Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
qxd
7.2.2006
11:07
Page 143
ISSN 00051144
ATKAAF 46(34), 143148 (2005)
Karl H. Edelmoser, Felix A. Himmelstoss
1 INTRODUCTION
ments and coupling filters) which leads to an expensive design and increased losses. The switching
ripple in the output waveform due to the limited
switching frequency also requires a complex EMC-filter.
In conventional solutions mostly standard half-bridge switching legs are used [3]. The main disadvantage of these topologies is the pronounced current peak when the opposite power switch is turned
on. Due to the poor quality of the body diodes
(even modern power MOSFETs contain a rather
weak diode compared to usual discrete components), the switching losses of the system and electromagnetic disturbances increase. To overcome
these problems, as a rule the switching speed of the
power semiconductor has to be limited resulting in
a further increase of the losses [4].
To overcome the known drawbacks, a topology
was chosen where the inverter's power stage is discharged from switching current peaks. Separate
components (power switch and diode) are used to
optimize the systems behavior. So the switching
speed can be increased and the required EMC-filter will be minimized. The optimized switching
structure introduced in this paper leads to a more
effective design. Furthermore, a very simple control
scheme (similar to normal PWM operation) can be
used, while the efficiency is maximized. Figure 2
depicts the converter's topology. It consists of two
stages, a DC-to-DC converter (a) and a DC-to-AC
inverter (b).
143
edelmoser.qxd
7.2.2006
11:07
Page 144
K. H. Edelmoser, F. A. Himmelstoss
a)
b)
c)
d)
Fig. 3 a) Operation of the step-up DC-to-DC converter (driving phase), b) Operation of the step-up DC-to-DC converter (free-wheeling
phase), c) Operation of the inverting buck-boost DC-to-DC converter (driving phase), d) Operation of the inverting buck-boost DC-to-DC
converter (free-wheeling phase)
144
edelmoser.qxd
7.2.2006
11:08
Page 145
K. H. Edelmoser, F. A. Himmelstoss
1
U IN
1 d2
(1)
UC 2 =
d1
U IN .
1 d1
(2)
The DC-to-AC inverter operation can also be divided into four modes depending on output polarity and switching state.
During positive output current (IM) flow, the
switching leg formed by S3, D3 and Lc has to be
used (Figure 4.a, Figure 4.b). Opposite to this state
during the negative output current wave the second
switching leg (S4 D4 & Ld) has to be used (Figure
4.c, Figure 4.d).
a)
0
0
iL
d
1
uC1 = 0
RC1
dt
uC 2
0
0
i
L
0 uC1
u
C2
1
RC2
0
1
L
+ 0 U IN ,
0
b)
(3)
0
i
L
d
1
uC1 =
dt
C1
uC 2
0
1
iL L
0 uC1 + 0 U IN ,
u 0
C2
1
RC2
(4)
and at stage 3 S1 is turned off
0
iL
d
uC1 = 0
dt
uC 2
1
C2
1
L
1
RC1
1
RC1
0
L i
L
0 uC1
u
C2
1
RC2
0
+ 0 U IN .
0
(5)
AUTOMATIKA 46(2005) 34, 143148
c)
d)
Fig. 4 a) Operation of the DC-to-AC inverter, positive output voltage, driving phase, b) Operation of the DC-to-AC inverter, positive
output voltage, free-wheeling phase, c) Operation of the DC-to-AC
converter, negative output voltage, driving phase, d) Operation of the
DC-to-AC converter, negative output voltage, free-wheeling phase
145
edelmoser.qxd
7.2.2006
11:08
Page 146
K. H. Edelmoser, F. A. Himmelstoss
(6)
(7)
(8)
New Top.
UP/DN.
Isolated
100 W
92.4 %
92.4 %
85.5 %
200 W
96.1 %
96.0 %
94.1 %
500 W
98.5 %
98.6 %
96.3 %
1 kW
97.6 %
97.9 %
95.2 %
146
edelmoser.qxd
7.2.2006
11:08
Page 147
K. H. Edelmoser, F. A. Himmelstoss
PWM
New Top.
100 W
90.5 %
92.5 %
200 W
94.1 %
96.1 %
500 W
96.3 %
98.2 %
1 kW
95.2 %
97.9 %
The simple control principle of the step-down power stages can easily be implemented in a modern
microcontroller without additional logic support for
the pulse pattern generator. A simple PWM stage
fulfils all the requirements. Also the maximum power point tracking for the solar cells can be implemented simply by monitoring the system signals
(UDLC and iM).
The new control topology can also be used to
build redundant multiphase systems. The inverter
presented in this paper is a simple and effective
solution for medium power applications. The concept is well-suited for wind-, solar-, and renewable
energy as well as aerospace applications. Because
of the improved efficiency, e.g. battery lifetime can
be increased without any quality reduction.
REFERENCES
[1] P. J. Wolfs, A Current-sourced DC-DC Converter Derived
via the Duality Principle from the Half-bridge Converter.
IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Volume 40,
Issue 1, Feb. 1993, pp. 139144.
[2] V. J. Thottuvelil, G. C. Verghese, Analysis and Control Design of Paralleled DC/DC Converters with Current Sharing.
IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, Volume 13, Issue
4, July 1998, pp. 635644.
[3] A. Tuladhar, H. Jin, T. Unger, K. Mauch, B. C. Burnaby,
Control of Parallel Inverters in Distributed AC Power Supply with Consideration of the Line Impedance Effect. Applied Power Electronics Conference APEC '98, pp. 321329,
Anaheim, California.
147
edelmoser.qxd
7.2.2006
11:08
Page 148
K. H. Edelmoser, F. A. Himmelstoss
[4] K. H. Edelmoser, DC-to-DC Solar Power Converter for Parallel String Operation in Multi Source Structures. Proceedings of the International Power Conversion Conference
PCIM '02, May 1216, 2002, Nuremberg, Germany, pp. 381
386.
[5] K. H. Edelmoser, F. A. Himmelstoss, DC-to-DC Solar Battery Converter Optimized for Parallel Operation in Multi-Source Structures. Proceedings of the International Conference of Power and Energy Systems IASTED (Euro-PES
2002), June 2528, 2002, Crete, Greece, pp. 406409.
U~inski izmjenjiva~ visoke djelotvornosti s posebnim istosmjernim me|ukrugom. U slu~ajevima srednjenaponskih razina ulaznog napona (nekoliko desetaka do stotinu volti na istosmjernoj strani) izmjenjiva~a napajanih iz
fotonaponskih }elija, zahtjeva se istosmjerni pretvara~ spojen u seriju s izmjenjiva~em, za prilagodbu naponskih
razina. Takav dvostupanjski pristup uzrokuje pove}anje gubitaka. U ovom je slu~aju odabran pristup kod kojeg se
djelotvornost svakog stupnja pretvorbe maksimizira uporabom najpovoljnije topologije. Zadani zahtjevi ~ine obveznom uporabu istosmjernog pretvara~a bez galvanskog odvajanja, da bi se izbjegli dodatni gubici u transformatoru. U ovom ~lanku izveden je pretvara~ snage 1 kW, ulaznog istosmjernog napona 60 V120 V, izlaznog izmjeni~nog napona 230 V, s minimalnim gubicima pretvorbe. Jednostavna prilagodba u izlaznom stupnju izmjenjiva~a
dovodi do zna~ajnog smanjenja gubitaka u izmjenjiva~u. Za optimiranje izlaznog stupnja izmjenjiva~a potrebne su
samo 3 dodatne komponente (2 diode i prigu{nica). Ovdje prikazana topologija pokazuje zna~ajno smanjenje
sklopnih gubitaka i smanjuje elektromagnetske smetnje. Posebno je pogodna za primjenu kod izmjenjiva~a napajanih iz fotonaponskih }elija.
Klju~ne rije~i: izmjenjiva~, sun~eva energija, modulacija {irine impulsa, djelotvornost
AUTHORS ADDRESSES
Dipl.-Ing. Dr. Karl H. EDELMOSER
University of Technology Vienna
Gusshausstr. 27-29- A-1040 Wien, Austria
Dipl.-Ing. Dr. Felix A. HIMMELSTOSS
University of Applied Science Technikum Wien,
Hoechstaedtplatz 5, A- 1200 Wien, Austria
E-mail: karl.edelmoser@tuwien.ac.at
felix.himmelstoss@technikum-wien.at
Received: 2005-12-19
148