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1/20
(t)
t
C-T LTI
ICs = 0
h(t)
t
The symbol h(t) means the
impulse response.
Noting that the LT of (t) = 1 and using the properties of the transfer function
and the Z transform we said that
h (t ) L
H ( s)L (t )
h(t ) L 1 H ( s )
h(t ) F
H ( )
Soonce we have either H(s) or H() we can get the impulse response h(t)
Since H(s) & H() describe the system so must the impulse response h(t)
How???
2/20
x (t ) X ( )
x (t ) X ( s )
h(t ) H ( )
h (t ) H ( s )
Weve spent much time using these tools to analyze system outputs this way:
Y ( ) H ( ) X ( )
Y ( s) H ( s) X ( s)
H ( ) X ( )
y[n ] L 1 H ( s ) X ( s )
y (t ) F
The convolution property of the CTFT and LT gives an alternate way to find y(t):
F 1 X ( ) H ( ) x (t ) h(t )
x (t ) * h (t )
L 1 X ( s ) H ( s ) x (t ) h(t )
x(t)
y(t)
h(t)
y (t )
x( )h(t )d
x( )h(t )d
Convolving
input x(t) with the
impulse response
h(t) gives the
output y(t)!
3/20
y (t )
x( )h(t )d
If the system is causal then h(t) = 0 for t < 0. Thus h(t ) = 0 for t > so:
t
y (t )
x( )h(t )d
y (t ) x ( )h(t )d
y (t ) x ( )h(t )d
0
Convolution Properties
x (t ) h (t ) h (t ) x (t )
1.Commutativity
[ x (t ) h1 (t )] h2 (t ) x (t ) [h1 (t ) h2 (t )]
2. Associativity
x (t ) [h1 (t ) h2 (t )] x (t ) h1 (t ) x (t ) h2 (t )
3. Distributivity
4. Derivative Property:
d
[ x (t ) v (t )] x (t ) v (t )
dt
x (t ) v(t )
derivative
y
(
)
d
x
(
)
d
h
(
t
)
x
(
t
)
h
(
)
d
5/20
y (t ) x ( )h(t )d
1.
2.
Flip just one of the signals around t = 0 to get either x(-) or h(-)
a. It is usually best to flip the signal with shorter duration
b. For notational purposes here: well flip h() to get h(-)
3.
4.
Shift h(-) by an arbitrary value of t to get h(t - ) and get its edges
a.
Find the left-hand-edge -value of h(t - ) as a function of t: call it L,t
R,t= )
6/20
Steps Continued
5.
Tips:
6.
For Each Region: Form the Product x() h(t - ) and Integrate
a. Form product x() h(t - )
b. Find the Limits of Integration by finding the interval of over which the
product is nonzero
i.
Found by seeing where the edges of x() and h(t - ) lie
ii. Recall that the edges of h(t - ) are L,t and R,t , which often depend on
the value of t
Steps Continued
7.
Assemble the output from the output time-sections for all the regions
a. Note: you do NOT add the sections together
b. You define the output piecewise
c. Finally, if possible, look for a way to write the output in a simpler form
8/20
y (t )
h() x(t )d
x()h(t )d
By Properties of
Convolution
these two forms are
Equal
This is why we can
flip either signal
h(t)
3
t
9/20
h()
3
2
0
h(-)
3
Usually Easier
to Flip the
Shorter Signal
10/20
2
0
h(-)
3
L,0 = 1
R,0 = 0
11/20
For t = 2
For t = -2
h(t-) =h(2-)
3 h(t-) =h(-2-)
L,t = t + L,0
R,t = t + R,0
L,t = t + L,0
R,t = t + R,0
L,t = t 1
R,t = t + 0
L,t = t 1
R,t = t + 0
L,-2 = -2 1
R ,-2 = 2+0
L,2 = 2 1
R,2 = 2+0
12/20
t1
L,t = t + L,0
R,t = t + R,0
L,t = t 1
R,t = t + 0
13/20
x()
2
Region I
h(t-)
No -Overlap
t<0
L,t R,t= t
= t -1
Want R,t< 0
t<0
x()
2
Region II
h(t-)
Partial -Overlap
0t1
t -1
t1
Want R,t 0
t0
14/20
Region III
Total -Overlap
h(t-)
3
1<t2
t -1
Want R,t 2 t 2
x()
Region IV
Partial -Overlap
h(t-)
3
2<t3
t -1
t3
x()
2
h(t-)
Region V
No -Overlap
t>3
3
t -1
16/20
h(t-)
3
t -1
Region I: t < 0
y (t )
x()h(t )d
h(t-) x() = 0
x()
0 d 0
y (t ) 0 for all t 0
Region II: 0 t 1
h(t-) 3
t -1
With 0 integrand
the limits dont
matter!!!
y (t )
x( )h(t )d
6d 6 t0 6t 6 0 6t
h(t-) x()
6
y (t ) 6t for 0 t 1
0 t
17/20
h(t-)
y (t )
t -1
x( )h(t )d
h(t-) x()
6
d
6
t 1 6t 6( t 1) 6
t 1
t -1
x()
h(t-)
y (t )
t -1
x( )h(t )d
h(t-) x()
6d 6 t 1 6 2 6(t 1) 6t 18
2
t 1
y (t ) 6t 18 for 2 t 3
t -1 2
18/20
x()
2
h(t-)
t -1
y (t )
x()h(t )d
h(t-) x() = 0
0 d 0
y (t ) 0 for all t 3
19/20
Region II
0t1
Region III
1<t2
Region IV
2<t3
Region V
t>3
y (t ) 0
y (t ) 6t
y (t ) 6
y (t ) 6t 18
y (t ) 0
y (t )
6
20/20