THE ELECTRON SPIN RESONANCE

Salman Suhail
M.Sc PHYSICS
IITGN
Roll no:14510042
salman.suhail@iitgn.ac.in
April 9, 2016

Lab Report

IIT Gandhinagar

Contents
1 ABSTRACT

2 INTRODUCTION

3 THEORY

4
4
5

PROCEDURE OF EXPERIMENT
4.1 Apparatus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2 Proceadure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5 CALCULATION

6 ERROR

7 CONCLUSION

8 REFERENCES

Lab Report

IIT Gandhinagar

ABSTRACT

Our aim in this experiment is to determine Gyro-magnetic ratio of Electron

by Electron Spin Resonance Spectrometer.

INTRODUCTION

Electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy has been used for over 50 years
to study a variety of paramagnetic species.To study the energy ab- sorption
spectra of material with unpaired electrons(paramagnetic materi-als) ESR
is used.Using ESR we can find landge g-factor of electron.

THEORY

Every electron has a magnetic moment and spin quantum number s = 12

, with magnetic components ms = + 12 and ms = 12 .whenever we put a
paramagnetic material in external magnetic field,Magnetic field interacts
with magnetic moment of electrons.The tendency of Electron is that it want
to orient itself either parallel or anti-parallel to the magnetic field direction
when it interacts with magnetic field.When spin of electron be opposite to
magnetic field ,energy of electron be lower and when spin will be in parallel
to magnetic field, energy of electron be highest.

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IIT Gandhinagar

There will be a energy gap between these two and energy difference
between these two levels will be given by
E = gB B0

(1)

Where
1. g is lande g-factor
2. B is Bohr magneton
3. B is applied external magnetic field
If instead of spin 1/2 we have any spin J then the energy will split in to
(2J + 1) levels with equal spacing.
We need a radio oscillator which generates radio frequency waves to make
the transition from lower state to higher state by providing amout of energy
E. If is the frequency of the oscillating field then transition may occour
between neighbour energy levels as per the selection rules.Therefore the
condition for the resonance is
E = gB B0 = h

(2)

so from above equation we get

g=

h
B H0

PROCEDURE OF EXPERIMENT

4.1

Apparatus

1. ESR Spectrometer
2. DPPH Sample
3. Helmholtz coil
4. R.F coil

(3)

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Let me tell you very briefly about Diphenyl-Picryl-Hydrazyl(DPPH)

which is shown in figure 1.It is paramagnetic in nature and it has
unpaired electron on the nitrogen atom which is weakly bounded to
the nitrogen atom.When this sample is placed in a coil with the help
of tube.

A uniform magnetic field is produced by Helmholtz coils and R.F signals is generated by radio frequency oscillator as shown in figure above.

4.2

Proceadure

There is a knob in frequency oscillator to adjust the frequency in my

experiment i adjust the knob at 15.84 MHz.At Resonance the oscillator
amplitude shows a dip .There peak comes four times in each complete
cycle of the Helmholtz coil.Four peaks are coming per cycle due to
the current that we are providing is A.C in nature.We have to overlap
this four peaks to two peaks with the help of phase shifter and then
measure the difference(Q) between them.Here peak to peak difference
taken for different value of the Helmholtz current which is given below
in the table.

Lab Report

Sr No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

IIT Gandhinagar

Current(mA)
99
128
160
220
240
265
300
325

Peak to peak difference(mm)(2Q)

46
35
31
21.5
20
18
14
13.0

1/I(Amp1 )
10.10
7.81
6.25
4.54
4.16
3.77
3.33
3.07

CALCULATION

Gyro-magnetic ratio
g=

h
B H0

where h=plank constant= 6.62 1027 erg.sec

b Bohrs magnetron =0.927 1020erg.gauss
1. g =lands g-factor
2. 0 = resonance frequency in Hz
3. H0 = magnetic field on the sample at the resonance in gauss
Since the current is alternating and it measured in terms of its rms value we
should measure the rms value of the magnetic field.
The magnetic field at the center of the Helmholtz coil is given by
H0 =

32n

I = HI
10 125a

(4)

Q(mm)
23
17.5
15.5
10.75
10
9
7
6.5

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Where n = no of turns of the Helmholtz coil=500

a = radius of the Helmholtz coil = 7.7 cm
I is the current passing in the coil

Hpp = 2 2H = 165.14gauss/amp
The magnetic field per mm in X direction is Hpp /P where P=66mm
H .IQ
Hence H0 = ppP
The plot between 1/i and Q is shown in figure above
So
g=

h
6.62 1027 15.84 106 66 103
hP
=
= 1.975
=
B H0
Hpp QI.B
165.4 2.30 103 9.21 1021

ERROR

The actual value of g = 2.0023

The experimental value is = 1.975
So the percentage of error = 2.00231.975
100 = 1.36%
2.0023

CONCLUSION

The value of lande g-factor is 1.975 using DPPH.

Actual value 2.0023.We have got 1.36% error.

REFERENCES
1. Geeta Sanaon
2. Figures are taken from Google.
3. wikipedia
4. IITGN Physics Lab manual