of human
culture and experience is thus envisioned. An insight into the response by the
libraries in modifying their services over the years and what role they would play
in future needs consideration as given below.
Library and information services have always been seen as part of a wider
provision of research and learning support. In the last decade or so, infrastructure
development to create system-wide efficiencies included creation of systems that
brought together services and data holdings from different libraries. Focus was on
integrated library systems, more openly available abstracting and indexing services
and electronic journals. In the web environment, the common pattern of provision
became multiple websites, each with a standalone interface, and databases that
were hidden behind these interfaces.

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These efforts had always been on enhancing the effectiveness of

technologies in libraries, however, the long-term issue is how technology will
influence the way library users behave and what they expert. This follows from the
fact that more and more applications are now web based, which allows a free flow
of data from users, by users, by users. Organizations are using a central web-based
application to create workflows that pivot around the web. People and
organizations are sharing components, problems and work. Social networking
through blogs, wikis, and IM (instant messaging) is increasing.11
In this milieu, when analog media are being replaced or overtaken by digital
media, an increasing number of users are finding the web more than just a form of
creative expression. There is an increasing expectation by the web users and the
younger generations in particular, to find resources of interest on web, where by
on-web means being found on one of the major search engines. All this is leading
to a creative renaissance where relationships between the humans and their webexperience are being enriched and extended by co-creation and on demand services
and supplies.
Libraries traditionally have provided themselves at nurturing relationships
through registering the borrowing habits of users on the one hand and selective
dissemination of information services and current awareness services for them, on
the other. To this extent, libraries have been successful in establishing a symbiotic
relationship. In contrast to the prevailing seamless information environment,
library resources even to this day remain fragmented both within and across
libraries. For example, on the country to the above web experience of a user, the
links in discovery locate request deliver of a library resource are still not
clear, making it impossible to track the status of an item easily. Library services
and resources have failed to bring library content in workflows and on web (as
RSS for example), making them inaccessible or un-discoverable. The ecosystem of
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resources sharing amongst libraries that we see in shared cataloging platforms,

messaging and document delivery systems, are not flexible, though virtual
reference services and the recent experiences with FRBR are an exception. They
do not allow the library data to be moved out of the library systems or to be placed
in user-systems. This is also due to the stringent copyright controls enforced by
content, owners, ever since the rise of the digital media.
Libraries, therefore, need to build on services that save time, and are built
around user workflow. The library requires playing a more active role in user
environment for example, in ways that supports their learning and/or research
objectives. A lot of information services are being bundled, remixed and pushed on
networks. Libraries need to investigate and implement new technologies that may
enhance the library systems practices is something that libraries need to
understand and evolve practices around. Once synchronous with distance learning,
it primary includes not only courses that are online and taught over a distance but
those traditional classroom activities with electronic elements.
E-Learning is changing the way faculty and students access, creates, and
uses information. It is providing the library community collaborative opportunities
to bring learning resources via pod casts or multimedia web casts to a students
personal web-home. Libraries with functional institutional repositories or OAL
complaint services can enhance services and usefulness in such e-Learning
programs. The cyber infrastructure also, can play an important role, by providing
the necessary infrastructure to, not only mount, integrate and disseminate the
course materials over networks but to be intelligent enough to integrate it with a
personal information space, like an individuals digital dairy.
The future of online information would be dominated by small collections
maintained and indexed by small groups. Digital libraries will store community
knowledge, and the great mass of objects on the net will be stored in these
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repositories. New indexing techniques and federation across collections along with
semantic interoperability would be a must. Besides these, as the quantum of
information increases in the cyberspace, tools that ensure that boundaries between
private and public information remain intact might be needed. Digital Library
Technologies (DLTs) focusing on authentication systems that not only measure the
quality of information being discerned, but also measure the depth of its
permeability from private to public domain based information are: provenance
where does an object come from and how has it changed (tampered with) over
time, and persistence how log will an object last and how to make it last longer
and vice-a-versa, are therefore needed.12 Besides quality the two most critical
integrity issues with web-Resources Development, Information Services and
Networking. They have developed a software SOUL based on relation database
management language, which is used for cataloging, archiving as well as enabling
online public access of resources.
Interactive educational, informational, and even leisure contents are not
readily available in many Indias regional languages. Even if development funds
are specially directed towards the creation of such content in the initial stage of this
digital library project, these are likely to be consumed quickly, and there will be a
drop off in the interest and value of the library, unless user groups continue to
encounter novel content on each visit. This has been the experiences of the Azim
premji Foundations CLCs, for instance, where students soon mastered specially
commissioned educational games in the local language, and began to prefer piratecopies of
violent and ribald computer games.
Special programming and training efforts can be directed towards enabling
segments of the local community to create their own digital media. The JIVA
foundation in faridabad, for instance, ran a highly successful project, which taught
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local teen n eiting. agers how to make their own digital-movies, from
storyboarding and scripting to direction and post-production editing. The example
of the Hole-in-the-wall project reveals the extent to which unsupervised interaction
among students around an interactive medium can induce learning, dialogue and
even basic computer literacy.
4.6 Use of resources
E-resources
An electronic resources is defined as a resources which requires computer access
or any electronic product that delivers a collection of data, be it text referring to
full text bases, electronic journals, image collections, other multimedia products
and numerical, graphical or times based, as a commercial available title that has
been published with an aim to being marketed. These may be delivered on CD
ROM, on tape, via intermit and so on. Over the past few years, a numbers of
technique and related standards have been developed which allow documents to be
created and distributed in electronic forms. Hence to cope with the present
situation, libraries are shifting towards new media, namely electronic resources
their collection development that the demands of users are better fulfilled. The eresources on magnet and optical media have a vast impact on the collection of
universities libraries. These are more useful due to inherent capabilities for
manipulation and searching, providing information access is cheaper to acquiring
information resources, savings in storage and maintenance etc. and sometimes the
electronic form is the only alternative.
Types of e-resources
The e-resources are basically divided in two major types are:
1. Online e-resources, which may include:
-e-journal (Full text & bibliographic)
-e-books
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-on-line Databases
-Web sites
2. Other electronic resources may include:
-CD ROM
-Diskettes
-Other portable computer databases
Advantages of e-resources
The reasons for actually embarking on the purchasing of electronic resources are
generally accepted because of the ease of usability, readability, affordability and
accessibility. The following are the advantages of e-resources over the print media.
1. Multi-access: A networked product can provide multiple points of access at
multiple points in time (24 hours a day. 7 days a week) and to multiple
simultaneous users.
2. Speed. An electronic resource is lot quicker to browse or search, to extract
information from, and to integrate that information into other material and to crossresearch or reference between different publications.
3. Functionally: E-resources will allow the user to approach the publications to
analyze its content in new ways by click of the mouse on search mode.
4. Content: The e-resources can contain a vast amount of information, but more
importantly the material can consist of mixed media i.e. image. Video, audio
animation which could not be replaced in print.
Apart from the above some other advantages of e-resources may include:
intemational reach, unlimited capabilities, reduced cost, convenience, search
ability and linking.
Indian Library Consortia Scenario for e-resources
Library consortium is a group of two or more libraries which have agreed to
co-operate with one another in order to fulfill certain similar needs, usually
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resource sharing. It usually, refers to co-operation, Co-ordination and collaboration

between, and amongst libraries for the purpose of sharing information. Consortia
are basically, evolving a form of cooperation among the libraries which come
together to share resources electronically. It has gained momentum even in
developing countries like India.
Some of the successful library consortia setup so far in India are:
1. UGC-INFORMET E-Journal consortium.
http://www.ugc.ac.in/new_intitatives/infonet.html
2. Indian National digital Library in Engineering Sciences and Technology
(INDEST) consortium. http://www.Panlit,iitd.ac.invindest.
3. Inter University Centre (IUC-DAEF Consortia) (Atomic Energy)
http://brahma.iuc.res.in/-iuc_cc/iuc_loc.html.
4 . Health Science Library and Information Network (HELINET).
http://www.rguh.ac.in/hn/ne whell.html
5. Forum for Resource Sharing in Astronomy and Astrophysics (FORSA)
http://www.iiap.res.invlibrary/forsa.html
6. Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR e-journal consortium)
http://www.niscair.res.in
IMPACT IN SCHOLARLY RESEARCH:
Apart from the mentioned consortia, there have been efforts to setup similar
kind of consortia by ICAR, ICMR, ICSSR and other governmental agencies to
provide and access to e-resources. Among the above all consortia, UGC-INFONET
and INDEST-AICTE Consortium are proving to be a boon for the academic users.
These two major initiatives have come to the rescue of academic libraries so that
they can cater to the needs of academic depending upon them. These revolutionary
steps are providing scholarly resources including peer reviewed journals,
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databases, abstracts, proceedings etc. These efforts will definitely boost the higher
education system of our country.
Access to and use of full-text scholarly journals has risen exponentially over the
last ten years, and is still rising at a substantial rate, leading to a revolution in the
academic communications landscape. Much of the research has been carried out
with students, although this paper restricts itself to an examination of that related to
researchers and academics (or faculty).
The aims of the review are to examine the use and impact the availability of ejournals has had on the community of scholars, but looking also at literature from
other countries. The review begins with an overview of research into the use of ejournals, in terms of the determinants; affect on print usage; changes in reading
patterns; and different methods of as sassing the literature (e.g., keyword
searching, browsing, chaining, or following references from discovered articles,
etc.) as related to specific tasks. It then moves onto examining which services are
used to access e-journals, such as general or subject specific gateway sites,
publishers platforms, etc.
Searches were combined in various ways (e.g., print versus electronic AND
information seeking behavior) and limited to articles or review (thus excluding
book review, notes, letters, and editorial material) and by publication date (20052010). Citation searches were also carried out on a number of interesting papers
and chaining was also used, which is where references in retrieved papers are
followed
Up. This meant that significant literature before the original search
parameter of 2005 was also consulted and is included in this review.
4.7.1

Uses of E-Journals

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Beginning with the characteristics of e-journals, which are key determinants

peoples decisions to use them, There are following characteristics of journals are
key determinants in peoples decision to use e-journals:
Content: a critical mass if titles and issues is required. It there are
perceived to be too few available, potential users will not search; full
equivalence to print issues-in other words, titles which have electronic
versions for all print copies-and timeliness of appearance (in other words, eversions at the same or nearly the same time as print).
Functionally: good searching facilities; ease of navigation through to the
full-text articles; and links from it to other articles-in other words, and
seamless movement among related resources.
Since the research for this article, the availability of e-journals has increased
very much, and libraries have dramatically expanded access to e-journal
titles. Thus, a critical mass of journals online appears to have been reached,
with consequent massive increase in use.
Clearly, the rise in availability (and use) of journals in electronic format has
implications for print use and, many studies examining e-journal usage have
discussed the fate of the print equivalent. Oliver Obst, for example, comparing
print and electronic use of 270 matched journals in the context of a German
academic medical sciences library using re-shelving statistics and online user
metrics.1
Print usage declined dramatically between 1990-2001
Electronic journal usage accelerating rapidly (nearly tripling over the
same period)
Journals published in both formats lost 30.4% of their print are within
approximately two years (the total loss for print only titles was 45.8%
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Within two years of their introduction, electronic accesses were exceeding print
uses for matched pairs of journals by a factor of nearly eight. The availability of
electronic formats has, in fact, greatly enhanced the total use of all titles. 2
Similarly, Tenopir and behavior, that in 2005 over half of browsing (58.4% of
browsed readings) continues to be from print subscriptions. In a later paper Tenopir
and colleagues concluded that Electronic sources and formats have not replaced
print on paper, nor has the Web replaced library or personal subscriptions. Sources
and journals systems must accommodate a wide range of methods and formats, as
readers choose the source, format, and method that meet their needs at the time
they find and read scholarly articles
4.7.2 Reading Behavior
The area of scientific scholarly behavior. The digital environment has had a
dramatic impact on information seeking and reading patterns in science
Scientists have substantially increased their number of readings. Most [of
these] are form:
.Searching (as opposed to browsing) and citations.
.Library -providing articles.
Scientist read from a much broader range of sources of articles due to:
.Access to enlarged library electronic collections.
.Online searching capabilities
.Access to other new sources such as author websites.
Age of articles read appears to be fairly stable over the years. Electronic
technologies have enhanced access to older articles [leading to] a recent
increase in reading of [these]

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Other work on online behavior has also found a substantial shift in favor
of directed online searching and away from browsing behaviors. Functions
facilitating such as alerting, customizing and communications are seen to be
dispensable for most users. This has also been found by other researchers.
Monitoring ones own field: browsing journals was most strongly associated
with this activity;
Searching literature for research purposes: all access methods were (closely)
associated with this. In particular, keyword searching in journal and
reference databases are used for this purpose (unpainted) ; and
Teaching: browsing journals was the most common method here.
4.7.3 Access to literature
The prevalence of keyword searching raises the question as to where
researchers begin to look for the literature. A study commissioned by the research
Information Network, examining the services and platform used by academic
researchers to access scholarly literature. The researchers telephone-surveyed 450
research related personnel in UK universities across all disciplines, followed by
more in-depth interviews with postdoctoral researchers, together with a number of
small focus groups of postdoctoral researchers.
Well established form of resource discovery services (as the report termed
the various platforms and services) were the most popular routes for respondents,
including bibliographic abstracting and indexing services such as chemical
Abstract, Google (conferred a category in itself!), and dedicated web portals such
as H-net and Intute. Nearly 60% (59.7%) of all respondents said they used the
General search engine very often with 37.7% using specialist search engine
such as Google Scholar or Scirus. 3 Only a fifth of respondents said they used an
Abstracting/indexing service or bibliographic databases very often Local
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services, such as institutional library catalogues and portals, libraries and

librarians, were said in the report to be important resource discovery services. A
significant minority of researchers (38%) said that they avoid push services
because their email is already too extensive, or that they had subscribed to alerts or
listservs in the past but had cancelled them as they felt overwhelmed or the
services proved of little value (Rightscom 2006: 8).
To identify researchers sources of information and how frequently they are
used, participants were asked how often they used different types of information
sources. Responses were as follows (top five only), with percentages given for
those answering that they used the resource daily or weekly:
Journal 87%
Web page 70%
Online database 67%
Personal communication 52%
Book 24%
4.7.4 The Value of E-Journals
Read. The main ways in which such literature had been valuable were in several
ways (itemized in the paper without further details):
Inspiring new thinking or ideas (33%)
Improving results (it is not clear whether these are of research, teaching or
both) (25%)
Changing focus (presumably of research) (17%)
4.8

Access to E-journals
Managing electronic collections is a broad topic covering e-journal access

systems, open URL linking, electronic resources management systems, and journal
aggregators. These tools have gained popularity as the serials world has changed
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from print to electronic formats and as the volume of e-resources increases,

especially through consortia purchases. Many of these management tools bypass
the ILS allowing libraries to choose the products that provide the right balance of
features and price for their needs. This is especially helpful for smaller libraries
with more limited budgets.
The simplest type of e-journals access system is the A-Z list provided by
vendors such as EBSCD Information services, Serials solution, Ine, The A-Z list
aggregates all the librarys e-journals into one alphabetical list with links to the full
text content various providers or publishers. The A-Z list vendor creates a
comprehensive database, or knowledge base, of e-journal titles with information
such as the publisher, e-journal collection packages, URLs, start and end dates, and
embargoes. This knowledgebase is the core of the A-Z list from which library staff
selects the titles owned by the individual library. To further enhance the A-Z list,
many libraries upload their print journal holdings to provide users with a single,
comprehensive list of serials to search.
There are several advantages to implementing an A-Z list instead of creating a
local HTML list or database. These include:
Time saving and accuracy in setting up the A-Z list;
Efficiency in maintaining the A-Z list;
Enhanced search functions; and
Usage reports.
To create the A-Z list using one of the three major vendors, staff taxes the
librarys holdings using the vendors web-based management tools. Tagging is as
simple as clicking a check box to indicate ownership of a title. Since many ejournals are part of collections, the vendor organize their databases by publishers,
e-journals collections, and titles. Identifying e-journals in a package is one check
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mark instead of searching for and tagging each individual in the package. The
time-saving associated with this feature alone is considerable.
Since the vendors maintain and update the URLs from these diverse publishers,
library staff is freed from checking the accuracy of links and updating URLs as
they change. In addition to providing accurate URLs, the vendors maintain
coverage information such as the beginning or ending dates of a title and
embargoes. Embargoes occur frequently for e-journals with some free content. For
example, a one year embargo means that articles published more than one year ago
are free; articles published in the past twelve months are not free and require a paid
subscription.
If a library wishes to catalog its e-journals in addition to using the A-Z list, the
vendors can also provide MARC records for batch loading to the online catalog.
All of these features, plus more, are covered by the annual subscription cost, which
is usually based on the number of resources being managed or the hospitals bed
size. Smaller libraries may find that the functionality of the A-Z list more than
meets the needs of staff and users and may decide to forgo entering serials into the
online catalog, especially if the library does not bind or check-in journal issues.
Assigning notes is a great way to communicate special functions or service
issues to library users. For example, journals that do not available off campus. If
the library temporarily loses access to e-journals in a publishers package, it is easy
to assign a note to this effect at the package level that display for each title.
Before moving on, it is important to note that some vendors have a 24-hour delay
before updating the A-Z list with changes made by library staff. Since many health
sciences libraries are under pressure to provide quick, if not immediate, access to
information, library staff needs to be aware of this possible limitation when
evaluating A-Z vendors.

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From the customers perspective, the A-Z list is easy to use and
understand. Many libraries place a link to this service on the librarys home page
for easy access. If the search feature is not on the home page, it is often just one
click away. To search the A-Z list, users type the journal title or partial title and
click the search button. In addition to searching by title, users can often search by
publisher, ISSN, or subject. Results can be limited to titles that begin with, contain,
or are exact matches to the terms entered in the search box. Sometimes users need
to browse, especially if looking for e-journals in a certain subject. If this is the
case, users can usually browse by title, subject, or e-journal provider. These
features may vary by vendor, so libraries need to select the features that are most
important to staff and users.
Must navigate and understand when using the online catalog and it is easy to see
why they prefer searching an A-Z list.
A-Z list vendors provide reports to help library staff analyze e-journal Usage
independent of COUNTER reports. Examples of some reports include:
Number and length of search sessions;
Top 10keywords, titles, or subjects searched; and
Courts of the number of times users accessed journal titles, package,
publishers, or resources.
Reports can be tailored by date; filtered by IP address; or downloaded for
further manipulation in Excel. This diverse reporting structure provides collection
management staff with multiple opportunities to analyze how e-journals are being
used.
To complement the usage reports, the A-Z list vendors provide management
reports on changes made to the librarys holdings and an overlap analysis report.
The overlap analysis helps collection development librarians optimize their e117

journal selections and allocate their budget economically. Given its considerable
advantages, libraries of all sizes should seriously consider implementing this tool.
4.8.1 URL Linking
Open URL systems are usually called link resolvers. Their purpose is to link
sources of information to targets using ANSI standard Z39.88. Information sources
are generally bibliographic citations from research data-bases, such as Ovid
MEDILINE or EBSCOs CINAHL, or references at the end of chapters in full-text
databases such as McGraw-Hills Access Medicine or Up-To-Date. Targets are the
items that are being linked to and can include any of the following:
Electronic journals
Electronic books
Online catalogs
Interlibrary loan or document delivery forms, such as ILLiad
Search engines, such as Google Scholar (Wikipedia contributors, 2010b)
Link resolvers are available from many different vendors; most are fee-based, but
some are open source.
The Open URL Wikipedia article cited above provides a comprehensive list
of these vendors with links to their specific products. There frequently used feebased products are EBSCOs Link Source, ExLibris SFX, and Serials Solutions
360Link. Pub Med provides its own linking services through the use of Link Out
and Outside Tools. This section covers the use of conventional link resolvers first,
followed by a discussion of Pub Meds services in order to explain the differences
between these products and to help staff select the best solutions for their libraries.
The most common application of Open URL is direct linking from a search
results in a research database to the full text of the article. After the full text is
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retrieved, the user returns to the search session to continue reviewing the rest of
their results. This same concept applies when linking from database citations to ebooks, the librarys online catalog, interlibrary loan request forms, or search
engines.
The Open URL link resolver builds on the A-Z list. Once a librarys A-Z list is
set up, it is relatively simple to implement Open URL linking. The vendor provides
a base URL for the library and the link resolver creates a query using metadata
from the citation. The link resolver interprets this string of data and connects
directly to the full-text citation. This process is commonly called Open URL
mapping.
The second step in implementing a link resolver is to activate this feature in the
databases, online catalog, interlibrary loan request system, and search engines used
by the library by working with the vendors respective support staffs. Each system
has its own requirements for setting up the link resolver and establishing the
correct mapping algorithms.
This is where the flexibility of Open URL linking shines. Library staff can
approach the implementation process in a step-wise fashion according to their
staffing levels and time schedules. The following scenario can serve as a guide to
the process.
The first information resources to activate with Open URL are the most
popular databases for health sciences libraries, such as MEDINE, CINAHL,
PsycINFO, Web of science, and Scopus. This gives immediate results to the
librarys users by connecting them to the full-text article as they conduct
their research.
The next step is to activate the librarys interlibrary loan/document delivery
request system, if the library has such a system. This provides library users
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with the opportunity to request an article or book that is not available in their
own librarys collections.
The third step is to provide a link to the librarys online catalog from the link
resolver so that users can see if the resource they want is available in the
print collection. Establishing links to the online catalog also serves as an
alternate access point if the Open URL links fail.
Finally, library staff can set up Open URL in search engines and references
in e-book collections.
Open URL link resolvers are accurate most of the time; however, epublications ahead of print, supplements, and issues with special numbering can
cause the link to fail.
The reason for failure is that these types of publications may have alphabetic
characters in the volume, issue, or page numbers, or that some information, such as
page numbers, is missing. The mapping algorithm does not know how to interpret
the citation when it encounters these exceptions to the usual data format.
Subscription costs for an Open URL link resolver are considerably more than the
cost of the A-Z list. This cost may be prohibitive for smaller libraries; however Pub
Meds Link Out easily fills this gap. Even if the library already subscribes to a feebased link resolver, staff should consider implementing Pub Meds Link Out as a
supplementary tool. This is especially true if the link resolver, such as Serials
Solutions 360Link, can update Link Out information.
Link Out is free and display library holdings of print and electronic journals
when viewing Pub Med search results in the abstract view. To set up Link Out,
library staff requests an account from Link Out/NCBI staff. Once staff has the
librarys user ID and password, they can identify their e-journals by using the
Library Submission Utility. For complete instructions, please refer to the Link Out
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Help

documentation

at

their

website

(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi?book==helplinkout). If Link Out is

activated, customers can browse their search results; link to a full-text journal
article to print or save; and then return to browsing the rest of their search results.
Library staff can set up print holdings to display in Pub Med by activating Link
Out-SERHOLD. If a library doesnt participate in SERHOLD, staff can upload a
file of print holdings. Last, libraries that have a link resolver can register that link
resolver using Pub Meds Outside Tool. Pub Med provides a very helpful table that
compares the features of Link Out, Link Out Local, and Outside Tool at the
following

website

under

the

section,

Before

Registering

(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcg?book=lib).
To identify the librarys holdings when searching Pub Med or other NCBI
databases, library doesnt have customized icons, generic ones are available from
Link Out. The full-text or print icon appears in abstracts view when users are
reviewing search results, but only if citation. If a library has activated Outside.
Tool, however the Outside Tool icon appears in every citation.
Libraries that subscribe to link resolvers debate whether it is necessary to
implement Link Out if Outside Tool has been set up. In the authors opinion, Link
Out provides one-click access provides Using outside Tool, however, requires
multiple click that open several windows before the customer finally gets to the
full-text. Each new click and window presents an opportunity for failure. One-click
access to full text streamlines the searching process and is important to busy
professionals.
Electronic resource management systems (ERMSs) are relatively new
library technology. Innovative Interfaces Inc. was the first vendor to introduce an
ERMS in 2002. Since its introduction, numerous vendors now offer ERMS
modules, either as a separate component of an ILS or as a stand-alone product. For
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example, Innovatives ERMS is fully integrated into its ILS whereas EBSCO and
Serials Solutions offer Web-based products that are integrated with the A-Z list.
An ERMS is a library staff management tool that tracks the numerous
processes or work flows involved in the lifecycle of electronic resources. It is the
bridge that collects ordering, usage, financial, and administrative information about
e-resources in one location. ERMS vendors populate the system with a
knowledgebase. Each e-resource has a separate record that includes information
such as journal title or database name, publisher, provider, type of resource, format,
content description, URL, and subject headings. Additional features include
mapping e-resource licenses, maintaining contact information, and storing usage
data. Vendors such as EBSCO and Serials Solutions use the librarys existing
knowledgebase for their A-Z list or link resolves to populate the ERMS. Journal
vendors such as EBSCO and Sweets can populate the knowledgebase with the
librarys current subscriptions. Collins (2008) reviews nine vendors of current
ERMSs based on a survey she conducted and is an excellent starting point to
examine ERMS functions and work flows. Breeding (2008b) shows how the
ERMS manages staff work flows using the following timeline:
New e-resource to evaluate: the ERMS may have an existing record in the
knowledge base that provides background information on the product.
rTial: The ERMS record has fields to record the trial start and end date, plus
fields for internal notes or messages that display for the library users.
Negotiations: Before discussing licensing and financial terms of a new
resource, library staff can check the ERMS to see what other products are
already licensed from this publisher. Staff can then negotiate for similar or
more favorable terms. Staff can also review the terms offered by similar
products from other publishers and use this as a negotiating tool.
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 Licensing: One of the main features of an ERMS is to track licensing

information for an e-resource such as the type of license, perpetual access,
inter-library loan terms, and accessibility off campus. Many can display the
terms of the license to users as well as storing the entire license in the
ERMS.
Acquisition: Once the library decides to add a resource, the acquisitions
work flow occurs in the acquisitions module. If the ERMS is integrated with
ILS, the ordering, receiving, and payment details can be displayed in the
ERMS.
Administration and management: Library staff store the administrative
information about e-resources in the ERMS such as subscriber numbers,
administrative login IDs and password, registration and activation dates, and
the URL for usage statistics. Contact information for sales and Tec support
are also linked to the ERMS record.
Renewal: Library staff record the start date and end date of each resources
subscription. The system supports tickler files that e-mail remainders about
renewal and other upcoming events to library staff. Some vendors have
system that support SUSHI, which means that usage statistics for SUSHI
complaint e-resources are automatically obtained from the publisher and
stored in the ERMS. Library staff can then generate cost/use reports
automatically. If the ERMS supports SUSHI, usage statistics for non-SUSHI
complaint resources can usually be imported manually.
Reports are an important component of the ERMS given the amount of money
libraries spend on electronic resources today. As mentioned above, cost/use
reports provide valuable data for ongoing collection management decisions. In
addition to cost/use for specific e-resources, some systems provide further
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analyses such as cost/use by subject or provider across time. Title overlap

analysis reports help staff compare e-journals from multiple publishers to
eliminate unnecessary duplication. In an ILS, staff refreshes data in the ERMS
by uploading e-journal records from A-Z lists. The system generates reports that
compare pre-existing content with the newly uploaded data to identify titles or
resources that may require clean-up efforts from staff.
Journal aggregators have been part of the e-journal landscape for many years.
The aggregators typically centralize e-journal management functions such as
maintaining institutional IP addresses and obtaining usage reports for the
electronic journals they provide. Library staff set up administrative accounts so
that the aggregator can email monthly usage statistics or alerts when
subscriptions are about to expire.
Another type of aggregators provides full-text access as part of a database
subscription; examples of database aggregators include EBSCO host, Pro
Quest, and MD Consult. The database subscription with full-text access is often
much less expensive than providing full-text content directly from the publisher.
Without these databases, libraries would subscribe to just a fraction of the titles
offered by the aggregator. By utilizing their services, libraries save money, offer
an expanded selection of e-journals, and streamline access to the literature for
users. The downside of database aggregators is the reliability of their content,
embargoes, and lack of access to e-publications ahead of print. Libraries should
not rely on database aggregators to provide access to critical e-journals since
the content is rarely as current or reliable as subscribing directly from the
publisher (Watson, 2003).
Journal vendors such as EBSCO and Swats also provide aggregation
services by managing most of the electronic journal renewal process from
beginning to end. The librarys customer service representative handles most of
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the administrative details of an e-journal such as obtaining price quotes,

gathering licensing information, and activating the e-journal at the publishers
site.
4.8.2 Order processes
The librarys order process is generally determined by institutional polices
regarding purchasing. The most flexible ordering procedure is when the library
acts as its own purchasing agent and bypasses the institutions supply chain
management department. This is where having an acquisitions component in the
ILS is especially helpful. If orders need to go through Purchasing or Supply
Chain Management, as is often the case in hospital libraries, the library must
follow the institutions directives.
In these cases, staff can still choose to use an acquisitions module or can
rely on spreadsheets or purchase orders to track materials on order.
Setting up the acquisitions module requires some forethought so that staff can
generate financial reports to support future purchases. Large libraries usually
divide their collections budget into several funds according to subject or
material format. Acquisition staff creates these funds and aggign annual
allocations so that collections specialist can track purchases over time. In
addition to tracking funds, acquisitions staff develops procedures to track
purchases by format type.
Smaller libraries are not faced with such complexity; they frequently have a line
item in their budget for each type of material: print books, journals (online and
print), electronic databases, and media. Health sciences libraries of any size
often have endowment or gift funds that can be used for special purposes to
supplement the regular budget. With these special funds, the principal remains
untouched and selectors spend the interest generated by the account.

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Funds are a allocated at the beginning of the budget cycle, whether decrease
as items are ordered or encumbered. As items are received, the encumbered
amounts become expenses. Selectors track the balances in their accounts as they
place orders throughout the year. Their goal is to spend the entire budget
without going over budget. The ILS automatically updates fund balances as
orders are placed and alerts library staff when the fund reaches a pre-defined
minimum. To further keep accurate funds balances, staff creates reports to
identify outstanding orders or cancelled titles for follow-up with the supplier.
Once the administrative functions, such as fund codes format codes, and fund
allocations, have been determined, the actual order process begins with library
staff creating order records manually or importing order data from the supplier.
In most systems, order records are tied to a brief bibliographic record consisting
of title, ISSN, information. Acquisitions and cataloging staff work together on
procedures to create the brief bibliographic record. Once an item is received,
cataloging staff imports a MARC record for the item that updates the brief
bibliographic record. Libraries differ on their on their policies regarding the
display of items on order. Some display the material on order in the online
catalog and let users put holds on these items before they are even received.
Other libraries choose to suppress this information until the items are received,
cataloged, and ready for use.
The last step in acquisitions is processing the invoice and submitting it for
payment. Some ILSs can be integrated with the financial systems of the parent
institution so that invoices are transferred electronically to accounts payable.
Given the complexity of acquisitions, it is important that the ILS has a robust
reporting feature. For example, Innovative Interfaces Inc. has cross tab reports
showing the number of items in a librarys collection by both material type and

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subject. The acquisitions reports track collection management decisions that

will support future purchases and requests for funding increases.

127

Chapter 6
References
Macewem, Borrie (1999). Understanding users needs and making collections
choices. Library collection Acquisitions& Tech. services. Vol.23, 3, 1999;
pp.315-320
Texar

Digital

library

(2010)

open

repositories. Accessed

Oct

8-

http://openreporitaries.org.
Zambare, Aperra amd Casey, Anna Marie (2009) Assuring access are librarys
journey from print to electronic only subscription. Serial Review. Vol.35, 2,
2009, pp.70-74
Cooper, Mindy M. (2007) The importance of gathering print and electronic
journal use data: Getting a clear picture. Serial Review. Vol.33,3, 2007;pp.172174.
De Groote, Sandra L. and Dorsch, Josephine L.(2001_). Online journals:
Impact on print journal usage. Butt line of the Med. Lib Asso. Vol.89, 4, 2001;
pp.372-378.
Liu, Ziming (2006). Print vs.- Electronic resources; A study of user preceptor,
preferences and use. Imp. Process and mugt. Vol.42, 2006; pp.585-592.
Farmer, J. Richardson, A. (1997). Improving access to information for nursing
staff in remote area: The pate tail of the internet and other network information
source. A render: R. G. University, 1997
Eager, Bile (1995 using the internet. Indian polis: Qua cooporatia, 1994.
Boyce, P.D. and king, W. (2004). How electronic journals are changing pattern
of use. serial librarian. Vol.46, 2004; pp.121-141.
Nicholas, D. and William. (2010). Researchers E-journal use and information
seeding behavior. Jre.of inf.sc.vol.36,4, 2010;pp.47-56.
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RIN/VCL (2009). E-journals: this use, value and impact. London: RIN, 2009.
Ositotea, Pauline A. (1990). The role of the information processional in
development. INf. Dev. Vol.6,1,1990;pp.28-33
4.9

E-Resources Models

4.9.1

Columbia study
The biggest survey of the use of online books took place at Columbia

University between 1995 and 1999. This study concluded that where a user was
reading a significant portion of a book then she/he was unwilling to read it on
screen and instead printed or, more likely, read the printed version. Where the
method of reading was skimming, rather than in-depth, then an online version was
more likely to be acceptable. The actual use of e-books was concentrated on heavy
use of small share of titles, similar to traditional library usage patterns. Students
were by far the keenest users of e-books, with only a very small number of
factually members participating. Potential advantage for e-books were identified
as; searching across a collections, browsing, obtaining a book quickly. Conclusions
were that early e-books would need to look and behave like their printed
equivalents.
4.9.2

Butterworth-Canfield study

Butterworth-Heinemann and canfield Universities have been co-operative in

a publisher/library/factually joint project since April 2001 to access the use of an
online textbook in marditing studies students. Initial findings are that students far
preferred the convenience and ease of use of the printed text. The cohort rejected
the idea of interfacing online with the text until technology is more mature, but
valued the e-book as reference tool which could be searched and then printed as
required.
4.9.3 Web Based Digital Resources
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In the last couple of years digital-born resources are published in Web that have
no analog antecedent of my kin, whether paper, microfilm, or audiovisual. While
leading libraries have embarked on a variety of digitization efforts, less attention
has been given to how to incorporate Internet and other born-digital material into
library collections and service.1
At the same time, continued printing of scientific article on paper is becoming
less effective, and not only because of the limitations of print in a multi-media
world. Libraries are hamstrung, by ever tightening budgets, so the myriad
journals can no longer be acquired. Space in limited for continued storage of
printed materials. The result is that published papers will reach fewer readers,
since access to the printed journals will become more difficult.
Publishing via the Internet, whether by electronic mail or making information
available through gopher, ftp or World Wide Web has the advantage of being.
Quick, as we can communicate or publish instantly;
Widely accessible to a broad level of internet community.
Inexpensive to produce web resources, as web mark tools are available
feely in the net with desktop publishing technology;
Easy and simple to produce in terms of effort, time and other factors;
Total control in publishing process is as different from traditional
publishing methods and editorial practices.
Many of the traditional publishing and distribution processes we have relied so far
are losing its significance as electronic publishing activity is proliferating. Web
publishing of scholarly and non-scholarly information is changing forever the way
we organize and seek material.
The major challenge now is to identifying the relevant documents against a
query or requirement perfectly and satisfactorily. The end-users expect of retrieve
130

as like that of pain. It is just not as same as print information retrieval. The location
of information is thus as important issues to those publishing as well as
information seekers.
The net information is evidently evolving as a major and significant medium
of seeking information source. The perfect way of exploring the net will be
achieved through finding the relevant information. Indexes are the key to this
process. The indexes have no yet solved the problem of how to find quality
information. Many factors indicates that finding Internet information is at a very
early stage of development.
While the basic information software is becoming more sophisticated can
still be difficult to use. There are problems in accessing sites on the Internet, and to
search well takes a great deal of time. Searching can be complex and requires the
use of numbers of Internet indexes, as well as a degree of serendipity. Libraries can
expect as increase role as intermediaries in the search for information from the
Internet.
Many researchers are occupied undertaking research and policy work. There
is a need for good researching. While many who have the Internet at their desktop
will do their own searching, an information Centre or specialist searcher can
provide a cost effective result (especially in terms of searching time).
4.10

Abstracting and Indexing

Serial information that A&I services capture includes journals title, title

abbreviation (s), publisher, ISSN, CODEN, volume and issue numbering, cover
date, and page ranges for articles. However these are not available for e-journals.
Which are important identifying an article uniquely decide what bibliographic
elements will describe each article and make it obvious in the publications. 2
One has to decide on a numbering scheme that ensures a unique article
description, both within the
131

Journal (e.g. article numbers and pagination) and universally. Keep

elements and numbering consistent across the various formats of the publication
( e.g. HTML and printed).
Still there is no comprehensive A&I services exclusively for e-journal
and there is no consensus on how to index and describe. Even DC metadata is
available it is not descriptive to apply for e-journals.
4.10.1

On-line Resources Cataloguing

Libraries now must decide whether or not to catalogue electronic journals.

Some libraries list e-journals on their web pages (portal pages) as an alternative
to cataloguing them. However, this is cumbersome when dealing with large
numbers of titles, and does not provide good subject access. Other do in
different ways by not following the rule requirement of creating a separate
cataloguing record for the electronic version, by linking to the journal from the
records for the print journal. This is unsatisfactory when the electronic and print
version differs substantially.
Some solutions are being tried. OCLCS CORC (Cooperative Online Resource
Cataloguing), project holds some potential for libraries to create cataloguing
records for electronic resources more economically. Embedded metadata may
also hold some promise. Some libraries have begun embedding metadata in
HTML headers for their web pages so that software like CORC can use it to
build catalog records automatically. Something similar might be possible if
NSDP supplied descriptive metadata to publishers applying for NSDPs, and
publishers included this on the home pages of their e-journals.
4.10.2

Net Library
Net library was one of the first aggregators of e-books, launching its

first titles in 1998. The company was funded through venture capital and grew
from 8 employees to 500 in a two-years period. However, it has attracted
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insufficient revenue to maintain this level, reducing its staff by 200 and selling
of its e-book software arm, peanut press, in order to concluded on the library
market. In April 2001 Net Library adopted the OEB standard, enabling it to
reduce the resource dedicated to conversion process and publishers will either
have to pay for conversion themselves or deliver material to Net Library in
OEB format.
E-Books are full-text electronic version of published books that library patrons can
search, borrow, read, and return via the Internet. With net Library e-books, users
can access library resources any where, any time, and perform full-text searches
across hundred of book or within a specific book to speed research and reference
project. These books can be viewed online from a library, office, home or remote
location using an internet browser. Added benefits include an embedded dictionary
in each book with accompanying visual and verbal productions, as well as
hyperlinks from the table of contents and index. E-Books are available for varying
checkout periods and are automatically checked back into the library collection
when the checked period expires.
4.10.3 Ebrary
Ebrary is the next major e-book producer. Ebrary uses Adobes PDF format to
present documents in their original layout, minimizing the need for investment
in expensive conversion processes. At round only 3,000 items in its current
collection, Ebrary has taken a much more cautious approach to building its
online library.
Ebrary has recently announced that it is expanding distribution
through vertical collections available through a variety of Internet portals, elearning providers and other Web sites. I has been able to build on its
partnership with the four publishers, for example, distributing content via
Persons Learning Network site in the U. S.
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Ebrary wants to recreate the browsing experience of being in a library or

bookstore, its model based one read, then pay, rather than pay. Then read.
Ebrary claims that this model will allow publishers to recoup some of the
revenue lost to the photocopying industry. Copy costs are determined by the
publisher and Ebrary offers deposit accounts from which small purchases are
deduced by use of an Ebrary debit card.
The trend in the last ten years or so is the migration from print to electronic,
particularly the web based journals. Currently the entire journal population is
available in web form. The expectation now is that the demise of print journals.
In the ten years many newsletters have also switched from the print to web
publication. This would result ultimately to all publications. Thus, the journal is
of no exception.
With the advent of modern technologies there is an increase in the
growth of electronic resources. The academic libraries have spurred their
interest in this field due to delay experienced in communicating research
results, slowness in the flow of print media, increased overhead costs stagnated
budgets. Hence, they are options for e-journals UGC has also initiated an
ambitious project, UGC Info net. Which seeks to provide high speed Internet
connection, electronic access to professional literature and the development of
multimedia content to supplement conventional learning and teaching?
Electronic journals are more cost effective on a per use basis. Storage space for
low use bound journals is a major expense. Many readership surveys conducted
in the recent past show that the librarys electronic collections is widely
accepted and extensively used. 3
The goal of e-journals is to provide desktop access freely available electronic
version e-journals. To this end a web accessible directory developed containing
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databases of journals, For using, the users are required to visit the site and
access the full text of articles.
4.10.4

CD-ROM Technology
The CD-ROM technology has achieved popularity in 1980s. Many

databases were available in 1980s that was a switch from the expensive online
databases. CD-ROM technology has increased its popularity in 1990s to a large
extent and the growth was exponential. However due to the web publishing the
CD-ROM technology has been loosing its charm.
The compact dices (CD) include the basic text recording to real time molecular
modeling, simulations, videos of laboratory experiments, and all sort of aids
like trial exams with extensive feedback, problem sets with worked outs
answers, alternative readings, link to relevant web sites, interactive calculations,
built in calculations, java appeals to allow matching of items on an image with
vocabulary, real time experiment using java, even interactive remote operation
of instruments.
In some database product most of the content is produced in CD, in
other cases most is on the publishers web site. These web sites can be updated
easily and new material added as often as one wants.
The usage of CDs now in India has gained popularity due to easy availability of
CD-ROM titles and also due to depreciate cost of CD players. This technology
also extends an off-line alternative for search. Now, several leading companies
in the entire world have started to launch their products through electronic book
form. Two US based companies such as M/s Nuvo Media and M/s Soft Book
Press have developed Rocket e-Book and Soft Book respectively which is
small, portable computer designed solely for reading and a noting the electronic
text of books.
4.10.5 Archiving to CD
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CD offers an excellent means of relatively short-term archival storage that is for

the period of few years. Compared to physical and even microfilm achieves,
documents may need to be stored for 100 years. A few products claim that they
have a CD media that is projected to have a 100 year shelf life, but no one
expects CD media to last that long. Even if one can assure the CD is perfectly
fine, it may be difficult to maintain the drives themselves for such periods.
Therefore, if we embrace the rate of change, we see the digitization of the
information as the ultimate achieve technique. Digital documents can be easily
migrated to each new generation of storage media as they are developed and
attain widespread acceptance.
4.10.6 E-mail
E-mail is shorthand term, meaning Electronic mail. E-mail much the same as
a letter, only that it is exchanged in a different way. Computers use the TCP/IP
protocol suite to send e-mail messages in the form of packets. The first think we
need to send and receive e-mails is and e-mail address. When we create an
account with a Internet Service Provider we are usually given an email address
to send from and receive e-mails. If his isnt the case we can create an emails
address/ account at web sites such as yahoo, hotmail and Lycos.
E-mail client programs are software applications that reside and run on the hard
disk of a home computer/network (for information on Client programs).
Because they are client programs and e-mail client programs uses resources
from a client server to be able to receive and send new messages. Below are
some of the most popular e-mail client programs.
Eudora
Outlook Express
Network Messenger
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 E-mail Spam
This becoming a major problem for the Internet users with many
governments trying to create new law to prosecute people who send e-mail spam.
E-mail spam is email messages that are unsolicited and usually automated. E-mail
spam messages are usually trying to sell commercial products or are a scam of
some sort. Luckily companies like Yahoo and Hotmail who provide free e-mail
messages are now providing users with spam filters that stop unsolicited automated
e-mail messages.
The e-mail communication took a new turn in the sense that this medium is not
merely an improved communication system, but used as a major way of
developing elite scholarly knowledge transfer. Through the extended e-mail
systems that are server controller group communication, it becomes possible to
deliver a piece of mail to unlimited number of email users. These email discussion
forums and list servers play crucial role in knowledge transfer.
4.10.7 List Servers
The internet has given many benefits to the information users; one such bonus is
the discussion lists also referred to as mailing lists. Thousands of these electronic
forums already exist or are being created, catering to a large of special interest
groups, information services, electronic journals and research projects. The
attraction is that the lists provide a relatively simple route to interactive
communication via electronic mail, allowing Internet users around the world
access to each others ideas, publications, and information. Where a single
document (e.g. a letter, message, or report) could be sent to many different
addresses at one time. Mailing lists made it possible for an individual or
organization to sponsor and maintain special interest discussion groups through
electronic mail. People wanting to join a discussion group would send a message to
the sponsor, who would then add the individuals address to the groups mailing
137

list. Similarly, when users wanted to contribute an article or posting to the list, they
would send their contributions to the sponsor. The sponsor would then forward the
postings to the other members of the mailing list.
Early users of electronic mail in the ARPANET (the first nationwide computer
network widely available to the scientific community, noted the convenience of
being able to send items to many others on a distribution list. Standardized lists
became established to distribute messages to people interested in a wide variety of
topics. These lists evolved into the next generation of community system, the
electronic bulletin board.4 an illustrative current-day bulletin board system is
Netnews, which distributes messages over Usenet. Usenet is not a centrally
planned and maintained network, but a loose collection of computers running the
unit TM operating system connected by a wide variety of physical transmission
lines from high 250,000 users on more than 10,000 machines spread throughout
the world. Netnews contains more than 650 boards across a wide variety of topics,
ranging from comments about existing computers to technical science to popular
culture to job positions to move reviews to cooking recipes. The software
functionality has evolved to support streamlined posting to the appropriate boards,
comments on pervious messages, reading of selected boards, and saving of selected
messages.
The list servers available are now in hundreds and thousands and no one can able
to list all as we have too many even in narrow fields of knowledge. It is obvious
that electronic technologies have already had considerable impact.
Virtually all libraries, at least in the most developed countries, are new
members of networks that greatly facilitated the location of success of information
and gaining of access to them. Card catalogues have largely been replaced by
online catalogues and theses are being expanded through the addition of materials
138

not previously included. The whole idea of what a catalogue should be, is
changing; it is no longer seen as a tool bounded by the collection of a single library
but one reveals the availability of resources in a network of libraries or even one
that is essentially a gateway to a universe of information resources in printed,
electronic or other forms. Use of terminals or work stations to access databases of
various kinds is now routine for the libraries and adds electronic resources to their
collection in CD-ROM or other forms. Uses of terminals or work stations to access
databases of various kinds is now routine for the libraries and add electronic
resources to their collection in CD-ROM or other forms.
4.10.7 Electronic Performance System (EPSS) Model
Electronic Performance Support Systems are making inroads into office and
manufacturing environments hot no the heels of the computer revolution. The
performance support approach is rapidly spreading throughout the professional
training community as an alternative approach to training, and is offering a new set
of interface design principles for professionals in the human computer interface
design community.
According to Gloria Gery, an Electronic Performance Support System is An
integrated electronic environment that is available to and easily accessible by each
employee and is structured to provide immediate, individualized online access to
the full range of information, software, guidance, adcice and assistance, data,
images, tools, and assessment and monitoring systems to permit job performance
with minimal support and intervention by others.
An EPSS is the electronic infrastructure that captures, stores and distributed
individual and corporate knowledge assets throughout an organization to enables
individual to achieve required levels of performance in the fastest possible time
and with a minimum of support from other people.

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EPSS (Electronic Performance Support Systems) are system that provides

employees with the information, advice and learning experiences they need to get
up to speed as quickly as possible and with the minimum of support from other
people. An EPSS also provides the electronic infrastructure that captures stores and
distributed knowledge throughout an organization to enable it to learn faster than it
competitors. Also we can call EPSS as an electronic system that directly supports a
staffs performance when, how, and where the support is needed.
By combining all the definitions we can say an EPSS:
Encompasses all the software needed to support the work of individuals.
Integrated knowledge assets into the interface of the software tools, rather
than separating them as add-on components.
Looks at the complete cycle including the capture process as well as the
distribution process.
Includes all the management of non-electric as well as electronic assets.
Has the ability to work with the existing knowledge Based System (KBS).
Electronic performance support systems are used to:
Task structuring support: help with how to do a task (procedures and
processes), Access to knowledge bases (help user to find information
needed).
Alternate forms of knowledge representation (multiple repetitions of
knowledge , e.g., video, audio, text, image, data)
4.10.8
.

UNESCO ETD Model

Electronic theses and Dissertations (ETDs) in Indian Universities

Electronic theses and Dissertation (ETD) can take a variety of forms, from a
Word or PDF version of a printed theses, to a truly digital publication that
includes audio and visual material and may be organization quite differently
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from a printed thesis. The broader benefit; of ETDs have been described as
follows:
Broader exposure of engineering college research;
New forms of creative scholarship through interactive elements, multimedia,
hyperlink, etc.;
Ability to hyperlink to the thesis/dissertation on homepages and electronic
CVs;
Professional development for researchers who learn the basic skills of
scholarly publishing in an electronic format;
Conservation of paper, library storage space, and staff time;
Faster access, with publication near the point of submission rather than three
to four months later;
Theses or dissertation accessible to any reader at any time.
The digital libraries of electronic theses and dissertation (ETDs) are promising
to be extremely advantages to scholar especially in developing countries. The
ETD initiatives started in India during late nineties and popularly of this
concept is growing rapidly in the higher educational and research institutional
to disseminate newly emerged knowledge and expertise. Presently ETDs
submitted in India universities in mainly in text formats, and many libraries
have no access policy. Per phases the greatest challenge for libraries today, is to
develop and maintain substitution model of open access ETD repositories for
users.
These has been a realization of the usefulness of the availability of online theses
by higher institutional particularly, the elite science and technology institutions.
During the last few years more research and development institutions and
universities are beginning to embrance the idea of creating and maintaining
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a repository of electronic theses and dissertations. One of the major barriers

facing by scholars and researchers in India is lack of access to current literature
in their field.8
ETDs consist of master or doctoral research work that submitted or
archived electronically by an institution, either on an internal network or on the
web. According to UNESCO ETD Guide website An ETD is a document that
explains the research or scholarship of a researcher/student. It is expressed in a
form simultaneously suitable for machine archives and worldwide retrieval. The
ETD is similar to its paper predecessor. It has figures, tables, footnotes, and
references. It has a title page with the authors name, the official name of the
technical college, the degree sought, and the names of the committee members.
Universities in India oblige researchers to submit the print version of the
theses to library; additionally few universities/research institutions require the
same version on a CD-ROM or submission online. In spite of number of
sporadic efforts there is no single authentic source available where one can
locate accurate statistics about the theses produced in India. Researchers often
have difficulties in locating the relevant dissertations done by previous students
as there is no uniform user interface to conduct a formal search for theses and
dissertations. The following sources/databases include information on accepted
theses in India:
There are numerous challenges which relate to the ability of organization to
integrate the management of ETDs into their organizational structure. The
following major issues are being faced in many developing countries:
(1)

Lack of Expertise/Awareness

(2)

Lack of support from Faculty/academic staff

(3)

Leadership problem-The lack of initiatives on the part

of parent institutions and the absence of action plans or priorities.
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(4)

Lack of Funding/infrastructure

(5)

Access and security

(6)

Copyright and Intellectual Property Right

IPR is one of the key issues and a significant barrier often confronted in

institutions which have embarked on ETDs projects. In most institutions, libraries

are one of the key role players in the management of these and dissertations. With
the growing diversity of media and technologies for the production of theses and
dissertations, there are a wide range of copyright and licensing issues that need to
be taken into consideration.
ETDs is a new generation of theses and dissertations that can include color
diagrams, color images, hypertext links, audio, video, animations, spreadsheets,
databases, simulations, and virtual reality worlds. Greater collaboration is required
to improve ETD sharing and, ultimately, to develop a nationwide digital library of
theses and dissertations. The first and main focus at the moment is on setting up the
infrastructure and getting the content into the institutional repositories.
Further, there is the question of which organization should build cross
institutional services; this seems less problematic in nations with organizations,
such as INFLIBNET, Vidyanidhi and INDEST; each of them have already
developed infrastructure and can act as Zonal centre. Continuing the natural
development of these isolated efforts of ETD digital libraries, effective handling of
ETDs automatically requires some collaboration among the stakeholders in
institutions.
A project for developing a complete national union catalogues of ETDs or
amalgamation of existing bibliographic databases already in possession under
INFLIBNET, DELNET or other library networks need to be initiated in order to
avoid any duplication of work. E-portal and interface-a good user interface is
essential for visibility and maximizing access and act as a guide for the
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stakeholders on IPR issues in particular. A comprehensive website (e-theses portal)

need to be developed for providing guidance to researchers, postgraduate students
and supervisors on ETD submission format, metadata creation etc.
4.10.9 INFLIBNETs National online union catalogue of Doctoral theses
Murthy mentioned as per UGC-INFLIBNET Program, 142 Universities are
funded for creation of databases of doctoral theses. A memorandum of
understanding (MOU) is signed between universities and INFLIBNET in this
regard. It is further reported that more than 200 universities/institutions from all
over India have contributed data/records in electronic format (ISO).
The metadata of India PhD theses are available since 1905 and more than 1,
50,000 records of doctoral dissertations can be accessed as a single collection. The
portal provides users with a simple and intuitive interface for searching and
browsing through a merged metadata collection of theses. This online database has
the provision to search from the following access points as Title, Researcher, Guide
(s), Department, University, Place, Year, subject(s), and Boolean Search etc. It has
been proposed that UGC Info net will have a data centre with large server capacity
and e-theses can be maintained in this server.

Reference
1. Deborah Alpert Sleight, Types of Electronic Performance Support System: Their
Characteristics and Range of Designs, 1993.
2.

Raybould,

Barry, Performance

Support

Engineering. An

Emerging

development Methodology for Enabling Organizational Learning, Performance

Improvement Quarterly, 1995.

144

(3.) Stanley E. Malcolm, Where RPSS will go from here, EPSS Tomorrow,
March, 1998.
4. Caplan P and Thomas C., DAITSS: Another Preservation Option for Electronic
Theses & Dissertations. In proceedings of the 9th International symposium on
Electronic Theses and Dissertations, Quebec City,
Canada, June 7-10, 2006.
5. Chaudhary S and Muller Eva, Added values to E-theses: A preliminary
version, 9th International Symposium on Electronic these and Dissertations,
Quebec City, Canada, June, 2006.
6. Copeland, Susan and Penman, Andres, The Development and Promotion of
Electronic Theses and Dissertations (ETDs) within the UK, the New Review of
Information Networking, 2004.
7. Fox, Edward, A., The Evolving Genre of Electronic Theses and Dissertations in
Proceedings of the 32nd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences,
1999.
8. Electronic Theses and Dissertations: a sourcebook for Educators, Students and
Librarians, Marcel Dekker Inc, New York, 2004.
9. Patel, Yatrik, Vijay Kumar, J.K. and Murthy, TAV, Institutional Digital
Repositories / Ear chives: INFLIBNETs Initiative in India, Proceedings of the7th
MANLIBNET Convention, Annual National, Calicut, India, May 5-7, 2005.

145

Chapter 5
Print and E-print transition
5. Print and e-print holdings
Serials Solutions,Inc, was the first company to provide a comprehensive solution to
determining which journals a library could access through its electronic databases.
The company has nearly 1200separate clients, With products in use in over 1600
libraries around the world. Because Serials Solutions also offers complete MARC
records for journals and an Open URL resolves, accurate and authoritative data is a
critical piece of the companys growth. While competitors have joined (and left)
this market, none has anywhere close to as many clients as Serials Solutions, and
therefore none has the ability to study this data as accurately as Serials Solutions.
This database reflects holdings for all journals in all of the aggregated databases
tracked. The manner in which the databases aggregators describe their content,
however, provides a challenge. Aggregators may or may not include an ISSN, and
when they do, the ISSN may be incorrect. Aggregators may or may not include the
population location, abbreviations, subtitles, older titles, or other pieces of addition
information. Often, the titles contain misspellings. While the human eye can
quickly see that variant title/ISSN combinations all intend to refer to the same
serial, the computer cannot. Table 1 provides several examples of the irregular title
and ISSN combinations that come from different providers.
The result of all of this variation is that Serials Solutions must spend a great
deal of time normalizing these data to a single, agreed-upon title for each
journal. To do that, and in order to deliver our MARC record product, we associate
title/ISSN combinations with MARC records obtained from the Library of
Congress. These records are all created to the highest existing cataloging standards,
as set by CONSER, the Cooperative Online Serials Program, a component of the
Program for Cooperative Cataloging at the Library of Congress. By associating
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these title/ISSN combinations to existing, quality MARC records, we are able to

accurately determine the number of true serials that are available to a library in an
electronic format.
To develop this study, the author created a cohort of libraries that are Serials
Solutions clients from each of the major Carnegie classifications [1], plus a
separate group of public libraries. The libraries in this study had to be Serials
Solutions clients, as it is necessary to review each librarys profile of subscribed
databases to determine how many electronic journals they can access. Every fifth
library in each Carnegie classification was selected, and checked to see if they
were a Serials Solutions client. From the resulting set of Serials Solutions clients,
sixty libraries were randomly selected from the Associates, Baccalaureates, and
Masters classifications, and thirty from the Doctoral classification. Twenty-five
public libraries, of all sizes, were also studied. No individual information about
each library is expressed or described here; all information is presented in the
aggregate.
After compiling information about the number of journals the library can
access electronically, and compared that with data about the number of journals the
library can access in print. Two sources, the IPEDS data of 1998, [2] and the 2002
American library directory (ALD), [3] provided the most current information
available about the number of journals each library can access. Discussion about
the variation in those number will follow.
Many aggregators include non-serial items, such as transcripts, brochures, reports,
supplements, corporate annual report, etc., and these increase the number of titles
they can claim to offer. These are not serial in nature, however, and should be
countered toward the number of journals their clients can access. Since no
CONSER MARC records will be founded for these non-serial items, they will not
be included in the number of MARC records Serials Solutions would create for
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these libraries. On the other hand, many local or regional papers, for which
CONSER records do not yet exist, are included in these resources. In some cases.
CONSER records exist, but have not yet been located. The result is that the
numbers given as the number of serial titles available at an institution are
somewhat undercounted.
This study compared electronic journal holdings versus all journal holdings
in sixty institutions in each of the Carnegie classifications of Associates.
Baccalaureate, and Masters; thirty institutions in the Carnegie Classification of
Doctorate; and twenty-five public libraries. Twelve of those libraries are among the
75 largest public libraries in the country; twenty are in the top twenty-five are in
the top 20% by book volume. As a result, the number of reported journals for
public libraries is significantly. For Associates institutions, on average 86.5% of
their periodical titles are available electronically. For Baccalaureate institutions, on
average 83.3% of their periodical titles are available electronically. For Masters
Institutions, on average 71.3% of their titles are available electronically. For
Doctoral institutions, on average 39.5% of their titles are available electronically.
For public libraries, on average 64.3% of their titles are available electronically.
Since almost none of these institutions are tracking their electronic journals
through their online catalogs, most academic libraries are unable to access between
80% and 90% of their entire periodical collection. They may have an A-to-Z list of
their electronic journals, but this requires that patrons know to search both the
OPAC and the A-to-Z list when seeking a specific title. Without effective quality
control, some A-to Z lists contain the numerous errors that were initially
introduced by the aggregators themselves. Libraries without A-to-Z lists have
almost no knowledge of what they can access through their myriad databases.
Students clearly prefer electronic access to journals, as any individual who
has worked at a reference desk can attest. Libraries, in their attempts to fill these
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wants, have moved increasing amounts of their resources toward obtaining journals
electronically, but have not kept up with tracking these journals for their patrons, or
making these journals fully accessible to their patrons. When purchasing online
resources, librarians need to ensure that their patrons can determine what is
contained in these resources, and then access the resources in a manner with which
they are familiar.
One great surprise from this study was the extreme variation in data reported by
libraries to the various sources used for collecting information of the number of
journals available in a library. While journals counts can certainly vary from year
to year, and four years separation between data collection could lead to some
variation in the number of titles available at a specific institution, it cannot explain
the massive variation between numbers provided by libraries for the two sources
used in this study.
Knowing what is or is not a journal can some times be tricky. Knowing which
ones to report, and when, can be downright hopeless. Libraries can be excused for
not being certain which types of journals to report where, and some fault does lie
with those creating data collection forms. But many libraries report very different
numbers in the two different sources used in this study. The general instructions for
1998 IPEDS data collection sheet for the relevant fields reads.
Electronic journals are a fact of life in todays library. Patrons and libraries
recognize their value, and access through database aggregators, while occasionally
problematic, is also incredibly cost-effective. Unfortunately, however, the vast
majority of most libraries journal holdings are now compiled within these
databases, and very few libraries are able to track the journals in these databases,
particularly through the OPAC. If libraries are to obtain the greatest possible value
from the journals in these databases, they need to present information about these
journals to their patrons.
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Retained
Following are examples of criteria for retaining subscriptions to the print versions
of journals that were cited by a number of research libraries:
Demand

Strong faculty demand for retention of print.

Print is being used.
Print is needed to support local curriculum or research.
Price
The cost/benefit of print is superior.
The subscription model is still based on print.
Function
Print offers better features (e.g., browsing or current awareness).
Poor interface design in the electronic version.
Quality of images or graphics is demonstrably poorer in the electronic
journal.
Print has significant art factual or aesthetic value.
Electronic does not meet needs of users.
Electronic access has unacceptable limits on use (e.g., simultaneous users,
physical location).
Long-Term Electronic Availability
There is no credible contractual guarantee of continued access to the
subscribed electronic volumes in case of future cancellation or in the event
the publishers fails.
There is no evidence of the publisher s commitment to long-term digital
preservation of the journal(e.g., journal is not in a trusted digital repository).
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 Electronic is a available only in aggregator packages and library cannot

control if a title drops out (considered unstable).
Print Retention Responsibility
Library has a consortial or other responsibility to retain a print archive of the
journal title or the subject area to which it belongs.
Resources sharing requirements indicate the need for print.
Library has a premier collection in the field.
Timeliness and Reliability
There is a delay between publication of the print and availability of online
content.
The provider of the electronic journal is unreliable.
Content
The content of the print version differs from that of the electronic (e.g., the
print contains significantly more material than the electronic; mastheads,
letters, conference announcements, etc., are not maintained historically).
The electronic is not the primary publication venue (e.g., it does not provide
at least as much or more content than the print).
Open access (OA)-The free availabity and unrestricted use of scholarly research
shall not cease. While there are certain, formidable barriers to the adoption of
universal OA publishing and protocols, the infrastructure and groundswell of
support from governments, publishers, and the academic research community all
but ensures OA is here to stay.
We believe that open access will be an essential component of scientific publishing
in the future and that works reporting the results of current scientific research
should be as openly accessible and freely useable as possible. Libraries and

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publishers should make every effort to hasten this transition in a fashion that does
not disrupt the orderly dissemination of scientific information.
Libraries propose to:
1. In our education and outreach activities, give high priority to teaching our users
about the benefits of open access publishing and open access journals.
2. List and highlight open access journals in our catalogs and other relevant
databases.
(Bethesda Statement on Open Access Publishing. June 20,2003. Accessed
September 24,2010. http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/bethesda.htm.).
While funding is very tight for most libraries these days, as print subscriptions are
canceled, an initial, one-time savings may be realized and could provide seed
money for funding or cost-sharing of such OA publishing fees by various
departments within the organization.
Online catalog access to electronic OA serials ensures users will have a reliable
access point to OA titles. Many electronic resources management systems
(ERMSs) list OA journals Users may not know to go directly to DOAJ, or Google
Scholar, but they may know the library online catalog or ERMS as the one reliable
source of access for most of their journal needs. Such local access also provides an
opportunity to talk about open access and other scholarly communications issues
with interested faculty and administrators.
E-Portals and Technology
In an attempt to make proliferation of biomedical resources and knowledge in the
digital world, many collection specialists have collaborated with electronic
services librarians and outreach and instruction librarians to develop various types
of information portals-many 0f which are a combination of digital content as well
as discovery finding aids and tools.

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Sometimes referred to as electronic portals e-Portals, these websites-often

maintained by the library or hospital IT department through content management
systems (CMSs)-provide a one-stop shop and single point of entry to a finite
universe of online reasources and services for busy clinicians, trainees, and
researchers. Often, clinical users and to a certain extent, clinical project scientists
do not want the entire universe of information. Rather, because of time constraints,
their needs are more immediate. Having ready access to a few relevant resources is
better than complex access to many resources.
Point-of care resources is the class of electronic medical content that includes
databases containing regularly updated, filtered, review-type articles, based on the
latest available science or evidence. Point-of-care resources may also include drug
information, and common medical procedures with video clips and image files. For
nurses, after-care instructions. In order accommodate various clinical users,
facilitate access, and increase awareness of available resources, some health care
libraries have deployed a few key technologies and features within their e-portals.
One features of health care library e-Portals is to provide various page views
based on user status. For examples, clinical research faculty (e.g., project
scientists) may have one view of resources that focuses on research-oriented
databases, such as Thomsons Web of Science with access to citation analysis
databases. Patient care providers and trainees (Physicians, nurses, residents), may
have a different tab or page view with links to point of care resources such as
medicine, Dynamic, or First Consult.
Another technology or feature of health care library e-portals is the federated
search or met search, which allows simultaneous searching across a group of user
selected resources. Some met search engines de-duplicate results and may also
provide a relevancy ranking of the search retrieval. There are a number of thirdparty

federated

search

vendors

currently
153

in

the

market.

Web-Feat

(http://www.webfeat.org)

and

Deep

Web

Technologies.

(htpp://www.deepwebbtech.com) are two such companies. For a fee, these vendors

will provide the set-up, technical work, and maintenance. They will maintain and
update the list of resources APIs (application program interfaces) and other scripts,
programming code or technical changes associated with the content provider.
As point-of care resources proliferate, library managers and collections
specialists, particularly in academic settings, will be encouraged to provide access
to as many of these resources as possible. Some library managers have allocated a
set amount of dollars for these resources and others have partnered with various
hospital departments at the institution in order to provide the resources users most
request. Selection, funding, and evaluation of point of care resources should be a
collaborative process, particularly when tough choices have to be made in difficult
economic times. Though it may be challenging to do so, clinicians should be a part
of the selection and evaluation process, especially if integration of this content into
the electronic health record is being considered.
Knowledge Integration
The adoption of the electronic health record (HER) is increasing across the
country. With the passage of the this is a special issue and challenge particularly
for medical center and hospital-libraries. However, as the perform, overhaul, and
updating of medical school curriculums develops, academic health sciences
libraries will face similar challenges and issues. Learning management
systems(LMSs) also endeavor to integrate licensed library content, such as
electronic medical textbooks and course specific journal articles, into the online
school of medicine curriculum . Knowledge integration in either or both of these
environments requires collaboration between the library, publishers, and medical
school curriculum committees and/or HER implementation teams and hospital IT.

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One aspect of integration involves facilitating use of existing licenses and

content. In some cases, extending licenses to encompass these new environments
may require license renegotiations with the publisher. In these cases, there is the
potential for additional licensing fees. Library managers should be prepared to
thoroughly research this issue not only with content providers but vendors also.
Such research will bring compliance with copyright and the existing license
agreements and the payment of additional licensing fees, if required or appropriate.
Research studies regarding Info button use have shown that info buttons are an
important adjunct in providing quality health care and have the potential to
increase patient safety, decrease medical error, and lower health care costs. IMO
(Intelligent Medical Objects) uses a slightly different approach to knowledge
integration. Similar to the info button, IMOs Health search interface provides the
same contextual medical reference link outs, but does so form a menu of resources
based on user status, e.g., physician, nurse, pharmacist.
Institutional Repositories
Repositories are being deployed in a variety of environments and contexts. The
many repository platforms available today are changing the nature of scholarly
communication.
Various institutions and organizations are reestablishing their role not only as
publishers, but as stewards and preservationists of locally generated and produced
knowledge and research; and they are doing so through the creation of institutional
repositories,(IRs). Spurred on by the open access movement, institutions have
decided that the research, and knowledge generated by their own people must not
only be preserved, but controlled. Both in terms of local access, of course, but also
in terms of access and availability within the larger national and international
scholarly and research communities.

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Institutions undertaking this endeavor now realize that they need not rely on an
outside entity (e.g., for-profit publisher) or a foreign business model to determine
the destiny of the content they have paid faculty, researchers, and others to produce
for the public good. An excellent background resource on institutional repositories
is Building Digital Libraries . As one of the how-to do-it manuals from Neal
Schulman Publishers, Reese and Beaneries step users through myriad elements and
details of the decision making, planning, and execution process. They discus the
philosophical, practical, and technical aspects from beginning to end. This
endeavor will require coordination and collaboration by the librarian among
various technical and diverse user groups across the organization. If successful, the
development and facilitation of an IR by the library manager will bring lasting
value to the institution, the through evaluation is warranted.
Archiving
When it became clear that electronic journals were quickly becoming the preferred
format, librarians immediately raised the issues of preservation, perpetual rights,
and archives. In the along era, libraries owned the content once purchased through
subscription services. However, in the digital era, owning is not the business model
of choice for many publishers. Rather, for publishers, licensing the content for a
specified time has become the prevailing business model. Thus, when the librarys
license expires, access to not only current content but content accumulated since
the start of the agreement may expire as well. There are troubling matters for
libraries, yet very common.
In their role as fiduciaries for access to all knowledge throughout all time,
librarians have created some solutions. Sometimes, licensing agreements for
content from publishers will include a perpetual rights access clause granting
institutional licensees access in perpetuity, liar to the access enjoyed in the analog
world. Inter arrangements; some publishers make the digital files available for a
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one-time purchase. Other models preservation and access include electronic

archiving tiatives and services such as Portico, LOCKSS, and TOR, mentioned
previously. Participation in these serves is fee-based. Free are often tiered based on
the situations size and mission.
However, pricing for electronic journals and books is a moving target. Library
managers or collections specialists should negotiate based on their on their unique
institutional preferences and needs. There are as many pricing models as there are
publishers. Many observers agree that pricing models for electronic content is a
real concern. Publishers say that they have not yet experienced a cost savings in the
transport from print to electronic. They explain that while they may no longer have
to print on paper, produce color figures and gels, and mail issues to subscribers,
there are still significant production costs such as editing and programming, as well
as conversion costs and the ongoing management cost of maintaining digital
archives in perpetuity. These tasks, they say, must still be accomplished and while
some costs are about the same, other costs are slightly higher.
Presently, some publishers, not willing to cannibalize their personal
subscriber base, print hard copies and produce and electronic version. The activity
is particularly prevalent among the smaller society publishers whose subscribers
often receive a print copy of the society journal as a member benefit. Much remain
to be sorted out the determined by publishers and in the end, a true savings may
accrue. Whether this savings will be passed along to subscriber is an open
question. A possible scenario might be that in the face of diminishing personal
print subscription, if publishers decide to continue them, institutional subscriber
will most likely subsidize them. Thus, as the move to electronic becomes more
pervasive,annual increases for institutional subscribers/licensees-comparable to
what was paid for the print is entirely probable. But again, for institutional
subscribers, the added value is access. Moreover, certain publishers are providing
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true electronic versions of journals complete with media clips, -D graphs, charts,
feeds, and integrated video discussions with researchers-features, they may
contend, that will justify the cost increases. Refer to Chapter 8 in this text for more
discussion on issues related to electronic resources licensing.
Budget
Is there a formula for determining a collections budget? Should parameters
regarding expenditures based on various formats or subjects be articulated? The
collections budget is one part of the librarys overall budget, thus for more detail
regarding how this part might fit into the whole, pricing among publishers for
electronic serials content is still a work in progress. Some publishers have shifted
from print plus electronic pricing to electronic plus print so that now there is a
premium on the hard copy! Perhaps, within the parameters of the allocation the
librarian receives for collections, parsing out percentages by format, discipline, or
program is a reasonable method. Allowing for annual increases is essential. Yet,
without an increase in this allocation that keeps pace with the publishers annual
increases, inflation, and fluctuating currencies, librarians are challenged to
strategize in order to simply maintain status quo and adding new content carries
with it the discussion of what to cut in order to provide it
Determine the value of this shift and seek methods and opportunities for savings.
Internal collaborative funding, though sometimes an administrative headache, can
relieve the librarys burden and also inform users and administrators regarding the
high cost of providing online content. For example, some libraries cost-share with
the pharmacy department or pharmacy school when funding online drug
information resources. the cost for a compelling, cost-share argument with hospital
administrators because they understand that such resources enhance clinical
competency and reduce medical error.

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5.6 Changes in health Services:

Globally the nature of health care is changing, and the dynamic nature of this
change is equally prevalent in the Australian health care system. Changes in health
care policy, and in the information needs of health care professional, require health
information providers to develop a trench of skills to reflect this environment.
Changes in health care delivery through managed care, care pathways and a greater
focus on health outcomes have shaped the information needs of health practitioners
and the types of information that they need to access in order to operate effectively
in this changing climate. The need for critical appraisal skills, the development of
new information sources, the impact of the World Wide Web, and new systems for
managing health knowledge have created an impetus for health librarians to
reassess their role, increase their profiles and take a more active part in this new
environment as interpreters of evidence rather than merely as collectors and
custodians of the literature.
At a specific health level, the work of sub groups, such as Health Library Sections
has been strong. This group provides a programmed of events both at national and
state levels, reflecting current topics of interest and inn ovations affecting health
information providers. This activity has ranged from half-day workshops to longer
events, while also contributing to wider professional development through
conferences such as the combined Specials, Law and Health Libraries biennial
conference, which brings together these three sectors to explore common ground
and too learn about both generic and specialized topics.
In house training has also become more formally recognized as a vital part of
continuing development and training, especially with respect to generic skills such
as supervision, management and use of information technology.10 It is unclear,
however, how many organizations make these types of opportunities available to
all staff, including those in libraries. This is especially true in health care
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organizations, many of which have training and continuing medical education

policies that do not specifically cater for non-clinical staff.
Universities and other further education institutions also play an important role
in contributing to the development of librarians throughout Australia. However, it
is important to note that most tertiary instructions are not funded or staffed to
provide continuing education, because funding is generated by student enrolments.
Single subjects and distance e-learning courses most also raise enough income for
the institution to make it worth their while in the main, educational opportunities
offered through these institutions have been in the form of postgraduate
qualifications, masters degrees and doctoral programmed. Course in information
management are offered by departments other than those that specialize in library
and information studies. All of these differ in length, mix of coursework versus
research and the level of professional experience needed to enter each course. The
growth of interest in, and demand for, distance learning courses has in some ways
been met by many of these academic institutions giving a wider audience access to
development through this route.
Research with special librarians identified a lack of suitable continuing education
courses as a constraint to development.11 There is reason to suppose that this may
be true for those working in health libraries. While there are a range of courses on
offer, these change on a annual basis and often rely on those working within health
libraries themselves to organize and conduct events that are of direct relevance to
themselves. Durrance12 observed that librarians are not willing to pay the entire
cost of attending even a superior programmed designed to focus on issues rather
than skill development. Factors such as relevance and its immediate use in the
workshop are therefore overriding features which are considered when specialist
librarians are choosing development opportunities.

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The question of who pays for both time and money for the information
professionals development has been the subject of much debate over the years.11
Responsibility for meeting the individuals development needs has been recognized
as one that should be shared between individual and employer,6 because
organizational and personal requirements for development may overlap. Who
ultimately makes funds available for such activity is a matter of contention.
Continuing professional development activity is often paid for by participants,
partly by employers, with professional association and sometimes the government
making a contribution.
The development of the Career Development Kit has provided a useful aid towards
helping individual library professionals take responsibility for their own career
development. The Compliance Membership category is also a brave step towards
more effective professionals and will move information workers closer to the
standards expected by other professionals. There continues to be a prolific amount
of continuing professional development activity in Australia, yet evaluation of such
programmed has not been forthcoming. It will be interesting to see what impact the
development of a national policy has no whether health librarians keep up-to date
or whether other factors, such as local policies, the ability to pay, or the relevance
of available learning opportunities will instead prove to be more influential.
5.7 E-print and digital library
A far-reaching transformation of scholarly communication has thrived
during the early stages of evolution, enabled by the computing and
communications revolution. Development in 1991 at the Los Alamos National
laboratory, the Xiv e-print server was the first widely successful automated
electronic archive for research papers in physics and related disciplines:
mathematics, nonlinear sciences, computational linguistics, and neuroscience.
These key scientific communities and their use of the are Xiv server represent
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some of the most innovative and successful experiments to date in scholarly

communication. The online archive acts as a repository for electronic versions of
papers, providing a convenient way for scientists to share their results with
colleagues without having to wait for the article to appear in print. It is perhaps the
best known example of the way the Internet has already changed the way scientists
communicate.
5.5.2 Preprints and E-prints
The term preprint often refers to a manuscript that has been peer-reviewed and is
awaiting publication in a tradition journal. However, the term preprint also
covers papers submitted for journal publication, but for which no publication
decision has been reached, or even papers electronically posted for peer
consideration and comment before submission for publication. In fact, preprint can
also be documents that have not been submitted to any journal.
An e-print denotes self-archiving by the author. The Americans Physical Society
notes that an e-print includes any electronic work circulated by the author outside
of the traditional publishing environment. E-print may be unpublished works,
preprints, or published works. Unlike the familiar paper preprints, the e-prints can
be, and often are, updated by the author at any time, including after the peer-review
process. In some subjects, where rapid transmission of knowledge is critical,
electronic dissemination of preprints is an absolute necessity, with subsequent
traditional publication becoming almost a formality.
A decade ago scholarly communication involved mail, fax, or more recently, FTP,
and electronic mail. While traditional production and publication of documents
requires a significant investment of time, materials, and money, placing a preprint
or e-print on the World wide involves no printing costs and practically no
distribution costs. More importantly, preprint servers provide a convenient way for
scientists to share their results with their colleagues very rapidly, in the form of
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individual articles. At this point, the vast majority of preprint servers contain
scientific information. Fields in the humanities and social sciences have recently
begun following the trend, but still lag significantly behind in terms of server
repositories and papers.
5.5.3 Bottom Line: Is It Viable?
Two factors govern the ultimate viability of any scholarly communication
system: (1)the input activity, or submission of content supplied by authors; and (2)
usefulness, which is typically assessed via usage statistics. How does the are Xiv.
The profession of librarianship is in a force field. Health care institution are
merging and changing. The Internet is proving multimedia information while
national leaders are establishing standards for communication on a Global
Information Infrastructure (GII). New generations of computers are hitting the
market in months rather than years. Librarians, as information managers, are
challenged to be technically advanced while maintaining a service orientation. A
teaching role for librarians is developing as information resources become more
available and user friendly. The multidimensional currents affecting the discipline
are so strong and changing so rapidly that it is more challenging than ever to
maintain a professional bearing.
Medical college librarians are the primary providers of knowledge-based
information to the health care practitioner. During the past few decades, the
volume of health sciences information has increased exponentially, and computer
technology, has generated more ways of delivering this information with increasing
speed and accuracy.
Two key studies illustrate the value of information and its link to the quality of
health care. The Rochester study showed that Physicians rated the information
provided by the library more highly than that provided by other information
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sources2 and that information helped to minimize hospital admission, patient

mortality, hospital-acquired infection, surgery, and additional tests or procedures.
The recent study by Klein et al demonstrated the economic impact of MEDILINE
searches by a health sciences librarian, mediated by a physician for patient care
while the patient was hospitalized. Of the test case patients (for whom
MEDILINE searches were conducted during hospitalization), those whose searches
were conducted earlier had statically significant lower costs, charges, and lengths
of stay than those whose searches were conducted later.3
This current of information-to-practice requires at least three tasks from
librarians:
(i) to filter and utilize research-based information applied to their own management
skills,
(ii) to contribute to the body of knowledge through research and publication, and to
assist their clients in developing evidence-based practice. The future belongs to
those who can manage information and package it into focused segments for the
user.
Electronic tools for managing information have thus-become inexorably bound
to the profession of health sciences librarianship. Although computing technology
provides a way to cope with ever-increasing reserves of information, in turn this
demands that librarians expand their expertise in the computer and informatics
areas. Medical college librarians are moving into new roles in information
management, requiring new skills in administration, project and systems
management. Any future changes in information technology will have a
corresponding impact on the profession.
The technological movement toward integrated systems extends information
resources beyond the physical boundaries of the library, creating virtual libraries.
Distinctions between voice and video recording, data files and graphics images are
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fading and merging with printed materials. The health sciences library is becoming
a locus of all forms of stored information, and librarians are extending their
knowledge and skills to incorporate all forms of media.
More affordable, more user-friendly computers put more information resources in
the hands of the library user. Superhighways of information feed directly into laptops. The demand for librarians guides, instructors and coaches pre-empts the
question of whether librarians will be replaced by computers. The evidence shows
that the increasing availability of information only increases the need for guidance
in accessing the appropriate segments. In addition, the growing interest in quality
management and benchmarking increases the need for evidence-based practice in
the library as well as in the practice of the librarys clients.
5.7.1 New directions
It is becoming more evident that technological currents are altering the course of
health sciences librarianship in new and creative ways, which calls for significant
changes in the types of knowledge and skills that librarians require to remain at the
forefront of their profession. Based on current trends, a number of questions need
to be addressed. What will be the nature of the profession a decade from now?
What body of knowledge and skills will take health sciences librarians into the 21 st
century? Who is responsible for providing the resources for acquiring this
knowledge and skills? Where can health sciences librarians find the resources? If
the shelf life of an academic degree is 3 to 5 years, how do professionals continue
the education that is essential for ongoing effectiveness?
5.7.2 The response
The knowledge and skills task force began its work with a survey in which
members were asked to identify the knowledge and skills they currently needed to
be professionally effective and the knowledge and skills they perceived would be
required of them in the 21st century. The main focused on three key ideas:
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 Individuals must assume personal responsibility for aggressively seeking

life-long education and professional development opportunities from a
variety of sources. [ref. l, p. l7.]
There is a continuum of learning that includes both continuing education as
well as continuing learning: Learning moves along a continuum from stable
and consistent condition toward those that confront the learners with
changing and less-structured but learner-important problems, close to actual
work situations. [ ref. l, p. 8]
A coalition of interdisciplinary educational providers and consumers would
explore new opportunities on the continuum of learning, developing highimpact models for curriculum content, design, methodology, and
assessment. [ref. 1.p.18]
5.7.4 Continuum of learning
By placing the individual at the centre of the professional development picture,
Platform for Change implies that a universe of educational possibilities does exist
and begins to define the role of professional associations, employers, academia,
colleagues, mentors and other resources for personal professional growth. Each of
the resources can provide professional development opportunities directly relevant
to the individual, and they can also collaborate in the professional development
effort.
It calls upon set the standards for professional competency and compensation
take a leadership role in creating a vital and responsive professional development
program exercise leadership and work collaboratively with all participants in
the educational arena foster staff development programs offered by employers
establish a formal caisson with schools of library and information science
education design and implements a research agenda that advances the
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professional knowledge base[ref. 1, pp.20-22]. It asks employers to place a high

priority on staff development provide institution-based training within the
context of the broader educational experience recruit individuals of competence
and expertise. It challenges graduate programmed of library and information
science to lay a broad foundation that stresses theory over application, places
librarianship in context with other related disciplines, fosters professional values
and prepares students to design their own learning program throughout the length
of their careers provide a range of programs and opportunities that meet needs
throughout ones professional career define the boundaries of their programs and
develop effective relationships with other related information disciplines.
5.7.5 Knowledge and skills
To guide the individual in seeking professional development along the continuum
of learning,
Health sciences environment and information policies,
Management of information services,
Health sciences information services,
Information systems and technology,
Instructional support systems, and
Research, analysis, and interpretation.
5.7
ECONOMIC ANALYSIS & POLICY, VOL. 39 NO. 1,MARCH 2009
E-Journal on a Shoe String:
Piero Cavaleri
LIUC
Michael Keren..

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Use of market power to raise subscription prices and restrict access to scientific
output. We had hoped that open access journals could increase competition in the
field and thus provide some countervailing power. Our experience running a poorly
endowed journal has taught us that entry to the field on a very meager budget may
be easy, yet that keeping it alive, making it a sustainable enterprise, is not
straightforward. The latter problem, we surmise, would not be met by a richer
journal. We hope that this article may provide some insights into the theoretical
discussion of the economics of open-access publishing.
5.7.1
The EJCE is an on-line refereed journal. It entered the publishing field in 2004,
some 15 years after the collapse of the socialist economic system and the start of
transition. These events raised enormous interest in the field of economic systems
and in comparative economics. The very fission of the economic system of the
Soviet empire has provided a huge amount of new data on the importance of
institutions in the economy and a lot of new information on the nature and
characteristics of these institutions and their impact on the economy at large, in
market economies as much as in socialist ones. All these have led many leading
economists to contribute to these twin fields. The natural response to the flood of
publication was the birth of many new journals that deal with transition and
comparative economics. This interest subsided with time, and when we entered the
fray there was no need for new publications as such. Yet the General Assembly of
the European Association for Comparative Economics (EACES) decided in Forli,
Italy, to join LIUC and publish the e-journal. Several arguments led to this
decision.
The first argument-raised by Giovanni Ramello (at that time of LIUE) and Vittorio
Valli, the first president of EACES-was that it was necessary to help break the
stranglehold of the big publishing houses on academic publication. Since this
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forms the background of the contemporary journal publishing market, we present

this argument separately below. The second argument was associated with the
internal heeds of EACES. It was felt that there was a need for a new low cost
journal, open to promising young scholars and fully accessible both to experts in
the field and to the general public. This would give to EACES a larger visibility, a
forum for its activities and a useful means of diffusion of the scientific debate on
comparative economics to a wide public.
The question that arose was: Could we succeed given the excess supply of
journals? We had several reasons that led us to believe that we could. We felt that
we would satisfy a need that was keeping potential contributors ad readers away.
We believed there were young and 91
Inexperienced economists who may have been able to make important
contributions if they received some help in improving their presentation. We hoped
we would be able to provide such help where we thought it was needed and
justified, in particular to contributors from transition countries and more generally
from outside the western world. We had hoped that new contributors would come
from these up-to-now neglected markets. We believe that we were correct in this
assessment, and that this may have been one of the reasons for our success.
(Meadows, 1996). Very often, e.g. in economics, these publishers were scientific
associations or universities. But this has been changing: commercial publishers
have increasingly been entering the market by introducing new journals, at times
on behalf of scientific associations or individual scholars, at times by acquiring
existing titles. These dynamics have over the years led to a significant
concentration in the academic publishing industry, in line with what has been
happening in other copyright industries (Silva and Ramello 2000, Nictia and
Ramello 2007). The result of the increasing concentration has been a price rise far
exceeding the rate of inflation and the relevant increases in costs. In economics a
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rising number of top ranked journals are now in the hands of three big publishing
houses that have emerged. Or editorial or review efforts to publishers and journals
that engage in exploitive or exorbitant pricing 2. A comparable position has been
endorsed by other important US educational institutions. In a similar vein, the
editors of the Journal of Topology, an international journal of mathematics founded
in the late, 50s resigned from their positions in December 2006 in reaction to the
new publishers pricing policies, claming that the latter[have] a significant and
damaging effect on Topologys reputation in the mathematical research
community.3 The European Economic Association adopted a different strategy: it
decided in 2002 to found a completely new organ, the journal of the European
Economic Association, after having invested 23 years in building up the European
Economic Review (EER) that was published by a commercial publisher. Despite
this divorce, the EER, EER, through inertia, still enjoys a significant reputation
that is keeping it safely among the top journal in the ISI ranking. 4 That the British
market for scientific, technical and medical (STM) journals faces similar
conditions was brought to light through an investigation Fair trading. This antitrust
authority has so far not found it appropriate to intervene, yet it clearly asserts that
the position will be kept under review as three is evidence to suggest that the
market for ST journals may not be working well and that many commercial
journal prices appear high, at the expense of education and research institutions
Journals are the principal means by which scientific knowledge is disseminated.
The market, which operates worldwide, has a number of features that suggest that
competition may not be working effectively. However, market forces harnessing
new technology may change this without the need for intervention.5
These feeble attempts at countermeasures have so far not changed the state of
affairs. Its inefficiencies are clear. First, research institutes in general and
universities in particular are devoting significant amounts of their resources to buy
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the intellectual output of their own uncompensated researchers. By leading to a

wasteful duplication of costs, it increases the cost of research. Secondly, although
ICT technologies are providing means for cheaper production and delivery of
research results, the price increase must be based on market power. Since a
substantial part of the costs per subscriber is fixed, the concurrent increase in
potential demand would have permitted a reduction of prices had the market been
competitive. Furthermore, while in the past the market power enjoyed by the
publisher was significantly attenuated by provisos such as the fair dealing
exceptions, included in copyright law, that essentially provided a spill-over space
of knowledge for the non-paying users, these provisos are no longer effective in the
digital domain. And advances in ICT, which are reducing the cost of disseminating
information, seem paradox ally to be strengthening the hands of the oligopolists
and leading to price increases.
Journal, whether the open access model is a sustainable project in scholarly
publications and whether scientific journals can exist outside the confines of the
commercial market. From this viewpoint the choice of running a journal dealing
with comparative economics was largely fortuitous, driven by the ease of getting
the support of a scientific society, necessary, according to our hypothesis, to obtain
the reputational foundation for the journals attractiveness. We expected that being
the first e-journal in the field may benefit us, even though we were aware of the
fact that the leading journals in the field were also extending their presence on the
web. It was one of our aims to expand the invisible college of the economic
scientific community by including those who have thus far been excluded from the
access to many journals, by the pricing strategies imposed by most commercial
publishers. We wished to counter the current trend of increasing propertization of
just about everything which, according to many commentators, is significantly

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affecting the circulation of knowledge and hampering innovation, by providing

wide circulation of ideas through open access.
Our experience since then has proved that it is easy to start an e-journal, much
easier than a traditional print journal. The initial investment is low, the set-up is
simpler and running costs too are low, much lower than those of a print journal.
Accordingly, our publishing model relies on low, easy to cover, fixed and now
sunk costs and low positive marginal costs, covered partly by LIUC but mostly by
voluntary labour. What worries us is the future, the longevity of the journal.
Journals are ranked, and their ranking is determined by the numbers of
readers and citations. To attract good submissions a journal needs to build a
reputation, a readership that will, at the least, browse its contents and read those
articles that are relevant to it. Yet readers will spend time perusing it only if they
are assured that they may find in it material that is worth the time they invest. This
is an example of a chicken-egg problem: good papers raise the interest of readers,
yet the former will not be submitted to a publication which will not attract readers
interest.
The audience of an academic journal, the set of its potential readers, is only
indirectly affected by its price, which is usually borne by an institution. These
readers time is a highly constrained resource and the time and attention they can
allocate to scientific literature is limited. Most researchers read only the top
journals in their wider field, plus a selected range of the journals of their field of
specialization. Consequently top journals and few specialized.
Thus the opportunity cost of reading a given journal, and indirectly that of
submitting to it, is primarily composed of the costs of time and only partly of the
pecuniary expense usually borne by their institutions. When it comes to
submission, the publish or perish rule leads researchers to send their work to the
most visible and high reputation journals. This raises the importance of quality as
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the almost-exclusive consideration for reading a journal, and if the quality of a

journal is not perceived as comparable to the best, only those who are unable to
access the paying ones will choose to read (and indirectly-to submit to ) it.7
In other words, the fact that a journal if free on the web does not assure it of a
readership and most assuredly not of worthwhile submissions the convenience of
being available on the web may be to its advantage, yet now all most important
journals are provided both electronically and in print.
5.8.1 ECONOMICS OF OPEN ACCESS JOURNALS
The initial investment in setting up an e-journal is low. You need to set up a site
that allows contributors to upload their papers and referees to upload their reports,
that provides a secure access to the editors, and, of course, enables readers to read
and download the journal. All these separate modes of access have naturally to be
separate and secure. The technology for accomplishing the above is today easily
provided on the web, and we tried to use available software solutions. Each module
of the program is very simple, allowing us to change it often and quickly. Yet a
critical aspect for independent open access journals is website quality and look.
Open access journal websites have to be perceived as authoritative and
professional as commercial publisher websites.
5.8.1.1 Running an E-journal
Certain operations have to be undertaken by any scientific journal, printed or
electronic: to receive and evaluate submitted papers; to manage editorial work; to
process and format articles; to maintain and modify the journal web site; to
disseminate information and register the journal in internet directories and submit
new issues to bibliographic databases. Some of these have to be done by a central
office and in our case by Piero Cavaleri. How the latter are
Print journals have additional stages of production from which e-journals are free.
The fast and secure transmission of manuscripts and mail means savings of time,
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paper and labor. It is true that many traditional journals have gone over to
electronic uploading of papers and reports, and email communication of editorial
decisions has replaced paper mail. But for traditional publishers it meant a costly
reorganization of their existing routines, whereas EJCE started off in a paperless
way.
E-journals pay no postage. Their readers do not get them by mail but by email or
through search on the web. Posting journals requires paid labor, because it is most
unlikely that the overworked editors will be able to add to their other chores the
stuffing of journals into envelopes and the sticking of address labels. However, the
simplification brought by Internet is not an exclusive feature of open access
journals. It is available and widely exploited by traditional publishers, who are
increasingly pushing users to switch to electronic submission, reviewing and
subscriptions.
Pure e-journals enjoy a few additional advantages, e.g., the use of colour, which
may be very useful in maps and diagrams. Most printed journals are in black and
white and have to use substitutes for colours when, say, a figure has to represent
several distinct entities. Paper journals printed in colour face an added cost, which
may be quite substantial. For an e-journal colour comes free.
The journal has no office, no secretaries, no paid workers. The editorial team, freed
from locational anchors, exploits ICT- email, editorial blogs, Skype, and the likewhich permit cooperation that would be prohibitive in the physical world, though
the use of ICT is not the monopoly of open access journals. We are a staff of four,
all volunteers: two co-editors, a managing editor who is the busiest of the four, and
a technical editor who is responsible for transforming the manuscripts into the
published articles and takes care of running the website, of submissions to indexing
services and of other activities. The latter job is carried out at LIUC while the

174

former is done inTorino, Alessandria, Jerusalem and wherever else the teams
members, peripatetic academics, may happen to be.
Now this de-localized organization is of our course a huge advantage, an important
cost-saver for an association that is starved of resources and for its co-publisher,
LIUC that can spare but limited resources for the publication of our journal. But
these savings are not costless: an employed staff provides some permanence to an
organization. Our operation is too much of a personal one, and, so it seems to us,
depends on the desire of the existing staff of four to continue to carry out their job.
The ever-lurking question is: How long will they manage it? We cannot omit to
mention refereeing in the context of unpaid labour. It is another weak link in all
academic publication, although miraculously it has, in our case not been too much
of a hindrance. Referees, get little, if any, reward for their pro bono labour. We rely
fairly heavily on the cooperation of the members of our association in the choice of
referees, with all its limitations, which do not differ from those suffered by paper
journals.
Let us open with a few data on our production process. At the start we hoped that
we would be able to achieve a very rapid process and make very fast decisions on
our submissions. Our aim has been that the time between the submission of a paper
and its publication (if accepted should not exceed one year. Although the average
time span has been seven months there have been too many papers that have had to
wait longer, and some much longer. As a rule, the editors have managed to
determine the fate of a paper within a few days of the arrival of the referees
review. We were, however, sometimes disappointed with the speed of the referees
work. As a result we have not been able to achieve the fast throughput that we had
hoped for. Some journals in economics have solved this matter by paying their
reviewers who respond by the appointed deadline. We can obviously not do so.
5.9 E-publishing: and E-journals
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The information content of a document goes far beyond the simple text and
graphics which it contains. How information is presented is not less significant. It
is here that the new technologies are having a major impact. Everything is handled
using a computer. Tools have now emerged to support the development of
documents and their maintenance. The personal computer equipped with a visual
text editor has replaced the typewriter in any environment where documents are
created. The ability to manipulate text without having to rekey it has revolutionized
the way documents are created. Likewise, tools for the preparation of illustrations
make the job of creating a mixed-media document simpler. Pages are laid out using
the computers memory rather than paper, scissors and glue. The benefits are
twofold: the document is typeset with added information due too the presentation
format at a cost commensurate with that of a text-only typewritten document.
5.9.1 Components of Electronic publishing
The term electronic publishing is generally used to signify the use of computers
in the production of printed publications and also in the sense of distribution of
information using computers and telecommunication technologies. But electronic
publishing is a more radical service than either document delivery or information.
It is a form of publishing where the computer network becomes the primary
medium of creation, storage and distribution of information.
The application of the above electronic publishing concepts in scientific publishing
has been considered here to illustrate the phenomena involved. The process of
technical publication, in its broad sense, leads from gathering of information
during research and development to its appearance in a journal. This process
usually consists of four crucial steps: manuscript preparation, electronic
submission, printing, and electronic distribution.
5.9.1.1 Manuscript Preparation

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Systems for manuscript preparation have become quite sophisticated. When

coupled with high-resolution laser printers, they help produce results of
professional caliber. When coupled with low-cost, medium-resolution laser
printers, they provide a creditable desktop printing facility. The approach to
manuscript preparation involves embedding format commands in the source file of
a document which is prepared with any simple text editor; the source file can be
given as input to a printer commands; the printer program takes that file and a file
of fonts, and prints the documents. The formatter program takes care of margins,
selection of fonts, centering, indenting, pagination, paragraphing, spacing between
words and justification of lines, hyphenation, and footnotes.
5.9.1.2 Electronic Submission
Electronic submission, the second crucial step, refers to the transfer of a
manuscript electronically from author to editor, from editor to reviewer, or from
editor to publisher. The file must be stored in a standard text code (e. g. ASCII) that
can be read by different computers; it can be transferred on a floppy disk, over a
telephone connection, or over a network.
After the networks are in operation, a major obstacle is lack of standards for
describing documents and their components. How are paragraphs, sections, fonts,
tables, charts, graphs, citations, and the like to be represented? How many markup
languages-the name for description languages in the publishing trade should
publishers support and editors allow? Even today, in the absence of standards,
many publishers are pleased to receive a copy of a source file; all they need to do is
manually strip out the format commands and insert their own. Often called
capturing the authors keystrokes, this saves work and removes the possibility of
errors that normally occur when the publisher retypes the manuscript.
Printing, the third crucial step, involves the use of formatters output to drive
devices ranging from letter quality dot matrix printers to laser printers and
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phototypesetters. The patterns of small dots impressed on paper by a dot matrix

printer are too coarse to produce aesthetically pleasing documents. The more
microprocessor, a memory for holding fonts and the data to be printed, and a
marking engine; the marking engine uses a laser to imprint images on paper, the
lasers control signals coming from the microprocessor rather than from an optical
scanner. The manufacturers of printers have been interested in standardizing the
languages in which printer input (formatter output) is expressed. The most
common example in the United States is PostScript.
5.9.2 Electronic journal
An electronic journal is the one where the writing, editing, refereeing and
distribution of an item are carried out without any paper intermediaries. Much of
the drive for the electronic journal comes from the concem within the scientific
community over current pressures on conventional publishing. The interest in the
electronic journal is spurred mainly due to the literature, literature scatter, the cost
of publication, delays in disseminating research information through conventional
channels and added pressures on library budgets. This is a full text delivery system
and differs from conventional bibliographic databases available online only in the
nature of material being carried.
As can be seen, the links between many of these products are at best feeble.
Despite the comprehensive nature of such a list, electronic publishing is essentially
in its infancy. Many of the products covered are transitory as distinct from
transient and are clearly the forerunners of far more sophisticated services. Such
an example is broadcast teletext, which will be surely replaced in time by far more
sophisticated services using full channel delivery mechanisms, either broadcast or
more probably via cable networks. Even bibliographic databases online, among the
most successful and stable of the strictly information technologies in electronic
form, are evolving quickly.
178

While the potential of electronic publishing has been recognized for some time, it
is now becoming clear that many of the products will take longer for
commercialization than had been anticipated initially. As we progress, it is
becoming increasingly clear that technology alone will not determine the rate of
progress in electronic publishing. Other factors, including economics, user
acceptance and a commitment to established products and services, will hamper
the progress. It is also noticeable that where market for rapidly emerging electronic
products exists, like software, pre-recorded video cassettes and even teletext, these
are not really in direct competition with the printed equivalent.
5.9.2.1 Market and user Information
The lack of hard market and user information highlighted by the electronic
document delivery sector tends to be a major problem for those involved with
electronic publishing. It is also one of the factors that has delayed progress, as
many of the larger companies are understandably unwilling to invest without a
clear indication of the potential market.
5.9.2.2 Higher Costs
Publishing has traditionally been regarded as an easy-entry industry. This is less
true of many electronic publishing sectors where initial hardware, marketing and
support costs tend to be high. In video particularly, start-up costs are high and this
has prevented many conventional publishers from entering the market. Even in
more established information services areas, like secondary publishing and online,
launching a new product now involves major expenditure before any returns are
forthcoming.
5.9.2.3 Absence of Standards
The absence of proper guidelines and standards in many areas is a major
disincentive, both to corporate investment and purchases by individual end-users.
In some hardware areas, there has been a willingness by companies to switch
179

manufacture from one product to another with scant regard for users who may be
locked into an earlier system.
5.9.2.4 Legal Implications
Outside the product standards area, electronic publishing has major legal
implications for which solutions are not easy to find. Copyright, privacy, transborder data flow and many other problems are thrust into limelight by a technology
capable of handling vast quantities of information at unprecedented speed. The
whole electronic publishing area is littered with legal problems which demand a
solution. Delays and uncertainties in the legal area will undoubtedly have an
impact on the speed with which many electronic publishing products reach the
marketplace.

180

References:
German, Michael (1998). Technical services today and tomorrow. Ed.2. Colombo;
Lib.hittoton, 1998; p.201
Wegmen, K. and Byrd. (2004). Evaluating the effectiveness of clinical medical
librarian program. Jrl. Of med. Lib. Asso. Vol.92,2004;pp.14-34.
Dykhuis, Randy (1994). The promising of electronic publishing OCLC
program. Computers in libraries. Vol.14,1994;pp.14-20.
Jacobson, Thomas L. (1994). The Electronic publishing revolution is not global.
Jrl.of Amen. Soe.for Inf. Se.vol.45,10,1994;pp.745-750.
Bergstrom, C.T. (2002). Response: Procong and cost of e; electronic journals.
Jrl. Of Eco. Perspective. Vol.16,2002;pp232-238
Siehenberg, T.R. and Golbraith, B. (2004). Print V.S. Electronic journal use in
three Sc/Tech. discipline. What going on hera2. college 2 Res. Lib.vol.65,5
(2004);pp.427-438.
Tenopor, e. and King .D.W. (2007). Perception of value and value beyond
perception Measuring the quality and value of journal article readings. Service.
Vol.20,3,2007;pp.199-207.
Oswitch, Pauline A.(1990). the role of information professional in development.
Inf. Dev. Vol.6,1,1990;pp28-33.
Venkata , ramana , P. ( 2006) . The changing role of librarians in the challenging
dynamic web environment , CALIBER Calibers . 2006.
Usage, Ana G . restick, targen [2008] . Assesing print and electronic use of
preference medical textbook Irl, of MED . u.b Asso NO -1 90 , 2, 2008 ) pp , 145
147.
Buckland, Michael (1992). Redesigning library services. ALA, Chicago,1992;p.B.
(1998)

181

Ramaiah, C.K.h. Multimedia systems in libraries and their application.

DESIDOC Bull.of Inf or. Technology vol.18,6,2 1998;p.35.
Dunlap, Isaac Hunter (2008). Going digital: The transform tics of scholarly
communication and Academic libraries policy future in Edu. Vol.6,1,2008;pp.132141.
Opp. Enheim chanler (2008). Electronic scholarly publishing and open access.
Jrl. Of Inf. Sc.vol.34,4,2008;pp.577-590.
Tenopir, carol and king, D.

W. (2004). Medical facultys use of print and

electronic journals: changes overtime and in comparison with scientists. Jrl.of

med. Lib. Asso. Vol.92,2,2004;pp.233-241.
, synthesis, and application of information to problem solving and program
development in their chosen area.
Careers in health informatics require formal education and training, and there
are a number of pathways for ac hieving this. Those with clinical experience and
no information technology expertise, or those with degrees in such fields as
computer science or health sciences librarianship, p

182

Chapter 6
Data Analysis
T.1 Respondents Statement
Questionnaire

Questionnaire

Questionnaire

distributed

received

Used for

Total

study.
1.faculy

27.50

31.25

132

110

2. Research &

21.67
6035.08

19.78
56 32.75

Scholars

9.85

3. P.G.

34.66
175

students

28.74

29.68

30.00

32.75

32.02

4.U.G.

35.23
242

225

39.74
35.51

40.47
32.42

32.07

687
100

609

556

550

1715

100

110

students

31.25
110

100
352

20.00
32.17

100

10.07

10.00

171

32.67
165

32.67

55

165

100

220

505
100

40.00

100

The above table shows that total 609 Questionnaires distributed to users out of
which 556 received. After scrutiny only 550 questionnaires were considered for
study.

183

23%

28%

Research scholar
Faculty
U.G. students

17%

32%

P.G students

D 1 Questionnaires distributed

10%
30%
20%

Research scholars
Faculty
U.G.students
P.G. students

40%

D 2 Questionnaires received

184

10%
30%
20%

Research scholar
Faculty
U.G. students
P.G. students

40%

D 3 Questionnaires considered For study

T.2 Collection: 2011-12
Institutes:

Type of collection Language

Indian Foreign English Hindi

Collection
Books Reports

C D.

1. CHSMCK

yes
yes
Yes
_
19600 45
950
2. ERAMCL
Yes
yes
Yes
_
19500 56
337
3. HINIMB
yes
yes
Yes
_
3800
21
35
4. MNMCM
yes
Yes
Yes
19800 56
1740
5. RAMMCK
yes
yes
Yes
_
9500
35
240
6. RAMMCB
yes
yes
Yes
_
4700
29
115
7. SANMCG
yes
yes
Yes
_
7600
61
112
8. SARMCH
Yes
Yes
Yes
_
4500
11
75
9. SHAMCG
yes
Yes
Yes
_
7500
81
172
10.
SUBMCM
yes
Yes
Yes
_
21300 68
1560
11.
TMUMCM
Yes
Yes
Yes
_
7900
45
980
100%
100%
100%
The above table shows the states of the collection of medical colleges of U.P.
Energy medical college has a collection of Indian and foreign publications and that
is in English language only. Being limited students and courses (MBBS, MD and
185

few diplomas) the quantity of print collection is not much as of colleges of other
disciplines: 7 colleges have less than 10,000 books. The reason is the limited
publication and less variety and more costly. The libraries have also a collection of
reports and CD. Most of CDs are those attached to the book.
T.3 Collection of books:
Books
Below 5000
5001-10000
10001
15001 -20000
20001

Institute
3
4
3
1
11

27%
36%

Percentage
27.28
36.36
27.27
09.09
100%

5001-10000
Below 5000
20001-30000

9%

10001-20000
27%

D 4 Collection of books
T.4 Reports: 2011-12
Below 50
51-75
76-100

Institute
6
4
1
11

Percentage
54.55
36.36
09.09
100%

186

36%

Below 50
55%

76-100
51-75

9%

D 5 Reports
T.5 CD-2011-12
Quantity
Below 500
501-1000
1001-1500
1501-2000

Institute
7
2
2
11

Percentage
63.64%
18.18%
18.18%
100%

187

18%
Below 500
1001-2000

18%
64%

D6

501-1000

C D. (2011-12)

T. 6. E- Resources available:
Institute
1. CHSMEK
2. ERAMCL
3. HINIMB
4. MNMCM
5. RAMMCK
6. RAMMCG
7. SANMCG
8. SARMCH
9. SHAMCG
10.SUBMCM
11.TMUMCM

CD/DVD ROM

Bibliographical

Internet e-mail

Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
100%

database service
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes- 81.82%

service
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
100%

No- 18.18%
The above table shows the states of E-resources available in medical colleges of
U.P. All medical colleges have CD-ROM/DVD databases, and 81.82% have
bibliographical database. Moreover E-mail is also popular among the users.

188

T.7. Consortia package of periodicals:

Institute
1. CHSMCK
2. ERAMCL
3. HINIMB
4. MNMMC
5. RAMMCK
6. RAMMCB
7. SANMCG
8. SARMCH
9. SHAMCB
10.SUBMCM
11.TMUMCM

Number of
periodicals
3100
3500
3800
3500
NIL.
2500
5500
NIL.
4500
3500
5500

Cost of consortia

Network

8.75000
900000
880000
750000
NIL.
650000
1100000
NIL.
900000
650000
1050000

connectively
EMBSCO
INFLIBNET
INFLIBNET
EBSCO
INFLIBNET
DELNET
DELNET
DELNET
DELNET.

The above table shows the position of consortia package. All medical colleges have
consortia available except 2 colleges, ranges from 3000 e-journals to 5500 ejournals, and the cost ranges from 6000 to 11 taken.

T. 8

Journals covered under consortia:

Below 2500
2500-5000
5001-7500
No faculty

No. of institutes
1
6
2
1
11

189

Percentage
9.09
54.54
18.18
0.09
100%

20%
2501-5000
Below 2500

10%

No facility

60%

5001-7500

10%

D 7 Journals covered under consortia

T. 9

Extent of use E-journals

1. Faculty

More

Frequently.

Occasionally.

Total

frequently
58
52.73

35

17

110

17.21

31.82
23.18

15.45
27.42

40.00
2. Res.
scholar

22

6.53
63.64

29

52.73

04

7.27

19.20

6.45

25.45

10.91

190

55

3. P.G.

105

students
4. U. G.

31.16

42

69.09
152

45.10

27.81

18

20.45
45

29.80

29.03

165

10.46
23

38.00

220

11.27

550

students
61.27
337

27.45
151

62

T.10 More frequently:

1. faculty
2. Res. ScRo.
3. P.G.

17.21%
6.53%
31.16%

students
4. U. G.

45.10%

students
100%
The above table shows that 45.10% U. G. staves are more frequent in use while
31.16% P. G. students and 17.21% faculty is more frequently use e-journals.

191

7%
17%

31%

Research scholars
Faculty
U. G. students
P. G students

45%

D 8 More frequently

T. 11 Frequently:
faculty
Res. scholars
P. G. students
U. G. students

23.18%
19.20%
27.81%
29.80%
100%

192

23%

30%

1. faculty
Res. Scholars
3. P. G. students
19%

4. U. G.students

28%

D 9 Frequently
T. 12 Occasionally
1. Faculty
Res. scholars
3. P. G. students
4.U. G. students

27.42%
6.45%
29.03%
38.00%
100%

27%
38%

Faculty
Res.scholar

6%
29%

D 10 Occasionally
193

P. G. students
U. G. students

T.13 Faculty;
1. More faculty
2. Frequently

52.73%
31.82%

3. Occasionally

15.45%
100%

15%
More frequently
Frequently

53%

Occassionly

32%

D 11 Faculty
T.14 Research scholar;
1. More frequently
Frequently
Occasionally

40.00%
52.73%
7.27%
100%

194

7%
More frequently

40%

frequently
Occassionly

53%

D 12 Research scholars

T.15 P.G. Students:

1. More frequently
2. Frequently
3. Occasionally

63.64%
25.45%
10.91%
100%

11%
More frequently
25%

Frequently
64%

D 13 P. G. Students

195

Occassionlly

T. 16 U. G. Students;
More frequently
frequently
Occasionally

69.09%
20.45%
10.46%
100%

10%
More frequently

20%

Frequently
Occassionly

69%

D 14 U. G. Students
T. 17 Research sharing models;
SR No.

Research scholar

Users

1.
2.
3.

models
E-mail
Bulletin Board
Talley

357
28
00

64.91%
5.09%
-

4.

transmission
Video

55

10%

5.

conferencing
Photocopy

110
550%

20%
100%

Above table shows the status of resource sharing models. The largest use of E-mail
(64.91%) and photocopy 20%. Bulletin Board mode could not gain popularity
(5.09%) while video conferencing is used 10%
196

19%
E-mail
Bulletin Board

10%

Video Conference

5%

Photocopy

67%

D 15 Resource Sharing mode

T. 18 increasing level of print journals and their cost
No. of journals

1. CHSMCK

2. ERAMCL

3. HINIBM

Total

Cost of periodicals

Total

2009

2010-

2011-

2009-

2010-

2011-

2011

2012

yrs

2010

2011

2012

2010
26.37 30.30

43.33

967

27.81

33.64

28.55

7550

235

270

286

210000

25400

29100

00

+3.93

+13.0

31.21 33.99

3
34.80

29.58

+5.83
34.67

-5.09
35.75

1021

347

378

387

302000

35400

36500

000

+2.78

+0.81

35.14

+5.09
31.97

+1.08
35.32

32.60 32.26

1112

589

32.71
197

3 yrs

5380

Dire Age
ct

ncy

Yes

yes

yes

yes

yes

192

4. MNMC
Ms

190

207

-0.34

17200

19000

+2.88

29.29 36.45

34.26

30.76

-0.78
35.56

+3.35
33.68

1063

295

367

345

320100

37800

35800

000

+7.16

-2.19

30.21

+4.80
35.94

-1.88
33.85

9600

290000

34500

32500

00

5. RAMMCK 29.16 36.18

270

8. SARMCH

926

321

+9.09

-1.52

35.21

26.96

+5.73
37.42

-2.09
35.62

9940

268000

37200

35400

00

977

355

344

+7.89

-1.13

38.97

28.40

+10.46 -1.80
30.18
39.78

7290

207000

23200

29000

00

7. SANMCG 29.99 31.04

227

1007

757

235

295

+1.05

+7.93

26.57 37.98

35.51

25.26

+1.78
39.14

+9.60
25.60

6770

171

229

171000

26500

24100

00

245

645

+11.41 -2.76
9. SHAMC
Gr

26.23 37.81

35.96

170

233

245

648

26.73

+13.88 -3.54
34.25
36.12

6720

185000

23700

25000

00

32.97

+7.52
34.41

+1.87
32.62

8340

275000

28700

27200

00

+11.58 -1.05
10. SUBC
M

00

335

6. RAMMCB 28.45 36.34

278

34.66

176000

32.37 34.17

33.46

270

279

285

834

198

yes

yes

yes

yes

yes

+1.8
11. TMUC
M

-0.71

31.81 35.05

33.14

32.37

+1.44
35.63

-1.79
32.00

8280

265

292

276

268000

29500

26500

00

+3.25

-1.91

+3.26

-3.63

833

T.19 Increase in number and cost (in %)

No of journals
Cost of Jrls
Increase
Decrease
Increase
Decrease
2010- 2011- 2010 2011- 20102011- 2010- 20111. CHSMCK
2. ERAMCL
3. HINIMB
4. MNMCM
5. RAMMCK
6. RAMMCB
7. SANMCG
8. SARMCH
9. SHAMCG
10.SUBMCM
11.TMUMCM

11 %
3.93

12 %
13.03

-11
-

2012
-

2011
5.83

12
-

2.78
7.16
9.09
7.89
1.05
11.41
11.58
1.80
3.25
10

0.81
2.88

0.34
-

5.09
4.80
5.73
1.13
1.78
13.88
7.52
1.44
3.26
10

-1.08
+3.35
-

7.93
4
1
11+11 =22

199

2.19
-1.52
1.13
2.76
1.85
0.71
1.91
7

2011

2012
5.09

9.78

10.46
9.60
1.87
4
1
11+11=22

-1.88
2.09
1.80
3.54
1.79
3.63
7

yes

No of journals

Cost of journals

Increase

Increase

2010-11 = 10

2010-11 = 10

2011-12 = 01

2011-12 = 01

11

11

Decrease

Decrease

2010-11 = 04

2010-11 = 04

2011-12 = 07

2011-12 = 07

11

11

CHSMCK:
Year
2009-10
2010-11
2011-12

No of journals
235
270
286

%
26.37%
30.30
43.33
100%

200

Increase
3.93
13.03

Decrease
-

26%

30%

2009-10
2011-12 increase
13.03
Increase 2010-11
3.93%

43%

D 16 CHSMCK: Number of Jrls

15%
2009-10
2011-12 Decrease
(28.55%)

13%

72%

D 17 Cost of journals: cost

201

2010-11 Increase
(33.64%)

T. 21 ERAMCL
Year NO. of Percentage
journal No. Cost

Increase
No.% Cost

s
2009 347

31.2

29.58

-10
2010 378

1
33.9

34.67 2.78

-11
2011 387

9
35.7

35.75 6.81

-12

5
100

100

31%

34%

Decrease
No. Cost
%

5.09

1.08

2009-10 Base year

2011-12 Increase
0.81%
2010-11 Increase
2.78%

35%

D 18 ERAMCL. No. of journals

202

30%

35%

2009-10 Base year

2011-12 Increase
1.08%
2010-11 Increase
2.78%

36%

D 19 CHSMCK: Cost of journals

T. 20 HINIMB:
No. of journals
Year
No. of

Percentage
No.%
Cost

journal

Increase
No.% Cost

Decrease
No.%
Cost

2009-

s
347

32.60

32.71

10
2010-

378

32.26

31.97

11
2011-

387

35.14

35.56

12

203

-034
2.88

3.35

0.78

32%

33%

2009-10 Base year

2011-12 Increase
2.88%
2010-11 Decrease
-054

35%

D 20 HINIMB: No. of journals:

31.97

32.71

2009-10 Base year

2011-12 Increase
+3.35%
2010-11 Decrease
-.078

35.56

D 21 HINIMB: Cost of journals

In take Punjab colleges. 1956-2010

204

1956-2010
18000
16352
16000
14000
12087

12000

1956-2010

10000
8000
5350

6000
3958

4000
2000

1156

1536

1990

1994

1996

2862

90

1956

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2010

T.23
MNMCM:
No. of Percentage

Increase

Decrease

journal
s
Year

Number

Cost

Number

Cost

Number

Cost

295

%
30.76

2009

%
29.29

-10
2010

367

36.45

35.56

+7.16

4.80

-11
2011

345

34.26

33.68

2.19

1.88

-12
205

100%

100%

2009-10 Baseyear

29%

36%

2011-12 Decrease
-2.19
2010-11 Increase
+7.16%
34%

D -22 MNMCM: Number of journals

2009-10 base year

31%

36%

2011-12 - Decrease
-1.88
2010-11 Increase
+4.80%

34%

D-23 MNMCM: cost of journals

T. 24
RAMMCK:
206

Years

Percentage
Increase
Number of Numbe Cost of Number
journals

2009-10 270
2010-11 235
2011-12 321

r of jrl
29.16
36.18
34.66
100%

Jrls

of Jrls

30.21
35.94
33.85
100%

9.09
-

Cost of

of

of

Journals

Jrls

Journals

5.73
1.52

2009-10 Base year

29%

36%

Cost

Decrease
Number

2011-12 Decrease
-1.52
2010-11 Increase
+9.09
34%

D-24 RAMMCK: Number of jrls

207

2.09

30%

36%

2009-10 Base year

2011-12 Decrease
-2.09
2010-11 Increase 5.73

34%

D-25 RAMMCK: cost of journals

T.25
RAMMCB: Increase Trend:
Number

of Percentage

Increase

Decrease

journals
Year
278

28.45 26.96

355

36.34 37.42

2009-11
2010-11

7.8

10.46

9
344

35.21 35.62

2011-12
100

100%

208

1.13 1.08

2009-10 Base year

28%

36%

2011-12 Decrease
-1.13
2010-11 Increase
7.89%
35%

D-26 RAMMCB: Number of journals

37%

2009-10 Base year

27%

2011-12 Decrease
1.80
2010-11 Increase
10.46%

35%

D-27 RAMMCB: Cost of journals

209

T. 26
SANMCG: Increasing trend
Number

Percentage

Increase

Decrease

of
journals
Number of Cost
Year

2009- 10
2010-11
2011-12

227
235
295

of Number of Cost

of Number of Cost

journals

journals

journals

journals

29.99
31.04
28.97
100%

28.40
30.14
39.78
100%

1.05
7.93

1.75
9.68

2009-10 Base year

33%

34%

2011-12 Increase
+7.93
2010-11 Increase
1.05

32%

D-28 SANMCG: Number of journals

210

journals

of

journals

29%

31%

2009-10 Base year

2011-12 Increase 9.68
2010-11 Increase 1.75
40%

D-29 SANMCG: Cost of journals

T. 27
SARMCH: Increase trend
Number of Percentage

Increase

Decrease

journals
Year

Number Cost of Number Cost of Number Cost of

of

journals of

2009-

171

journals
26.57
25.26

10
2010-

245

37.98

39.14

11.14

11
2011-

229

35.51

25.60

13.88

12

211

journals

journals of

journals

journals

2.76

3.54

27%
38%

2009-10 Base year

2011-12 Decrease
2.76%
2010-11 Increase
11.41

35%

D-30 SARMCH: Number of journals

28%

2009-10 Base yaer

2011-12
Decrease3.54%

43%

2010-11 Increase
11.41%
28%

D-31 SARMCH: Cost of journals

212

T.28
SHAMCG: Increase trend
Number of Percentage

Increase

Decrease

journals
Number Cost of Number Cost of Number Cost of
Year

of

journals of
journals

2009-

170

journals
26.93
26.73

10
2010-

245

37.81

34.25

11.58

11
2011-

233

35.96

36.12

100%

100%

journals of
journals

7.52
1.87

1.85

12

27%
38%

2009-11 Base year

2011-12 Decrease
1.85%
2010-11 Increase
11.58%

36%

D-32 SHAMCG: Number of journals

213

journals

28%

35%

2009-10 Base year

2011-12 Increase
1.87%
2010-11 Increase
7.52%

37%

D-33 SHAMCG: Cost of journals

T. 29
SUBMCM: Increase trend
Number

of Percentage

Increase

Decrease

journals
Year

Number Cost of Number Cost of Number Cost of

of

2009-10
2010-11
2011-12

270
285
279

journals
32.37
34.17
33.46
100%

journals of

journals of

journals
32.97
34.41
32.62
100%

214

1.80

journals

journals
1.44
0.71

1.79

32%

34%

200-10 Base year

2011-12 Decrease
0.71%
2010-11 Increase
1.8%

33%

D-34 SUBMCM: Number of journals

33%

34%

2009-10 Base year

2011-12Decrease
1.79%
2010-11 Increase
1.44%

33%

D-35 SUBMCM: Cost of journals

T.30
215

TMUMCM: Increasing trend

Number of Percentage

Increase

Decrease

journals
Year

Number Cost of Number Cost of Number Cost of

of

2009-10 265
2010-11 292
2011-12 276

journals of

journals
31.81
35.05
33.14
100%

journals
32.37
35.63
32.00
100%

3.25

3.2.6
1.91

2011-12 dicrease
1.91%
2010-11 Increase
3.25%

33%

D-36 TMUMCM NUMBER OF JOURNALS

216

journals

journals

2009-10 Base year

32%

35%

journals of

3.63

2009-10 Base year

32%

36%

2011-12 Dicrease
3.69%
2010-11 Increase
3.2.6%
32%

D-37 TMUMCM: COST OF JOURNALS

T. 31
Information programmed of Medical College library
Institution coverage

No.

of No.

volume
day
National International I

1. CHSMCK
2. ERAMCL
3. HINIMB
4. MNMCMJ
5. RAMMCK
6. RAMMCB
7. SANMCG
8. SARMCH
9. SHAMCG
10.SUBMCM
11.TMUMCM

per of

copies per

vents

day

385

800

327
229
235
195
248
212
235
258
248
232

540
430
285
212
210
190
312
285
318
272

Return

Yes

Yes

semi
350 275

Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes

Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes

290
195
210
175
235
179
211
235
247
190
217

Photostats

217
182
190
138
212
162
186
215
221
145

The above table shows the position of information programs available and sum by
the medical colleges. The Medical colleges run their programmed at national and
international level. The users cover the global areas for conducting medical
education. The leading services range from 150 books to 300 books per day
depends on the services and staff availability. The users attended library daily
ranges between 200 to 400 users. There is a proper photocopy service available in
every medical college.
T.32
Number of volumes per day: Returned

Less than 200

201to 300
More than 301

Institutes

Percentage

6
4
1
11

54.55
36.36
9.09
100%

9%
Less than 200
36%

55%

218

201-300
More than 301

D- 38 Number of volumes per day: Returned

T. 33
Number of volumes per day: Issue

Less than 200

201-250
251-300

Institute

Percentage

04
6
1
11

36.37%
54.54%
9.09%
100%

9%
36%

Less than 200

201-250
251-300

55%

D-39 Number of volumes per day: Issued

T. 34:
Number of vents per day:
Less than 200
201 to 250
251- to 300

Institute
1
7
1

Percentage
9.09%
63.64%
9.09%
219

301-and above

2
11

18%

18.18%
100%

9%
Less than 200
201 to 250

9%

251to 300
301 and above
64%

D- 40 Number of visits per day

T-35:
Photo state per day
Less than 200
201 to 250
251 to 300
301 to 350
351 to 500
500 and above

Institutes
1
3
2
2
1
2
11

Percentage
9.09%
27.28%
18.18%
18.18%
9.09%
18.18%
100%

220

18%

9%

Less than 200

201 -250

9%

251-300

27%

301-350
351-500

18%

500 and above

18%

D-41 Photo state per day

T-36:
Pint Periodicals:
Institute

Number of periodicals
Indian
35.11

Foreign
64.89

Total
413

145

268

11.57

33.66

66.34

410-

138

272

31.16

68.84

215-

67
33.33

148
66.67

258-

86
28.99

172
71.00

307-

5. RAMMCK 89
25.31

218
74.69

324-

1. CHSMCK

2. ERAMCL

3. HINIMB
4. MNMCMr

221

6. RAMMCB 82
31.64

242
68.36

275-

7. SANMCG

87
30.91

188
69.09

220

68
33.28

152
66.72

577-

192
32.86

385
67.14

280-

92
24.83

188
75.17

290-

72

218

1118

245%

8. SARMCH
9. SHAMCG
10.SUBMCM
11.TMUMC
M

3569

The above table shows the status of periodicals available in medical colleges of
U.P. Since the emerging of e-resources, the print periodicals are subscribed in less
number ranges between 65to 200 and 150to 400 which is insufficient but satisfy
the users because of change in nature to access e-journals more in number.

35%

Indian
Foreign

65%

222

D-42 CHSMCK

34%
Indian
Foreign
66%

D-43 ERAMCL

31%
Indian
Foreign
69%

D-44 HINIMB

223

33%
Indian
Foreign
67%

D-45 MNMCMr

29%
Indian
Foreign
71%

D-46 RAMMCK

224

25%
Indian
Foreign
75%

D-47 RAMMCB

32%
Indian
Foreign
68%

D-48 SANMCG

225

31%
Indian
Foreign
69%

D- 49 SARMCH

33%
Indian
Foreign
67%

D-50 SHAMCG

226

33%
Indian
Foreign
67%

D-51 SUBMCM

25%
Indian
Foreign
75%

D- 52 TMUMCM

227

T. 37 Purpose of using E-journals

More

Frequently

Occasionally

No

frequentl

respons

y
25.45

e
NIL

550

NIL

550

49.09

25.45

270

140

22.00

10.81

20.00
110

34.55
190

45.45
250

prepare 12.57

15.48

19.31

events 8.18

12.36

35.45

44.00

68

195

242

To search for 5.14

5.55

15.06

53.42

specific desire 7.64

14.91

39.09

38.36

82

215

211

6.68

16.60

46.58

9.27

27.45

To

prepare 14.0

teaching

and 16.00

learning aids
To
current
in

Total

medical

service
45

550

dowse
42
To

collect 4.80

information on 26.90
medical

550

36.36

management
148

51

200

30.63

4.96

11.66

45

38.18

24.55

37.27

210

135

160

For

24.00

11.00

15.83

article/project

32.73

42.00

25.27

For

research 16.92

activities

228

550

550

preparation
180

231

139

18.83

10.73

22.72

31.87

33.64

11.77

100

875

1027

1299

459

3850

100

100

100

100

To collect and 20.57

NIL
550

use of online
database

The above table shows the purpose of users e-journals. More use is made for
project preparation and use of online database
To prepare teaching aids:

25%
More frequently
49%

Occasionally
frequently
25%

D-53 for teaching & learning aids

229

20%
35%

More frequently
Occasionally
Frequently
45%

D-54 Prepare current events in medical service

8%
12%
44%

More frequently
Frequently
Occasionally
No response

35%

D-54 To search for specific desiase drugs

230

8%
15%
38%

More frequently
Frequently
Occasionally
No response

39%

D-56 To collect information on medical management

25%

28%

More frequently
Frequently
Occasionally

10%
38%

D-57 To research activities

231

No response

37%

38%

More frequently
Frequently
Occasionally

25%

D-58 For articles project preparation

25%

33%

More frequently
Frequently
Occasionally

42%

D-59 To collect and use of online database

232

To prepare for current

events

5% 13%
5%
17%

16%

For teaching& learning

aids
For online database
For project
For research activities

24%

Information for
medical muget

21%

For specific desiase

D-60 More frequently

15%

For teaching and

learning aids
22%

For use of online

database

6%

For project

7%

For research activities

19%

20%

Information for
medical mugt
For specific desiase

11%

For current events

D-61 Frequently

233

0.19

For teaching &

learning aid

0.11

For use of online

database

0.16

For project
For research activities

0.15

For information on
medical mugt

0.18
0.17

For specific desiase

For current events

D-62 Occasionally
T. 38
To use of online database:
More

Frequently

Occasionally

frequently

No

Total

respons
e

1. Faculty

25.45

43.64

30.91

48
40.00

34
21.82

110

2. Research

28
38.18

scholars
3. P.G.

21
47.27

22
41.82

12
10.91

55

students
4. U.G.

78
24.09

69
41.82

18
34.09

165

students

53
32.73

92
42.00

75
25.27

220
550

180

231

139

234

25%

31%

More frequently
Frequently
Occasionally
44%

D-63 Faculty.

35%

More frequently
Frequently
65%

D- 64 Research scholar

235

Occasionally

11%

47%

More frequently
Frequently
Occasionally

42%

D- 65 P. G. students

24%
More frequently

42%

Frequently
Occasionally
34%

D-66 U. G. students

236

25%

33%

More frequently
Frequently
Occasionally

42%

D- 67 users (Total)
T-39:
For prepare for current event in medical service
More

Frequently

Occasionally

Total

frequently
43.64

4364

12.72

110

48

14

2.Research

48
45.45

38.18

16.37

Scholars

25

21

47.27

15.15

37.58

78

25

62
49.09

44.55

6.36

98

14

1.Faculty

3.P.G.Students

4.U.G.Student
s

108

237

55
165

220

13%

44%

More frequently
Frequently
Occasionally

44%

D-68 Faculty

16%

45%

More frequently
Fequently
Occasionally

38%

D-69 Research scholar

238

15%
38%

More frequently
Frequently
Occasionally

47%

D-70 P.G.Students

6%
More frequently
49%
45%

Frequently
Occasionally

D-71 U.G.Students

239

T-40
For teaching and learning aid:
More

Frequently

Occasionally

Total

1.Faculty

frequently
77.27

22.73

00

110

2.Research

85
100%

025
-

55

scholars
55
3.P.G.Students -

72.73

27.27

165

4.U.G.

120
56.82

45
43.18

220

125

95

Students
140

270

140

23%
More frequently
Frequently
77%

D-72 Faculty

240

More Frequently

100%

D-73 Research Scholars

27%
Frequently
Occasionally
73%

D-74 P.G.Students

241

43%

Frequently
Occasionally

57%

D-75 U.G. Students

T-41
To search for specific disease
More

Frequently

Occasionall

No

1.Factuly

frequently
22.73

31.82

y
9.09

response
36.36
110

2.Research

25
27.27

35
18.18

10
27.27

40
27.27

55

scholars
3.P.G.Students

15
053.03

10
10.91

15
39.39

215
6.67

165

18
2.27

65
47.73

77
50.00

220

45

05
68

105
195

110
242

4.U.G.Students

242

Total

23%
More frequently

36%

Frequently
Occasionally
No response
9%

32%

D-76 Faculty

27%

27%

More frequently
Frequently
Occasionally

27%

18%

D-77 Research scholars

243

No response

3%

11%
More frequently
Frequently

47%

Occasionally
39%

NO response

D-78 P.G. Students

2%
Frequently
50%

48%

Occasionally
No response

D- 79 U.G.Students

244

T. 42
To collect information on medical management:
More

Occasionally

NO

Total

frequently y
22.73
48.18

29.09

response
-

110

1. Faculty
2. Research

25
21.82

53
27.27

32
38.18

12.73

55

3. P. G.students

12
3.03

15
8.48

21
69.70

07
18.89

165

14

115

31

21.36

78.64

82

47
215

173
211

4. U.G.students

Frequentl

42

23%

29%

More frequently
Frequently
Occasionally
48%

D- 80 Faculty

245

220

13%

22%
More frequently
Frequently
Occasionally

38%

27%

No response

D- 81 Research scholar

19%

3% 8%
More frequently
frequently
Occasionally
No response
70%

D- P.G.students

246

21%
Occasionally
No response
79%

D-83P.G.students
T.43
For research scholar
More

Frequently

Occasionally

No

Total

response
-

110

1. Faculty

frequently
81.82

18.18

2. Research scholar

90
43.64

20
12.73

55

3. P.G.students

48
9.09

07
14.55

9.09

67.27

165

4. U.G. students

15
-

24
-

15
-

111
100%

220

220
148

51

247

20

331

550

18%
More frequently
Frequently
82%

D-84 Faculty

23%
More frequently
Frequently
77%

D-85 Research scholars

248

9%
15%

More frequently
Frequently

9%

Occasionally
No response

67%

D-86 P.G.students

No response

100%

D-87 U.G.students

249

T.44
For project work:

1. Faculty
2. Research scholar
3. P.G.students
4. U.G.students

More

frequently

Occasionally

No response

Total

frequently
31.82

13.64

13.64

40.91

110

35
76.36

15
14.54

15
9.09

45
-

55

42
27.27

08
39.39

05
33.34

165

45
40.00

65
21.36

55
38.64

220

88

47

85

38.18

24.54

29.09

8.18

550

210

135

160

45

32%
41%

More frequently
Frequently
Occasionally
No response

14%
14%

250

D- 88 Faculty

27%

33%

More frequently
frequently
Occasionally
39%

D-89 P.G. students

9%
15%

More frequently
frequently
Occasionally
76%

D- 90 Research scholars

251

39%

40%

More frequently
Frequently
Occasionally

21%

D- 91 U.G. students

252

CHAPTER-7
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS
In categories such as science journals the Library has already concluded
arrangements with publishers that have led it to collect digital version of
periodicals and this is set to continue. The Library is collaborating with other
institutions in the extension of legal deposit to non-print material and a voluntary
scheme is currently in operation.
The shift from a print to an online environment did not represent anything as
simple as a format shift for either libraries or publishers. It changed virtually
everything about the way we do our work. It also cleared the way for an equally
radical shift. One from an environment in which scholarly information was scarce,
expensive and hard to find, to one in which the centre holidays of the worlds best
libraries are suddenly widely available to the general public and fully searchable
both individually and in the aggregate. At the same time, new technologies are
obviating the traditional library role of collection development and making it
possible for publishers to sell books in completely new ways. There are radical
shifts in the information landscape, and require similarly fundamental changes in
thinking and practice for libraries and publishers that wish to remain important to
their clients and stakeholders.
Conclusion
Medical college libraries have an opportunity in health information technology and
in educating health science providers in using the technology. There is a lack of
awareness among medical libraries who implement and run information
technology in medical colleges. There is need of skilled trained and experience
manpower in medical college libraries. There is a need of medical library
professionals work full and par time providing library services to users. Medical
college librarians are applying new technology in libraries and users access
253

information themselves and this will in vitally reduce the librarians role. A
librarian focuses on having right technology available.
No doubt wireless technologies aiding medical users to obtain quick
access to accurate information. It takes 2 minutes to find information. The role of
librarian is changing from being focused on providing answer to reference question
to being information support personals
Internet is providing multimedia information and establishing
standards of communication on a Global information infrastructure. New
generation of computers are hitting the market in mouths rather than years.
Librarian have changed as information to technologies and maintaining service
articulation.
The libraries and publishers have framed their separate
motivation, perspectives and declined making processors ever sharp contrast of
differences.
Finding:
The observation has emerged from data comparison was the sheer
predominance of electronic usage compared to print usage. During the study there
were about 22000 electronic viewings of full text articles out of which about 800
users for the print corresponding print volumes.
Because collection of usage data for the print collection did not precede the
availability of electronic version, the study could not determine how much of the
electronic usage presented a migration of use form print.
2.
The growth in electronic library systems has forced to review of the library
services and structures. The increasing provision of information online is evident in
a vast array of information services. The benefits of this change are significant,
many users may access the same information simultaneously, information may be
254

update instantaneously; costs are reduced; and staff time in shelving and handing
resources is minimized.
During the analysis of data and its interpretation, it was found that the
electronic mail and the Xerox machine are most used among research scholar.
Likewise, information retrieval services are rendered and used by research scholars
such as automated lending, automated CAS, CD-Net, Dial-up services, Internet
browsing, CD-ROM search, on-line search, e-mail, etc. Since automated
translating is not rendered in the library and therefore there was no response for it.
Likewise users do not use the telex and fax service in the library as found. It was
also found that the users are mostly not satisfied with the services extended by
U.P. State Engineering College libraries. Only a few users expressed fairly in their
satisfaction.
It was also found that majority of the users expressed that the information can
be accessed also in the department since the teachers are provided computer and
internet facility in their departments. Hence, they will not find any obstacles in
accessing information. The users also expressed that they do not find any problem
in using/searching information through electronic sources if they are properly
guided where as some students face a title problem in using and searching
information through electronic sources because of lack of initiation instructions.
It has been observed that majority of the users do not make use of
reproduction facility for the current information from the journals.
Microfiche / microfilm use is found to be less as it is outdated. E-mail
facility is used to access the information from the various information centre
to the maximum.
It was observed that research scholars are also not satisfied with the
automated information retrieval services provided in the medical College
255

libraries of eastern U. P. as libraries are not properly equipped with

computer, networking. Internet and OPAC facilities in libraries.
It was observed that users of medical College libraries face little problem as
they are not fully aware of electronic sources and services provided in the
library as they have the knowledge of handling the electronic sources but
need guidance.
Finally, the user of medical College libraries particularly of U.G. students is not
much familiar with electronic information sources and therefore they should be
motivated and encouraged to use more and more of these electronic sources in the
library. Thus the selection of electronic sources on the Internet necessitates the
knowledge of major Internet resources tools such as the www, telnet, and ftp. So
that the users in general and the research scholars in particular of the medical
colleges could access the electronic resources available through Internet and ejournals according to their choice.
The Library / information centre is considered as the backbone of any
research organization as it provides its user the literature and information through
electronic sources and services in order to carry out their academic activity, i.e.
teaching and research. There has been an increasing demand for a good library
collection in terms of large amount of data / information, and the publishing media
is also striving hard to support the demand by way of e-publications as well as the
online access.
With the increasing use of electronic resources, a changing pattern of usage is
evident. The ability to connect to library services through the Internet and to access
information services from other sources has reduced the capacity to characterize
and categorize users. Medical college users, for example, are increasingly electing
to access their information services through their computers particularly as more
resources are online and down loadable.
256

Hence the hypotheses of the study proves that medical College libraries
students, researchers, teachers and other users to access the latest scientific
literatures and enables them to keep pace with the development taking place in the
scientific world and helps to make a positive impact on the quality of research in
various fields of literature.
The amazing technological advancements have also opened new horizons for
information creation, duplication, storage, access, distribution, and presentation.
The pace at which information sources are being produced and converted into
electronic form is marvelous. Digitization of information is resulting in access to
an unbelievable volume of information. Treasures of the human intellect previously
hidden from the masses stored under tight security and accessible to only limited
privileged scholars are now accessible to all.
In fact information from electronic sources can not be accessed in the same
manner as printed sources were consulted previously. Adequate knowledge about
computers and retrieval techniques to effectively search for these electronic
information sources. Thus, technological advancements have extended new
opportunities as well as posed new challenges for individuals, forcing to acquire
the necessary skills to be benefited from these advancements.
Many studies have suggested that the use of electronic information sources
could enhance effectiveness, efficiency, and the quality of education and research
with the regard, computer skills and ability to quickly access necessary information
can assist researcher in benefiting forms this huge volume of digitized information.
It will help to improve the quality of research and also encourage to use these
electronic information sources for their assignments and projects etc.
The study was aimed to make an analytical study on the use of electronic
information resources and services provided to users in the medical College
libraries of Eastern U.P. The study has also revealed that a majority of medical
257

college users are using these sources i.e. OPACs, CD-ROM and the Internet in the
Engineering Colleges library for their studies. Use of Electronic Information
sources and services has been influenced due to computing skills among them.
Precisely, the electronic library will be needed to provide a range of new
value-added services for infernally generated and externally acquired academic and
scholarly information. The primary aim of the electronic library and its resources
should be to support the institutions teaching, learning and research activities
while few suggestions tendered illustrate the scope for creating better connections
with users, they also emphasize the need to think more creatively about
information service and its future paths. There is an implicit assumption that the
user will be able to retrieve information successfully if the re-resourcing is suitably
managed.
Since there is a significant relationship between computer literacy and the
use of electronic information sources and services, it is desirable that adequate.
Emphasis should be given to developing computing skills among library users
through user education programmed. Thus the users having better computing skills
can be more benefited from the ever increasing volume of digital information.
Finally, if they are computer literate and knowledge about search techniques, they
will start using electronic sources more frequently and confidently.
Changing Face medical college libraries
Over the years, the library has also undergone transformations with regard to
collection development and practices in true with the socio-technical changes. The
decisive point of departure in the character of the traditional library can be
attributed to the advent if information technology in general and computer
technology in particular.
e-Resources should be live and functional throughout the academic
programmed in a library. But e-Resources either have their life-term or become
258

outdated due to emerging new technology. Hence they are required to be weeded
out.
Table -59: Medical college libraries: Level of satisfaction of resources
1.
2.
3.

Satisfactory
Fair
Not Satisfactory

56.64%
25.60%
17.76%
100.00%

D-43: Level of Satisfaction

Table-60:Medical College: Library Services

259

1.
2.
3.

Satisfactory
Fair
Not Satisfactory

38.18%
39.18%
22.72%
100.00%

D-44: Library Services

Table-62: Medical College libraries: Service satisfied

Item
Lib.Service

Satisfied
3

Fair
6

260

Not satisfied
2

Total College
11

Videos

11

Periodicals

11

Bibliography

11

CD-ROM service

11

Photocopying

10

Internet

OPAC

11

Ref. Library

11

Total

64

26

99

11
11

It is clear from the study that all medical College libraries providing OPAC
facilities for the maximum use of documents of libraries. U.P. State Engineering
Colleges are providing CD-ROM Databases and Internet for research and teaching
activities but this facility is not encouraging in all colleges. Few of medical
College libraries are member of UGC-Info net and elesco but that not satisfactorily
provided. Though it provides e-journals and databases in medical science under
license agreement.
Recommendations
An attempt has been made to address several sets of overall
recommendations based on findings and suggestions of the study that may help
further to illuminate the better use of electronic information sources. They are:
Providing awareness about e-journals.
For effective use CD-ROM database up to date should be kept.
Awareness about the worthiness of internet as an electronic information
source.
261

 Provision of campus network facility.

Strong infrastructure facilities of internet.
Provision of access database at hostels, departments, computer centre and
library.
Training program for use of e-journals.
Adoption of Broadband technology to internet. For effective use of ejournals. To acquire print journals also till majority of the users are aware
and use e-journals.
Above all, the library professionals should be cooperative, well trained and
well behaved so that users may exploit the library resources to the maximum
for their better academic achievement. Most of the medical College libraries.
Are charging high library fees but their libraries are not no rich in eResources/e-journals and services are not encouraging which should be
developed.

262

Questionnaire for Librarian

Part-I
1. Name of the institute2. Name of the Library3. It is central Library-

Yes/No

4. Are these other libraries-

Yes/No

If Yes: Name of the Library

_______________________

5. What courses are being run in your institute(a) MBBS

(b) M.D.
(c) M.S.
(d) Diploma Courses
6. If you are associated with other departments libraries, how much time you
engaged there.
(a) Hours(b) Minutes(c) DaysGeographic influences
7. In your city or town (immediately geographic area), are you considered to be the
health sciences library?
Yes/no
8. Collections
(a) Course programs:
(b) Comprehensive Collection(c) Research (supports doctoral programs) Books Journals E-journals..

263

9. What is the approximate percentage mix of journals?

(a) Clinical medicine______%
(b) No medical health areas (support to other health programs)_____%
(c) Basic sciences (chemistry, pharmacology, biology, etc.) ________%
(d) Social sciences _______%
(e) Other________%
10. What approximate percentage of your print journal collection is also available
electronically? _____%
11. As prices continue to rise making it more difficult to support both print and
online versions of the same title, are you more apt to:
(a) Purchase electronic version only____
(b) Print version only______
(c) Try to maintain both formats_____
12.If you had a print subscription and you converted it to an online only title, are
you keeping the older print issues?
(a) Yes_____
(b) No_____
(c) N/A_____
13.Do you keep older print journal issues when you have cancelled the
subscription?
(a) Yes______
(b) No______
Title by the decision_____
14.If the journal ceased publication, do you still keep the earlier issues?
(a) Yes______
(b) No______
(c)Title by title decision____
264

(d) Physical space issues____

15.Does your library contain full runs as far back as your initial subscription? (You
have not weeded your journal collection.)
Yes_____
No_____
If no, please proceed to question 20
16.If yes do you anticipate maintaining full runs in the future?
Yes____
No____
17.If you find it is important to keep full runs of your journals, is it because (check
all that apply):
(a) You feel it is important to keep full runs, and have sufficient in library, stack
apace to maintain full collection.____
(b) You feel it is important to keep full print runs, and your older journals
collections will be retained in a separate, remote storage facility.______
(c) Faculty and researchers prefer online access.______
(d) As a major health sciences library it is the mission of the library to maintain
significant retrospective collection including full runs of journals.____
(e) We maintain full journals runs because I have sufficient stack space even
though current use or library mission does not require me to do this.____
Other______
18.If you are using, or will use, a remote storage facility for your collections, is the
facility serving just:
(a) Your library collections______
(b) University library collections_____
(c) Consortia collections_____
N/A_____
265

19.If, in the future, you need to reduce older journal runs, would you determine the
cut-off dates by (check all that apply):
(a) Strictly space considerations_____
(b) Use patterns______
(c) Perceived needs of the researchers at your institute_____
20.If, in the future, you need to reduce older journals runs, would you determine the
cut-off date (choose all that apply):
(a) On a title by title basis______
(b) By subject area_______
(c) By whole collection _______
(d) If you answered yes to question 14, please proceed to question 26
21.If your library does not maintain full journals runs, was that decision based on
shortage of space?
Yes_____
No_____
22.If you answered yes to question 20, was it strictly shortage of collection space or
was it a reallocation of space for other purposes (i.e., computer
labs/classrooms/study space) ?
(a) Shortage of collection space only _____
(b) Reallocation of space for other purposes _____
(Please describe) ___________
23.We do not keep full journal runs because (check all that apply):
(a) In a health sciences library, it is not, necessary to maintain old journal
runs._______
(b) There are large area health sciences libraries that do maintain full
retrospective journal holdings.__________

266

24.When you initially reduce your older journal runs, did you determine the cut-off
dates by:
(a) Strictly space considerations________
(b) Use patterns________
(c) Perceived needs of the researchers at your institution _____
25.How did you determine the cut-off date (choose all that apply)?
(a) On a title basis _____
(b) By subject area _____
(c) By whole collection ______
26.What is the specific cut-off date (for each option, if different)?
(a) On a title by title basis________
(b) By subject area_______
(c) Comments?
(d) Personal perspectives
Many academic libraries are reporting that patron use statistics have fallen, which
is reflected in lower number of reference questions and gate counts. The reason
usually given is that more and more patrons are accessing the librarys electronic
resources from office, home, or lab and visiting the physical library less often.
How does this affect how we collect and what we retain?.____________
27.In your opinion, as it pertains to your institution, is the growing influence and
number of electronic resources affecting the way researchers approach the
literature (please check all that apply)? Todays researchers concentrate on
current information much than in the past.__________
(a) If the information is not available electronically, than they are less likely to try
to obtain earlier printed reference._______

267

(b) Todays researchers are no different than earlier researchers; they will try to
obtain all relevant information whether it is in electronic form or in
print.__________
28.Who should ultimately be responsible for maintaining complete runs of journal
titles?
(a) The publisher, in electronic form____
(b) The National Library of Medicine_____
(c) Selected libraries through cooperative agreements organized by the National
Network of Libraries of Medicine_________
(d) The individual institution or library needs to make its own decision based on
its needs and available space_______
29.As publisher prices continue to rise and library budgets struggle to maintain
current subscriptions, will the concept of access instead of ownership play a
more important role in your collection development policies?
Yes______
No_______
Please mark agrees or disagrees in response to the following statement.
29. .Overall, more money is being allocated for electronic databases and electronic
journals resulting in proportionally less for print journal subscriptions.
Agree_____
Disagree_____
30.In general, use of the print journal collection is decreasing.
Agree_______
Disagree_____
31.The cost of maintaining older print journal collections has a lower priority than
in years past.
268

Agree_______
Disagree______
32.As libraries look to create or expand computer facilities, classrooms, and other
multiuse environments, sacred space that was once allocated for print collections
is now up for grabs.
Agree________
Disagree________
33.I am more likely to consider reducing my own retrospective print journal
collections because of the latest trends in creating electronic archives Public
access, policy, various open access initiatives, publishers providing access to
older back files, and national and university digitization projects.
Agree_______
Disagree_______
Part II
1. When did your library introduce electronic journals?
2. What were the first problems and/or concerns that the library faced with the
introduced of electronic journals?
3. What problems and/ or concerns occurred during the process of choosing
vendors and services?
4. What problems and / or concern occurred during the process of registering
electronic journals?
5. What problems and / or concern arose after electronic journals was introduced?
6. Are print subscriptions ever canceled because of the availability of full-text
electronic access? If so, what problems and / or concerns are associated with the
cancellation of print subscription?

269

7. How many unique titles does the library provide in full-text electronic form?
What percentage of the total titles in the serials collection does that number
represent?
8. Currently, what are the major problems and / or concerns the library staff is
dealing with in relation to electronic journals?
9. What unanticipated problems and / or concern have come up during the
development of the librarys electronic journal collection?
10. What are the librarys plans for future development of its electronic journal
collection?
11. What, if any, problems do you anticipate in the future development of the
librarys electronic journal collection?
12. Please indicate in which area of the library you work.
(a) Choose not to reply
(b) Director
(c) Serials
(d) Acquisitions
(e) Other (please specify)________

270

Part III
Name of the Institute __
The course of study__
Session/Semester_
Status:

Faculty

Graduate

Undergraduate

Other, please specify

College/Department:

Bus. School

Economics

Political Science

Other,

please specify:
1. Which libraries do you use frequently for research and curriculum
purpose? Please number from 1-5, with I being the most frequently
used.
2. Are

you

familiar

with

the

TAMU

Libraries

homepage

(http:/library.tamu.edu)?
Yes

No

Please provide suggestions for improvement:

3. Where do you search when you seek information (print and / or
electronic) related to research and curriculum? Please select all that
apply.
Internet (Free resources)
Internet (resources paid by personal accounts I.e. credit cards, etc)
Library catalog (Lib cat) (http://libcat.tamu.edu)
E-journals (http://library.tamu.edu/resources)
Library database (http://library.tamu.edu./resources)
271

E-books (net library) (http://www.netlibrary.com)

Instructors
Peers
Bookstore
Other (please explain):
4. What factors influence your information searcher? Please select all of the factors
that your consider.
Accessibility

Accuracy

Cost

Convenience

Dependability

Full-text

Ease of use

Speed

Subject Relevancy

Timelines

friendliness

User-

(Other (Please explain):

5. Please list your favorite free Internet resources that you use for research and
curriculum.
6.

Please list your favorite paid Internet resources that you use for research and
curriculum.
7.

Do the Internet resources that youve specified in question 5 and 6 meet your
research and curriculum needs?
Yes

No

If not, please explain..

8.

Are you fully aware that the libraries Electronic Resources (LibCat, Ejournals, E-databases and net Library) are available 24 hours a day, seven
days a week to any user including remote and distance usage via the proxy
server?
272

Yes
9.

No

Please list your favorite print journals that you use for research and
curriculum.

10.

Have you ever used E-journals?

Yes

No

11.

Please list your favorite E-journals that you use for research and curriculum.

12.

If a journal is currently available in both formats, which do you prefer and

why?
Print

13.

Electronic

Please list your favorite print databases (i.e. abstracts, indexes, etc.) that you
use for research and curriculum.

14.

Have you ever used E-databases?

Yes

15.

No

Please list your favorite E-databases that you use for research and
curriculum.

16.

If a databases is currently available in both formats which do you prefer and

why?
Print

Electronic

Please explain:
..l..
17.

Please list your more frequently used subject categories and/or call number
ranges (s) for books that you use for research and curriculum.

18.

Have you ever used E-books?

Yes

19.

No

Are you familiar with net Library electronic books website?

Yes

No
273

20.

Please list your favorite E-books that you use for research and curriculum.

21.

If a book is currently available in both formats which do you prefer and

why?
Print

Electronic

Please explain:
22.

What resources and/ or titles and services would you like to add or enhance
to better meet research and curriculum needs? (Please suggest any training
session we can provide to further your awareness of the electronic available
to you. )

23.

What resources and/ or titles and services would like Libraries to add or
enhance to better meet your research and curriculum needs?
Thank you for participation

274

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