Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
TUTOR:
MS. AMANDA TAN
MR. LEE XIA SHENG
AR. CHIN TUCK HING
Amelia Michelle Bernard 0310316 | Chng Xing Yue 0310425 | Elaine Bong Poh Hui 0310432 |
Fam Li Kian 0310639 | Goh Chin Zhi 0314562 | Lau Ee Tian 0309596 |
Wesley Hew Xin Han 0307585 | Yaseen Fatimah Syed 0309021 Kathleen 1002P78214
No.
Chapter
1.
Introduction - Amelia
2.
Site
2.1
2.2
2.3
3.
Page
External Work
Marking - Elaine Bong
3.2
Earthwork - Yaseen
3.3
4.
5.
6.
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
Staircase - Wesley
7.
7.2
Window construction process (from site visit and reference) - Goh Chin Zhi
8.
Roof
8.1
Roof - Yaseen
8.2
9.
10.
References
CONTENT PAGE
3.1
INTRODUCTION
as Botanic town and Bukit Tinggi Town. The architect in charge is LEOWYC
Architect and the owner is known as James A.A. While, Essential Design
Integrated as their interior architect. Besides that, its interior consultant
includes Essential Design Integrated Sdn. Bhd.
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
Site B is located in Taman Bukit Segar where it lies as a residential area in Cheras, Selangor Darul Ehsan. The developer for this area is Jaguh
Gemilang. Its architects are PPB Hartabina Sdn. Bhd, DMP Architects Sdn. Bhd. And Semangat Reka Sdn. Bhd. Besides that, their consultants in
mechanical and electrical consultants are Juaraconsults Sdn. Bhd. and Prudenergy Sdn. Bhd. And KPK Quantity Surveyors (Semenanjung) Sdn. Bhd as
their quantity surveyors. Lastly, Nissin Builders Sdn. Bhd as their contractor.
INTRODUCTION
fences
hoardings
Concrete mixer is located here
because it is near to where the
materials are unloaded.
Electrical generator.
SITE LAYOUT
Water tank
Electricity substation
Guard house is
located at the
only access to
the site.
SITE LAYOUT
Site office
Canteen and accommodation for
workers where the toilet is next
to it.
SITE LAYOUT
Security
The loss of construction equipment from theft being one of the major source that causes a construction
project to be more expensive and may also result in the delay of production whilst waiting for new
equipment as well as the paperwork of said stolen equipment. As such people with control of the workplace
are normally there to ensure that unauthorized personnel not be given access to the site.
Signboards
Construction sites are better known as one of the most dangerous environments to work in due to the high possibility of being seriously injured. With the presence of
high voltage areas, falling debris and heavy equipment, it's important to make sure that construction workers and anyone in or near the site are made aware of the
dangers there.
SITE SAFETY
With that in mind, safety signs are normally present in numerous locations on both sites to remind the contractors or other people in the vicinity of the site regarding
the safety and restrictions.
Meeting
To achieve their objective, Meetings should be structured communication sessions, with an agreed goal and outcomes. People have to be led in order to function efficiently
and reach decision appropriate to the organization.
Meetings help the principle contractors to explain the role of safety, health and environmental management, together with any specific requirement related to the project.
A copy of the completed agenda should be signed off and retained on file for record and audit purposes.
SITE SAFETY
A pre-start meeting are normally held by principle contractors on a specific location on site with each contractor in order to discuss the overall site safety plan through the
Equipment
Head protection :- Function to provide protection against sun and rain, and against impact damage to the head. A regular safety helmet has a life span of 3 years but can be
shortened by prolonged exposure to ultraviolet light and repeated minor or major impact damage.
Footwear :- Provide protection for feet especially for the toes, if material should drop onto them. Also provide protection against penetration from beneath the sole of the foot,
be reasonably waterproof, provide good grip and designed to comfort.
SITE SAFETY
Gloves :- Carefully selected on consideration of cause and hazards likely to be encountered by wearer in order to ensure compatibility with field of construction.
Equipment
Mask :- Use to purify the air by drawing it through a filter to remove contaminants, breathing apparatus, which supplies clean air for wearer from uncontaminated external source.
Making proper choice of mask provide efficiency when used correctly.
any fall, and to assist in rescues from confined spaces. Belts are preferable compared to harnesses as for the movement needs of the work. Harnesses are to withstand the snatch
load of any fall, by basically attach the securing lanyard to a fixing point as high as possible over work area.
SITE SAFETY
Harness :- Only use on platforms, nets or other access and personal suspension equipment is impracticable is their use permissible. Belts and harnesses are limit to the height of
Electricity
As electrical installations on construction and demolition sites may pose serious risks to the safety of construction and demolition workers., several simple precautions are normally
taken in order to reduce the risk of electrical injury to the contractors and people on site.
Regular visual inspection of electrical equipment will identify most faulty items, but not all faults can be seen. Because of this, testing at appropriate intervals is required, depending
upon the treating the equipment receives in use.
Work near overhead and underground lines requires planning. Carrying metal ladders and scaffolding tubing near overhead wires can provoke arcing safe clearance distance must
be obtained.
The best options in advert ant context can be prevented by choosing traffic roots to avoid, or building goal post or collapsible barriers beneath them on either side so that the barrier
SITE SAFETY
Roadwork
Traffic management plan is an important aspect at a construction site and should be included in every project safety plan.
With main access and egress point to the site, there needs to be good visibility and room for manoeuvring wherever possible as it is important to keep pedestrian footways and
vehicle path physically separated. This is most commonly done by identifying and marking entry and exit point with reels or barrier.
SITE SAFETY
Banksmen should allows assist drivers in reversing, and to be trained in traffic management plan and signalling. Additionally, high-visibility clothing should be worn by everyone
Dumper
All construction sites should have a planned maintenance program by which dumpers will operate in enclosed areas within building structures, or in confined spaces, adequate
ventilation must also be ensured.
Dumpers must secure vehicles when loading, tipping or parked. Drivers must wear safety helmets, and dismount during loading.
Ladders and step ladders must be checked to ensure correct length, type and condition for use. It should be subjected to a planned maintenance program. Length must be extend to a
sufficient height above the step-off point when used for access. Step ladder must be placed at right angles to the work and the users hips should be below the top platform to ensure
stability and prevent side loading. In Site A, uses wooden self-made ladder in the beginning to mobilize to the next level after a certain period, they use aluminium ladder using the
scaffolding to support the ladder. After realizing that the wooden ladder could no longer reach a certain height. For Site B, in comparison to the aluminium ladder in site A they use
the wooden self-made stairs in order to reach higher platforms.
SITE SAFETY
Ladder
Fall
Fall prevention is far more effective than fall protection. Reliance on people to make the right decision about wearing personal protective equipment as to be shown by events to
be unsatisfactory they forget, decide to not wear it in view of the expected short exposure time, of wearing it incorrectly.
Methods to prevention : Use a working a platform fitted with guard rails and toe boards where practical.
Only when the situation is not practicable, or when protection has been removed for a period, a method of arresting falls must be used.
Harnesses and lines do not prevent falls but do provide protection for those falling.
An effective barrier can be provided by sheeting below the guard rails down to floor level.
All holes should be protected properly, either by guard rails if they are large enough, or by securing a cover above them that is prominently not Danger-hole beneath.
SITE SAFETY
Self-propelled Crane
Highway Dumper
Backhoe Loader
Backhoe loader is one of the common construction plants that has been used in
site B. It is used in small excavation works. It is fitted with one excavating
front bucket and a rear backhoe attachment. When using the rear backhoe
attachment, the machine is raised off its axles by rear mounted hydraulic
outriggers. Most of them can be fitted with different size of buckets and various
attachments, such as bulldozer blades, scarifiers, grab buckets and post hole
auger borers.
SITE MACHINERY
Cement Mixers
Most cement mixers in general use will have a rotating drum designed to
produce a concrete without segregation of the mix. Output performances of a
cement mixer is always the main consideration in designing it. Generally a
batch mixing time of 5 minutes per cycle or 12 batches per hour can be
assumed as a reasonable basis for assessing mixer output. (cite)
This cutter is a rare machinery used in construction site. Due to the special
design of Site As faade, which is covered by aluminium panels, the cutter is
needed for so. It is used to cut an edge by the sides of the panels so that it
could be bent into shape. Picture at the right shows how the workers use the
machine.
Face Shovel
The function of face shovel is to excavate above its own track or wheel level. This
builder plant is preferably to be used in excavating any type of soil but not hard
object such as rock. Basically, it requires a haulage vehicles nearby to carry the
spoil away. It has a limit where it could not reach 300mm-400mm below its wheel
level.
SITE MACHINERY
The electricity supply is not always available on a construction site, therefore, portable generators are needed to provide electricity for some tools
application. In compare to site A, site B has a generator with higher voltage (Image in the middle) as to support the larger site electricity requirement. Care
is always needed while setting up the generators under advise of expert to ensure site safeness. For example, the location of placing the generators has to be
taken into consideration, such as, placing them away from drains or watercourses. Maintenance has to be frequently done to ensure the generators work
more effectively.
Hand Drill
Nail Gun
Since Site A is more towards a finishing period, it uses more hand tools
compare to Site B. This is because less external works and structure parts are
to be done. Drill is one of the hand tools that can be used to drill holes on a
surface. As figure shown above, drill helps in making a small drainage for the
connection of wire.
Nail gun is one of the hand tools that is used in driving nails into the surface of
some specific materials, which are mostly hard surface materials. In site A, this
tool is to be applied on concrete wall. Permit is needed in using this tool due to
the bullets contain gun powder inside. Picture above shows the bullet of the nail
gun. Two bullets at the middle with red colour tips are those which have not
been use yet.
SITE MACHINERY
Electric Generators
Lining out
Determine the positions of the corners
and the distance between them. Then
mark the positions of foundations,
footings and walls (including the
thickness) by pegging in the ground.
Direct marking
For buildings that are small like the houses in site A
and site B may marked directly on the flat ground.
But for site B the uneven ground may have to be
flatten first.
Mark the location and measurement of the
foundation on the ground using the plumb bob and
dig the trenches.
Uneven Ground
During setting out in site B, the distance between 2 horizontal
points is used, not the distance along the slope. The points have
to be extended upwards using a plumb bob and then the
distance between 2 points is measured.
When setting a boundary along a slope, this method is used
together with the 3-4-5 method. Right angle can be
constructed as long as all the lines are straight. The length of
the pegs might have to be different to keep the lines straight
and off the ground.
SETTING OUT
3-4-5 Method
The idea of 3-4-5 method is the use the Pythagoras theorem
to acquire the right angle of the boundaries. The first
horizontal line that is peg on the ground is called front line.
The front line is measured 4 metres in total length. Then the
2nd line, which is 3 metres, is pegged vertically from the
starting point of the front line. To make sure that front line
and the second line is right-angled to each other, the ending
points of the front line and the second line has to be 5 metres.
This is the theory of Pythagoras theorem. It should be easy to
form a rectangle. If the marking is done correctly, the
diagonals should be equal.
EXCAVATION
Earthwork: the processes whereby the surface of the earth is excavated and transported to and compacted at another location.
It ranges from works such as the excavation of ditches and trenches for drainage and pits and
trenches for foundations.
It is usually carried out at an early stage in a construction project, completion of the earthworks within
the scheduled time is often the key to the completion on time of the whole project .
Before excavating any land , planning , designing , construction , environmental and geological conditions are taken into
consideration . The land must be cleared off well , before any type of construction can take place.
The stability of the slopes were controlled by the density and strength of the materials that were used to form the
slope and the groundwater conditions.
Successfully controlling the surface water and maintaining the moisture range can lead to a successful earthwork
operation.
Soil collapses:
When the excavated material is not placed far enough away from the edge of the excavation.
The recommended minimum distance for location of excavated soil (spoil) from the edge of
the excavation is equal to or greater than the excavation depth.
Another one is when common in clay-type soils when excavation walls are too steep, or
when moisture content increases rapidly.
EARTHWORKS
ENVIRONMENTAL:
The earthworks should not disfigure but rather blend into the environment.
Transportation and minimize disruption of the local environment.
Consider natural and waste resources in the area , such as are produced from the pits and quarries and other
machinery used on the site.
Septic Tank
Septic tanks consist of two chambers and do not fully treat sewage. Septic tank is better waste
water management compare to other system due to few reasons.
Advantage
Can be built and repair with locally available materials
Little space require due to underground construction
No energy required
Outlet Tee
Scum
(Sswm.info, 2013)
Name
Inlet Tee
Effluent Filter
Outlet Tee
Effluent
Scum
Function
Decrease speed of incoming wastewater and reduce the disturbance of settled sludge
Prevent solid from leaving septic tank
Protect drain field from clogging
Maintain scum and solid waste in tank
Wastewater that sending drain field and broken down by aerobic process ,filter through soil and return to groundwater to
be reused
Contains of detergent, grease and other chemicals that less dense than wastewater
Prevents oxygen from dissolving in the sewage and cause anaerobic process take place
SERVICES
Inlet Tee
Disadvantage
High cost compare to other systems such as dry or composting toilet
system
Sufficient amount of piped water is required constantly to send the waste
to treatment unit
Only suitable for
As volume of sludge and scum increase, the time and space for the solid to separate before wastewater leave the tank decreases. The septic tank has become less effective. Solids
should be removed by periodic pumping to avoid clogging and prevent overflow of drain field. Each septic tank has to be pumped every 3 years to 5 years. The cleaning period
depends on the size of septic tank, type of solid waste in septic tank and amount of solid waste in septic tank.
There are two types of method to set up of a septic tank:
1. Gravity-fed system
2. Alternative septic system
Site A and Site B share same method to set up septic tank which is gravity-fed system.
SERVICES
Gravity-fed system
1. Assemble equipment and machinery require for excavation such as backhoe tractor, shovel, contractors dummy level and rod.
2. Success permit process which include a test to determine type and size of drainage field require in the installing system in Site A and Site B.
3. Plan the flow to go downhill as gravitational force will make the flow to move faster and to discharge the waste from tank. Concrete aerobic divided tank and perforated pipe
embed in gravel.
4. Excavate a whole large enough to set the septic tank below ground. The size of septic tank is calculated to be at least twice the accumulating sludge volume. The maximum
amount of sludge that a septic tank can store is approximately a third of its volume (Iwk.com.my, 2013).
5. Place rock from nearby gravel pit around the pipe to hold the pipe in position.
6. Cover up the pipe and tank once
Sump pump
Sump pump functions to collect water around the foundation and redirect it away from foundation. There are two types of sump pumps that are usually installed:
1. Submersible pumps
2. Pedestal
Name
Function
Check Valve
Discharge Pipe
Weeping Tile
The setting up begins after the foundation is complete. The drain pipe is installed under the gravel around the entire perimeter of the home.
(Southernfloridafoundationrepair.com, 2013)
1. Excavate sump pump pit for sump pump liner and sump pump to be placed.
2. Use jackhammer to break the floor around the edge of concrete flooring and a layer of clean stone is placed. Perimeter drain is installed at this place to collect water from
the wall floor joint and direct it to the installed sump pump pit.
3. A special outlet connects the perimeter drain to sump pump and gravel is placed around sump pump liner to keep sump pump as clean as possible. Airtight sump pump
lid around all pipes and wire prevent from rising out of sump pit and prevent anything to fall into foundation.
4. Connect the check valve and attach PVC discharge piping. Run the piping up the wall and out through the hole that drill in the rim joist.
7. Extend piping to outside to allow water to remove from foundation.
8. Seal around hole in rim joist with caulk.
9. Plug the sump pump into GFCI receptacle. Fill the basin with water and test pump.
SERVICES
(Edmonton.ca, 2013)
Wastepipes
Process:
1. Cut a 2-inch hole through the bottom plate of the wall behind the toilet with a hole saw. Secure the toilet flange to the floor with deck screws. Be certain that the slots provided
in the flange for the base of the toilet are in the correct position to insert the bolts for the base of the toilet.
2. Cut a short section of the 1-inch pipe with the skill saw. Be certain it is long enough to fit from underneath the floor into the wall. Slip it through the 2-inch hole. The rest of
the drain line will be installed from under the house.
3. Apply PVC cleaner (or primer) to the elbow and the flange followed by the glue. Install the elbow onto the flange from underneath the floor giving it a slight twist. Be certain
it "seats" and is facing the correct direction.
4. Install the reducer to the short section of the reduced size vent pipe you cut in Step 2. Install the "T" on the end of the elbow so that one end of it points up for venting and the
other is down. Secure the reducer to the "T" facing up.
5. Install sections of the toilet drain pipes using the method described in Step 2. Break up the different sections of pipe as needed to connect to the line leading to the sewer or
septic tank. Be certain there is enough of a descent to keep the water flowing to its destination.
6. Install plumbers strap around the pipe under the house. Measure a piece long enough to reach around the pipe and secure to the floor joists. It can be secured with box nails or
screws.
7. Cut a hole through the top plate of the wall for the vent pipe. Secure a pipe coupler to the end of the pipe coming up from the floor. Cut a piece of vent pipe long enough to
reach above the ceiling. From there, cut and secure enough vent pipes to go through the roof.
SERVICES
There are many types of waste pipes in different dimension of sizes. Before installation of waste pipe, the degree of slope is an important aspect to be considered.
Piping from the toilet should take several precautions:
a. Piping should be 45 degree slope or more to vertical or at 2 to 3 degree to ensure the waste able to flow through.
b. Piping should not slope upward
c. Connections should be snug to avoid hang up where pipes meet connector.
d. Use sealant such as silicon for the connection of waste pipes to the connecting unit to ensure the composing unit is able to move
Roof
Window
Column
Ground Slab
Ground beam
Foundation
Piles
Arrow shows the movement of loads being transferred into the foundation
OVERALL STRUCTURE
Roof trusses
Being the lowest part of a building, constructed partially or wholly below the ground surface, foundation is used to:
To transmit all the dead and imposed loads safely to the ground causing no or minimal settlement or other movement.
Uniform settlement
ii) Subsoil movements are due to changes in volume when the subsoil becomes wet or dry and occurs near the upper surface of the soil. Compact granular soils such
as gravel suffer very little movement where as cohesive soils such as clay suffers changes in volumes.
FOUNDATION
The soil type for both sites is generally soft clay or laterite soil which is common in
west coast of the peninsular of Malaysia.
Low soil
strength
Low
residual
strength
Characteristics
of soft clay
High
compressibility
Trees:
Direct physical contact by tree roots could do damage to the substructure of buildings. The effect of the shrinkage or heave of moisture level in the soil, especially
clay subsoil will also impair the foundation system.
Trees up to 30 m distance may have an effect on foundations, therefore reference to local authority building control policy should be undertaken before specifying
construction techniques.
FOUNDATION
Low
permeability
Raft foundation normally consists of a concrete slab extending over the entire loaded. It is used to spread the load of a structure over a large base to reduce the load per
unit area being exerted on the ground. It is usually used when individual column loads or other structural loads are heavy.
Raft foundations have the advantage of reducing differential settlements as the concrete slab resists differential movements between loading positions. They are often
needed on soft or loose soils with low bearing capacity as they can spread the loads over a larger area.
1. Light load
columns
Ground beam
The raft foundation for the Glenmarie Cove site is the fourth because the
building structure is heavy and the columns are all isolated.
FOUNDATION
to reduce excessive settlement (Consolidation - soils decrease in volume when stress is applied to a soil that causes the soil particles to pack together more
tightly)
The building is 3 storeys in height which exerts huge loads on the foundation
There are two ways on how the piling system works to transfer loads to the ground:
i) End Bearing
Piles are driven down to a point where they bear on bedrock or dense granular soil at the foot of the pile.
ii) Friction
Piles can be driven into soil far enough that the friction of the soil against the sides of the pile is enough to resist any downward movement.
Friction pile
FOUNDATION
Heavy loads as the buildings range from three to four storeys in height
i) Driving
Driven pre-cast pile: The pile is casted in a yard brought to the site and driven by some mechanism into the soil
Driven Cast-in-situ pile: A casing plugged at bottom is driven into the ground and then the pile is casted by removing or retaining the casing
ii) Boring
Bored Pre-cast pile: A bore is made and the soil inside is removed and then a pile casted in some yard is put into the bore
Bored Cast -in-situ pile: A bore is made the soil is removed and the pile is casted at site in the bore.
Both sites used driving method with hydraulic jack-in pile machine for the piling system, as the site at Taman Bukit Segar, Cheras used pre-cast concrete piles.
Both sites used end bearing piles.
FOUNDATION
Concrete piles
Main support
frame
FOUNDATION
Pile Cap
Anchor bolt
Pile caps are linked together with reinforced concrete ground beams.
The usual minimum spacing for piles is:
i) Friction Piles
1100mm or not less than 3x pile diameter, whichever is the greater.
ii) Bearing Piles
750 mm or not less than 2x pile diameter, whichever is the greater.
No pile cap was used but through the drawings, extra reinforced steel bars were added into the concrete ground beam structure to increase the strength of that particular part
that has piles.
FOUNDATION
Concrete pile
Walls/ columns
Concrete slab
soil
hardcore
50mm lean concrete
FOUNDATION
Steel mesh
6. Holes are dug for the pile caps and formworks are set up so that the concrete can be mold. Reinforced cage are installed. Reinforcement for column stump is
installed.
Pile caps are then casted with concrete on top of the piles. Pile cap is left till the concrete hardens and formworks are removed.
FOUNDATION
and its located in the ground below the waterproof layer at ground floor
slabs. The column stump are useful in transferring the loads of a building
into the foundation and it acts as a supporter for ground beams and ground
First of all, ground beam are first built before any structures. Ground must be cleared before ground beam is built followed by a blinding layer on top of the surface. The ash
blinding plays a role in preventing the concrete from losing moisture.
After the blinding process, the reinforcement will be tied to the column stump to hold them in position. Reinforcement steel
bars is useful in providing the tensile strength which plain concrete lacks off. Formworks which are made from plywood are
then set at the surrounding of the reinforcements of the ground beams together ground floor slabs. Plywood is one of the
most convenience materials of formwork and it has a lower cost, hence, it is widely used in construction including both
Site A and B. Lastly, concrete mixed will be poured into the formworks. The curing period will took around 2 to 3 weeks. Once
the concrete are dried up, the formworks can be taken off and are reusable for up to three time at least.
Example of ground beams in Site B
BEAMS
Stretched,
twisted and
ribbed steel bars
are used in both
site
As reinforcements inside the ground beams set before, they are tied with extended reinforcement bar for a better
connection to the ground floor slabs. Such extended reinforcements are called starter bars. A new reinforcement
mesh is then places between the ground beams and is tied to the starter bars of the ground beams. Similar process
is repeated, where the concrete is poured into the reinforcements which are surrounded by the plywood formwork.
Compare to any other slabs at different levels, ground floor slab will usually have damp proof property. This is
very useful in withstanding the forces of the slabs and to prevent greens grow underneath them.
SLABS
Columns are the last framework that will be built in the on the ground floor area. Although they have the similar construction process as both beams and slabs, but column is a
vertical structure whereas the other two are horizontally built. Since columns are built above the column stump, reinforcements steel bars of columns will be tied to the starter
bars on column stump. This can ensure that the beams load and weight are transferred down to the foundation. Columns are usually built in storey height, therefore it is
important to ensure the structural continuity of the reinforcements. Steps that have been applied on beams and slabs are repeated again at where formworks are set up continued
with concrete pouring into it. Although the plywood formworks are taken off after the curing period, they are once again set of the edge of the built column. These formworks set
play an important role in continuing the construction of the formworks for building first floor beams.
R.C. Foundation
COLMNS
Main Bar
CONCRETE
Concrete is a heavy, rough building material made from a mixture of broken stones or gravels, sand, cement
and water spread and hardened.
PROCESS
PROCESS
Through self-placing and self-leveling concretes (concrete that is placed without vibration).
Step 1 :
The site needs to be cleared.
Step 3 :
After the sub base is compacted and the forms are set concrete mix are placed. Concrete is poured directly
from the chute of the ready mix truck, wheeled into place with a buggy, or pumped into place with a concrete
boom pump. Concrete is normally specified at a 4-5 slump.
Step 4 :
Once wet concrete has been placed into the forms, a large metal or wood board is used to screed the top of
the concrete. This screeding process helps compact and consolidate the concrete, and begins the smoothing
and leveling of the top of the concrete. Once the surface has been screeded, the concrete is floated. This
involves using a special trowel called a float. Floats can be a small hand held trowel for edges and detail
work, or a large trowel called a bull float for working large areas of the concrete surface.
Step 5 :
Floating and troweling is a process of compacting and smoothing the surface which is performed as the
concrete starts to harden.
Step 6 :
Once all the troweling (float or steel) is complete the final finish can be applied to the concrete. The most
basic type of finish is known as a "broom finish". A special broom is pulled across the concrete surface
creating a rough textured surface.
Step 7 :
Once concrete has been placed and consolidated it must be allowed to cure properly to develop good final
properties. As the concrete hardens and gains strength it becomes less and less vulnerable, so the critical
time period is the first hours and days after it is placed. Proper curing of concrete generally comes down to
two factors, keeping it moist and keeping it supported. To cure properly, the cement paste much be fully
saturated with water.
FLOOR SYSTEM
Step 2 :
Forming. Once the sub base is prepared, forms can be set.
Forms are attached to stakes with screws or special nails to allow easy removal of forms after the concrete
has cured.
ADVANTAGES
Durability :
Tough and resilient and is able to withstand heavy pressure.
Materials are in high quality and wont get damage easily.
Easy To Maintain :
Need to be sealed every 3 to 9 months depends on how often it is step on.
Use a neutral cleaning agent to mop the floor.
Stable land.
Bungalow units.
Uncomfortable :
The hardness of concrete also makes it uncomfortable to stand on for long periods of time.
Environmentally Unfriendly :
Due to the presence of cement, it requires a significant expenditure of energy and carbon dioxide in order to manufacture.
TILES INSTALLATION
Step 1 :
Remove old floorings.
Step 2 :
Ensure the subfloor is level and solid.
Step 3 :
Spread a layer of thinset on the floor.
Step 4 :
Tape and mud all the seams. It helps to solidify the floor.
Step 5 :
Now substrate is in place. Lay out the tiles.
Step 6 :
Mix thinset, trowel and spread out thinset and start placing the tiles.
Step 7 :
Wait for it to dry and pull out tile spacers and clean out the grout joints prior to grouting. Now that the joints are clean, it is time to mix and spread the grout. Let grout set up for
about ten minutes after spreading and start wiping off with clean water and sponges.
Step 8 :
After tile has been grouted, wait for it to harden. Wipe it off with clean water. Grout sealer should be applied one week after installation.
FLOOR SYSTEM
DISADVANTAGES
TILES
Marble Tiles
Made from limestone or dolomite rock.
Colour of marble ranges from purest white to
black.
Travertine Tiles
Marble tiles are used as the flooring in the bathroom in the main bedroom.
Based on my knowledge, I do not think it is suitable to make it as the
flooring in the bathroom. Because when it gets wet, someone might trip and
fall down. On the contrary, it is suitable as the wall tiling.
Granite Tiles
Granite is a hard, coarse-grained rock.
Contains three main minerals such as quartz,
alkali feldspar, and plagioclase feldspar.
Strong and durable.
The most size of granite used for domestic
applications is 305x305x10mm.
Travertine tiles are used as the flooring in the bathroom of the other
bedrooms. It is suitable to be used as the flooring in the bathroom since it
has a rough surface which prevents people from slipping over the floor.
Granite tiles are used for the flooring outdoor. It is used widely as an
elegant and many practical solution to design issues.
FLOOR SYSTEM
Wall structure is important for every construction as it carries the weight of the whole building. There are many ways to construct the wall based on the requirement of the
client along with the design from the designer. Judging from our sites, we were able to learn more on the types of wall structure and how unique each construction is.
There are 2 types of walls:
Load-bearing wall (Site A and B)
Load-bearing wall is a structural element. It carries loads from the roof and upper front floors and its own weight. This type of wall have to be able to resist side pressure
from wind and sometimes imposed loads within the building. With trussed roof construction, external walls are known as part of load-bearing wall.
WALL
Material
Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (AAC) Blocks (SITE A)
Material was chosen for its greener advantages
Non-toxic and energy efficient as it consumes less energy in manufacturing process
Made from recycled aggregate
Good thermal insulation and low thermal conductivity
Made from a mixture of inert aggregate and cement (causes the formation of
bubbles and expand around 5 times its original volume) and cured by natural
weathering or in a pressured autoclave
Has a higher fire resistance
Has better water permeability, making it suitable for its site by being by the lakeside
Mortar
Good workability
Adequate strength
A mixture of sand and lime or sand and cement with or without lime
ratio and composition:
Cement mortar (cement : sand)
1:3 suitable for brickwork in exposed conditions such as parapets and
brickwork in foundation.
Lime mortar (lime : sand)
1:3 for internal use only
Gauged mortar (cement : lime : sand)
1:1:6 suitable for most conditions of severe exposure;
1:2:9 suitable for most conditions except those of severe exposure;
1:3:12 internal use only
WALL
is
added
to
the
SITE A
The use AAC bricks
Technique of using thin-bed mortar is used
making construction process to be skimming it.
Clay bricks are also used on site, creating man hole. It is done this way to save
cost.
SITE B
Mortar work is not neat as some parts the can drooling out.
Brick work is roughly done, with some bricks popping out
Excess mortar isn't removed as plastering will be done later onto brick wall,
avoiding any unwanted sight of brick wall.
WALL
A mortar line
foundation.
Bond
Running bond
Used in both Site A and B
Most common bond
Simplest pattern
Consists of stretchers only
Usually uses reinforcing ties to strengthen the bond because there is no header involved
Top levels brick are placed 45 degree slanting upward in order to joint both wall and beam together
as this is the solution to the lack of space that prevents using 2 layer of bricks.
Rendering
Give extra protection against penetration of moisture or to provide desired texture on the outside of the wall
Process
Wall is left for 3-5days to cure to for the first coat of render. Wet the wall thoroughly to prevent the bricks from absorbing moisture. Avoid rendering in full sun as the finish will
dry up before it can be worked with. Mortar mixture is mix until acquired mixture is obtained based on client's need. Level pack is placed onto brick wall as a guide for the
workers as a marking to indicate the plaster's thickness. Along with the angle bead, placed on the corner of the wall to ensure the vertical of the wall. Rendering, starts from the
corner, working on combining the brickwork with the rubber grout float by filling the joints. After finishing the first coating, allow coat to dry. Scratch" the plaster in a crosshatch diagonal design before the plaster cures making sure the first coat bonds well with the second coat. As for the second coat, it's not important to have a thick coat like the
first coat, cause it's just as an additional cover. The number amount of coat depends on the designer, as to achieve the acquired wall.
Process
Dampen the wall before beginning the work as there
is a risk of plaster drying up quickly resulting a
friable and deleterious material
WALL
Internal Plastering
Plastering is the mixture of gypsum with sand and
water that provides durable hygienic surface to wall.
Applying layers of mortar to masonry, wood, or
metal lath will form a finished wall surface. The 3
coat work is where the background requires an extra
coat of material and when the background is uneven,
with the mortar not evenly spread during the brick
wall process. Or background is lathing. The
background has variety of different materials, using
clay bricks, mortar and more.
Finishing
Wall Tiling
Using sand paper to smoothen out the wall, vacuum away the dust. A thin set of
mortar layer onto the wall, using a tiling trowel to spread the mortar around the
wall. First few tiles are installed along straight edge to ensure that tiles would
not be crooked. Align the first tile along the edge of wall, then press it into
mortar after making sure its straight. Process is then repeated. Excess tiles are
then cut using machineries to fit into pattern. By marking the tile using a
pencil, holding it up to the installed area. This is then repeated. When its done,
installed wall are then left for 24 hours until the joint of the tiles are then grout.
Type of grout is based on the requirement of the client. Excess grout are then
cleaned out using sponge and water by gently rubbing it and often rinse.
Painting
Prepare the wall for the painting. By using sand paper to smoothen out the wall.
Then vacuum away the dust. Wall is firstly covered with a coat of primer.. It help
absorb the colour well. Start off from the edge of the wall and using an angled
brush to help ease the painting. Roller is then used for the centre part of the wall.
Wet the roller with different liquid for different paint based. Paint is then poured
onto tray. Excess paint are rolled out on tray to achieve even coat. Paint is then
left for hours to dry. Wall is then touched up using the second coat of paint. For
wall at the roof or swimming pool where it is expose to water, waterproof
membrane is applied to wall before painting.
WALL
Wood Veneer
Ensure the surface of the wall is cleaned and smooth and then cut the
veneer into specific shape and size by marking the cutting lines first and
run painters tape along the planned seam. After cutting, remove the tape.
This reduce breakage of veneer. Use glue roller to spread veneer glue onto
the wall and also the backside of the wood veneer. Place the veneer on the
surface and ensure that its set properly. Lastly gently apply pressure on
the veneer to remove air bubbles.
Aluminum Cladding
Aluminum sheets are measured and drawn using pencil then cut using the
aluminum panel cutter. Grooving and cutting the corner side of the panel to
enable us to fold it. After being folded it will be caulked to stabilize the
panel. Panels have been riveted interiorly, to secure it. Wall brackets, hold up
the sheets and jointing the aluminum sheets together, being bolted on the
wall. With galvanized steel tie hooked onto the aluminum sheets are then
inserted into the hook from bottom to top. Apply force upward to secure the
sheet onto hook. Sheets are bent 90 degrees to get the desired shape when
sheets reach the edge of faade.
Introduction
A stair is a structural consists of a numbers of steps leading from one floor to another. The main function of a stairway being to provide means of communication
between the various floors for everyday use. As well as an escape route from upper floors in the case of a fire. A lot of measurements and calculations are required to
be done when constructing the staircase as to allow maximum comfort for the users which includes a suitable width as well as step sizes.
Types of Stairs
Stairs come in the various following types :
a ) Straight Stairs
Stairs that has no change in direction on any flight between two successive floors.
STAIRS
Straight Stairs
Stairs may permit a change in direction at an immediate landing such as parallel stairs, angle stairs, and scissors stairs.
L Stairs
Double L Stairs
U Stairs
Pie Stairs
b ) Curved Stairs
Stairs that when viewed from above appear to follow a curve with
two or more centers of curvature, such as an ellipse..
Curved Stairs
c ) Circular/Spiral Stairs
Stairs that when viewed from above appear to follow a circle with a single enter
of curvature and large radius. A spiral stair is slightly similar to the circular
stairs except that the radius of curvature is small and the stairs maybe supported
by a center pole.
Spiral Stairs
STAIRS
All the stairs present in both site A and B whether indoor or outdoor are all half-turn stairs but differentiate in material and aesthetic qualities.
Construction Process
Prior to the construction of the stairway, several rules are established in order to make the stairs as comfortable to use as possible.
a) All the risers in the same flight must be equal; the same rules apply to threads.
b) Maximum height of riser is 8 and 9 for thread excluding the nosing.
c) The formula Minimum R + T = 17 and Maximum R + T = 18 is the most common stair ratio being used.
These rules being used better known as The International Residential Code which includes the change of allowable thread width and height of risers is updated every three
years.
Main stairways are usually not built or installed until after interior wall surfaces are complete and nish ooring or underlayment has been laid.
The dimension for the stairs are then measured in order to find the accurate riser and threads. The stringer layout is first determined by the riser height being measured
through the use of a story pole to mark the height of the top of the finished floor above. A straight piece of 2 x 10 or 2 x12 is then used to draw out the layout using the
framing square with the riser height and the step is repeated until complete.
The stair case in site A is a half-turn open riser stairs that rises up 3 story. The supports are first attached onto the wall following the initial measurements of riser and
thread. The solid timber threads are then added onto the surface of the support followed by the black anodized carbon steel hand and guard rail.
STAIRS
Both stairways in Site B are concrete inclined, one-way reinforced slab with the addition of steps on the upper surface. After the measurements in terms of risers,
thread and landing is determined through the general method as stated. The frame can then begin to be assembled.
When the form of the frame has been completed, concrete is then poured into it complete its basic structure for the stairs.
The handrails and guardrails are then added to the stairs within the cast-in-place sleeve. Using stainless steel for the handrail and tempered glass for the
guardrail as per design. Piece of cardboard are measured and cut to a exact size of the glass panels to be slotted into the in-cast sleeve at a later period.
STAIRS
Wooden thread is then lastly added onto the thread of the stairs as a finisher and adds to its aesthetic properties.
Materials
Wooden thread and stairs
Concrete stairs
Advantage
Disadvantage
Advantage
Disadvantage
Can be slippery
Expensive maintenance
Lightweight
Relatively weaker
Fire hazardous
Advantage
Disadvantage
Easy to rust
Corrosion resistant
STAIRS
Measurements
STAIRS
STAIRS
STAIRS
DOORS
GENERAL INTRODUCTION
A door is an opening or closing structure used to block off an entrance. Doors typically consists of a panel that swings on hinges or that slides or spins inside a space. It is held
in position by doorframes, the members of which are located at the sides and top of the opening or doorway. The main function of a door in a building is to serve as a
connecting link between internal parts and to allow free movement to the outside of the building. They admit people, animals, ventilation and light. Doors have many uses
ranging from shutting out noise, to shutting out the atmosphere, to preventing fires from spreading, or simply separating two spaces.
There are many different types of doors that would suit different functions and styles, depending on the type of building they are used in.
Types of door found in Glenmarie Cove Klang Site 1
1. Double Leaf Hinged Door
2. Single Leaf Hinged Door
3. Sliding Glass Door
DOORS
The head of a small opening like the one above is supported by a concrete lintel. It is to bear the load from above the opening. It is a structural horizontal block that spans the
space between the two vertical supports.
DOORS
Alternatively, the head of any sized opening can also be supported from the floor above. This allows openings of any length. It requires the head to be aligned with the underside
of the floor slab or beam above. This is the case for one of the openings in Site 2 (Cheras), as shown below.
Picture 4 - 6: Unfinished opening in brick wall after temporary timber struts are removed.
DOORS
In this case, the opening goes up to the beam (full height of the floor). To hold up the
temporary timber formwork in position during the following building operations, the workers
use struts. These are braces against blocks on the ground and lean up to the head of the frame,
where they are secured with two nails. The temporary formwork to make the opening are cut
to finished size and sanded. Nails are used to assemble the temporary door frame which is
then is raised into correct position. Bricks are then laid up to the frame on each side.
Once the bricks are laid and the wall is done, the struts and temporary timber frame is removed. The brick wall is cemented and tiled with bathroom tiles on one side. Full
size tiles are laid leaving the access to be cut off later.
A doorstep is then made with cement and tiled. When the access tile is cut and the opening is cleaned and ready, a selected door with its frame is chosen and installed. For
this opening, a hinged door would most likely be used.
DOORS
However, there were also openings in the house that were just timber frames with no doors. For these frames there are no door jambs needed as no door is needed.
DOORS
DOORS
DOORS
For most doors in residential construction, the residential grade butt hinge is adequate. It s neat looking and consists of two rectangular leaves with screw holes.
The leaves are joined by a pin. Withdraw this pin and the leaves will separate. Both leaves are recessed; one into the door, the other into the jamb or framework.
When the door is closed, the leaves meet, as shown above, with only the pin showing.
DOORS
This system consists of two rollers at the bottom of the door, running on a track, and two rollers at the top running in a guide channel. All the weight of the sliding door is
concentrated on the bottom two rollers, therefore more force is needed than on a top hung system.
DOORS
To be more specific, a sliding glass door, as shown in the picture above, is a large framed glass in a structure that
provides door access from room to room or to outdoors.
There are two types of sliding glass doors found on site:
i) 2 panel sections
ii) 4 panel sections
In a two panel section sliding glass door, as sketched below, one panel is fixed while the other is mobile to slide open
and close. In a four panel section sliding glass door, the two outer panels are fixed, while the inner two are mobile to
slide open and close.
DOORS
Wood shims are then used and shoved into any small gaps to make sure the frame is level and has right angle corners. Once the opening is done and ready, the assembled
sliding door and frame is lifted and fit into place. The sliding door will be secured with 12 inch screws. Lastly, the shims are trimmed and the timber frame is covered with
cement or plaster and painted.
Picture 16 - 18: Opened and closed Bi-fold sliding doors used on site
The bi-folding doors on site have a white aluminium frame. There are two types found;
i) Four Panel Sections
ii) Eight Panel Sections
A bi-fold sliding door is a type of door that opens by folding back in sections, while sliding to the side. On site, they are used as entrance doors, separating indoors from
outdoors. They are designed to provide quick and easy space division.
DOORS
There is a track stopper or door stop at each end, as shown in the picture below, to absorb any impact if
the door is slammed and to hold the door in an open or closed position.
Diagram 10: Longitudinal section through tracks at the top of top hung sliding door.
DOORS
Diagram 9: Section cutting through tracks at the top of top hung sliding doors
DOORS
In most cases, a top-hung system also requires a guide at the bottom to prevent the sliding door from swinging sideways. In this case, a floor-fixed
plastic guide is fixed below the door at the mid-point of its run (marked in the picture below), and a groove is cut into the bottom of the door which
runs over this guide. This prevents any lateral movement. Because the door is always engaged in the guide, when the door is open the floor is clear
leaving a clear threshold.
Hinged Doors
These doors are hinged along the side to allow the door to pivot away from the opening in one direction but not the other. There are no swing doors that are also hinged doors, on
site. There are four types of hinged doors found on site;
DOORS
Door Handles
It is an attached mechanism used to open or
close a door. The keyhole is located below the
handle.
Door Handle
This is an interesting type of
door knob which can be pushed
in and out to open and close the
door.
Door Hinge
Strike Plate
DOORS
Window System
The windows of houses in Site A and Site B have been installed by using sub-frame system.
Window type
Sub-frame system
Pro
-
Lug system
More stables
To minimize damage during construction stage
Sub-frame can be installed before the main frame is readily available.
Hence, speed up the construction
Cheaper
Conventional
Con
More expensive compare to cast in system and
lug system
Head
Lintel
Jamb
Sash
Sill
Figure 1: Early Construction Stage
No.
Explanation
Rough opening
Space is required at the top sides, and bottom for leveling and shimming of the unit
2.
Lintel
Concrete post beam to support the brick above of the rough opening
3.
Head
4.
Jamb
5.
Sill
Horizontal member beneath a window opening, having an upper surface sloped to shed rainwater
6.
Sash
WINDOW
Rough
Opening
Sub-frame
Main frame
Sub-frame
Sub-frame has been installed by using lug system. Lug system is an installation of windows on brick wall. Several precautions should be taken before installing the
windows on brick wall. Lug system frame can be differentiating by the following properties:
Strap
Frame
Figure 3: Sub-frame
Precautions:
Wall opening should be checked for any physical defects. Any defects should be rectified before installation proceeds
Wall opening should be cleaned and wetted
Window frame should be checked for any damages, and should come with the correct number / spacing of galvanized straps. Defective frames should be
replaced
Marking of
frame
1.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
1.
a.
b.
Metal straps
WINDOW
Specific case
The installation of main frame is usually done after completing plastering of sub-frame. In this case
as shown in figure above, the designer has planned to place the tiles on the wall, hence plastering
work cannot be done yet before that.
WINDOW
Installation of gasket
a.
Estimate the length of the gasket required
b.
Splice the gasket to fit the corners of the glass panel
c.
Tooling the gasket in place
After setting out the window frames to the wall opening, there is gap between the frame and the wall.
The gap has to be properly sealed to avoid water leakage. Different type of sealant is used according
to size of the gap.
7-10mm gap - Sealant
Gasket
Silicon
Sealant
1.
2.
1.
1.
2.
1.
-
WINDOW
Finishing work
A layer of waterproofing casing can be applied over the external surface of the joint areas between the wall and window frames before plastering or skim coating of the external
walls to improve water tightness.
Installation of Window Inner Frame
1. Top Hung Window/ Lower Hung Window
Friction stay
The glass type of the windows is laminated glass, which is good in term of safety.
WINDOW
Top hung window has sash that swings outward on hinge attached to the top of the frame. The
ventilation can be directed when the sash is open.
Stainless
Steel Screw
U channel frame is one type of sub-frame that used to construct frameless window. From the figure
above, the plastering layer is as thick as the frame in order to conceal the frame into wall.
WINDOW
U channel frame
3. Sliding Window
mainframe
Sub-frame
installed before
main frame of
sliding window
1.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
-
4. Fix window
Fix window has same installation method with top hung and low hung
window. Fix window does not have movable sash like frameless window.
WINDOW
1.
Ventilation
Ventilation of a building will be affected by size of window and type of glass used. Insulating glass in Site A and Site B consistes of two or more sheets of glass
separated by a hermetically sealed air space to provide increased thermal insulation and restrict condensation. Clear insulating glass without tinted and coating in Site
A and Site B can reflect 14-15% visible light and 11-15% solar radiation (Francis DK Ching 2008)
Windows Type
Ventilation %
Fix window
0%
100%
Sliding window
50%
Frameless window
0%
WINDOW
The position of a window will be concerned according to different zone such as toilet.The windows in toilet are usually installing at higher
position at the wall. This is to conduct ventilation and reduce visibility from outside at the same time.
ROOFS
SITE 1-KLANG
GENERALINTRODUCTION
The roof system functions as theprimary sheltering element fortheinterior spaces ofa building. It usually controls theflowofwater aswell asthe passage ofwater ,air,heat andcold .Similar tothefloor system, aroof must
bestructured to span across space and carry both itsweight and liveloads such assnowand wind .itsstructural layout musttherefore correspond tothat ofthewall andcolumn systems through whichits loads are transferred
downtothefoundation system.
THE FOLLOWING TABLE SHOWS THE ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF USING A FLAT
ROOF
ADVANTAGES:
DISADVANTAGES:
In the construction process, the thermal insulation made from metal sheathing is laid beneath the roof deck, allowing the roof and
structure to be insulated from extremes of temperature, such as heat that enters into and out of the building .The insulating metal
sheathing also prevents the water entering into the roof during rainy weathers.
The roof is made slightly stiff , to avoid any wind uplifting forces . The deck slopes towards the gutter or drainage points at an angle
which is sufficient enough to drain the water that falls onto the roof.
ROOF
Assembling of truss
After the layering of the sheathing , there are battens placed to provide fixings . The assembling of the flat roof is very simple as a
roof truss is hollow and is made from steel . It is connected to one end of the structure . This causes a slant for easy water flow .
The other end of the roof is laid flat like a beam . The truss is connected using roof brackets . The truss is connected to the columns
of the building using a clip , which is nailed to the top of the wall , it turns up at 90 degrees to the truss with a slot in it . The metal
roofing used can resist high winds and stimulates other roofing materials.
METAL TRUSS
ROOF
The roof is covered or finished by metal sheets , which act as membranes whose purpose is to waterproof the roof area . This makes it
easier for the water to run off from a slight inclination to the terrace , which allows flow to the gutter. Below the truss , there is space made
for an eave , which overhangs from the roof . Hence it is known as an eave overhang . The overhang ensures that when it rains , the walls
of the building are not wet or affected by the water that comes down . It also can be seen as a channel for water that is being sent to the
gutter . There is placement of a fascia board along the roof , it holds the gutter in place.
SKYLIGHT CEILING
The ceiling of the second floor is a that of a skylight ceiling . It is made from tempered glass and is supported by metal beams . The use of tempered glass is because ,
if in any case the glass shatters , it will not be injurious , as the glass remains intact . It will appear as though it is just cracked . The 2 piece laminated glass is 12 mm
thick(each).With a frame of 50mm.It allows light to pass through into the house . It is visible on the terrace floor . Again ,it is raised to allow flow of water towards
the drain holes. For most of the ceilings inside the toilet , there are ventilation tubes and outlets placed . They are held in place by metal beams . After this the ceiling
and walls will be plastered . These vents permit the septic gases to escape to the outside and allows fresh air into the system.
For most of the ceilings inside the toilet , there are ventilation tubes and outlets placed . They are held in place by metal beams . After this the ceiling and walls
will be plastered.
ROOF
SQUARE BASED
RECTANGLE BASED
After laying the under lays , most of the vents and pips were placed , to avoid any
unwanted leakages.
The roof under lays provide the barrier to the entry of wind , rain , even snow
blown between the tiles or slates, It also prevents the entry of water.
The use of bitumen sheets are being used , as they are permeable to water vapor
and do not need to be perforated to ventilate the roof spaces.
ROOF
TRUSS FORMATION
The roof is constructed using the trussed purlin roof method . The trusses replace struts as support for the purlins . Trusses , which are spaced about 1200mm apart , are
braced against the external walls rather than internal load bearing walls.
Roof eaves
The roof eave is made from timber strips or fascia boards . The ceiling inside is made from plaster which is
made up from mortar and fine sand. The eaves being the lower borders of the roof, are horizontal and
overhang the walls and casts off the water that falls on the roof. Roof eaves protect the brickwork from rain
and supports the wall.
The roof tiles are made from clay or concrete that are molded into suitable shapes . Their main function is to keep the roof watertight as well as enhance the appearance
of the roof.
The tiles are overlapped so that the rain water flows down the slope of the roof and the roof structure underneath remains dry . The tiles are fitted closely together to
prevent wind entering the spaces between them . Since there is a possibility of rain water that can be driven underneath the tiles , a layer of polythene is inserted over the
rafters . Hence if water flows through the tiles , then it will flow down this layer into the gutter.
The tiles are inserted . They have nails at the top so they can be nailed to battens.
Layers of reflective insulation made up of double sided highly reflective metal polyester are used to keep out the rain and wind while the tiling work is done during
construction . The tiles are placed in regular bond patterns , so that the edge joints between the tiles are in the centre of the tiles immediately below and above the course
under consideration.
ROOF
Lightening Arrestor
Lightening arrestor is a device placed on the top of the roof to protect the insulation and conductors of
the system from the damaging effects of lightening . Its main function is that of insulation . And to
avoid any effects of lightning as the space is open.
The gutter is that of a box gutter which is within the eaves of the roof . The gutter continues under the foundation and leads to a
drain passage(as seen).The drain passage is going to be covered after complete construction , to avoid a messy look . Another
advantage of this type of gutter as shown in the picture is that , when the water flows down the drain , it reaches the drain passage
and does not allow excess water to flow by the doors , so as to cause puddles of water.
ROOF / CEILING
Ventilation Outlets , these are placed on the roofs between the tiles right above the toilet under in the house
Conclusion
With this project we were able to understand the basic procedures and profile of construction process through real life project, by exposing students to construction
technology and method responding to site context.
With Site A as a private triple storey bungalow in Glenmarie Cove, Klang. Offering a green view as it's at the lakeside. While Site B, a private property with 13 unit of triple
storey bungalows, offers an overview of the hill which is filled with residential houses, Bukit Segar. Even when both located in different site, they use the same type of
foundation, deep foundation. From the roof, we can learn two contrasting genre of roof, Site A using the unique flat roof where we can hardly see this type of roof based on
Malaysia's climate. And Site B uses the classic pitch roof. In bricks, Site A uses AAC bricks as it help ease up the installation of the aluminium cladding, while Site B uses
solid clay brick as part of their wall system. Huge contrast can be seen in the construction of stairs as even though both uses half turn stairs as part of their design, Site A
used the concept of open riser with timber as their medium. Whilst, Site B uses concrete stairs with wooden thread. Sub frame was used as their window system, this
applied to both site.
From both construction site, we were able to understand construction technology on local construction sites based on the unique climate in Malaysia. Enabling us to
comprehend the current material and technology in relevance to present construction industry.
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION HANDBOOK, Sixth edition, R . Chudley, MCIOB and R. Greeno BA (Honors) FCIOB FIPHE FRSA AMSTERDAM
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION ILLUSTRATED , Second edition, F.DK CHING and C . Adams NEWYORK
Chen, C. S., Hiew, L. C., &Sofiana, B. T. (2000). Failures due to excavation in soft clay.Retrieved from SSP Geotechnicssdn.bhd. website:
http://www.sspsb.com.my/publications/Failures%20Due%20To%20Excavation%20In%20Soft%20Clay.pdf
Chow, C. M., & Tan, Y. C. (2009). Jack-In Pile Design.Retrieved from G&P Geotechnicssdn.bhd. website: http://www.gnpgeo.com.my/
Chudley, R., &Greeno, R. (2006). Building construction handbook (6th ed.). Cornwall, Great Britain: Butterworth-Heinemann publications.
Edmonton.ca. 2013. Sump Pump Discharge - Residential :: City of Edmonton. [online] Available at: http://www.edmonton.ca/for_residents/flooding_sewers/sump-pumpdischarge-residential.aspx [Accessed: 23 Oct 2013].
Emmitt, S. (2010). Barry's Introduction to Construction of Buildings and Advanced Construction of Buildings Bundle. Blackwell Pub.
Francis D.K.Ching (2008). Building Construction Illiustrated, Forth Edition. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
Hardcore description. (2011). Retrieved October 16, 2013, from http://www.constructiontermsx.com/hardcore-definition/house.html
http://autonopedia.org/buildings-and-shelter/rural-building/planning-and-setting-out/
http://extension.ucdavis.edu/unit/green_building_and_sustainability/pdf/resources/auto_aeratedconcrete.pdf
http://my.safaribooksoneline.com/book/civil-engineering/9788131729885/part-ii-building-construction/chapter017_xhtml
CONCLUSION
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CONCLUSION
http://www.southwestpatrol.com/construction-security/
CONCLUSION