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UNIT I

MATRICES
Characteristic equation Eigen values and eigenvectors of a real matrix Properties of
Eigen values and eigenvectors (Without proof) Cayley-Hamilton theorem (excluding
proof) Orthogonal transformation of a symmetric matrix to diagonal form.
PART A
1 1

3 1

1. Find the characteristic equation of


Solution:
1 1

3 1

Let A=

The characteristic equation of a matrix A is A I 0


1
3

1
0
1

1 1 3 0
.

The characteristic equation is 2 4 0

1 1 2

2. Find the characteristic equation of 2 1 3


3 2 3

Solution:
1 1 2

Let A= 2 1 3
3 2 3

The characteristic equation of A of a matrix A is A I 0


3
2
ie., s1 s2 s3 0

s1 1 1 3 1
s2

1 3 1 2
1 1

2 3 3 3 2 1

(3 6) ( 3 6) (1 2)
= -9-9-1
= -19
1 1 2
s3 2 1 3
3 2 3
= 1(-3-6) +1(6-9) +2(-4-3)
= -9-3-14
= -26
The characteristic equation is 3 2 19 26 0 .
2 3 1

3. Find the characteristic equation of 3 1 3


5 2 4

Solution:
2 3 1

Let A= 3 1 3
5 2 4

The characteristic equation of a matrix A is A I 0


3
2
ie., s1 s2 s3 0

s1 2 1 4 1
s2

1 3
2 1 2 3

.
2 4 5 4 3 1

= (-4-6) + (-8+5) + (2+9)


= -10-3+11
= -2

2 3 1

s3 3 1 3
5 2 4

= 2(-4-6) +3(-12+15) +1(6+5)


= 2(-10) + 3(3) + 1(11)
=0
The characteristic equation is 3 2 2 0
4. Define Eigen values and Eigen vectors of a matrix
Solution:
Eigen value: The values of obtained from the characteristic equation A I 0
is called Eigen values of A
Eigen Vector: Let A= aij be a square matrix of order 3 and be a scalar. The
x1

column matrix X x2 which satisfies 1 , 2 ,....n is called Eigen Vector of A
x
3
1 2 2

5. Find the sum and product of the Eigen values of 1 0 3


2 1 3

Solution:
By the Property, Sum of the Eigen values

= Sum of the leading diagonal elements.

=1+0-3
= -2
By the Property, Product of the Eigen values = Determinant of a given matrix
1 2 -2
= 1 0 3
-2 -1 -3
= 1(0+3)-2(-3+6)-2(-1-0)
= 3-2(3)-2(-1)

= 3-6+2
= -1
1 2 1

6. Without finding the Eigen values, find the product of Eigen values of 2 0 0 .
4 5 0

Solution:
1 2 1

Let A= 2 0 0
4 5 0

By the property, Product of the Eigen values = Determinant of a given matrix


1 2 1
= 2 0 0
4 5 0
=1(0-0)-2(0-0)-1(-10-0)
= 10
6 -2 2

7. If two of the Eigen values of -2 3 -1 are 2 and 8. Find the third Eigen value
2 -1 3

Solution:
6 -2 2

Let A= -2 3 -1
2 -1 3

Let 1,2,3 be the Eigen values of A


By the property, Sum of the Eigen values = Sum of the leading diagonal elements
i.e.,

1 +2 3 6 3 3
12
2 8 3 12

3 2

2 2 1

8. Two Eigen values of the matrix A 1 3 1 are equal to 1 each. Find the
1 2 2

Eigen values of A1

Solution:
2 2 1

Given A 1 3 1
1 2 2

Let the Eigen values of A are 1 , 2 , 3


Given condition is 1 2 1
By the Property, Sum of the Eigen values = Sum of the leading diagonal elements.

1 2 3 = 2+3+2
=7

1 1 1 7
1 5
Hence the Eigen values of A are 1, 1, and 5
The Eigen values of A1 are 1, 1,

1
5
4 1

3 2

9. Find the Eigen values of 2A2 if A


Solution:

The characteristic equation of A of a matrix A is A I 0


4
3

1
0
2

ie., (4 )(2 ) 3 0
8 4 2 2 3 0

2 6 5 0

5,1
The Eigen values of A are 1, 5
& The Eigen values of A2 are 1, 25
The Eigen values 2A2 are 2, 50.
a 4
has 3 and -2 as its Eigen values
1 b

10. Find a and b such that the matrix


Solution:

By the Property, Sum of the Eigen values = Sum of the leading diagonal elements
i.e..,

3-2 = a + b

a + b =1

.. (1)

By the Property, Product of the Eigen values = Determinant of the given matrix
=

a 4
1 b

(3)(-2)= ab 4
-6 = ab -4
ab = -2

(2)

From (1) a =1-b


Substituting a = 1 b in (2), we get
(1-b) b = -2
b - b 2 = -2
b2 b 2 0
b = 2,-1
If b = 2, then a = -1
If b = -1, then a = 2
1 2 3

11. Find the Eigen values of A3 given A= 0 2 7


0 0 3

Solution:
1 2 3

Given A= 0 2 7
0 0 3

Since A is an upper triangular matrix


The Eigen values of A are 1, 2, 3
By the property the Eigen values of A3 are 1, 8, 27
3 1 1

12. Two of the Eigen values of A= 1 5 1 are 3, 6 find the Eigen value of A1
1 1 3

Solution:
By the Property, Sum of the Eigen values = Sum of the leading diagonal elements
= 3+5+3 = 11
Let 3 be the third Eigen value
Then

3+6+ 3 = 11

3 =2
1 1 1
If the Eigen values of A are 1 , 2 , 3 , then the Eigen values of A1 are , ,
1 2 3
The Eigen values of A1 are

1 1 1
, ,
2 3 6
7 3

2 6

13. State Cayley-Hamiltaon theorem and use it to find the inverse of A =


Statement:
Every square matrix satisfies its own characteristic equation
7 3

2 6

Given A =

The characteristic equation of a matrix A is A I 0

7
2

3
0
6

(7 )(6 ) 6 0

2 13 36 0
By Cayley-Hamilton theorem, we get
A2 13 A 36 I 0
Pre multiplying A-1 , we get
A1 A2 13 A1 A 36 A1I 0
A 13I 36 A1 0
1
A1 13I A
36
1 13 0 7 3

36 0 13 2 6
1 6 3

36 2 7
1 2

4 3

14. Using Cayley- Hamilton theorem, find A1 of


Solution:
1 2

4 3

Given A=

The characteristic equation of a matrix A is A I 0


i.e.,

1
2
0
4
3

(1 ) ( 3 )-8=0

2 4 5 0
By Cayley-Hamilton theorem, we have
A2 4 A 5 I 0
Pre multiplying A1 on both sides, we get

A1 A2 4 A1 A 5 A1 I 0
A 4 I 5 A1 0
A1

1
A 4I
5

1 1 2 1 0

4

5 4 3 0 1
1 3 2

5 4 1

15. The characteristic equation of a matrix A is 2 20 , what is A3 ?


Solution:
The characteristic equation of a matrix A is

2 20
A2 20 ,By Cayley Hamilton theorem
A 2 A 2 A 0
A3 2 A
16. Form the matrix whose Eigen values are 5, 5, 5 where , , are the Eigen
1 2 3

values of A = 4 5 6
7 8 9
Solution:
If the Eigen values of A are 1 , 2 , 3 then the matrix A kI has the Eigen values
5, 5, 5
Hence the required matrix is
1 2 3

A 5I = 4 5 6 - 5
7 8 9

1 0 0
0 1 0

0 0 1

6 2 3

= 4 0 6
7 8 4
17. Define orthogonal matrices
Solution:
A square matrix A with real elements is said to be orthogonal if AA AA I ----- (1)
We know that AA1 A1 A I

----- (2)

From (1) and (2) ,a matrix is orthogonal


If A1 A
cos
18. Show that A
sin

sin
cos

is orthogonal

Solution:
cos
Let A
sin
&

cos
sin

cos
sin

AA

sin
cos
sin
cos
sin
cos

cos
sin

cos 2 sin 2

sin cos sin cos


1 0

0 1

sin
cos
cos sin cos sin

sin 2 cos 2

Since AA I , A is orthogonal
19. If 1 , 2 ,....n are the Eigen values of A, find the Eigen values of ( A I ) 2
Solution:
( A I ) 2 A2 2 A I 2 I 2
A2 2 A 2 (1)

10

2
2
2
Eigen values of A2 are 1 , 2 ,.... n

Eigen values of 21 , 22 ,.......2n


Eigen values of 2 I are 2
A2 2 A 2 are
Therefore Eigen values of (1) ,i.e.,
12 2 1 2 , 2 2 2 2 2 ,..... n 2 2 n 2
2
2
2
2
i.e., ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 3 ) .....( n )

1 0
20. Can A
be diagonalised? Why?
0 1
Solution:
1 0
Can be diagonalised .Since it is a symmetric and non-singular matrix.
0 1

11

PART B
2 2 0

1. Find the Eigen values and Eigen vectors of 2 1 1


7 2 3

Solution:
2 2 0

Let the given matrix be A = 2 1 1


7 2 3

The characteristic equation of a matrix A is |A- I| = 0


3
2
i.e., s1 s2 s3 0

Where s1 = Sum of the leading diagonal elements = 2 + 1- 3 = 0


S2 = Sum of the minors of the leading diagonal elements
s2

1 1
2 0 2 2

2 3 7 3 2 1
= (-3 -2) + ( -6 -0 )+(2 -4)
= -5-6-2
= -13

2 2 0
s3 A 2 1 1
7 2 3
= 2( -3-2)-2(-6+7)+0
= 2(-5) -2(1)
= -10-2
= -12
The characteristic equation is

3 13 12 0

12

Solving this equation we get = 1,3,-4


To find Eigen vectors:
x1

The Eigen vector X = x2 is given by the equation (A- I)X = 0 becomes
x
3
2
0
2

1
1
2
7
2
3

x1

x2 0
x
3

1
(2 ) x1 2 x2 0 x3 0
2 x1 (1 ) x2 x3 0

------(A)

7 x1 2 x2 (3 ) x3 0
When 1 , we get from (A)
x1 2 x2 0 x3 0
2 x1 0 x2 x3 0
7 x1 2 x2 2 x3 0
By using the cross rule method, we get
x1 2 k , x 2 k , x 3 4 k
2k

Hence the general Eigen vector is X1 = k


4k

2

Let k =1 ,The simplest Eigen vector is X1 = 1
4

When = 3, we get from (A)
x1 2 x2 0 x3 0
2 x1 2 x2 x3 0
7 x1 2 x2 6 x3 0

13

By using the cross rule method, we have


x1 2 k , x 2 k , x 3 2 k
2k

Hence the general Eigen vector is X2 = k


2k

2

Let k =1, The simplest Eigen vector is X2 = 1
2

When = - 4, We get from (A)
6 x1 2 x2 0 x3 0
2 x1 5 x2 x3 0
7 x1 2 x2 x3 0
By using the cross rule method we have
x1 2k , x 2 6k , x 3 26k
2k

Hence the general Eigen vector is X3 = 6k


26k

1
Let k = , The simplest Eigen vector is X3 =
2

1

3
13

2

Therefore the Eigen vector corresponding to = 1 is 1
4

2

The Eigen vector corresponding to = 3 is 1
2

14

2

The Eigen vector corresponding to = -4 is 1
4

1

2. Find the Eigen values and eigenvectors of the matrix 0


0

Solutions:
1

Let the given matrix be A 0


0

0
1
1

1 .
1

The characteristic equation of a matrix A is A I 0


3
2
i.e., s1 s2 s3 0

Where s1 = Sum of the leading diagonal elements1= 1 +1 +1 = 3


s2 = Sum of the minors of the leading diagonal elements
s2

1 1 1 0 1 0

1 1 0 1 0 1

= (1-1) + (1-0)+(1-0)
= 0 + 1 +1
=2
s3= |A|
1
s3 0
0

0
1
1

0
1
1

1(1 1) 0 0
0
The characteristic equation is 3 3 2 2 0
Thereforethe eigenvalues are 0,1, 2

15

0
1
1

1 .
1

To find eigenvectors:
x1

The eigenvector X x2 is given by the equation A I X 0
x
3

i.e.

0
0

0
0

1
1
1
1

x1

x2 0
x
3

1 x1 0 x2 0 x3 0

0 x1 1 x2 x3 0

0 x1 0 x2 1 x3 0

....( A)

When =0, the set of equations (A) becomes


x1 0 x2 0 x3 0

(1)

0 x1 x2 x3 0

(2)

0 x1 x2 x3 0

(3)

From (1), we get x1 0


From (2) x2 x3 k ( say )
x2 k , x3 k
0k

The general eigenvector corresponding to the Eigen value =0 is X 1 = k and by


k

0

taking k=1 we get the simplest eigenvector is X1 = 1
1

When =1, the set of equations (A) becomes
0.x1 0. x2 0.x3 0

(1)

0.x1 0. x2 1.x3 0

(2)

16

0.x1 1. x2 0.x3 0

(3)

From(2), 1.x3 0 x3 0
From (3),1.x2 0 x2 0

Q 1 0

Since 0.x1 0, x1 takes any value. Let it be equal to k


k

Hence the general eigenvector corresponding to the Eigen value =1 is X2= 0 and the
0

1

simplest eigenvector is X2 = 0 can be obtained by putting k=1.
0

When = 2, the set of equations (A) becomes
1.x1 0. x2 0.x3 0 (1)
0.x1 1. x2 1.x3 0 (2)
0.x1 1. x2 1.x3 0 (3)
From (2) & (3), weget
x2 x3 0 x2 x3 k ( say )
x2 k , x3 k
From (1), 1.x1 0 1 0, x1 0
k

The general eigenvector corresponding to =2 is X3 = 0
0

1

Put k = 1, the simplest eigenvector is X3 = 0
0

17

3. Find the Eigen values and eigenvectors of the matrix 2


1

Solution:
2

Let A = 2
1

2
1
2

6
0

The characteristic equations of a matrix A is A I 0


3
2
i.e., s1 s2 s3 0

where s1 = sum of the leading diagonal elements= -2 +1 +0 = -1


s2 = sum of the minor of the leading diagonal elements

1 6 2 3 2 2

2 0 1 0
2 1

(0 12) (0 3) (2 4)
12 3 6
21
2
s3 2
1

2
1
2

3
6
0

2(0 12) 2(0 6) 3( 4 1)


2( 12) 2( 6) 3(3)
24 12 9
45
The characteristic equation is

3 2 21 45 0
Solving this equation we get

18

2
1
2

6
0

= -3, -3, 5
Therefore the Eigen values are = -3, -3, 5
To find Eigen vectors :
x1

The eigenvectors X= x2 is given by the equation A I X 0 ( eigenvalue)
x
3

i.e.

2 2

1
2
1
2

6
0

x1

x2
x
3

2 x1 2 x2 30 x3 0

x1 1 x2 6 x3 0

i.e.

x1 2 x2 x3 0

....( A)

When = -3 (two values) the set of equations (A) becomes


x1 2 x2 3x3 0
2 x1 4 x2 6 x3 0
x1 2 x2 3 x3 0
These equations are linearly independent. In other words the above equations are
equivalent to one independent equation
viz.,

x1 2 x2 3 x3 0

Hence by giving arbitrary values to any two variables we get the value of the third
variable in terms of the other two variables.
Suppose if we give x2 = k1, x3 =k2 we get x1 =3k2 -2k1
The general eigenvector corresponding to = -3 is
Independent Eigen vectors can be obtained by giving arbitrary values to two of the
3

quantities x1 , x2 , x3 . Giving k1 0, k2 1 we get the Eigen vector X 1 0
1

19

2

Giving k1 1, k2 0 we get the Eigen vector X 2 1 Therefore the two Eigen vector
0

3
2


corresponding to = -3 are 0 and 1
1
0


When = 5, the set of equations (A) becomes
7 x1 2 x2 3 x3 0
2 x1 4 x2 6 x3 0
x1 2 x2 5 x3 0
These equations are linearly dependent. Therefore to find x1 , x2 , x3 we consider any two
of them say first two equations
x1
2
4
i.e.
i.e.

x2
3
6

x3
7
2

2
4
x3
x1
x2

k
12 12 6 42 28 4
x1 24k , x2 48k , x 3 24k .

24k

Hence the general Eigen vector is 48k


24k

1
1

The simplest is 2 by taking k
24
1

3
2
1



The Eigen vector corresponding to = -3 is 0 and 1 , = 5 is 2
1
0
1


20

4. Find the Eigen values and eigenvectors of the matrix 14


7

Solution :
6
13
6

Let A = 14
7

10
4

The characteristic equation of a matrix A is A I 0


3
2
ie., s1 s2 s3 0

Where s1 = sum of the leading diagonal elements = 6 -13 +4 = -3


s2 = sum of the minor of the leading diagonal elements
13 10 6 5 6 6

6 4 7 4 14 13

(52 60) (24 35) (78 84)


8 11 6
3
6
S 3 14
7

6
13
6

5
10
4

6(52 60) 6(56 70) 5(84 91)


6(8) 6(14) 5(7)
48 84 35
1
The characteristic equation is 3 3 2 3 1 0

1 1 1 0
1, 1, 1

21

6
13
6

10
4

The Eigen values are 1, 1, 1


x1

The eigenvector X x2 is given by the equation A I X 0
x
3

i.e.

14
7

i.e.

6
5

13 10
6
4

x1

x2 0
x
3

6 x1 6 x2 5 x3 0

14 x1 13 x2 10 x3 0

7 x1 6 x2 4 x3 0

....(1)

When = -1, the system of equations (1) becomes


7 x1 6 x2 5 x3 0
14 x1 12 x2 10 x3 0
7 x1 6 x2 5 x3 0
These three equations are linearly independent since determinant of the coefficient is zero
7 x1 6 x2 5 x3
x1

6
5
k1 k 2 , where x2 k1 , x3 k 2
7
7

5
6
7 k1 7 k2

k1
Therefore the general eigenvector is

k2

Putting k1 = 0, k2 = 7, we get, x1 = -5
5

i.e., one eigenvector is 0
7

Putting k1 = 0, k2 = 7, we get, x1 = 6

22

6

Another eigenvector is 7
0

Putting k1 = 5, k2 = 6, we get, x1 = 0
0

Another eigenvector is 5
6

Clearly these three vectors are linearly independent
1 0 3

5. Verify Cayley-Hamiltaon theorem for the matrix 2 1 1 and find its inverse
1 1 1

Solution:
1 0 3

Given A = 2 1 1
1 1 1

The characteristic equation of a matrix A is | A - I | =0


3
2
Ie., s1 s2 s3 0

Where s1 = sum of the leading diagonal elements = 1 + 1 + 1 = 3


s2 = sum of the minor of the leading diagonal elements

1 1 1 3 1 0

1 1 1 1 2 1

(1 1) (1 3) (1 0)
0 2 1
1

s3

1
2
1

0
1
1

3
1
1

23

1(1 1) 0 3(2 1)
09
9
The characteristic equation is 3 3 2 9 0

------ (1)

To verify Cayley-Hamilton theorem we have to prove that


A3 3 A2 A 9 I 0 ---------- (2)
1

1
1

1 2

1
1
3

A AA 2

A A A 2

1 3

1
1

1
1

0
1
1
3

11

2
7

2
7

11

21

11

2
7

A3 3 A2 A 9 I

11

9
2
7

21

12


11 9

7
0

9
6
6

18

12

15

1
1

Hence Cayley-Hamilton theorem is verified.


To find A-1
We know that A3 3A2 A +9 I = 0
Pre multiplying by A-1, we get
A2 3 A I 9 A1 0

24

0
9
0

11

1 2
( A 3A I )
9
3
4

2
A 3A I 3
2
0
2

A1

3
2
1

3
3

4
5

0
3
3

0
0

0
1
0

7
1

3
2
1

0
1
A 3
9
3
1

7
1

6. Verify Cayley Hamilton theorem and hence find inverse for 4


1

Solution:
1

Let A = 4
1

3
2
2

3 .
1

The characteristic equation of a matrix A is A I 0


3
2
i.e., s1 s2 s3 0

Where s1 = sum of the leading diagonal elements = 1 + 2 + 1 = 4


s2 = sum of the minor of the leading diagonal elements

2 3 1 7 1 3

2 1 1 1 4 2

(2 6) (1 7) (2 12)
4 6 10
20

25

3
2
2

3 .
1

1
s3 A 4
1

3
2
2

7
3
1

1(2 6) 3(4 3) 7(8 2)


1(4) 3(1) 7(6)
4 3 42
35
The characteristic equation is 3 4 2 20 35 0
To verify Cayley Hamilton theorem, we have to prove that
A3 4 A2 20 A 35 I 0
1

Now A 4
1

A 4
1

7 20

3 15
1
10

3
2
2

7 1

3 . 4

1
1

3
2
2

3
2
2
23
22
9

23

37

14

20

15
10

135

140
60

23
22
9
152
163
76

23

37

14

232

208

111

A3 4 A2 20 A 35 I
135

140
60

152
163
76

232

208
111

80

60

40

92
88
36

92

48

56

20

80
20
35

0
0

0
0

0
0
0

0
0

Hence Cayley- Hamilton theorem is verified.


To find A-1

26

60
40
40
0
35
0

40

60

20
0

0
35

We know that A3 4 A2 20 A 35 0
Pre multiply by A-1, we get
A2 4 A 20 I 35 A1 0
A1

1 2
( A 4 A 20 I )
35

Now A2 4 A 20 I
20

15
10

23
22
9

23 4

37 16
14
4

1
6

11
6
1

25
10

0
1
A 1
35
6
1

11
6
1

12
8
8

28

12

20

0
0

0
20
0

20

25
10

1 2 3

7. Verify Cayley Hamilton theorem for the matrix 2 1 4 and hence find A4
3 1 1
Solution:
1 2 3
Let A 2 1 4
3 1 1
The Characteristic equation of a matrix A is | A I | 0
i.e., 3 s1 2 s2 s3 0
Where s1 sum of the leading diagonal elements 1 1 1 1
s2 sum of the minor of the leading diagonal elements
=

1 4 1 3 1 2

1 1 3 1 2 1

27

(1 4) (1 9) (1 4)
18
s3 | A | 1(1 4) 2(2 12) 3(2 3)
3 2(14) 3(5)
40

The Characteristic equation is

3 2 18 40 0
By Cayley-Hamilton theorem, we have to prove that A3 A2 18 A 40 0
1 2 3 1 2
A 2 1 4 2 1
3 1 1 3 1
2

14 3 8
A A A 12 9 2
2 4 14
3

14 3 8
3
4 12 9 2

2 4 14
1
1 2 3
44 33 46

2 1 4 24 13 74
3 1 1
52 14 8

44 33 46 14 3 8
A A 18 A 40 24 13 74 12 9 2
52 14 8 2 4 14
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
3

1 2 3
1 0 0

18 2 1 4 40 0 1 0

3 1 1
0 0 1

Hence the Cayley Hamilton theorem is verified.


To find A4
We know that A3 A2 18 A 40 0
Multiply by A, we get
A4 A3 18 A2 40 A 0
A4 A3 18 A2 40 A

28

44 33 46
14 3 8

12 9 2
24 13 74 18

52 14 8
2 4 14

1 2 3

40 2 1 4

3 1 1

248 101 218


A 272 109 50
104 98 204
4

8. Diagonalise the matrix A 1


3

3
1 by orthogonal reduction
1

1
5
1

Solution:
1

Given A 1
3

1
5
1

3
1
1

The Characteristic equation of a matrix A is A I 0


i.e., 3 s1 2 s2 s3 0
Where s1 sum of the leading diagonal elements 1 1 1 1
s2 sum of the minor of the leading diagonal elements
=

1 1 1 3 1 1

1 5 3 1 1 5

(5 1) (1 9) (5 1)
48 4
0
1
s3 1
3

1
5
1

3
1
1

1(5 1) 1(1 3) 3(1 15)


1(4) 1(2) 3( 14)

29

4 2 42
36

The characteristic equation is 3 7 2 36 0


Eigen values are 2,3, 6
x1

The eigenvector X x2 is given by the equation A I X 0
x
3
1

i.e., 1
3

1
5
1

3
1
1

x1

x2 0
x
3

1 x1 x2 3x3 0
i.e x1 (5 ) x2 x3 0 --------- ( A)
3 x1 x2 (1 ) x3 0
When 2 , Equation (A) becomes,
3 x1 x 2 3 x3 0
x1 7 x 2 x3 0
3 x1 x 2 x3 0
Taking first two equations and apply cross rule method, we get
x1 20k , x2 0, x3 20k
20k

The general Eigen vector is X 1 0


20k

1
1

Put k
,The simplest Eigen vector is X 1 0
20
1

When 3 , the equation (A) becomes

30

2 x1 x 2 3x3 0
x1 2 x 2 x3 0
3 x1 x 2 2 x3 0
Taking first two equations and apply cross rule method, we get
x1 5k , x2 5k , x3 5k
5k

The general Eigen vector is X 2 5k


5k

1
1

Put k , the simplest Eigen vector is X 2 1
5
1

When 6 , equation (A) becomes
5 x1 x2 3 x3 0
x1 x2 x3 0
3 x1 x2 5 x3 0
Taking first two equations and apply cross rule method, we get
x1 4k , x2 8k , x3 4k
4k

The general Eigen vector is X 3 8k
4k

1

Put k , the simplest Eigen vector is X 3


4

1
1

The eigenvectors corresponding to the Eigen values of -2, 3, 6 are 0 , 1 and
1 1


1

2
1

31

1
2

The model matrix is P

1
2

1
2
1
3
1
6

1
3
1

3
1
3

2
1

3
1

6
2

6
1

1
3
2
6

To find PAP:

AP = 1
3

3
1
1

1
5
1

1
2

= 0

PAP=

1
2
1
3
1
6

3
3
3

3
3
3
0

1
3
2
6

1
2

1
3
1

3
1
3

6
2

6
1

6
12

6
6

6
1

2
1

3
1

0
2

3
3
3

3
3
3

6
12

6
6

32

= 0
0

0
3
0

0
0 = D
6

Therefore A is reduced to a diagonal matrix by means of orthogonal reduction


1 1

9. Diagonalise the matrix A= 1 2


0 1

0
1 by orthogonal reduction
1

Solution:
The characteristic equation of a matrix A is A I 0
i.e., 3 s1 2 s2 s3 0
Where s1 sum of the leading diagonal elements 1 2 1 4
s2 sum of the minor of the leading diagonal elements
=

2 1 1 0 1 1

1 1 0 1 1 2

(2 1) (1 0) (2 1)
1 1 1
3
1 1 0
s3 1 2 1
0 1 1
1(2 1) 1(1 0) 0
11
0
The characteristic equation is 3 4 2 3 0

4 3 0
0,1,3.

33

The Eigen values are 0,1,3.


x1

The eigenvector X x2 is the solution of the equation A I X 0
x
3
1
1

1
0
2
1
1
1

x1
x 0
2
x3

1 x1 x2 0 x3 0
x1 (2 ) x2 x3 0

-----------(A)

0 x1 x2 (1 ) x3 0
When 0, the above equation (A) becomes
x1 x2 0 x3 0
x1 2 x2 x3 0
0 x1 x2 x3 0
Taking first two equations and apply cross rule method, we get
x1 k , x2 k , x3 k
k

The general Eigen vector is k
k

Put k = -1, The simplest Eigen vector is

1

1
1

When 1, the equation (A) becomes


0 x1 x2 0 x3 0 (1)
x1 x2 x3 0 (2)
0 x1 x2 0 x3 0 (3)
From the first equation, we get

34

x2 0
Put x2 0 in (2),
x1 x3 0
x1 x3 k ( say )
k

The general Eigen vector is 0
k

1

Put k = 1, we get the simplest Eigen vector is 0
1

When 3, the above equation (A) becomes
2 x1 x2 0 x3 0
x1 2 x2 x3 0
0 x1 x2 2 x3 0
Taking first two equations and apply cross rule method, we get
x1 k , x2 2k , x3 k
k

The general Eigen vector is 2k
k

1

Put k = -1, the simplest Eigen vector is 2
1

35

3
1
1

When 0, the Eigen vector is 1 and its normalized form is
When 3, the
3
1

3
1
2
1


Eigen vector is 0 and its normalized form is 0
1
1

1

When 15, the Eigen vector is 1
2

6
2
and its normalized form is

6
1

1
3

1
P

Hence the normalized modal matrix is


3

1
3

1
3

2
P'
3

1
3

1
3
1
3
2
3

36

2
3
1
3
2
3

1
3

2
3

1
3

2
3

2
3

1
3

1
3

1
PAP '
3

1
3

2
3
1
3
2
3

2
3

2
3

1
3

8 6 2
6 7 4

2 4 3

1
3
2
3
1
3

1
3
1
3
2
3

1
3

2
3

1
3

0 0 0
0 3 0
0 0 15
i.e., PAP ' D.
A is reduced to a diagonal matrix by means of orthogonal reduction.

8 6 2

10. Reduce the matrix A= 6 7 4 to a diagonal form by orthogonal reduction


2 4 3
Solution:
The characteristic equation is A I 0
i.e., 3 s1 2 s2 s3 0
Where s1 sum of the leading diagonal elements 8 7 3 18
s2 sum of the minor of the leading diagonal elements
=

7 4 8 2 8 6

4 3 2 3 6 7

(21 16) (24 4) (56 36)


5 20 20
45

37

8 6 2
s3 6 7 4
2 4 3
i.e.,

8(21 16) 6(18 8) 2(24 14)


8(5) 6(10) 2(10)
40 60 20
0

The characteristic equation is 3 18 2 45 0

3 15 0
The eigen values are 0,3,15.
x1

The eigenvector X x2 is given by the equation A I X 0
x
3
8
6

6
2
7 4
4 3

x1

x2 0
x
3

(8 ) x1 6 x2 2 x3 0
6 x1 (7 ) x2 4 x3 0

----(A)

2 x1 4 x2 (3 ) x3 0
When 0, The equation (A) becomes,
8 x1 6 x2 2 x3 0
6 x1 7 x2 4 x3 0
2 x1 4 x2 3 x3 0
Taking first two equations and apply cross rule method, we get
x1 k , x2 2k , x 3 2

Putting k =1,The simplest Eigen vector is X 1

38

2 and its normalized form is


2

1 1 1
, ,
3 3 3

When 3, The equation (A) becomes,


5 x1 6 x2 2 x3 0
6 x1 4 x2 4 x3 0
2 x1 4 x2 0 x3 0
Taking first two equations and apply cross rule method, we get
x1 2k , x2 k , x 3 2k
2

Putting k = 1 ,The simplest Eigen vector is X 2 1 and its normalized form is
2

2 1 2
, ,
3 3 3
When 15, The equation (A) becomes,
7 x1 6 x2 2 x3 0
6 x1 8 x2 4 x3 0
2 x1 4 x2 12 x3 0
Taking first two equations and apply cross rule method, we get
x1 2k , x2 2k , x 3 k
2

Putting k = 1 ,The simplest Eigen vector is X 3 2 and its normalized form is
1

2 2 1
, , .
3 3 3
1
3

1
Hence the normalized modal matrix is P
3

1
3

39

2
3
1
3
2
3

2
3

2
3

1
3

1
3

2
& P '
3

1
3

Now

1
3

1
PAP '
3

1
3

2
3
1
3
2
3

2
3

2
3

1
3

1
3
1
3
2
3

8 6 2
6 7 4

2 4 3

1
3

2
3

1
3
1
3
2
3
1
3

1
3
1
3
2
3

1
3

2
3

1
3

0 0 0
0 3 0
0 0 15
i.e., PAP ' D.
A is reduced to a diagonal matrix by means of orthogonal reduction

40

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